Thanh Tinh Dao - Ns Tri Hai Dich

8/3/2019 Thanh Tinh Dao - Ns Tri Hai Dich

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Thanh Tnh o

(The Path of Purification - Visuddhimagga )Lun s Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosa

Chuyn dch t Pli sang Anh ng: Trng lo Nanamoli

Chuyn dch t Anh ng sang Vit ng: Ns. Tr HiNgun

http://thuvienhoasen.orgChuyn sang ebook 24-8-2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected]

Link Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc LcLi DnLi Tri nTIU S NGI PHT M (BUDDHAGHOSA)TIU S NGI NANAMOLI THERA (Na-na-ma-li Trng lo) (1905-1960)TNG LUNBNG TRA CH TT (LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED)Phn Th Nht: Gii

Chng I : Ging Ngha V Gii

I. Dn NhpII. Gii

Chng II : Hnh u Kh HnhPhn th hai: nh

Chng III : M T nh - Nhn Mt Mc QunChng IV : nh - Kasina tChng V : nh: Nhng Kasina KhcChng VI : nh Bt Tnh Qun
http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Giang%20Kinh/Kinh%20Nam%20Tong/Thanh%20Tinh%20Dao%20-%20Ns%20Tri%20Hai/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Giang%20Kinh/Kinh%20Nam%20Tong/Thanh%20Tinh%20Dao%20-%20Ns%20Tri%20Hai/


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Chng VII : nh: Su ty nimChng VIII : nh: Nhng Mc Qun Khc Bng Ty NimChng IX : M T nh - Cc Phm TrChng X : nh - Cc V Sc XChng XI :M T nh - Kt Lun

Chng XII : Thng Tr - Cc Nng Lc Thn ThngChng XIII : Thng Tr - Kt LunChng XIV : M T V Cc UnChng XV : M T V X V GiiChng XVI : Mnh t Cho Tu Tng Trng: Cn Chng XVII : t cho Tu Sanh - Kt LunChng XVIII : Kin Thanh TnhChng XIX : on Nghi Thanh TnhChng XX : o Phi o Tri Kin Thanh TnhChng XXI : o Tri KinThanh TnhChng XXII : Tri Kin Thanh Tnh

Chng XXIII : Cc Li ch Trong S Tu TuChng Kt : Sau khi trch dn on k:

Li Gii Thiu

Bn Thanh Tnh o c s c Tr Hi dch t bn The Path ofpurification, bn dch Anh ng ca Thng to Nnamoli, nguyn bn Pli

do lun s Buddhaghosa sng tc vo th k th V Ty lch.

L b sch kt tp tinh hoa tr tu t kinh tng Kikya, Thanh tnh o c thxem l b sch rt qu trong kho tng vn hc th gii, khng th thiutrong ngun ti liu Pht hc bng ting Vit, v l hnh trang ch yu canhng ai thc hnh gii thot i.

Dch gi, s c Tr Hi, vi nhiu kinh nghim dch thut, vi nhiu nmnghin cu kinh tng Nikya, dch Thanh Tnh o rt cn trng v chnxc.

Chng ti tin tng bn dch s t gii thiu vi qu c gi nhiu hnnhng gi tr chng ti cp.


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Vi t cch ca ngi chuyn dch kinh tng Nikya qua Vit ng, chngti tn thn cng c phin dch ca s c Tr Hi, v trn trng gii thiu

bn dch gi tr ny.

Ho thng Thch Minh Chu, 1991

-ooOoo-

Li Dn

Visuddhimagga (Thanh Tnh o) do Lun s Buddhaghosa trc tc votin bn th k th V sau TL, l mt b sch tm tt gio l nguyn thuthuc Pli tng, theo mt h thng c bit di nhng mc By thanh

tnh v Ba v lu hc. y l mt ch nam rt tt cho hnh gi trong victhanh lc bn thn. Sch c i c Nanamoli (ngi Anh, tu TchLan) dch sang Anh ng vo nm 1956. Bn dch ny y c bn Anh ng y.

V cc danh t chuyn mn, phn ln y c cc bn dch ca Ho ThngThch Minh Chu trong 5 b Nikya, v nht l hai tp THNG PHP TPYU (Abhidhammattha Sangaha). Nu khng nh cc cng trnh i trcy, dch phm ny cng kh m hon tt. Xin ghi li y nim tri n.

Bn ny khi in li ln hai c rt gn v sa sai nhiu, b bt nhng chtrng lp li hnh vn xa, v thnh thong dng mt vi danh t thithng cho kh khan, nhng bo m l khng i qu xa vi nguyn bn.Khng tin, qu v th so vi bn Anh ng th s thy.

Dch gi knh .Thch N Tr Hi

Si gn, 1991

Li Tri n

Knh l thm n ch Pht, B tt, Long thin h php mt thu gia h:

- Thm n sinh thnh dng dc- Thm n ch v tn tc Tng Ni, cc bc Thy v thin tri thc Kim C u


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- Cng n cc anh, ch, quyn thuc, Pht t trong v ngoi nc ( gipti chnh)- Cng n cc Pht t trc tip gip k thut thc hin dch phm.

Xin hi hng cng c n php gii hu tnh.

Thch N Tr Hi

-ooOoo-

TIU S NGI PHT M (BUDDHAGHOSA)

Cn gi l Pht Minh, Gic m, Pht C Sa, Ngi Pht gi da,

nc Ma Kit (Magadha), thuc Trung n , vo th k th V. S xutthn trong gia nh B la mn, ban u hc Ph , tinh thng Du gi, Slun v.v..., v sau, S quy y Pht gio, tinh thng cc kinh in. V mc chhong truyn Pht php, rng ting rng ca s t m S son cc ch thch

b lun Pht tr (Nanodaya), lun Th Thng Ngha (Atthaslini) v LunPhp Tp.

Vo nm 432 Ty lch k nguyn, S vt bin sang Tch Lan, tr ti i t(Mahvihra), theo Trng lo Tng-gi-ba-la (Sanghapla Thera) nghincu thnh in tng tr ti cha y, ri em dch sang ting Pli, v sonThanh Tnh o lun (Visuddhimagga), Thin Kin Lut ch t(Samantapsdik) ch gii lut tng (Sch ny cn c tn l Thin KinLut T b sa; Thin Kin lun.) v.v.... ng thi, S em gio nghia caThng To b ra son thut thnh mt h thng hon chnh. Trong , cth ni Thanh Tnh o lun l mt tc phm tot yu ton b Tam tngkinh in v Lun s. V sau, S em 4 b kinh Nikya dch sang ting Bali (Pli), v son ch s ti cha Kin la (Granthakara parivena), x An lp t ph lp (Anurdhapura). Gii thch Trng B kinh th c CtTng Duyt lun (Sumangalavilsin); gii thch Trung B kinh th c

Ph tr nghi chng lun (Papancasdan); gii thch Tng ng B kinhth c Hin Dng Tm Ngha Lun (Sratthappaksin); gii thch TngChi B kinh th c Mn tc hi cu lun (Manorathapra). n khi y TamTng Ba Li mi cc k hon b.

Nhng ch thch ca S, khng ch hn cuc ch no ngha ny ca bnvn, m bao qut c cc loi gii thch v lch s, a l, thin vn, m nhc,


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ng vt, thc vt v.v..., c bit, i vi phong tc tp qun ca n ci, S cn lm thm k thut lin quan n nhng vn hin trng yu dng nghin cu v n . Ngi Tch Lan ca ngi hc vn uyn bc ca Sv sng knh S nh l B tt Di Lc ti th. Lc cui i, S tr v c qucan dng tui gi. Nhng trong lch s Pht gio Min in bo S l ngiMin in, khong nm 400 t nc Kim a (Kim a: ngy nay nm vh lu Min in cho n bn o M Lai .) vo Tch Lan du hc, ri 3nm sau, em kinh in tr v phc hung Pht gio Min in. (Cn bnPht in nghin cu; The Life and Work of Buddhaghosa, PQT, tr2643 a-c).

Thch Phc Sn

TIU S NGI NANAMOLI THERA (Na-na-ma-li Trng lo)

(1905-1960)

Tn gi Nanamoli sinh ngy 25-6-1905 ti Anh quc, th danh l OsbertMoore (o-t-b- c-ma-nh). Thiu thi, Tn gi tng hc v tt nghipti Ngu Tn i Tc c Hc Vin. Trong lc th chin th 2 xy ra, Tngi phc v trong hng ng lc qun Anh, v ng qun ti i Li. Donhn duyn dun ri, Tn gi cng ngi bn l Harold Musson (Cp-la-cMc-Tn), c c mt cun sch vit v Pht gio ca ngi l J.Evola (Ngh-a-na); v th, 2 ngi pht tm quy hng Pht gio.

Sau khi nh th chin kt thc, S tr v nc, n nm 1949 S cngMc Tn quyt tm sang Tch Lan nghin cu Pht hc, v may mn cmt Trng lo ngi c l Ni-na-- l-bin hng dn gia nhp Tngon, di quyn iu khin ca i c i-na-nh-bin-t-tr-la-na-na.Sang nm sau (1950), hai ngi th gii c tc vi i na nh bin nn tnv ny lm thy, v c php hiu l Nnamoli.

n nm 49 tui (1954), ngi Na-na-ma-li chuyn tm nghin cu ngnng Pli, Tn cp li v Min in. Khng bao lu sau , S rt tinh thng

cc ngn ng ny, nh vy c iu kin nghin cu su v Pht php, v trthnh mt hc gi uyn thm. T , S cng tc vi Hip hi Thnh inPli (Pli Text Society, PTS) phin dch cc kinh lun Pli sau y sangAnh vn: 1. Thanh Tnh o Lun (Visuddhi-magga); 2. V Ngi Gii o(Patisambhid-magga) 3. Ch o Lun (Nettipakarana); 4. Tng LunThch (Petakopadesa). Ngoi ra, S cn vit v Lch s c Pht v dch


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kinh Trung b. Chng y cng trnh phin dch cng chng minh trnh Pht hc uyn thm ca S.

S sng rt gin d, tun th gii lut mt cch tinh nghim (trong sut 11nm trng, S ch mc rng y vng, tng trng cho s thanh khit, vcng him khi x chn vo dp). Tnh tnh ha nh, trm lng, t ni, v mili ni ca S u l li vng ngc, y tnh cht tr tu v truyn cm. Sxem vic sinh t nh nh lng hng. Th nn, trong lc chin tranh, baoln i din vi ci cht, nhng S u thot khi.

S vin tch nm 1960. T lc xut gia cho n lc x bo thn, rng r 11nm tri, S cng hin trn vn cho s nghip phin dch kinh in, vtruyn b chnh php. S mt sm, tht l mt tn tht ln i vi Pht gio.(Ty Dng Pht gio hc gi truyn, William Peiris son bng Anh vn,

Mai Ni Vn dch ra Hn vn, xb. 1986, tr. 73)

Thch Phc Sn

TNG LUN

B Thanh Tnh o Lun (Visuddhi-magga) gm 3 quyn, do v cao tngPht m (Buddhaghosa) ngi n trc tc khong gia th k th 5,v c a vo i tng kinh thuc Nam truyn, quyn 62-64. y l mt

b lun trng yu thuc Nam phng Thng To b. Gn y, n cngi Thy D Hong Nguyn ngi Nht bn dch ra Nht vn (1937-1940), v ngi Dip Qun (Liu Tham) dch ra Hn vn v xut bn nm1987. ng thi, Trng lo Nnamoli cng dch ra Anh vn v xut bnti Colombo Ceylon, nm 1956.

Trn b lun gm 23 chng, nhm gii thch gio ngha ca Thng Tob phi, th t t chc v ni dung tng t nh Gii Thot o lun(Vimutti-magga, do ngi Upatissa son khong th k th III), nhng bn

trong c xen nhng li lun bin v kin gii ca sch y. Bn lun trnh bytheo th t Gii, nh v Tu. Chng 1 v 2 lun v Gii. T chng 3n 13 lun v nh, trnh by khc chit cc phng php tu tp mt cchc h thng. Chng 14 n 23 lun v Tu. Trong y, t chng 14 n17 ch yu m t v 5 un, T , Bt chnh o, v 12 nhn duyn. Ngoira, cn bn tng qut v 3 tng v thng, kh, v v ng. Cc chng cnli lun v cc tu qun thanh tnh mt cch rt tinh mt. Trc v sau sch,


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c bi t thut v nhn duyn to lun v dng 3 v lu hc Gii nh Tunh con ng t n Nit bn lm li kt lun.

Quyn sch ny l mt lun th c quyn uy ti cao i vi pht gio Namtruyn. Ni dung ca n v nh mt b bch khoa ton th, c th so snhngang vi b i T B Sa Lun ca Thng To Hu b. Nh Pht hc ic Hoa nhn xt: "Thanh Tnh o Lun l mt tc phm kinh in v inht v phng din tm linh ca nhn loi. Tnh cht trng yu ca n cth xem nh mt m hnh vn hc tiu biu cho cc nh hc gi quc tdng lm c s."

Tm li, b lun ny dng ba v lu hc Gii-nh-Tu lm nhn t tutp qun chiu v tnh cht v thung, kh, v ng ca vn php, hu tn kin thanh tnh v tm thanh tnh, tc Nit bn tch dit.

Thch Phc Sn(Trch "Thanh Tnh o Lun Ton Yu", Si gn 1996)

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BNG TRA CH TT (LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED)

A. : Anguttara NikyaAA. : Anguttara Nikya Atthakath (Commentary) = ManorathapranCp. : CariypitakaDh. : DhammapadaDhA. : Dhammapada Atthakath (Commentary)Dhs. : DhammasanganDhsA. : Dhammsangan Atthakath (Commentary) = AtthaslinDhsAA. : Dhammasangan Tk (Sub-commentary) = Mla Tk (pt. I)Dhk. : DhtukathD. : Dgha Nikya

DA. : Dgha Nikya Atthakath (Commentary) = SumangalavilsinIt. : ItivuttakaJ. : Jtaka (Fausboll's ed.)Kv. : KathvatthuMv. : MahvamsaM. : Majjhima NikyaMA. : Majjhima Nikya Atthakath (Commentary) = Papancasdan


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Miln. : Milinda-panhNetti. : Netti-pakaranaNd1. : Mah NiddesaNd2. : Cla Niddesa (Siamese ed.)Ps. : PatisambhidmaggaPsA. : Patisambhidmagga Atthakath (Commentary) =Saddhammappaksin (Sinhalese Hewavitarne ed.)Ptn1. : Patthna, Tika PatthnaPtn2. : Patthna, Duka Patthna (Siamese and Burmese eds.)Pm. : Visuddhimagga Atthakath (Commentary) = Mah Tk (Vis. Chs. I toXVII Sinhalese Vidyodaya ed.; Chs. XVIII to XXIII Burmese ed.)Pe. : PetakopadesaPv. : PetavatthuS. : Samyutta Nikya

SA. : Samyutta Nikya Atthakath (Commentary) = SratthappaksinSn. : Sutta-niptaSnA. : Sutta-nipta Atthakath (Commentary) = ParamatthajotikThag. : Thera-gthUd. : UdnaVbh. : VibhangaVbhA. : Vibhanga Atthakath (Commetary) = SammohavinodanVbhAA. : Vibhanga Tk (Sub-commentary) = Mla-Tik (pt. 2)Vv. : Vimna-vatthuVin. i. : Vinaya Pitaka (3) - MahvaggaVin. ii. : Vinaya Pitaka (4) - ClavaggaVin. iii. : Vinaya Pitaka (1) - Suttavibhanga 1Vin. iv. : Vinaya Pitaka (2) - Suttavibhanga 2Vin. v. : Vinaya Pitaka (5) - ParivraVis. : Visuddhimagga (P.T.S. ed. and Harvard Oriental Series ed.)

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Phn Th Nht: GiiChng I : Ging Ngha V Gii

I. Dn Nhp


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1.

Ngi tr gii c trTu tp tm v tuNhit tm v thn trngT kheo y thot trin. (S., i, 13)

Do duyn g bi k trn y c ni? Khi c Th tn X v, mt v trii n hoc, v y t cu hi ny:

Ni trin v ngoi trinChng sinh b trin phcCon hi GotamaAi thot khi trin ny? (S. i, 13)

2. y l ngha tm tt. Trin l li tham. V l mt tri buc theongha an mc vo nhau, nh nhng cnh cy chng cht nh mng litrong cc khu rng tre v.v.... Tham c tip tc khi qua li gia nhng itng ca tm, t sc php n tm php v tri li. Tham c gi l nitrin v ngoi trin v n khi ln di hnh thc kht i i vi vt dngca mnh v i vi vt dng ca ngi, i vi t ng ca mnh v t ngca mt ngi khc, i vi ni x v ngoi x. V tham khi theo cch y,nn chng sinh b trin phc. Nh nhng cy tre b vng mc bi bi tre,th gian ny cng vy, ni cch khc, tt c chng sinh ny u b vngmc v mng li chng cht ca dc vng. Con hi Gotama: V bi v thgian b tri buc nh th, cho nn con mun hi iu ny. V tri xng hvi c Th tn bng tc tnh ca Ngi l Gotama. Ai thot khi trin ny:Ai c th gii to, tho g tri buc ny, ci m bng bong lm cho chngsinh trong tam gii u b qun qut nh th? iu v tri y hi l, ai c khnng tho g trin phc?

3. Khi c hi nh vy, c Th tn, ng V ngi gii, Tri ca cc vtri, vt hn thch, Phm thin, ng Thnh tu bn v u, ng Mi

lc, ng Chnh bin tri, ni bi k ny tr li:

Ngi tr gii c trTu tp tm v tuNhit tm v thn trngT kheo y thot trin


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4.

By gi ti s, a ra ngha chn thcchia lm gii, vn vn...ca cu k do bc i thnh ni.

Trong gio php ng Chin thngC nhng ngi tm o t bGia nh, sng khng nh

-nhng ngi mc d kht khao s thanh tnhnhng vn cha c c ci chnh kin v con ng thng, bo m,gm Gii, nh v Tu.

Con ng kh tm, dn n thanh tnhCho nhng ngi cha c an, d c gng,Ti s ging o l an nV Thanh tnhY c li dy ca nhng v c trTrong ngi i tinh xNhng ngi a thch thanh tnhHy ch tm nghe trnh by.

5. y, thanh tnh nn hiu l Nit bn. Nit bn khng tt c cu u, nnhon ton thanh tnh. Thanh tnh o l con ng dn n s thanh tnh y,cch n gi l con ng. Ti s gii thch con ng a n s thanhtnh y.

6. Trong vi trng hp, con ng dn n thanh tnh c dy l do tuqun (v v thng, kh, v ng), nh khi ni:

Tt c hnh v thngVi tu qun thy vy

au kh c nhm chnChnh con ng thanh tnh. (Dh. 227)

Trong vi trng hp, c ging do thin nh v tr tu, nh khi ni:

Ngi c thin c tuNht nh gn Nit bn (Dh.372)


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Khi th c ging l do nghip, nh khi ni:

Nghip, minh v chnh phpGii - ti thng sanh mngChnh nh cc php trnKhin chng sinh thanh tnhKhng phi do giai cpKhng phi do ti sn (M. iii, 262)

Khi th c ging l do Gii v.v... Nh khi ni:

V lun lun tr giiTr tu kho nh tnh

Ch sing nng dng mnhVt bc lu kh vt

V c trng hp, thanh tnh o c ging l do bn nim x v.v... nhkhi ni: "Ny cc t kheo, con ng ny l con ng duy nht thanhtnh cc hu tnh.... chng Nit bn, l bn Nim x". (D. ii, 290).Cng tng t vi bn chnh cn v.v... Nhng tr li cu hi ny, th conng thanh tnh c ging l gii, nh v tu.

7. y l bnh ch vn tt v bi k. Tr gii l ng vng trn ?t gii. Chc ngi thc s thnh tu trn vn gii, mi c gi l "tr gii". Chonn cu ny c ngha: tr gii do thnh tu vin mn gii. Ngi l mt hutnh. C tr c tu do nghip sinh, nh mt kit sanh c ba nhn (l v tham,v sn v v si). Tu tp tm v tu: tu tp c nh v tu. Tm y chnh, cn tu l qun. Nhit tm (tpin): c ngh lc. Ngh lc c gi ltinh cn hay nhit tm (tpa) vi ngha t chy nhng phin no. V cngh lc, nn v y nhit tm tinh cn.

Thn trng: L c tu gic, ch tu phng h. Trong cu tr li, tu c

nhc n ba ln: ln u (c tr) l tu bm sinh, ln th hai l tu vi ngha"qun", cn ln ny ch tu "phng h" hng dn mi cng vic.

T kheo (bhikkhu) l k thy s khng khip (bhayam ikkhati) trong vnglun hi sinh t. Thot trin: nh ngi ng trn t, dng con dao bn cth pht quang mt bi tre chng cht, cng th, v t kheo c c su yut ny l gii, nh tu, gm ba th ni trn, v s nhit tm tinh cn - ng


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trn t gii, dng tay tu (phng h) n lc bng tinh cn, cm dao tu(bm sinh) c mi sc trn thin nh -c th tho g, ct t, ph hutt c cc dy nh tham dc. Chnh giai on ny, thuc o l, v y mic gi l "thot trin": st na chng qu, v y tho g xong stri buc v xng ng s cng dng ti thng ca th gian v ch thin,nn Th tn ni:

Ngi tr gii c trTu tp tm v tuNhit tm v thn trngT kheo y thot trin.

y, khng c g v y phi lm v tr tu bm sinh nh m v y cgi l ngi "c tr", bi v tr tu ny an tr thun nh nh hng ca

nghip i trc. Song nhit tm v thn trng c ngha rng, bng ngh lckin tr nh ni, v bng hnh vi y gic tnh vi tu qun, v y cn

phi- khi an tr trong gii- tu tp, pht trin Ch v Qun c m tbng t ng Tm v Tu. y l cch c Th tn ch r o l a nthanh tnh di nhng mc Gii, nh v Tu.

9. T trc n y, nhng iu c nu ln l Ba mn hc, gio l tt ptrong ba phng din, iu kin cn thit chng ba minh v.v.. S trnhhai cc oan v tu tp trung o, cch vt khi nhng o x, on tr nhim di ba kha cnh, s phng vi phm, s thanh lc ba th nhim ,v l do t n nhng qu D lu v.v... Nu ln nh th no?

10. y, s tu tp tng thng gii c nu bng Gii; tu tng thngtm bng nh; v tu tng thng tr tu bng Tu

S tt p ca gio l chn u c nu bng Gii, do on kinh: "V gl khi im ca cc thin php? Chnh l gii hon ton thanh tnh". (S. V,143) v do Php c 183 "Khng lm mi iu c". Gii l khi u ca giol. V gii tt p, v n em li nhng c c bit l bt hi, v.v... S tt

p ca gio l chn gia c nu bng nh. Do Php c 183 "Khnglm mi iu c", nh l chn gia ca gio l: "Thnh tu cc hnh lnh".

(Khng lm mi iu cThnh tu cc hnh lnhTm gi trong schChnh li ch Pht dy)


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V nh tt p, v em li cc c c bit nh thn thng v.v... S tt pca gio l chn cui c nu bng Tu. Do cu "Tm gi trong sch.Chnh li ch Pht dy". (Dh.183) v v tu l cao im ca nn gio l, nnTu l chn cui. Tu tt p v em li c bnh thn i vi nhng iukh v bt kh . Nh kinh dy:

Nh ni kin cKhng b gi lay ngHu bng hoc tn dngKhng lay ng bc tr. (Dh.81)

11. Cng th, iu kin cn thit chng ba minh c nu bng Gii. Vnh s h tr ca Gii vin mn m ngi ta c ba minh. iu kin cn

thit c su thng c nu bng nh, v chnh nh s h tr ca nhvin mn m t n su thng. iu kin cn thit c bn v ngi giic nu bng Tu, v chnh nh s h tr ca tu vin mn m c bn vngi gii. (Ch thch: Ba minh: tc mng minh, nh c cc i trc;thin nhn minh: bit s cht v ti sinh ca cc hu tnh; lu tn minh, ontr tt c lu hoc. (M. i, 22-3). Bn v ngi gii l ngha v ngi, php vngi, t v ngi, bin ti v ngi (A. ii, 160).

S trnh xa cc oan m m dc lc c nu bng Gii cc oan p xckh hnh c nu bng nh, v s tu tp trung o c nu bng Tu.

12. Cng vy, Gii c nu lm phng tin vt khi cc o x, nh vt khi cc dc, v tu vt tt c hu. Li na, s t b nhng nhim do thay th nhng php ngc li l Gii, do nhip phc l nh, doon tn l Tu.

13. phng vi phm nhng iu nhim l nh Gii, phng cc mnh ca nhim l nh nh, phng cc ty min (khuynh hng ni tia n nhim) l nh Tu.

S thanh lc nhng nhim do t hnh l nh Gii; thanh lc nhng nhim do dc tham l nh nh; v thanh lc nhng nhim do t kin lnh Tu.

14. L do c qu D lu v Nht lai l Gii, qu Bt hon l nh v quA-la-hn l Tu. V bc D lu c gi l ngi "thnh tu vin mn cc


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phm loi ca gii", bc nht lai cng vy, bc bt hon c gi l "vinmn nh" v A-la-hn l bc "tu vin mn".

15. n y, chn nhm "ba php" c nu ln v cc c c bit cagii nh tu, l ba mn hc, gio l tt p ba phng din, iu kincn chng ba minh, s trnh hai cc oan v tu tp trung o, cch vtkhi o x, khi dc v khi hu, s t b nhim ba bc, s phngvi phm, s thanh lc ba th nhim v l do c cc qu.

II. Gii

16. Mc d thanh tnh o c nu nh trn, vi ba mc Gii, nh vTu, mi th c nhng c c bit khc nhau, song s ch dn y cng cn

qu vn tt, khng gip ch mi ngi, nn c lot vn sau ni v Giitrc:

(i) Gii l g?(ii) Gii c ngha l g?(iii) G l c tnh, nhim v, tng trng v nhn gn ca gii(iv) G l li ch ca gii?(v) C my loi gii?(vi) Ci g lm gii nhim?(vii) Ci g lm gii thanh tnh?

17. y l gii p.

(i) Gii l g? l cc php khi t t tm s (cetan) hin hu ni mtngi t b st sinh, v.v... Hay ni mt ngi thc hnh vin mn cc hcgii (vatta). Patisambhid ni: "Gii l g? c gii l t tm s (cetan), cgii l cc tm s, th, tng, v hnh (gi chung l cetasika), c gii l sch ng, c gii l khng vi phm". (Ps. i, 44).

y, Gii theo ngha t tm s, l ch (tc ) c mt ni ngi t b stsinh, v.v... Hay ni ngi thc hnh vin mn cc gii. Gii theo ngha th,tng, hnh l s king gi ni ngi t b st sinh, v.v... Li na, Gii ttm s l by tc i km by trong mi nghip ni mt ngi t b stsinh, v.v.. Gii th, tng, hnh tm s l ba php cn li gm v tham, vsn v chnh kin, nh kinh ni: "T b tham, v y an tr vi tm v tham".(D. i, 71)


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18. Gii theo ngha ch ng l s ch ng theo nm cch: Ch ng vi sch ng ca gii bn Ptimokkha ch ng bng tnh gic, ch ng bng trikin, ch ng bng kham nhn v ch ng bng tinh tin. Ch ng bng Gii

bn l: "V y c trang b y vi s ch ng ca Gii bnPtimokkha". (Vbh. 246); ch ng bng chnh nim tnh gic l: "v y h trnhn cn, sng vi s ch? ng nhn cn". (D. i, 70) Ch ng bng tri kin lnh c Th tn dy:

Nhng dng thc chy trn iNy Ajita, c ngn chn l nh chnh nim.Ta tuyn b s ch ng nhng bc luDo tu, chng b chn ng. (Sn. 1035)

Cch s dng bn vt dng cng c bao gm trong s ch ng ny.Nhng ch ng bng kham nhn th nh kinh dy: "V y l ngi khamnhn lnh, nng". (M. i, 10) V ch ng bng tinh tin l "V y khng chpnhn mt tng thuc tham dc khi n khi ln". (M. i, 11) y, thanhtnh sinh mng c bao gm. Vy s ch ng gm nm phn y v sking gi ni nhng thin nam, thin n bit s iu c mi khi gp c hivi phm, u gi l Gii theo ngha ch ng. Gii theo ngha khng phm ls khng vt qua, bng thn hoc li, cc gii iu th.

19. (ii) Gii C Ngha l G? Gii Sla c gi nh th l v ni c nghakt hp (Slana). Kt hp c hai ngha: mt l phi hp (samdhna) ch skhng bt nht trong ba nghip thn, li v nh c hnh; hai l nng ln(upadhrana) ngha l nn tng (dhra) v gii l nn tng cho nhng thin

php. Nhng ngi hiu ng nguyn ch chp nhn hai ngha ny, song cngc nhng ngi lun v ngha ca gii l ci u (siras) l mt m (stala).

20. (iii) G L c Tnh, Nhim V, Tng Trng V Nhn Cn Ca Gii?

c tnh ca gii l phi hp

D phn tch nhiu cchCng nh "thy c" l c tnh ca Sc.D phn tch nhiu cch.

Nh c tnh "c th trng thy" l c tnh ca sc x, d phn tch thnhnhng loi xanh, vng, v.v... V d c phn ra nh vy, sc php cng khngvt ngoi tnh "thy c". Cng th, s kt hp -gm hai ngha "phi


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hp" v "nn tng" trn l c tnh ca gii, d chia nhiu loi nh t tms, v.v.. V d c chia ra nhng loi nh vy, gii cng khng ra ngoi haic tnh l phi hp v nn tng (cc thin php).

21.

Trong khi c tnh ca gii l nh vy,Nhim v ca n gm hai ngha:Hnh ng chm dt t hnhV s thnh tu k nh cKhng li ni ngi c gii.

Bi th, khi gi l gii, cn hiu rng n c nhim v chn ng t hnh lnhim v (hay bn cht, rasa) ca n theo ngha hnh ng, v bn cht

khng li k nh nhim v n trong ngha thnh tu. V y chnh hnhng (kicca) hoc s thnh tu (sampatti) c gi l nhim v.

22.

Theo li nhng ngi tr,Gii th hin s thanh tnhV nhn gn ca giiChnh l tm v qu.

Gii ny c th hin bng cc th "Thanh tnh ca thn, ng v ". (A. i,271). Gii c hin r, c nhn chn qua s thanh tnh. Nhung tm vqu l ci nhn gn ca gii, v khi tm qu c mt, th gii pht sinh v tnti: cn khi tm qu vng mt, th gii khng pht sinh cng khng tn ti.

Vng mt, th gii khng pht sinh cng khng tn ti.

23. (iv) Nhng G L Li ch Ca Gii?

l c c nhiu c c bit m u ht l bt hi, v kinh dy: "NyAnada gii l thin; n c mc ch l bt hi, c li ch l bt hi". (A. v,1). V mt on khc: "Ny gia ch, c nm li ch cho ngi c hnhkhi vin mn gii, l: ngi c gii c tha hng gia sn ln nh tinhcn, c ting tt n xa, khng s hi rt r khi n gia hi chng st l hay b la mn hay gia ch hay sa mn, khi cht tm khng tn lon, mnhchung c sanh vo thin th, ci tri. l nm l?i ch". (D. ii, 86) Li


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cn nhiu li ch ca gii, u tin l c thng mn, v cui cng lon tr (phin no) lu hoc nh on kinh ni: "Nu mt T kheo c cnguyn, mong rng ti c cc v ng phm hnh yu mn, knh trng, thv y hy thnh tu vin mn cc hc gii". (M. i, 33)

24. Li na,

Ai dm t mt bin tCho nhng li ch do gii em liKhi m khng gii, th thin nam tKhng chn ng trong gio l ny?Khng phi sng Hng, Yamun,Sng Sarabh, SarassatHay dng Aciravati,

Hay sng Mah thnh thinC th ra sch nhim Ca cc loi c hi th iM ch c nc gii mi c thRa sch nhng cu u ni chng sinhKhng phi cn gi em maHay hng chin n vngHay chui anh lc, bo chuHay nh trng sng duC th lm lng nhng cn st ca ngi th gianM chnh gii kho h trCao qu v mt m tuyt diu,Mi dp tt c ngn la.C ln hng no snh bngLn hng giiKhi hng ny d dng bay ngcCng nh xui gi?C bc thang no bng thang giiC th bc ln n ci tri?

C ca ng no bng ca giiM n thnh Nit bn nh vy?Vua cha trang sc chu buCng khng sng chi bng s chi sng ca ngi tr giiTrang sc bng gii lut.Gii lm tiu tan ni s hiCa s t khin trch v nhng li tng t


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Gii lun em li cho ngi tr giiNim hoan hDo danh tt ca giiChng y cng bitQu bo ca gii l th noV th no, gc r ca mi c tnh yLm cho cc lm li khng cn sc mnh.

25. (v) C Bao Nhiu Loi Gii?

1. Trc ht, tt c gii thuc mt loi do c tnh "kt hp" ca n.2. Gii thuc hai loi l hnh v trnh (tc, ch)

3. Hai loi l gii thuc chnh hnh, v gii khi u i sng phmhnh.

4. Hai loi, l king v khng.5. Hai loi, l l thuc v khng.6. Hai loi, tm thi v trn i.7. Hai loi, hu hn v v hn.8. Hai loi, th gian v xut th.9. Ba loi, l h, trung, thng.10. Ba loi, l gii v k, v tha v v php.11. C dnh mc (chp th), khng dnh mc, v an tnh.12. Thanh tnh, bt tnh, kh nghi.13. Gii hu hc, v hc v gii ca ngi khng phi hu hc hay v

hc.14. Gii bn loi, l gii thi gim, gii t ng, gii tng tin v gii

thm nhp.15. Bn loi, l gii t kheo, T kheo ni, gii ca ngi cha th c v

gii ti gia.16. Bn loi, l gii t nhin, gii theo c tc, gii tt yu, v gii do

nhn v trc.17. Bn loi, l gii thuc Gii bn Ptimokkha, gii phng h cc cn,

gii thanh tnh sinh mng v gii lin h bn vt dng.

18. Gii nm loi, l thanh tnh hu hn, v hn, thanh tnh vin mn,thanh tnh khng dnh mc, thanh tnh tnh ch.

19. Nm loi, l t b king tc (t tm s), ch ng, v khng phm.

26.

1). Gii mt loi, v ngha c trnh by.


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2). Gii hai loi: hnh v trnh: s thnh tu vin mn mt hc gii do cTh tn dy: "iu ny nn lm", th gi l hnh (tc tr). Khng lm nhngg Ngi cm ch rng "iu ny khng nn lm", gi l trnh (ch tr). y ngha danh t "hnh" (caranti) l i trong phm vi ca gii, i nh nhng

bc vin mn gii i; v phng h, trnh n gi l trnh. S gi gii hayhnh c thc hin nh c tin v tinh tn, cn trnh nh c tin v chnhnim.

27. 3). Chnh hnh l cch c x tt p nht, chnh n c gi l Giithuc chnh hnh, hoc nhng g c tuyn thuyt c x p cng gil gii thuc chnh hnh. y l danh t ch cho nhng gii ngoi tm gii(ba thuc thn l khng st, o, dm; bn thuc ng l khng ni di, nic, ni th v ni v ch, th tm l chnh mng). Tm gii ny l khi u

ca i phm hnh bao hm o l nn c gi l Gii khi u phmhnh, v cn phi c thanh tnh trc, nh Trung B iii ni: "Thn nghip,ng nghip v hot mng ca v y phi c thanh tnh trc y (Pubbeva khopan'assa kyakammam jvo suparisuddho hoti. -- M. iii, 289).

Hoc hai loi ch nhng tiu gii k nh chnh hnh v gii cn li l giikhi u i phm hnh.

Hoc nhng g gm trong gii lut t kheo v t kheo ni trong gii bnPatimokkha l gii khi u i sng phm hnh, cn gii lut bao gmtrong nhng kin (khandhakas) ca Lut tng (vinaya) gi l gii thucchnh hnh. Nh thnh tu chnh hnh m nhng gii khi u i phmhnh c vin mn, nn kinh dy: "v t kheo khng vin mn chnh hnhm c th thnh tu gii kh u i phm hnh, iu y khng th xy ra".(A. iii, 14-15).

28. 4). King l king st sinh, v.v.. Khng king l cc t tm s, v.v...

29. 5). C l thuc v khng l thuc. L thuc c hai th: L thuc v tham

v l thuc do t kin. L thuc do tham l khi mt ngi mong c: "Nhgii hnh ny, ti s thnh mt v tri ln hoc nh". (M. i, 102). L thuc tkin l khi mt ngi c t kin: "S thanh tnh l do c hnh cc t l".(Vbh. 374). Nhng gii xut th, v gii th gian lm iu kin tin quytcho gii xut th, gi l gii khng l thuc.


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30. 6). Gii tm thi l c th c hn nh thi gian. Gii trn i l thtr n khi mng chung.

31. 7) Hu hn l gii b hn cuc vo danh li, quyn thuc, chn tay hocmng sng. Ngc li gi l gii v hn. Patisambhida ni: "Th no l gii

b hn cuc vo li? l khi mt ngi nguyn nhn li m vi phm mthc gii th". Nhng gii hn kia cng vy. Gii khng b hn cuc hayv hn l khi "mt ngi, khng v li m khi tm vi phm, hung h thcs vi phm, mt hc gii th". (Ps. I, 44). Tng t, vi cc gii hnkhc.

32. 8). Gii th gian l gii hu lu v xut th l gii v lu. Gii th gianem li mt hu hu (thn cnh trong tng lai) tt p, v l iu kin tinquyt thot ly sinh t, nh Lut ni: "Gii l ch ng, ch ng l

khi hi, bt hi l c khinh an, khinh an dc lc, lc cnh, nh c chnh tri kin, chnh tri kin l c v dc, v dc c ly tham, ly tham c gii thot, gii thot l c gii thot trikin, gii thot tri kin l i n v th trc Nit bn. S ni chuyn cmc ch y, nng c mc ch y, khuyn bo c mc ch y, nng c mc ch y, lng tai c mc ch y, tc l s gii thot nh khng chpth". (Vin. v, 164). Gii xut th em li s thot khi hu, v l bnh dinca tr qun st.

33. 9). Gii ba loi: u tin l gii bc h, trung, thng. Gii bc h lgii pht sinh do t tinh cn, t dc, t nht tm v t trch php (tc bn nh tc). Gii bc trung l gii pht sinh nh tinh tn, v.v... Va va. Gii bcthng l gii pht sinh nh bn php c thc hnh cao . Gii th vham danh l gii bc h, v ham qu bo cng c l bc trung, v tn qugii l bc thng. Li na, gii b nhim v khen mnh ch ngi, v.v...

Nh "ta c gii hnh, cn nhng t kheo khc t hnh, theo c gii". (M. i,193) l bc h, gii th gian m khng nhim l bc trung, gii xut th l

bc thng. Hoc, gii c ng lc l tham i, vi mc ch ti sinh l bch, gii thc hnh v mc ch gii thot ring mnh l trung, cc hnh ba la

mt thc hnh v gii thot chng sinh l bc thng.

34. 10). Gii thc hnh v bn thn, v mun b nhng g khng thch hpvi t ng, gi l gii v k. Gii thc hnh v quan tm n th gian, vmun ngi i khi ch trch, l gii, Gii thc hnh v quan tm n thgian, v mun ngi i khi ch trch, l gii, Gii thc hnh v tn trngPhp v Lut, gi l v php.


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35. 11). Gii "l thuc" s 5 trn, gi l c dnh mc v dnh mc (thtrc) do tham v t kin.

Gii c thc hnh bi phm phu hu c l iu kin tin quyt cho ol, v gii tng ng vi o l, cc v hu hc, th gi l gii khng dnhmc. Gii tng ng vi qu ca hu hc v v hc gi l gii c an tnh.

36. 12). Gii c vin mn do mt ngi khng phm gii ti, hoc phmm sm hi, gi l gii khng thanh tnh. Gii ni mt ngi cn nghikhng bit vic ny c phi l mt gii ti hay khng, hoc khng bit vi

phm gii no, hoc khng bit mnh c phm khng, gi l kh nghi. Giikhng thanh tnh nn lm cho thanh tnh. Gii cn nghi th nn trnh lmnhng g mnh cn nghi vn, v nn tm cch gii quyt nghi.

37. 13). Gii tng ng vi bn o v ba qu u, l gii ca Hu hc.Gii tng ng vi qu A-la-hn l gii ca bc V hc. Nhng loi cn lil gii khng thuc hu hc v v hc.

38. Trong th gian, sla (gii) cng dng ch bn tnh, thi ca ngi, nnPatisambhid ni: "Ba loi gii (thi) l thin, bt thin v bt nh". (Ps. I,44). Gii bt thin khng c k y, v n khng dnh dp n ngha bn v gii.

39. 14). Gii bn loi u tin:

K hc c tri thcKhng gn bc gii cNgu si khng thy cLi phm gii yTm thng t t duyCc cn khng phng hGii ni ngi nh vy

D phn vo thi gim.Ngi c tm t mnVi gii thnh tuKhng bao gi ngh nTp ti thin nhCh an phn trong giiKhng n lc tin ln


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Gii nh vy gi lD phn vo t ng.Ngi c gii, n lcVi nh lm phng tin t n mc tiu,Gii ca t kheo nyGi l nh cng gii(gii tng tin: Visesa)Ngi thy gii cha M hng n ly dcGii do c vng yGi l o cng gii(gii thm nhp: nibbedha)

40. 15). C nhng gii dnh cho t kheo khng lin h n nhng gii cngb cho t kheo ni, gi l gii t kheo. Gii ring cho t khoe ni gi l gii tkheo ni. Mi gii ca sa di v sa di ni l gii ca ngi cha th c tc.

Ng gii hay thp gii, khi c th gi trn i v tm gii th vo ngyUposatha (b tt) dnh cho nam n ti gia, gi l gii ti gia.

41. 16). S khng phm ca nhng ngi uttarakuru gi l t nhin gii.Mi b lc, tng phi, a phng, c lut ring, gi l gii theo tc l. Giica m b tt khi b tt nhp thai "khng c t tng dc nhim". Gi lgii tt yu. Gii ca nhng ngi thanh tnh nh Ma ha Ca dip v ca tinthn Pht khi hnh b tt hnh gi l gii do nhn i trc.

42. 17). Gii bn loi, th t

(a) Gii nh c Th tn m t: " V t kheo sng ch ng vi s ch ngca gii bn, y hnh x v chnh hnh, thy s hi trong nhng linh, nn v y lnh th cc hc gii". (Vbh. 244), y l Gii thuc s chng ca gii bn.

(b) Gii c m t nh sau: " Khi mt thy sc, v y khng nm gi tngchung, khng nm gi tng ring, nhng nguyn nhn g do m nhncn khng ?c ch ng, khin cho tham i, u bi, cc bt thin php khiln, v y ch ng nguyn nhn y, h tr nhn cn, thc hnh s h tr nhncn. Khi tai nghe ting, mi ngi mi, li nm v, thn chm xc, nhnthc cc php, v y khng nm gi tng chung, khng nm gi tng


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ring... Thc hnh s h tr cn". (M. i, 180): y l gii phng h cc cnmn.

(c) S t b nhng t mng, khng vi phm su hc gii lin h n cchsinh sng, ci t mng li ko theo nhng c php nh "la o, ba hoa, hintng ch bai, ly li cu li" (M. iii, 75): y l gii thanh tnh mng sng.

(d) S s dng bn vt dng, c thanh tnh nh gic st, nh khi ni:"Chn chnh gic st, v y th dng y phc ch che thn khi rt". (M. i,10): y l gii lin h n bn vt dng.

43. Sau y l tm tt bnh ch: (on 42a) Ch ng vi s ch ng ca giibn tc Ptimokkha, v n gii thot (mokkheti) ngi h tr (pti) n, v nlm cho v y thot khi (mocayati) cc kh ca o x. Ch ng l khng

phm v thn, li. Sng l x s trong bn uy nghi.

44. y hnh x v chnh hnh v.v... ngh nh kinh ni: "c t hnh vchnh hnh". G l t hnh? l vi phm v thn li, c thn ln li, nhngvic lm m Gii cm ch. Nh mt ngi sinh nhai bng cch em cho tre,l, hoa, qu, bt tm, tm xa rng, hoc bng cch nnh ht, ve vut, hoc

bng cch lm cc vic vt, hay bt c t mng no b Th tn qu trch.Chnh hnh l g? L khng vi phm v thn v li, v c thn, li. L tt cs ch ng bng gii. L khng sinh nhai bng nhng cch nh trn.

45. Hnh x: c hnh x thch ng v khng thch ng v khng thchng. G l hnh x khng thch ng? Nh khi mt ngi c nhng dm nlm ch lui ti, c n b go, gi gi, bn nam bn n, t kheo ni, hay tuqun lm ch lui ti; hoc v y sng c lin h vi vua hay cn thn, ngoio, ngoi o, c lin h khng thch ng vi c s; hoc lm quen,giao thip, tn trng nhng gia nh khng tn tm, ph bng th l, nhngngi mun hi, mun s xu xa, phin no, khng mun s chm dt hlu cho nhng t kheo, t kheo ni, nam n c s. y l nhng hnh xkhng thch ng. G l hnh x thch ng? Nh mt v khng c nhng

dm n lm ch lui ti... Qun ru lm ch lui ti,... Khng lin h khngthch ng vi c s; v y lm quen, lui ti, tn trng nhng gia nh c tntm, nhng ngi lm ngun an i ni no c bng hong y, c gi mt ca

bc tr, nhng ngi mong mi iu tt lnh, h lc, mong chm dt h lucho t kheo, t kheo ni, nam n c s. y l hnh x chn chnh. Nh th,v y c gi l "y hnh x v chnh hnh". (Vbh. 244-7).


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46. Li na chnh hnh v hnh x y cn c hiu nh sau. T hnh chai l t hnh v thn v li. G l t hnh v thn? l "X s thiu cungknh trc tng, ng ngi, chen ln vi cc v thng to, ngi ch cao,ngi bt u, ng m ni chuyn, vung tay khi ni, i giy dp trong khicc thng to i chn trn, i ch cao trong khi cc thng to i ch thp,i trn ng chnh trong khi cc thng to i ch khng c ng....ng ngi thc vo cc v thng to, tranh ch vi cc t kheo mi... Vo

bung tm.... Cha hi cc thng to m ci trn l, kho ca... Tich tm, va i va vy nc nhm cc thng to, i vo ch tm trcmt cc thng to, tm vy nc vo cc thng to, tm trc mt cc v.Khi i ra th chen ln cc thng to, i ra trc mt h, vo nh cng chenln i trc, y h ra m chen ti.... Ti nhng nh gia ch c phng ringkn o, dnh cho n b con gi, th v y ng t i vo, vut u trcon". (Nd1, 228-9). y gi l t hnh v thn.

47. y, g l t hnh v li? " l khi mt ngi s s v l trc chngTng. Khng xin php nhng v Thng to m ni v Php, tr li cc cuhi, tng gii, ng ni vung tay. Vo nh ngi gp ph n hay thiu nth ba hoa kiu nh: " ch X, c g n y? C cho khng? Chng ti sung ci g? Nhng g l n loi cng? Nhng g l n loi mm? Chs cho n ci g?" (Nd1, 230). y l t hnh v li.

48. Chnh hnh cn hiu l ngc li vi nhng iu trn. Hn na, v tkheo c l , bit knh nhng, c tm qu, mc h y, thng y mt cchthch ng, tc phong v y lm khi dy nim tin d khi v y i ti i lui,nhn trc hay nhn hai bn, co hay dui, mt v y thng ng xung, v yc uy nghi, phng h cc cn mn, tit trong s n ung, chnh nim tnhgic, y s t gic, t mun, bit , tinh cn, cn thn gn gi chnhhnh, ht lng cung knh nhng v gio th s. y l chnh hnh.

49. Hnh x (thch ng) gm ba s h tr lm hnh x, s phng h lmhnh x, v s buc cht lm hnh x. S h tr lm hnh x l, mt ngi

bn tt ni mi loi chuyn: "Ni v t mun, bit , n dt, c c, tinh

tn, gii, nh, tu, gii thot v gii thot tri kin". (M. i, 145), ngi bn t ta c nghe nhng iu cha nghe, sa sai nhng iu hc, ty cnhng nghi vn, lm chnh li s thy bit, c c tin, hoc nh hc vingi y m ta tng trng v tn, gii, vn, b th v tr tu. y l s htr lm hnh x.


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50. S phng h lm hnh x l, "mt t kheo khi i vo mt ngi nh, mtcon ng, th i vi mt nhn trc khong mt tm, ch ng nhn cn,khng nhn voi, nga, xe, ngi b hnh, n b, n ng; khng ng ln,ng xung, ng ch ny ch kia". (NdI, 474).

51. S buc cht lm hnh x l bn nim x m tm c buc vo, v thc Th tn dy: "Ny cc t kheo, g l hnh x ca mt t kheo, quhng v y? Chnh l bn nim x qun" (S. v, 148).

c trang b nh vy, c cung cp y nh vy, bng chnh nim v(chnh) hnh x ny, nn v y c gi l "y hnh x v chnh hnh".

52 Thy s nguy him trong nhng li nh (on 42): "Li nh" l nh sv tnh vi phm mt hc gii nh nm trong Gii bn, hoc c mt ngh

bt thin khi ln. V y chn chnh lnh th v hc tp cc hc gii: C baonhiu hc gii, v y u hc tp lnh th mt cch chn chnh (samdya).Cu "mt ngi ch ng vi s ch ng ca Gii bn"., gii thuc v s chng ca Gii bn c nu bng ngi, cn "y chnh hnh v hnhx" ch phng php thc hnh ni v vin mn gii.

53. (b) By gi, hay ni v gii thuc s ch ng cc cn mn, c nu lnk tip. Khi mt thy sc: khi thy mt vt bng nhn thc c kh nng thy,nhng nng vo con mt dng c nn ly tn "mt". C c (Porn) ni:"Con mt khng thy v n khng c tm. Tm khng thy v khng c mt.

Nhng khi c chm xc gia cn v trn th c thy, do thc c th gic lmnn tng vt l cho n. (Th gic, kinh gi l mt tnh sc: eye- sensitivity-ch ng t hay con ngi). Vy ngha thc s y l: khi thy sc nhnthc".

54. Khng nm gi tng chung, khng tng n b hay n ng, haybt c tng g lm cn bn cho nhim, nh tng p, v.v.. V y dngli ci thy, cng khng nm gi tng ring: v y khng tm bt ckha cnh no nh tay, chn, n ci, ting ni, nhn thng, nhn nghing,

v.v.. Gi l nhng tng chi tit, v chng pht sinh ra tng nhim khcnhau, v chng ni bt. V y ch thy ci g thc s ang y. Nh trnglo Nahtissa Cetiyapabbata.

55. Khi trng lo ang trn ng i t Cetiyapabbata n Anurdhapura kht thc, c mt nng du ca mt ng trng gi gy ln vi chng nnkhi hnh t sng sm Anurdhapura, trang sc lng ly nh tin n,


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v nh b con. Nng trng thy trng lo, v do tm hn h lit, bt ln mttrng ci ln. Ngc nhin khng hiu c chuyn g xy n, v trng lonhn ln, v khi c "bt tnh tng" ni hm rng ca nng ngi c quA-la-hn. Do c bi k:

Thy xng hm rngDuy tr "ct tng"Cha di chn bcQu chng v sanh

Chng nng i tm nng, gp trng lo anh ta hi: "Bch i c, ngi ctnh c trng thy mt ngi n b no qua y khng?" Trng lo bo:

"Khng r ng hay b

V ta khng Nhng trn ng ci nyC ng xng di ng".

56. Qua (on 42) ngha l, v nguyn nhn y m c s khng ch ngca nhn cn (v cc cn khc). Nu v y khng phng h nhn cn ngha lkhng dng cnh ca chnh nim m ng nhn cn li. Xm nhp l e dov y.

57. Khng c g l "ch ng" hay "khng ch ng" ni nhn cn, v i vimt tnh sc khng c tnh gic hay tht nim. Nhng khi mt sc php ivo s ch ca mt, th hu phn khi ln hai ln v dit, ri n duy tc gii lm nhim v hng tm (ch ) khi v dit, ri n nhn thc vinhim v thy, ri n d thc gii lm nhim v tip th, ri n d thcv nhn thc gii lm nhim v xc nh, khi v dit. K tip l tc hnhtm. Trong y, khng c g l ch ng hay khng ch ng vo giai onhu phn, hay bt c giai on no sau t hng tm tr i. Song khihnh t giai on tc hnh tm, nu khng chnh hnh, nu c s tht nim,v tri, khng kin nhn, li bing khi ln, th gi l "khng ch ng nhn

cn".

58. Ti sao? V khi y c ngha, l cn mn khng c phng h, hu phnv cc tm thuc l trnh tm cng khng c phng h. V nh khi, bncng ca mt thnh khng c bo m, th d cho cc ca ca nhngngi nh, kho cha v.v... Bn trong thnh c kho k, ti sn bn trongthnh cng khng c bo m, v k cp s vo thnh tha h v vt.


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64 "Th no l ch bai? L nhic mc, dm pha, ch trch, ni ma, ma mailin tc nho bng, nho bng lin tc, bi nh, bi nh lin tc, mch lo,cn sau lng, ni mt ngi thin v li dng...

65 "Th no l ly li cu li? Cu l tm kim chc, mu cu ca ci bngphng tin ca ci, nh em vt c ch ny i n ch khc, vt cch khc em n ch ny, ni mt ngi thin v li dng.." (Vbh, 352-3)

66. ngha on kinh dn s 61 cn c hiu nh sau. C c dc lmong mun chng t c nhng c tnh m mnh khng thc c. Lm micho dc: b dc vng tn cng. Bng cch t chi bn vt dng, bng cchni gin tip, bng uy nghi: l ba cch la o c nu ln trong Mah-niddesa.

67. Mt v t kheo c cng dng y, v.v... V chnh v ham mun nhngth y, ng li t chi, do c dc. V y bit c s tin tng ng s ngh: Vi c ca chng ta tht l thiu dc, ngi nht quyt khng nhn vt g.Tht l may mn cho ta nu ngi chu nhn ch cht t vt dng ! ri h tm cch t trc mt v y nhng y thng hng, v.v... ng bn nhn, valm ra v ch nhn v lng t bi i vi h. y l s gi di ni v t kheo, khin cho c s sau mang tng xe b l vt n cng. l la o

bng cch t chi.

68. Trong Mah-niddesa ni: "Th no l la o bng cch t chi vtdng?" V d c s mi t kheo nhn y, thc, sng to, dc phm. Mtngi c c dc, lm mi cho dc, ham c y, thc, sng to, dc phm,nhng li t chi, v mun c nhiu hn. V y bo: Mt ngi sa mnkh hnh c cn n nhng tm y t gi? Ch nn nht gi rch, ng rchay ca tiem, m lm y phc. Sa mn kh hnh cn g n thc phm tgi? Ch nn kht thc sng. Sa mn kh hnh cn g n ging t gi?Ch nn sng di gc cy hay ngoi tri. Sa mn kh hnh cn g n dc

phm t tin? Ch nn cha bnh bng nc tiu. ""Bi th v y mc y th

xu, n kht thc ti, ch ti, dng thuc ti tr bnh. Cc c s thyvy, ngh: Sa mn ny t mun, bit , sng vin ly, c c tinh tn, tht lngi thuyt ging v kh hnh. Ri h li cng mun cng dng v y y

phc, thc phm, sng to, dc phm. V y bn ni: "C ba iu kin lmcho mt v thin gia nam t c nhiu cng c: lng tin, s b th. V mtngi xng ng nhn. Ngi c lng li c vt b th, v li c ta y.

Nu ta khng nhn, th ngi s mt phc. iu y khng tt. Vy th ta s


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nhn, v lng thng tng i vi ngi. " C th v y nhn tht nhiu yphc, thc phm, sng to, dc phm. l mt hnh thc la o vy".(Ndl 224-5)

69. L s gi di ni ngi c c dc, khi v y ni cch ny cch khc lmcho ngi ta hiu rng minh c php nhn (siu vit con ngi). gi l la o bng cch ni gin tip nh on kinh sau: "G l v d v lao bng cch ni gin tip? Mt ngi c c dc, lm mi cho dc, mongc thn phc m ni nhng li lin h n thnh php. V y bo: Ngip mt ci y nh vy, lc nc nh vy, cha kho nh vy, ai lng nhvy, dp nh vy, l mt sa mt rt quan trng. Hoc bo: Ngi c mtgio th s nh vy, y ch nh vy, ng gio th s, ng y ch s, ngic bn nh vy, cng s vin nh vy, thn thuc nh vy, ngi trongcha nh vy, mi che nh vy, nh nh vy, vi la nh vy, hang, ng, lu,

tri, thp canh, phng ln, va la, phng hi nh vy, hoc c gc cy nhvy, l mt nh kh hnh rt quan trng". Hoc, vi nt mt nhn nhu, mum, gio quyt, lm iu b thn phc, ni thao thao bt tuyt, v y tht lnnhng li su xa, b mt, x l, ti ngha, li siu phm rng tuch nh "Samn y l mt v t n nhng tinh t v c nhng thin tr nh vy nhvy." y gi l ni gin tip (Nd1. 226-7).

70. L s gi di ni mt ngi c dc, khi v y lm nhng dng iu c c tn thn phc, nh on: "Th no l la o bng uy nghi? V nh,mt c khen, nn lm b tch khi i, v y bc i c nghin cu, ng cnghin cu, ngi c nghin cu, nm c nghin cu. V y bc i lm bnh rt m chiu, khi ng, ngi, nm dng nh rt tp trung qun tng.V y l ngi to thin gia cng cng. S lm b, sp t, ph trng uynghi nh th c gi l la o bng uy nghi" (Nd1. 225-6))

71. Kinh vn: bng cch t chi bn vt dng c ngha l dng ci phngtin gi l "t chi"... Ni gin tip: l ni gn vi ti. Bng uy nghi l ing nm ngi.

72. Nhng li ni ba hoa (on 62) l ni tt vo: nh khi va thy ngi ivo tinh x, bn ni: "i u c s? Mi tng chng th trai ? Nu vyth c vic i trc i, ti s mang y bt n sau" v.v... Hoc t qung conh sau: "Ti l Tissa, vua rt tn nhim ti, i thn ca vua.. Rt tin cyti". K l (ni nhiu) cng tng t, khi c hi mt iu g. Ni quanh lni vng vo tam quc v s c s bt mn sau khi to c hi cho h php. Tng bc l ni ca tng ngi ta, nh: "ng y l mt i a ch, i


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thuyn ch, i th ch" Tng bc lin tc (tng bc qu l) l ni cch ca tng ngi.

73. Thuyt phc l ni li rng buc th tay cng gi (Nayhan do ng tNayhati c ngha l buc li, ct li). Nh ni "C s trc kia cc v thngcng tri cy vo gi , , ti sao by gi khng cng na?" Ni th no cui cng, ngi kia phi ni: "Bch i c, chng con s cng, lu nay vkhng c dp" v.v... y l buc rng h. Hoc, khi trng thy mt ngi taycm ma, v t kheo bn hi: "T u v y, o hu?" - Bch i c, con rung ma v " - Ma y c ngt khng nh? - Bch i c, cn phin vo mi bit c" - Ny c s, mt t kheo khng c php ni: cho tima !" Ni nh vy tc l rng buc ngi ta, khin h phi cho. y gi lthuyt phc. Thuyt phc nhiu ln, dng nhiu cch, gi l thuyt phc daidng (ni dai)

74. Gi l m ch, bng cch nu mt trng hp c bit nh: "Ch c gianh l hiu ti thi. C g, h ch cng dng cho ti". Hoc, nh cuchuyn ngi bn du sau y. Hai t kheo i vo lng, ngi trong nh i.Thy mt c gi, h bn gi nng li. Ri v ny hi v kia: "Nng ny l congi nh ai th?" - Hin gi, nng l con gi ca ngi bn du vn thngng h chng ta y. Mi khi chng t kheo i n nh m nng, b thngcho b trong h. V c ny cng cho b trong h nh m" (Pm. 46) gil gi . Gi nhiu cch, ni mi, th gi l gi lin tc.

75. Ni m ly l ni li m tai lp i lp li nhiu ln, bt k ng haykhng, hp php hay khng. Nnh ht l ni mt cch hn h, lun lun githi k di. Tn dc l ni tht nhiu nhng ch ng mt t.

76. Ni vut ve nh ngi ta vut ve, v v con nt.

77. Hin tng (nemittikat) tng l mt du hiu bng thn hay li, lm ngi ta cho mnh vt dng. Ra hiu l lm mt du hiu c hi: "Bnc g n y?" v.v... Khi trng thy ngi ang mang thc n. m ch l

ni xa gn ti vt cn dng. Lm m ch: nh thy mc t t ngh ingang, v t kheo hi: "y l ngh con ca b ci vt sa hay b ci cho

b?" - Bch i c, b ci vt sa, v nu l b ci vt sa, th cc t kheo c sa m ung!" v.v..., ct lm cho a b v thut li vi cha m, hem sa n cng.


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78. Ni bng gi l ni gn ti, t nh cu chuyn v mt t kheo cmt gia nh ng h. V y mun n, nn i vo nh y m ngi. N chkhng mun b th, nn va trng thy v t kheo, b bo ngay: "Khng ccm". on i sang nh hng xm, lm b i ly cm. V t kheo i vo

bp, nhn quanh, thy cy ma sau cnh ca, ng ng trong t, xu ctrong r, go trong chum v b trong h, V y tr ra, ngi. Khi n ch trli, b bo v t kheo "Ti khng kim c cht cm no c". V t kheolin ni: "Ny th ch, ti thy mt im bo rng hm nay khng d gc n kht thc". - i c ni sao? - "Ti thy mt con rn ging nhcy ma trong gc ng sau cnh ca. i tm vt g nm n, ti gp cc, ging nh cc ng trong t. Khi ti nm cc t vo con rn, th ndng ra mt ci mng trng nh xu c trong r, v khi n nhe rng cn cc t, rng n trng nh nhng ht go trong chum. Ri nc bt holn nc rn phun ra khi ming n trong khi n tc gin, trng nh b

trong h". B ch ngh: "Khng d g bp k bm gi" v buc lng phibiu t kheo cy ma, nu cm cho ng, v cho lun c cc vt dng kia.

79. Ni xa gn ti chnh l ni bng gi. Ni vng vo l ni xoay quanh ti.

80. Ch bai (mt st) gm nhng cch nh nhic mc l dng mi cchmng nhic, " n trm, ngu, in, lc , b, la, ging

phm gii, ging a ngc, sc sinh, ging g u". Dm pha l ni likhinh b. Ch trch l k nhng li lm. Ni ma l khi mt ngi no khng

b th, v y bo rng: "Tht l vua cc th ch". Ni ma cch, a ranhng l l, gi l ma mai lin tc hoc ma mai qu ng, nh ni v mtngi khng b th: " l mt i th ch". Nho bng l ni ch nho,nh: "Sng kiu g m n ht c thc ging". Nho bng lin tc nh bo:"Sao? Ngi y m bn ni khng phi th ch?" i vi ai, y cng cho mtli "Khng c" y ch".

81. Bi nh l ch trch, (h gi) ngi no. Bi nh lin tc l ch bai cch. Mch lo l em chuyn nh ny sang nh khc, lng ny sang lng

khc, vng ny n vng khc, v ngh "nh vy chng s cng cho ta, v sta i ni ch ny ch kia". Cn sau lng hay ni hai li, l ch trch ngino sau lng h, sau khi ni tt trc mt, nh cn vo tht sau lngngi ta khi h khng thy c. l thi ca ngi khng th nhnngay trc mt ngi. Tt c cch ni trn y, gi l ch bai hay mt st(nippesikat), v n no ht (nippeseti) chi ht nhng c tnh ca ngi,hoc v y l s mu cu li dng bng cch nghin nt, tn nh c tnh


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ca ngi, nh nghin nt, tn nh c tnh ca ngi, nh nghin nt ccloi hoa m ly hng.

82. Ly li cu li: Cu l sn ui. c ch ny (on 65) l xin c nh ny. Ch khc l nh khc. Tm l mong mun. Kim chc l sn uimt cch lin tc, nh chuyn v t kheo i khp ni, em nhng vt xin

b th cho tr con trong cc gia nh cui cng c cng sa v cho.

83. Nhng c php nh cn hiu l k c nhng vic ni trong kinh Phmvng (Brahmajla): "Trong khi mt s sa mn, b la mn d dng ccmn n do tn th cng, vn c t nui sng bng nhng t mng, nh xemtng tay chn, chim tng, triu trng, mng tng, chim tng, triutng, mng tng, thn tng, du chut cn, t la, t mung..." (D. i, 9)

84. T mng ny do ko theo s vi phm su hc gii c ch lin hn li sinh sng, n cn ko theo nhng c php khi u bng la o, bahoa, hin tng, ch bai, ly li cu li. Bi vy, chnh ci vic trnh xa mith t mng mi c gi l gii thanh tnh sinh mng. Ci m chng ta nhvo sng, gi l sinh mng. l ci g? L n lc tm kim nhngvt dng. Thanh tnh sinh mng l lm sch cch sng.

85. Gii lin h bn vt dng. Kinh vn: "Chn chnh gic st, v t kheoth dng y phc ch ngn nga lnh nng, ngn nga s xc chm ca bcht, rui, gi, sc nng mt tri, cc loi b st, ch vi mc ch che ys h thn. Chn chnh gic st, v y th dng mn n kht thc, khng

phi vui a, khng phi am m, khng phi trang sc, khng phi t lm p, m ch thn ny c sng lu, c bo dng, khi

b tn hi, h tr phm hnh, ngh: "Nh vy ta s dit tr cc cm th cv khng cho khi ln cc cm th mi, ta s sng kho mnh, khng lilm v an n". Chn chnh gic st v y th dng tr x ngn nga nnglnh, ngn nga s xc chm ca rui, mui, gi, sc nng mt tri, cc loi

b st, ch trnh nhng nguy him ca thi tit, ch vi mc ch sngc c nhn tnh. Chn chnh gic st, v y th dng nh yu v dc

phm tr bnh, ch ngn chn cc cm gic thng kh sinh c lykh hon ton? (M. i, 10)

Gii: chn chnh st l s tc (Manasikra) k nh mt phng tin vmt con ng, n c ngha bit r, xt r. l xt r nh sau: " ngnnga lnh " v.v...


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86. Y phc ch bt c loi no k t o lt. V y th dng dng, mc (otrong). Ch: khng ngoi mc ch. Mc ch ca thin gi khi th dngkhng ngoi nhng chuyn ngn nga lnh v.v.... Ngn nga lnh: ngn cilnh thuc bt c loi no, t bn trong do t i xo trn, hay lnh t bnngoi do thi tit thay i. Ngn nga nng: l hi nng ca la, do mchy rng v. v....

87. Ngn nga s xc chm ca b cht, rui, sc nng mt tri, cc loi bst: "b cht" l th rui mui ht mu th vt. Gi c hai: gi c bi v gikhng bi. "B st" l nhng sinh vt di nh rn v.v... Di chuyn bng cch

b trn mt t. "S xc chm" c hai: xc chm bng cch b chng cn vxc chm bng cch b chng b trn mnh.

88. Ch che y s h thn: "Ch": l ni mc ch bt bin, v "che y

s h thn" l mc ch c tnh cch bt bin, cn cc vic khc (ngnnga).. L nhng mc ch c tnh cch giai on, ca s th dng y phc."S h thn": ch b phn sinh dc, v khi mt phn no ca b phn y lra, th tm "tm" b thng tn. B phn y gi l "s h thn" (hirikopna)v n gy ra s xo trn h thn, hirikipana.

89. n kht thc l loi thc n, gi l pindapta (b vo tng nm) v n y c th vo (patitatt) trong bnh bt ca t kheo trong khi v y ixin n (pindolya). Hoc, s th vo bt tng nm (pinka), s thu thp(sannipat) cc ca b th (bhikkh) ch ny ch n. Khng phi vui a:khng v mc ch say m, nh cc v s, say mn c sc mnh, hng tnhv.v.. Khng phi trang sc, khng vi mc ch lm dng, nh th n cavua, dm n v.v.. mun c chn tay trn tra. Khng t lm p, khng vmc ch trang im, nh cc o kp, din vin v cng v.v... Mun c lnda sng sa.

90. Cu "khng vui a " c ni l t b si tng trng, "khng am m" l t b sn tng trng, "khng phi trang sc v lm p" l t b tham tng trng. V, hai cu u l ngn nga tri buc khi

ln cho chnh bn thn, cn cu th ba l ngn nga tri buc khi ln chongi khc.

91. Thn ny, ci xc thn gm bn i. c sng lu, l tip tcsng. c bo dng l khi gin on mng sng. V y s dng nkht thc v mc ch duy tr tip tc thn xc, nh ch nhn mt ngi nhc s dng nhng ct chng mi nh, nh ngi nh xe dng du m


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cho trc xe, khng phi vui a, trang sc, am m, lm b. Hn na,"sng lu" l ch mng cn. Vy, cu " thn ny c sng lu, c bodng" c ngha l, v mc ch duy tr mng cn trong thn xc ny.

92. khi b tn hi: cn i c gi l "tn hi" v n lm su no. V ydng n kht thc v mc ch chm dt ci hi y, nh thoa du ln vtthng, ly nng chng lnh v.v... h tr phm hnh: v mc ch h trcho s sng trong sch trong gio l v trong o l. Bi v, khi v t kheodn mnh vo vic vt qua sa mc sinh t bng phng tin Ba mn hc,da trn sc kho thn xc m iu kin cn thit chnh l thc n, th vicx dng thc n cng ging nh ngi mun qua sa mc phi n tht conmnh, hoc nh ngi mun qua sng dng b, vt bin dng tu vy.

93. Nh th ny ta s dit tr nhng cm th c v khng cho khi ln cc

cm th mi: nh ngi bnh dng thuc, v t kheo dng n kht thcngh: "Do dng thc n ny, ta s chm dt cm th c l cn i, m khngcho khi cm th mi l tham dc. " Li na, "cm th c" l cm th doduyn nhng nghip trc, by gi khi ln v n ung khng iu ,khng thch hp. Ta s chm dt cm th c y, chn ng n bng cch nung iu , thch hp. V "cc cm th mi" l cm th s khi ln trongtng lai, do s tch lu nghip hin ti l s dng d kht thc mt cchkhng thch ng. Ta cng s khng cho khi ln cc cm th mi y, bngcch dng kht thc cho thch ng.

Nhng g trnh by trn y bao hm vic s dng chnh ng nhng vtcn thit, t b p xc kh hnh, nhng khng b lc th hp php.

94. Ta s sng kho mnh: "Trong thn ny, c tn ti nh nhng vtdng, ta s c sc kho do n ung iu , sc kho y c gi l s "daisc" v s khng c mi nguy lm dt mng cn, hay ngn cn bn uy nghi.Gic st nh vy, v t kheo dng kht thc nh ngi mc bnh kinhnin dng thuc, Sng khng li, an n: V y dng kht thc, ngh: Tas c c s khng li bng cch trnh xin, nhn v n mt cch khng

thch ng, v ta s sng an n bng cch n ung iu ". Hoc v y ngh:"Ta s c s khng li, nh khng c mt nhng li lm nh chn mt, l, bun ng, b ngi tr ch trch v.v... Do duyn n ung v gy ra.V ta s c s sng an n nh sc kho do duyn n tit ". Hoc v y thdng kht thc, ngh nhng lc th nm di, l bing nhc v khng n qu . V ta s c mt i sng an n bng cch ch ng bn uynghi, nh n gim mc ti a chng bn nm ming". V c cu:


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n cn bn nm mingTh nn dng, ung ncNh vy ngi tinh cnS sng c an n. (Thag. 983)

Nhng g c ni trn y c th hiu l s phn bit r mc ch, v thchnh trung o.

95. Tr x (sensana) y l ci ging (sena) v ch ngi (sana). V bt cch no ta ng (seti) d trong mt ngi cha, hay mt ci chi da vch,v.v... Th l ci ging, ch ng; v bt c ch no ta ngi (sati) th l ch ngi hay to (sana). C hai l sng to hay tr x.

Ch trnh nhng nguy him ca thi tit v sng c c: thi tit trongngha gy nguy him (parasahana), gi l "nguy him ca thi tit" (utu-

parissaya). Nhng trnh trng kh hu khng thch hp, lm thn xc ri lonko theo s ri lon ca tm, c th trnh c nh x dng tr x. Tr xct trnh nhng kh ny, v hng c c. D nhin, s trnh nguyhim ca thi tit cn c ni trong cu "ngn nga lnh" v.v... Nhng,cng nh trong trng hp dng y phc, s che y h thn c xem lmc ch bt bin, cn nhng mc ch khc u c tnh cch giai on, y cng vy, nhc li ct nhn mnh mc ch bt bin l trnh nguyhim ca thi tit, cn nhng mc ch khc ch l giai on. Li na "thitit" ch kh hu, r rt v tim n. Nguy him r rt l s t, cp beo, v.v...Trong khi nguy him tim n l tham sn si v.v... Khi mt t kheo bit vgic st nh vy trong khi dng loi tr x no nhng mn khng phngh v do thy nhng sc php khng thch ng, th v y c gi l c"chn chnh gic st, x dng tr x trnh nhng nguy him ca thitit".

96. Nhu yu v dc phm tr bnh: "tr" c ngha l i ngc li (paccaya)vi bnh tt (pati -ayana), ch bt c loai thuc no thch hp cha lnh:

du, mt, sa, bo v.v... Gi l "dc phm tr bnh". Danh t Pli lparikkhra dch l "nhu yu" y, nhng on khc, n c ngha l trang b, ph tng. y, c hai ngha u dng c, v dc phm tr

bnh l trang b duy tr s sng, n che ch ta bng cch ngn ngacc kh no c hi s sng, ng thi, n l ph tng, v l vt ko dimng sng. Do vy gi l "nhu yu".


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97. Ngn chn cc cm gic thng kh sinh: "thng kh" l s xo trn ti, v nhng bnh do s xo trn y gy ra, nh ung nht, phung v.v..."Cm th thng kh" l nhng cm gic au n, nhng cm gic pht sinhdo bt thin nghip. c ly kh hon ton hon ton thot khi cckh.

Trn y l gii thch ngha ca Gii lin h gia vt dng. Ni tm li,c tnh ca n l nhng vt sau khi chn chnh gic st.

98. (a) Trong gii gm bn phn ny s ch ng ca Gii bn c th trdo lng tin, v s tuyn thuyt nhng hc gii khng thuc lnh vc ca cc t, bng chng l c Pht t chi khng cho php cc t ch ra hcgii. (Vin, iii, 9-10). Khi v lng tin m th lnh nhng hc gii Pht ch,th ta phi vin mn hc gii y, bt k sinh mng, nh kinh ni:

Nh g mi gi trngNh tru mao gi uiNh ngi gi con cngHay mt mt cn liCng vy khi nguynH tr cc cm giiHy lun lun cn thnV bit s phm gii.

c Pht cn dy thm: "Khi ta tuyn b mt hc gii cho cc t, cc t ta khng c vt qua hc gii y, d c phi mt mng". (A. I v,201)

99. Cu chuyn nhng v trng lo b gic tri bng dy c c k nhsau: Trong rng Mahvattani, bn cp tri nm mt v thng to vi mtth dy mu en. Trong by ngy nm y, ngi tng trng c tu qun,chng qu Bt hon, t trn v c sanh ln ci Phm thin. Tch lan,mt trng lo cng b gic tri nm bng cy leo trong mt khu rng. Khi

rng pht ho m cy leo cha c ct, ngi an lp trong tu v t Nitbn ngay khi mt. Khi trng lo Abhaya, ging s Trng b, i qua ycng vi 500 t kheo, trng thy s vic, ho tng nhc thn ngi v xythp th. Bi th, cc v thin gia nam t i sau cng nn noi gng y, gicc hc gii tht thanh tnh, t b mng sng nu cn, cn hn l v phmgii lut m c Th tn ch ra.


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100. (b) Trong khi s ch ng bng gii bn c thc hnh vi c tin, thch ng cc cn mn c thc hnh nh chnh nim tnh gic. Khi hotng ca cc cn c y c vo chnh nim, th tham dc v cc thi khckhng c c hi xm nhp. Nh bi php v la: "Ny cc t kheo, th lythi st nng nung t con mt i, cn hn l nm gi cc tng ringca sc do mt nhn bit" (S. iv, 168) S ch ng ny cn c thc hnh

bng cch dng chnh nim lin tc ngn s chp gi nhng tng ngoi cth kch ng tm tham v.v...

101. Nu khng thc hnh nh vy, th gii ch ng bng Gii bn khngc lu bn, nh trng trt khng ro giu. Gii khi y s b gic phin noxm nhp, nh mt khu lng m cng s b trm cp xm nhp. V thamdc ln vo tm v y nh ma dt mi nh khng lp kn. Kinh dy:

Gia cc php sc, thanh...Cn mn phi phng hCa m khng gn giK cp vo xm lang.Nh mi nh vng lpS b ma lt voDc tham cng ln voTm khng kho tu tp. (Dh.13)

102. Khi c thc hnh nh vy, gii thuc s ch ng ca Gii bn sc lu bn, nh trng trt c ro giu k. Gii khi y s khng b gic

phin no xm nhp, nh khu lng vi cng kho phng v th khng btrm cp ln vo. V tham dc khng ln vo tm, nh ma khng dttrong mt ngi nh lp kn: Gia cc php sc thanh Cn mn phi phngh Ca ng, kho gn gi cp khng vo c lng.

Nh mi nh kho lpMa khng th lt voDc tham khng lt c

Vo tm kho tu tp. (Dh.14)

103. Tuy nhin, y mi l gio l thng. Tm ny c xem l "bin inhanh chng" (A. I, 10), bi vy, s phng h cc cn mn phi c thchnh bng cch ty tr tham i khi, vi php qun bt tnh. Nh i cVangsa lm. Mt hm, trong lc ngi i kht thc, sau khi xut gia


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khng bao lu, tham dc dy ln ni tm lc thy mt ph n. Ngi linbch tn gi Ananda:

Dc i t chy tiTm ti b thiu tXin ngi v thng xtNi php tiu la hng. (S. i, 188)

Tn gi ni:

Chnh do in o tngTm ngi b thiu tHy t b tnh tngH lu n tham dc

Nhn cc hnh v thngKh au, khng phi ng.Dp tt i tham dcCh b chy diHy tu qun bt tnhNht tm, kho nh tnhTu tp nim tr.Hnh nhiu, hnh ym lyHy tp hnh v tngon dit mn ty minNh qun su kiu mnHnh ngi c an tnh. (S. i, 188)

V i c tr tham dc v tip tc i kht thc.

104. Li na, mt t kheo vin mn Gii phng h cc cn hy nh i cCittagutta c tr trong hang ng ln Kurandaka, v i c Mah - Mittai t vin Coraka.

105. Trong hang ng ln Kurandaka, c mt tranh p din t s xut giaca by v Pht. Mt s t kheo du hnh n y, trng thy bc tranh bo:"bch i c, tranh tht p". V i c ni: " Ch hin, ti y hn sumi nm, m khng bit c tranh y hay khng c, by gi, ti mi bitc, nh ch hn c mt". V trng lo, mc d sng rt lu, mkhng bao gi ngc mt ln nhn hang ng. Ti li vo hang, c mt c


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th ln, m v trng lo cng khng bao gi nhn ln n, ngi ch bit l nc hoa, khi trng thy nhng cnh hoa ri trn mt t.

106. Vua nghe c gii hnh v y, nn cho triu thnh ngi, ba ln trnglo u t chi c ba. Vua bn ra lnh nim phong tt c bu sa ph n v

bo, nu ngi khng chu n th tt c tr con cn b phi cht i. V lngthng tng nhng a tr, v trng lo ra i. Khi nghe ngi n, vua bo:"Thnh ngi vo cung. Ta mun th gii". Sau khi ngi c a vo nicung, vua n nh l, cng dng v bo: "bch i c, hm nay chatin. Mai trm s th gii". Vua v hong hu nh l ngi ri lui. By ngytri qua nh vy, mi khi c vua hay hong hu n, ngi u ni mt cu:"Mong vua c an lnh".

107 Cc t kheo hi: "Ti sao, bch i c, d vi vua hay hong hu ngi

u ni: mong vua c an lnh? Trng lo p: "ch hin, ta khng l vua hay l hong hu". Sau by ngy, thy v trng lo khng khoisng cung in, vua bn cho ngi i. Ngi tr v hang ng. Ban m,khi ra i kinh hnh, c v thn trn dy to trc hang ng cm b uc,ngi bng sng t trong ti thin qun. Vo lc na m, ngi chng A-la-hn qu, hang ng vang di.

108 Do vy, khi mt thin nam t mun tm hnh phc cho mnh,

Th mt ng i scNh con kh trong rngNh con nai hoang dNh a tr ho ng.Hy i mt nhn xungPha trc mt tm cy khi sa mnh lcCa ci tm vn kh.

109. M ca trng lo Mah- Mitta b mt ung c. B ni vi ngi con

gi cng l mt ni c: "Ny c, hy n anh c, ni cho ng bit ti b au,v xin v t thuc". Ni c n bch trng lo. Ngi ni: "Ta khng bit hir cy ch thuc, nhng ta s bo cho ngi mt toa thuc: t khi xutgia, ta cha bao gi vi phm gii" phng h cn mn bng li nhn hnhdng ph n vi tm nhim. Vi li ni ng s tht ny, mong rng m tas khi bnh. Ngi hy tr v bo v tn n nh vy, v ch xt cho b". Nic tr v k li cho b m nghe v lm theo li trng lo dn. Ngay tc th,


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ung c tan bin trn thn b. B ng dy tht li mng r: i, nu c thtn cn sng, th no Ngi cng ly tay s u th k cho mt v t kheonh con ta".

110. Bi vy, mt thin nam t xut gia trong Gii lut ny,

Hy nh trng lo MittaThc hnh mt cch vin mnGii phng h cc cn

111. (c) Trong khi gii phng h cc cn c thc hin nh chnh nim thgii thanh tnh sinh mng cn c thc hin bng s tinh tn, V ngi tinhtn th t b c t mng, t b s tm cu bt chnh, bng cch tm cuchn chnh l kht thc, v.v.. Trnh nhng ngun gc khng trong sch nh

trnh rn c, v ch dng nhng vt dng c ngun gc trong sch.

112. i vi ngi khng th u th bt c nhu yu phm no c ct ni tng chng, t mt nhm t kheo hoc t nhng c s c c tin vos ging php ca v y, v.v... u c gi l "c ngun gc thanh tnh".

Nhng nhng th kim c do duyn kht thc th li c ngun gc honton trong sch. Vi ngi th u , th thc phm thanh tnh l thc

phm c c do kht thc v do nhng ngi c lng tin c tnh khihnh ca v y. Nu v y s dng nc tiu tr bnh, v ch n nhng htgi rng, v ra, th u hnh ca v y tht xng ng, v y c xem lmt t kheo ti thng trong s nhng v tha t gia ti Thnh php (A. ii,28)

113. V y phc v nhng nhu yu khc, mt t kheo thanh tnh sinh mngkhng c ni nhng cch ni m ch, ni quanh, v.v... Nhng v mt trx th v khng th u hnh c th ni m ch.

114. V d khi mt t kheo ang sa son t lm mt ch , v chi: "Bch i c, ai xy ct?" V y tr li: "Khng ai c" Mt li m ch

khc, l hi: "C s u?"

-Bch i c, con trong mt khu bit th - c s nhng t kheo likhng c bit th" Ni quanh l nh ni: "Tr x ca tng chng cht nch". Hoc mt kiu ni gin tip no khc.


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115 Nhng v dc phm tr bnh, th tt c li ni m ch, quanh co uc php. Nhng khi khi bnh c c php dng nhng th dc

phm xin c nh li ni y hay khng. Nhng Lut s th cho rngc, cn nhng nh y c vo kinh th bo mc d khng phm, song mngsng nh vy l ht thanh tnh, cho nn khng c.

116 Tuy nhin, mt ngi khng dng li ni m ch quanh co, mc d Thtn cho php, mt ngi thiu dc ch dng nhng vt c c mt cchchn chnh, khng ni quanh co d c phi hi ti sinh mng, mt v nhth c gi l ti thng trong i sng c c nhn tnh, nh trng loXa li Pht.

117. Mt thi tn gi sng trong khu rng cng vi Tn gi Mc Kin Lin.Mt hm, ngi b chng au rut trm trng. Vo bui chiu, tn gi Mc

Kin Lin n sn sc ngi, hi: "Hin gi, ngy xa mi khi au nh vy,ci g lm cho hin gi bt au? Tn gi tr li "Khi ti cn nh, m tithng trn b, mt ng, v.v... V cho ti n cho vi sa ti. Ti nxong th thy .

-"c ri, hin gi. Nu hin gi hoc ti c phc c, th c l ngy mai,chng ta s c mt t nhng th y".

118. By gi c mt v thn cy gn nghe lm cu chuyn, ngh: "Ta scng cho cho tn gi ngy mai". Ri v y n gia nh thng ng h tngi, nhp vo thn ca a con trai ln, lm cho n au, v bo quyn thucca n rng: "Nu lm mt th cho nh vy nh vy cho tn gi, th ta migii cu cho a b". D thn khng bo, chng ti vn cng dng tn ginhng vt cn dng c m". Hm sau, h sa son mn cho nh tn gicn.

119. Tn gi Mc Kin Lin hm sau n kht thc ti nh y. Gia ch y bt ca ngi th cho lm sn. Tn gi toan i th th ch bo: "Bchi c c dng i. Chng con s cng thm". Sau khi tn gi n xong, h

cng thm bt na Tn gi em v. Thy cho, Tn gi X Li Pht ngh:cho ny rt tt, nhng n c c bng cch no? Khi thy n c cdo cch nh vy, Tn gi ni: "Hin gi, mn n kht thc ny khng thdng c".

120. Thay v ngh: "V y khng thm n kht thc do ta mang v" Tngi Mc Kin Lin cm bt cho lt p li. Khi cho ra trn t, cn au


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ca Tn gi X Li Pht tan bin, v t y sut n bn mi lm nm sau,khng bao gi tr li.

121. V Tn gi X Li Pht bo bn: "Hin gi, d rut c li ra, ko ltrn t, ta cng khng bao gi nn n cho c c do li ni m ch".

122. Bi th, trong mi trng hp

Ngi xut gia v lng tinHy thanh tnh mng sngLun chn chnh qun stKhng tm cu bt ng.

123. (d) Trong khi s thanh tnh sinh mng c thc hnh nh tinh tn th

gii lin h n bn vt dng phi c thc hnh bng tr tu, v ch cngi tr tu mi c th thy c nhng li ch v nguy him trong bn vtdng. Hy t b lng tham i vi chng, v gi gii ny bng cch s dngnhng vt c c bng cch hp php, thch ng, sau khi chn chnh gicst vi tr tu nh ni trn.

124. Gic st c hai: trong khi s dng v trong khi nhn vt. S dngkhng li l khi ngi nhn y v.v.. Qun st chng ch l bn i, ngnhm chn, v khi dng cng qun st nh vy.

125. C bn cch s dng: Dng nh k trm, dng nh mc n, dng nhhng gia ti v dng nh ch. Mt ngi khng gii c s dng bn vtdng, ngay c ti vic ngi trong hng tng chng gi l dng nh k trm.Mt ngi c gii, m khng chn chnh gic st (qun) trong khi dng, thgi l "dng nh mc n". Bi th, y phc phi c gic st mi khi mc,mn n kht thc phi c gic st trong tng ming n. Ngi no khnglm c nh vy, th hy gic st trc ba n, sau ba n, vo u m,gia m v cui m.

Nu mt tri mc m cha gic st, th v y t thy nh mc n khi sdng bn th. Tr x cng cn gic st mi khi dng. V dc phm tr

bnh, chn chnh gic st trong c hai thi, khi nhn v khi dng, th tt.Nhng khi nhn c gic st, m khi dng khng chnh nim th li. Nu khinhn khng c chnh nim (gic st) m khi dng c, th khng li.


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126. Thanh tnh thuc bn loi: nh gio l, nh phng h, nh tm cu vnh gic st. Gii thuc phng h ca gii bn l thanh tnh nh gio l.Gii thuc phng h cc cn l thanh tnh nh phng h. Gii thuc thanhtnh sinh mng l thanh tnh nh tm cu, v s tm cu c thanh tnh ningi t b t mng. Gii thuc bn vt dng l thanh tnh nh gic st. Do, m trn y ni, mc d khi nhn qun gic st, m khi dng c gic stth khng li.

127. S dng bn th do by bc Hu hc (bn o, ba qu) gi chung l"dng nh tha t". V h l nhng ngi con ca Nh lai, h dng nhngvt dng nh tha hng gia ti ca cha li. Mc d do c s cng mtht s l ca Pht, v nh Pht m h c php dng. "Dng nh ch" lvi nhng v on tr ht phin no, khng cn b dc sai s.

128. V cc cch dng ni trn, dng nh ch v nh tha t th ai cngc php. Nhng dng nh mc n th khng c, ni g n dng nh ktrm. Nhng mt ngi c gii hnh, m dng c gic st, th khng n, vn tri li vi s dng nh mc n. Hoc n cng c gm trong s "dngnh tha t", bi v mt ngi c gii c cng c gi l bc Hu hc, vc hc gii.

129. Cch dng tt nht l dng nh ch, nn khi mt t kheo gi gii linh bn vt dng, v y nn tc nh vy, v s dng sau khi gic st nh ni.

t c tr tuVng gi php Th TnThng chn chnh gic stRi mi dng thc nTr x v sng toV c nc git yNh nc l senT kheo khng nhim

Bi mt vt dng noNh n kht thcTr x v sng toCng nc git oV l s h trPhi thi t ngi khcV y va bit


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Chn chnh gic st lunTrong khi nhai v nTrong khi thng thc vXem n nh th dup vt thng l liNh tht con trn sa mcNh du m cho trc xeT kheo n khng vng tngThc n sng cn".

130. Lin h n s vin mn gii thuc v bn vt dng, c cu chuyn sadi chu tn gi Sngharakkhita. V ny dng bn vt cn thit sau khi gicst, ni:

Thy ti thn nhin nThy ti bn dy rngSa di khng ch ngTh coi chng li bongNghe xong nhng li ThyTi tinh cn nhit tmTrong thi thin toc A-la-hn quTm t nh trng rmCc lu hoc on tnKhng cn th thn sau

Bt c mt ngi noMong mun chm dt khTh hy dng bn vtSau khi chnh gic st.

Trn y ni v gi?i thuc bn loi: Gii thuc s phng h theo Gii bn.Gii thuc s phng h cc cn mn, Gii thuc s phng h thanh tnh

sinh mng, v Gii thuc bn vt dng.

131.

18). By gi, hy cp n nhm "nm loi" u tin. Patisambhid ni:


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(a) G l gii thanh tnh mt phn? l hc gii ca ngi cha nhpTng chng.

(b) G l gii thanh tnh hon ton? L hc gii ca cc v d c nhptng chng, th gii c tc.

(c) G l gii thanh tnh vin mn? L gii ca phm phu hu dcchuyn hnh thin, ang vin mn hu hc o, khng k sinh mng v t

b s bm vu vo i sng.

(d) G l gii thanh tnh khng l thuc? L gii ca thanh vn t on tn lu hoc, l gii ca cc bc Gic ng khng tuyn b ln, gii cacc ng vin gic. (Ps. i, -3)

132 (a) Gii ca nhng ngi cha c hon ton thu nhn vo Tngchng, gi l gii thanh tnh mt phn v n b gii hn bi con s nhnghc gii: 5, 8 hay 10 gii.

(b) Gii ca ngi th c tc c ni nh sau:

Chn ngn triu, mt nmTm mi triu, mt trm nm mi ngnThm ba mi su, tng s cc hc giiNhng gii lut ny Th Tn gingDi nhng mc tun hnhBao gm s ch ng theo Gii bn.

[Con s trn y ty koti l bao nhiu 1. 000. 000, 100. 000 hay 10. 000].

Mc d gii c k bng con s, song cn hiu rng y l gii thanh tnhkhng gii hn, v n c th tr khng d dt, khng c nhng gii hnnh danh xng, li dng, quyn thuc, thn th hoc sinh mng. Nh giihnh ca Trng lo Mah Tissa Ciragumba.

133. V ny khng bao gi t b t duy sau y ca mt thin nam t:

"Ti sn nn b cu chn tayChn tay phi b c mng sngTi sn, chn tay v tnh mngu nn b thc hnh Chnh php!


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134 Gii ca phm phu hu c t khi c thu nhn vo tng chng khng c mt nhim no v , do tm hon ton thanh tnh, gii y trthnh nguyn nhn gn nht cho A-la-hn qu nn c gi l Gii thanhtnh vin mn, nh trng hp hai cu chu l Trng lo Sangharakkhita(Tng H) v chu ngi.

135. Trng lo tui trn su mi ang nm i cht. Tng chng n hingi c c a v siu th g khng. Ngi bo: "Ta khng c a v no siuth ht". Khi y v t kheo tr hu ngi bo: " Bch i c, mi ngi, vtng ngi c Nit bn, nn mi i hng chc dm ng n y.H s v cng tht vng, nu ngi ch cht nh mt phm phu thng tnh"Hin gi, v mun gp c Th Tn Metteyya (Di Lc), nn ta khng n lc c tu gic. Vy, by gi hin gi hy ta ngi dy, may ra c c

chng". V t kheo bn ngi dy, ri i ra. Khi ng va ra khi, trnglo lin c A-la-hn qu, v khy mng tay ra hiu Tng chng t li, bchngi: "Bch i c, ngi lm mt vic kh, l hon thnh thnh qu volc lm chung". Ch hin, vic y khng kh. Nhng ta s bo cho ch hin

bit l vic g kh tht s. Ch hin, t khi xut gia cho ti ngy nay, takhng thy c mt hnh vi no ta lm m khng thc, khng c chnhnim km theo".

Chu ca ngi cng c qu A-la-hn nh vy, vo lc nm mi tui.

136.

"Nu mt ngi t hcLi khng c gii cS b ngi ch baiV khng hc, khng hnh,

Nhng nu ngi t hcM bit phng h gii

Th mi ngi khen ngiCng nh ngi c hc

Nu mt ngi hc nhiuM khng c gii cS b ch khng giiNh th ngi khng hc


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Nu ngi y hc nhiuLi bit phng h giiS c khen c haiV hc v v gii

Bc t a vnGi gii, c tr tuNh vng sng Dim PhAi m ch trch c?

Ch thin u ca ngiPhm thin cng tn dng (A. ii, 7)

137. (d) Thanh tnh khng dnh mc l gii ca bc hu hc, v khng dnhmc t kin, v nh gii trng lo Tissa con trai v a ch(Kutumbiyaputta -Tissa Thera). Nhn v mun an lp trong qu v A-la-hnnh gii hnh ny, ngi bo nhng k th ngi nh sau:

Ta b gy xngC hai ng chn ta hon thnh li haNh li ngi i hiTa kinh khng h thnNu cht cn o thamSau khi ngh nh thTa chnh nim tnh gicV khi mt tri lnSoi chiu trn ngi taTa c La hn qu. (MA. i, 233)

138. Li c mt v trng lo au nng khng th t n. Ngi nm qun quitrn phn v tiu bi tit. Thy vy, mt t kheo tr bo: "i, tht au kh

thay l s sng!" V trng lo bo t kheo y: "Hin gi, nu by gi tacht i, th chc chn ta s c phc lc ci tri, ta khng h nghi g viu y. Nhng ci hnh phc do s on dt gii hnh em li th cng nhtnh trng "hnh phc" t b hc gii hon tc". V ngi thm: "Ta scht vi gii hnh ca ta". Khi nm nh vy, ngi dng tu qun st bnhmnh v c A-la-hn. Sau khi c qu, ngi ni ln bi k:


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Ta l mt nn nhnCa chng bnh ngt nghoang tn ph c thVi cn au khc litNh cnh hoa phong trnB mt tri thiu tC th ny ca taCng ang tn t dn.Khng p cho l pBt tnh cho l schU nh bo tt tiLo mt u thy th.Thn xc h bi nyThi tha hi hm thay

B n au dn vtNgi ngu li m say lc mt con ngTi sinh ln thin gii. (J. ii, 437)

139. (e) Gii ca bc A-la-hn, v.v... Gi l gii an tnh, v khng tt c cuu, v v rt thanh tnh.

140.

19). Cui cng, nhm nm loi th hai (xem on 25) l t b, king, tc (t tm s), ch ng v khng phm, th nh Patisambhid ni:

(1) V gii st sanh:

(a) t b st sinh l gii(b) king st l gii(c) t tm s ( ch) l gii(d) ch ng l gii

(e) khng phm l gii

(2) Ly ca khng cho: t b ly ca khng cho l gii, v.v...(3) T b dm dc l gii,...(4) T b ni lo l gii,...(5) T b ni c c l gii,...(6) T b ni th l gii,...


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(7) T b ni v ch l gii,...(8) T b tham l gii,...(9) T b sn l gii,...(10) T b t kin l gii,..

(11) Vi hnh xut ly, t b tham dc l gii, v.v...(12) Vi v sn, t b n l gii, v.v..(13) Vi tng nh sng, t b hn trm l gii, v.v...(14) Vi khng tn lon, t b tro c l gii, v.v..(15) Vi trch php, t b nghi l gii, v. v...(16) vi tri kin, t b chn nn l gii, v.v..(17) Vi hn hoan, t b chn nn l gii,....

(18) s thin, t b nm th trin ci l gii...

(19) Nh thin, t b tm t l gii...(20) Tam thin, t b h...(21) T thin, t b lc v kh...

(22) Khng v bin x, t b sc tng, i ngi tng, sai bit tng lgii...

(23) Thc v bin x, t b khng v bin x tng l gii...(24) V s hu x, t b thc v bin x tng l gii...

(25) Phi tng phi phi tng x, t b v s hu x tng l gii...(26) Qun v thng, t b thng l gii(27) Qun kh, t b lc tng l gii...(28) qun v ng, t b ng tng l gii...(29) Qun ym ly, t b tng a thch l gii...(30) Qun ly tham, t b tham l gii...(31) Qun dit, t b sanh l gii....(32) Qun x ly, t b th trc l gii....

(33) Qun hoi, t b tng kt hp l gii....

(34) Qun (cc hnh) dit, t b tch lu nghip l gii...(35) Qun bin i, t b tng v s lu bn l gii...(36) Qun v tng, t b tng l gii....(37) Qun v nguyn, t b dc l gii...(38) Qun khng, t b t gii (c chp) l gii...(39) Qun cc php thuc tng thng tu, t b t gii do chp th l

gii...


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(40) Vi chnh tri kin, t b t gii do si l gii....(41) Qun nguy him, t b ti gii do y c vo cc hnh l gii...(42) Vi t duy, t b khng t duy l gii...(43) Vi qun "quay i", t b t gii do tri buc l gii....

(44) D lu o, t b cu u do t kin l gii...(45) Nht lai o, t b cc cu u th l gii...(46) Bt hon o, t b cu u cn st li (d tn) l gii...(47) A-la-hn o, t b tt c cu u l gii, king gi l gii, tc l

gii, ch ng l gii, khng phm l gii.

"Nhng gii y a n bt hi, hn hoan h, khinh an, lc tp hnh (thiquen nh lp i lp li) n tu tp, o luyn, ci thin, n iu kin chonh, trang b cho nh, a n vin mn, hon ton vin ly, ly tham, a

n s tch dit, an n, thng tr, gic ng, Nit bn". (Ps. i, 466-7)

Ch thch: Bng k trn y cho thy r nhng giai on trong s tintrin bnh thng t v minh n qu v A-la-hn, gm cc nhm sau: I.Gii l t b mi bt thin nghip (1) - (10). II nh A. T b by chngngi do nh bng cc php ngc li vi chng (11) n (17) nh B. Tmnh chng v cc php no c t b trong mi loi nh (18) n (25). IIITu: A. Qun: mi tm php qun chnh yu khi t by qun (26) n(43); B. o L: bn o, v cc php t b mi o (44) n (47).

141. "T b" ngha l khng khi ln cc bt thin php nh st sinh, v.v..Nhng s t b mt php bt thin s h tr, nng mt thin php dongha s t b y lm nn tng cho thin, tp trung thin y bng cch ngns do d, nn gi l gii Sla vi ngha phi hp Slana, ngha l nng vtp trung (xem on 19). Bn vic cn li ch s c mt ca ch king lmiu ny iu khc, ch k nh s tc v hai vic "king v ch ng" y,v ch k nh s v phm ni mt ngi khng phm gii ny gii n.

142. n y, cu hi th nm: "c my loi gii" c gi quyt xong.

143. Cn li l: G lm gii nhim, g lm gii thanh tnh?

Tr li l s rch nt ca gii gi l nhim, v khng rch nt gi l thanhtnh. S "rch nt" ca gii l phm gii do v li dng, ting khen, (danhxng) v.v... V do by tri buc ca nhc dc. Khi mt ngi vi phm hcgii chn u hay chn cui ca ng tu, thuc v bt c gii no nm


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trong by "t" (l by nhm gii lut t kheo), th gii ca v y gi l brch, nh mt tm vi b ct bin. Nhng khi v y phm gii na chng tuhc, th gi l gii b "lng", nh tm vi b ct gia. Khi phm gii lintip hai ba ln, gii ca v y gi l "b ", nh mt con b ton thn en hay, m bng c mt mng lng khc mu lng hay bng. Khi v y phmgii thng xuyn, th gii v y gi l "lm m", nh con b trn tonthn c nhng m khc mu vi da ca n.

144. Cng vy, gii khng nguyn vn, l khi cn by tri buc ca dc,nh c Th Tn dy: "Ny ba la mn, c mt s sa mn, b la mn t hosng phm hnh chn chnh, v h khng thc s hnh dm vi ph n.

Nhng h li cho ph n ch xt, thoa bp, tm, k c, thch th khoilc trong , tho mn trong . y gi l gii b rch, b lng, hoen , blm m, ni ngi sng phm hnh. Ngi y c gi l sng i phm

hnh khng sch. Cng nh mt ngi b tri bi dy tri dc vng, v y skhng thot khi sanh, gi, cht, su b kh u no.

145. Li na, b la mn, c khi v y khng ph n lm nhng vic nhtrn, nhng li a gin, ct nh, vui th vi ph n.

146. Li na, c khi khng a gin, nhng v y li nhn chng chc von b con gi, bn mt nhn nhau....

147. Li na, b la mn, c khi khng lm nh vy, nhng v y li lng tainghe ting ph n cch vch ni, ci, ht khc...

148. Li na, d khng lm nh trn, nhng v y t tng n ting ni,ging ci v nhng tr chi m ngy trc chi vi h.

149. Li na, b la mn, c th v y khng nh vy, nhng li nhn mt giach hay con trai ca gia ch ang s hu, hng th, m m nm th dclc.

150. Li na, b la mn, c khi v y khng lm nhng iu nh trn, nhngv y tu phm hnh vi mong c rng, do phm hnh ny, do kh hnh ny,ta tr thnh mt v tri ci cao hoc thp. V y, vui thch, ham mun, thomn trong c vng . Ny b la mn, y gi l gii b rch, b lng, bhoen , b lm m, ni mt ngi tu phm hnh. Ngi y, Ta ni skhng thot khi kh u". (A. iv, 54-6)


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151. S nguyn vn ca gii l: khng vi phm cc hc gii sm hi nhnggii phm, khng c by tri buc ca dc vng, v li khng khi nhngc php nh sn, hn th, thng tr, khinh b, k, bn xn, la di, gianln, cng u, kiu cng, ng mn, cao ngo, khoe khoang, l nh (xem M.,kinh s 7), m thng khi nhng c tnh nh t mun, bit , vin ly (M.,kinh s 24).

152 Gii khng b vi phm v mc ch li dng, v.v... V gii c iuchnh do sm hi v l phm, gii khng b hng v tri buc ca dc, vv nhng c php nh sn, hn gi l gii hon ton khng b rch, khnglng, khng v, khng lm m. Nhng gii nh vy gi l gii thot vem li tnh trng mt con ngi gii thot, gi l c ngi tr khen ngi,l khng dnh mc i v kin, l gip cho nh v n a n nh cn hnhv nh an ch. Bi vy, s khng rch, v.v.. Chnh l thanh tnh gii.

153. S thanh tnh y c c nh hai phng din: thy nguy him ca sphm gii, v thy li lc ca s vin mn gii. Nguy him ca s phmgii l nh ni trong Tng chi iii, 252: "Ny cc t kheo, c nm nguyhim"...

154. Li na, do s thiu gii hnh m mt ngi khng lm cho ch thinv loi ngi hoan h, thnh mt k kh ni di vi ng phm hnh. V yau kh khi phm gii, b ch trch, v hi hn khi thy nhng ngi gi giic tn dng. V thiu gii, v y xu nh vi gai th. S chung ng vimt ngi nh vy l au kh, v ngi ng quan im vi v y s phiau kh lu di trong nhng o x. Ngi y v gi tr, v khng em liqu bo ln cho nhng th ch. Ngi y kh lm cho sch, nh thng phndo lu nm, nh mt khc g mc trn gin ho, v khng phi xut gia cngkhng phi c s. Mc d t xng l t kheo m khng phi t kheo, nnging nh con la i theo by b. V y lun lun nng ny, nh k th cami ngi. Sng chung vi v y kh nh sng chung vi mt xc cht. Mcd v y c th l ngi a vn, vn vn, v y khng ng c cc bcng phm hnh cung knh, cng nh ngn la ci bt tnh i vi b la

mn th la. V y khng th c cc qu chng th thng, nh ngi mkhng th thy sc. V y bt cn i vi diu php, nh k ngho i vivng quc.

Mc d v y tng mnh hnh phc, m k thc rt au kh, v gt hinhng kh c trnh by trong kinh Ho t. (A. iv, 128-34)


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155. c Th Tn dy, khi ngi khng gii c cung knh cng dngm tm cn trn y dc vng i vi nm th dc, th hu qu s l au khmnh lit, do duyn y c th lm cho ngi y th ra mu nng v nh livic lm. "Ny cc t kheo, cc ng c thy ng la ln ang chy hnghc kia khng?" "Bch Th Tn, c" "Cc ngi ngh sao, Ny cc t kheo,th ngi hay nm m ng la rc y, hay th ngi, nm m mt c githuc dng st l, b la mn, con gi gia ch vi chn tay mm mi?""Bch Th Tn, th m mt c gi st li l hn v Bch Th Tn, tht lau kh nu ngi m hay nm m ng la rc y".

156. "Ny cc t kheo, ta bo cc ng, i vi mt ngi xut gia khng cgii c, bn cht xu, c nhng thi kh nghi bt tnh, hnh vi ln lt,khng phi sa mn t xng sa mn, khng sng phm hnh t xng l phmhnh, ni tm h bi, dm t, ?y nhng thi nt, vi mt ngi nh vy, th

ngi m hay nm m ci ng la ln hng hc kia. Ti sao? V lm nhvy, n c th b cht, nhng khng v vy m khi thn hoi mng chung, n

phi b sanh vo ci d, c th, o x, a ngc. Nhng nu mt ngikhng c gii c, bn cht xu,... M ngi hay nm m mt c gi dng st l.... Th phi chu au kh tai hi lu di, bi khi thn hoi mng chung,n s ti sinh vo o x, c th, ci d, a ngc" (A. iv, 128-9)

157. Sau khi dng v d ng la ch au kh i km vi s am m nhcdc, Ngi cn ly v dc v dy lng ui nga, cha nhn, nn st nng,hon st , ging st, gh st, ni st, v vi ni au n do duynnhn s cung knh cng dng, v do dng bn vt cn thit, i vi mt tkheo khng c gii c". (A. iv, 129)

158.

Vui g ngi ph giiKhng t b dc lcKhi n phi chu khCn au n d di

Hn m ng la hng?Vui g c cng dngKhi ph gii chu khB thng ui nga qutCng khng au kh bngVui g k ph giiKhi nhn s knh cho


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Do duyn ny chu khHn kim nhn m vo?Vui g dng y phcKhng ch ng t thnV chnh do duyn yChu o st qun thn kht thc d ngonKhng gii thnh c dcBi v do duyn yNut st nng nhiu hnKhi ngi khng gii cS dng ging v ghD thy c m duVn l nhn kh au

V n s phi chuHnh h lu tht luNm ngi trn gh gingTon mn st nung .Vui chi ngi ph giiKhi x dng tr xCa tn th cng dngBi v do duyn yTng lai n phi Trong ni st la hng?Bc o s nhiu lnQu trch ngi ph gii:"C nhng thi kh nghiH bi v dm tTm xu xa thi nt".Nh th y, cuc i"Ca ngi khng gii cNgi i lt sa mny l k t hi

T mnh o h chn.Ai ng c xt thngHn ngi khng gii c?Nhiu v trm trng thayLi lm ca ph gii.


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Qun st nh trn gi l "thy nguy him trong s ph gii", v thy li lcca s vin mn gii th nn hiu l iu ngc li.

159. Hn na,

Ai gi gii ton vnTh vic mang y btGy lc th, nim tinXut gia c kt quT kheo gii trong trngKhng s mnh trch mnhCng nh trong mt triKhng th c bng tiT kheo gii trong trng

Sng chi kh hnh lmNh nh trng ngi sngChiu to bu tri m.Ln hng t thn thCa t kheo c giiLm ch thin hoan hHung chi ln gii hng?Ton bch hn tt cNhng hng trn th gianHng gii khng chng ngiTo bay khp mi phng.Phc v ngi gii cD t, kt qu nhiuBi vy ngi gii cL kho cha danh xngKhng c lu hoc no trong i hin tiBc bch ngi c giiV y cn o ht

Gc r ca au khTrong nhng i v laiMun tr thnh ti thngTrong tt c loi ngiV c trong ch thinKhng phi l chuyn khVi ngi vin mn gii.


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Nhng v vin mn giiTh khng cu g khcNgoi Nit bn tch ditCnh gii thun thanh tnhQu bo gii tt lnh hnh thc khc nhauNgi tr nn bit suGc y ca mi cnh.

160. Tm ngi no hiu c iu ny s rng mnh trc s s hi phmgii v c vn ln gii hnh ton bch. Bi th, hy thn trng lm cho giic thanh tnh, sau khi thy nguy him ca ph gii v li lc ca tr giinh trn.

161. n y, Thanh tnh o, c nu di nhng mc Gii, nh, Tu docu "Ngi tr gii c tr"... (on 1) u tin l Gii, c trnh by.

Chng ny c son vi mc ch lm cho ngi lnh c hoan h.

---o0o---

Chng II : Hnh u Kh Hnh

(Dhutanga-niddesa)

-ooOoo-

1. Khi mt thin gi theo ui con ng gii, v y nn khi s thc hnhkh hnh kin ton cc c c bit t mun, bit v.v... nh gii,nh m t, c thanh tnh. V khi gii ca v y c thanh lc khicc cu u bng nhng th nc thiu dc, tri tc, vin ly, c c, nhngtr x vng, tinh cn, t nhu cu, th gii s tr nn hon ton thanh tnh, v

y s thnh tu, tt c nhng c nguyn ca mnh. V khi ton th conngi c thanh lc bng cng c gii v nguyn v an tr trong bathnh ti u tin, v y by gi c th xng ng t n gia ti th t gi l"s hn hoan trong tu tp" (A. ii, 27). Bi vy, chng ta s khi s gii thchcc kh hnh.

Mi Ba Kh Hnh


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2. c Th Tn cho php thc hnh 13 kh hnh cho nhng thin nm t t b nhng chuyn xc tht v khng k thn mng, mong mun tu tp

ph hp vi cu cnh gii thot. Mi ba kh hnh l:

1. Hnh phn to y2. Hnh ba y3. Hnh kht thc4. Hnh kht thc tng nh5. Hnh nht to thc6. Hnh n bng bt7. Hnh khng dnh n (khng nhn n sau khi n xong)8. Hnh rng9. Hnh gc cy

10. Hnh gia tri11. Hnh ngha a12. Hnh ngh ch no cng xong13. Hnh ngi (khng nm)

3. Sau y s trnh by v (1) ngha (2) c tnh v.v.. (3) th gii, ch dn,cp bc s phm gii v nhng li ch ca mi hnh, (4) ba tnh, (5) Phn

bit "ngi kh hnh" "ngi thuyt ging kh hnh", "cc php tng ngvi kh hnh", "cc kh hnh" v kh hnh thch hp vi hng ngi no.

4. (1) Trc ht l ngha

i. Gi l phn to (pamsukla -bi bm) v n c tm nhng ng rcbn ng, ngha a, ng phn (midden), n thuc v b ti cc ni y.Hoc n ang tin n mt tnh trng ti t nh b (Pamsu viya Kucchita- bhvamukati) cho nn gi l phn to y.

ii. Ba y l o khoc ngoi gm nhng ming vi chp ni li, thng y v hy.

5. iii. S ri (Pta) nhng mu n (pinda) gi l kht thc, pindapta.Thu nht kht thc tng nh, gi l n kht thc. Hoc v y pht hinthu lm (patati: nht - ngha ny khng c trong t in ca Hi Pli Text)nhng ming n (pinda) nn gi l ngi thu nht n, hay ngi khtthc (pindaptin). S thc hnh ny gi l hnh kht thc sng.


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6. iv. Hnh th kht: khe h hay khong trng gi l avakhandana haydna. Di khi ch trng (apeta: di khi) hoc khng ch trng, khng h,l apadna. Ngi i t nh ny n nh khc khng cha mt nh nokhong gia, gi l sapadnacrin, tc l hnh kht thc tng nh, th kht.

7. v. n mt ln m thi, ng ln ri, khng ngi xung n li, gi l hnhnht to thc (n ngy mt ba)

vi. Ch n nhng g xin c trong bt, khng nhn thm bt th hai, gil ngi n bng bt, (pattapindika)

8. vii. "khalu" c ngha t chi, khng nhn. n m v y nhn c saukhi n xong gi l tn thc (pacchbhatta) ngi khng n n nh th

gi l Khalupacchbhattika, khng nhn n sau khi n xong. Nhng tronglun ni: "Khalu l tn mt ging chim khi m mt tri cy n, m tri yrt th thi n. V t kheo ny cng vy.

9. viii. V y quen sng rng nn gi l hnh rng.

10. ix. Sng di gc cy nn gi l hnh gc cy.

x-xi. ngoi tri v ngha a, cng th.

xii Nhng g c phn phi (cho mnh) gi l "nh c phn phi" yath-santhata. y l mt t ng ch ch ngh ngi c phn phi cho v tkheo. Ngi ngh ch c phn phi cho mnh gi l mt ngi s dng nm nh c phn phi (yathsanthatika) ngi theo hnh ny gi lhnh ngh ch no cng c.

xiii. V y c thi quen ngi m ng, khng nm gi l hnh ng ngi.

11. Tt c nhng hnh k trn gi l hnh (anga) ca mt t kheo theo kh

hnh (dhuta- u ) bi v v y r b (dhuta) cu u bng cch th trmt trong nhng kh hnh y. Gi l "u " (dhuta) v n r sch(niddhunana) chng ngi, gi l hnh (anga) v n l con ng (patipatti).Trn y l trnh by ngha.

12. 2. Tt c 13 kh hnh trn iu c c tnh l nguyn th tr. Lun ni:"Ngi th gii l mt con ngi. Ci nh n th gii c l tm v


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tm s. Chnh ch trong hnh vi th gii gi l hanh u . Tt c 13 hnhu c cng dng l loi tr tham dc v hin tng ca chng l v tham.

Nguyn nhn gn ca chng l nhng c thiu dc... "

13. 3. Trong thi Pht ti th, tt c kh hnh u phi c th tr trc mtc Th Tn. Sau khi Ngi nhp Nit bn, phi th trc mt v i tca Ngi. Khi khng c v ny, phi th trc mt ngi on tn luhoc, mt bc Bt hon, Nht lai hay Nhp lu, hoc mt ngi thng hiu 3tng hoc 2 tng hoc 1 tng hoc mt ngi thng hiu 1 trong 5 b

Nikya, 1 lun s Nikya. Khng c 1 ngi nh vy th phi th trc 1 vang hnh 1 kh hnh. Nu khng c mt v nh vy th nn qut dn schs in th ri ngi m th gii mt cch knh cn nh ang trc mtng o s. Nh th, c th th gii u mt mnh.

y c th nhc li cu chuyn ngi anh trong 2 anh em vn l 2 trnglo tu vin Cetiyapabbata, bit th no l thiu dc trong u hnho. V ny theo kh hnh ng ngi mt mnh mnh bit. Mt m kia, nhnmt ln chp lo, ngi em trong thy ngi ang ngi thng trn ging vhi: "Bch i c, th ra ngi theo kh hnh ng ngi ?" V thiu dc,khng mun ai bit kh hnh ca mnh, v y bn nm xung. (Pm. 77)iu ny p dng cho mi kh hnh.

14. By gi, ta s tip tc bn v s th gii nhng ch dn, cc cp bc, sph gii, v li ch ca tng kh hnh.

i. u tin l hnh phn to y: n c th tr bng cch tht ln mt tronghai li nguyn ny: "Ti t chi nhng y do gia ch cng "hoc" ti nguyngi kh hnh phn to y". y l s th gii

15. Mt ngi th gii ny nn mc mt y thuc mt trong nhng loisau: vi ly t ngha i, t ca hng, t ng ci, t h phn, t gingtr, vi ty u, vi t ch tm, vi i v ngha a, vi b chy, b gia sc n,

b kin n, b chut n, vi rch bin, rch u, vi lm c, vi b t in

th, y ca nh kh hnh, vi t cuc l, vi do thn thng bin ho, vi trnxa l, vi gi bay, vi do thin thn b th, vi tri gia bin, ly mt trongnhng th vi ny v y nn x b nhng mnh rch nt, git sch nhngmnh lnh ln lm thnh mt ci y. V y c th dng n sau khi x b odo th ch cng.


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16. "Vi t ngha a" l vi ri rt ngha i. "Vi t ca hng" l vi rttrc qun hng. "Vi t ng ci" l th vi m nhng k kim cng cthng nm qua ca s xung ng. "Vi t h phn" l vi b thng rc."Vi ging tr" l vi b sau khi lau nhng bt tnh ca sn ph. M cai thn Tissa lau nhng bt tnh bng mt mnh vi t gi, ngh rngnhng nh kh tu mc phn to y s lm, v qung n trn ng Tlaveli.Cc t kheo lm v y.

17. "Vi ty tnh"

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