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50-03-003-POK new9_V.ai 3/10/07 1:55:15 PM50-03-003-POK new9_V.ai 3/10/07 1:55:15 PM
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1
2550: [ ]. - - 1. - - : (.) 2550. ( / ; 326) : , , , , , , ISBN 978-974-11-0711-7 1. 2. I. . II. . III. . IV. .
RA776 743 2550[DNLM: 1. . 2. . WA100 743 2550]
: : : [email protected]: : ()
: (.)
: () : 0-2422-9000 : 0-2433-2742
: 10,000
999 4 73170: 0-2441-0201-4, 0-2441-9666 304 : 0-2441-5221e-mail: [email protected] ;website: http://www.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th
(.) 979 34 10400 : 0-2298-0500 : 0-2298-0501website: http://www.thaihealth.or.th
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50-03-003-inpokna-1-5 new9_V.ind3 350-03-003-inpokna-1-5 new9_V.ind3 3 3/10/07 2:15:50 PM3/10/07 2:15:50 PM
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50-03-003-inpokna-1-5 new9_V.ind5 550-03-003-inpokna-1-5 new9_V.ind5 5 3/10/07 2:15:51 PM3/10/07 2:15:51 PM
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50_03_003_6_9 new10_V.indd 850_03_003_6_9 new10_V.indd 8 3/10/07 1:59:35 PM3/10/07 1:59:35 PM
9 1,000
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50-03-003-38-43 new9_V.indd 4250-03-003-38-43 new9_V.indd 42 3/10/07 2:00:56 PM3/10/07 2:00:56 PM
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50-03-003-44-47 new20_W.indd 4450-03-003-44-47 new20_W.indd 44 3/20/07 5:05:04 PM3/20/07 5:05:04 PM
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50-03-003-44-47 new9_V.indd 4650-03-003-44-47 new9_V.indd 46 3/10/07 2:02:30 PM3/10/07 2:02:30 PM
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(2) ...
73
50-03-003-70-73 new9_V.indd 7350-03-003-70-73 new9_V.indd 73 3/10/07 2:09:53 PM3/10/07 2:09:53 PM
19 2549
100% 24 ... 2549 2550
100%
74
50-03-003-74-77 new9_V.indd 7450-03-003-74-77 new9_V.indd 74 3/10/07 2:10:51 PM3/10/07 2:10:51 PM
creo
100% 1 3
14 50
36 1 7 1 42 45
4
2549 24 (.) (.)
...
(.)
(1) 24 (2) (3) (4) 5 () ...
.. 2475 1
2542 3 (1) (2) (3) 15 2541 2
5 (11.00-14.00 17.00-24.00) 18 ... ..2546 20
3
75
50-03-003-74-77 new9_V.indd 7550-03-003-74-77 new9_V.indd 75 3/10/07 2:10:53 PM3/10/07 2:10:53 PM
creo
.. 17 2549 (1) (2) . (3) (4) - 25
(5)
(6)
(7) ...
... 6
. 25 20 ... .. 2509 20 2 4
7
24 8
2 2
350 2 100 250 9
2,000 10
76
50-03-003-74-77 new9_V.indd 7650-03-003-74-77 new9_V.indd 76 3/10/07 2:10:54 PM3/10/07 2:10:54 PM
creo
11
12
24 (.)
40,000 10,155 ... 13
28 ... 14 2550 . 30 .14 . . . 2
5
2546
2547
15
...
77
50-03-003-74-77 new9_V.indd 7750-03-003-74-77 new9_V.indd 77 3/10/07 2:10:54 PM3/10/07 2:10:54 PM
creo
3
3 (Efavirenz) (Clopidogrel) + (Lopinavir+Ritonavir) 2549 2550
/
78
50-03-003-78-83 new9_V.indd 7850-03-003-78-83 new9_V.indd 78 3/10/07 2:11:38 PM3/10/07 2:11:38 PM
creo
1 500,000
1
1 2546 (.)
2 18 3
2550 170,000 12 3,800
4
3 5,000 1 2547
/
10 (compulsory licensing) ( 82-83)
2535
10 5
8 1 / 16 500 51 .
.
6
8
2549 (COMBID) (AZT) + (3TC) . . . 5,000 5
400 79
50-03-003-78-83 new9_V.indd 7950-03-003-78-83 new9_V.indd 79 3/10/07 2:11:41 PM3/10/07 2:11:41 PM
creo
3 - 2549
. . ... . 10
19 2549 (Sto-crin) .
3 29 2549 5 2549- 2554 . 0.5
. 25,000 100,000
842 4,000 5 11 1 2550 12
.
/ 2540
(.) .
2544 2546 2 17 2548 7
4 1 2546 4% 2547 2 0.5%8
23 2548 2538-2548 8,926 9
80
50-03-003-78-83 new9_V.indd 8050-03-003-78-83 new9_V.indd 80 3/10/07 2:11:41 PM3/10/07 2:11:41 PM
creo
13
14 2550 . .15
. 16
... ()
17 ()
3
/
()
()
: 2550
81
50-03-003-78-83 new9_V.indd 8150-03-003-78-83 new9_V.indd 81 3/10/07 2:11:42 PM3/10/07 2:11:42 PM
creo
3
( 10 3 2550)
. . 3
. . 2544 2548-2549
/
. .
0.5-2 .
82
50-03-003-78-83 new9_V.indd 8250-03-003-78-83 new9_V.indd 82 3/10/07 2:11:42 PM3/10/07 2:11:42 PM
creo
(Dr. Howard Zucker)
Consumer Project on Technology Third World Network 22
. .
.
0.5 0.1 (Voluntary Licensing)
. . . .
... 51
10-20
83
50-03-003-78-83 new9_V.indd 8350-03-003-78-83 new9_V.indd 83 3/10/07 2:11:45 PM3/10/07 2:11:45 PM
creo
2545 2549
2546 60 277 167 ( 2546 - 2550)
3
4 62
20 2549 3
(1) 1-5 (2) (3)
4
84
50-03-003-84-85 new9_V.indd 8450-03-003-84-85 new9_V.indd 84 3/10/07 2:12:40 PM3/10/07 2:12:40 PM
creo
2006
10
10
2549 42,456 59 2,000 -10,000
4
.. 2527 1-2 4
7-8
85
50-03-003-84-85 new9_V.indd 8550-03-003-84-85 new9_V.indd 85 3/10/07 2:12:42 PM3/10/07 2:12:42 PM
creo
86
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 8650-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 86 3/10/07 2:13:34 PM3/10/07 2:13:34 PM
87
... 120... 120 120... ...
4 2547
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 8750-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 87 3/10/07 2:13:35 PM3/10/07 2:13:35 PM
88
20 (.. 2533) 4 7 10 .. 2543 6 (.. 2550) 7 13 .. 2563 11 17 65 1 6
.. 2503-2583
: , 2549
()
..2503 2513 2523 2533 2543 2553 2563 2573 2583
1.2 1.72.5
4.0
5.8
7.5
11.0
14.5
16.6
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
0.00
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 8850-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 88 3/10/07 2:13:36 PM3/10/07 2:13:36 PM
creo
89
.. 2546 60 65 3 ( 60-69 ) 59.1 ( 70-79 ) 31.1 ( 80 ) 9.8 65 72 60-64 2 3 : , 2549.
10 20 .. 2590
2
72 (68 75 )
20
..2548 100 28,236 11,751 16,485 2 5 100 28,236 ..
..2548-49 ..2548 100 8,000 2,800 5,300 .. 2549 5,800 2,200 3,600 - : , 2549.
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 8950-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 89 3/10/07 2:13:36 PM3/10/07 2:13:36 PM
90
()
( population dividend)
.. 2533-2563 30 2 () 1
...
14 2525 13
: http://www.maipradabonline.com/maimongkol/lumdoun.htm
.. 2503-2583
: , 2549
..2503 251
32523 253
32543 2548 255
3 2558 2563 2568 2573 257
82583
85.2
92.9
72.0
51.3
51.2
49.9
48.3
49.3
51.4
55.960.9
65.268.5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
()
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 9050-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 90 3/10/07 2:13:36 PM3/10/07 2:13:36 PM
creo
91
.. 2583 2 16.6 ( 15 ) 8.5
: ?
3
1. ( active aging) ( 60-69 )
70 80
2.
..................................................................
20 ..................................................................
50-03-003-86-121 new20_W.indd 9150-03-003-86-121 new20_W.indd 91 3/20/07 5:08:37 PM3/20/07 5:08:37 PM
92
()
70 60 3. 80
.. 2545
/
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
19.80
16.75
14.14
11.73
18.05
14.90
12.15
9.59
1.75
1.85
1.99
2.14
80-84 10.01 7.62 2.38
85 + 9.38 6.54 2.84
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
22.51
18.90
15.65
12.63
19.90
16.22
12.91
9.78
2.61
2.68
2.77
2.85
80-84 10.21 7.20 3.01
85 + 8.73 5.40 3.33
: Rakchanyaban, Uthaithip. 2004. Active Life Expectancy among the Thai ElderlyPopulation. Ph.D. Thesis, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 9250-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 92 3/10/07 2:13:38 PM3/10/07 2:13:38 PM
93
()
:
.. 2548 2 2548 1 3 () 2548 2.3 9 10 ( 2.6 ) 2 3
.. 2548
1.
-
3,013.2
1,535.5
1,529.2
3,706.5
1,068.9
1,062.3
6,719.7
2,604.4
2,591.5
1,690.4
- 901.0
3.7 1.8 5.5
2.
2.5
1,477.8
27.7
1,323.7
4.9
2,637.5
575.0
2,027.2
7.4
4,115.3
602.7
3,350.9
126.4 35.3 161.7
: , 2548
: 1,000
:
..................................................
..................................................
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 9350-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 93 3/10/07 2:13:38 PM3/10/07 2:13:38 PM
94
60
2 3
2548 40 4 (.. 2544) 4,900 2544 5,500 2 3
1 3 1
.. 2545 9 10 40 35 25
7%
2%
91%
: ..2545. .
36%
1%
63%
: 41,179 : ..2545. .
.. 2544 2548
40.4 39.8 5,534.8 4,918.8
40.1 39.9 6,375.0 5,753.1
41.1 39.8 3,905.8 3,436.2
: 2, 2544 2548.
2544 2548 2544 2548
()
47.9 46.7 9,153.3 9,863.1
38.1 38.0 3,513.5 3,069.4
54.2 52.1 13,793.6 18,093.1
45.6 44.7 5,322.8 4,878.5
43.1 39.6 2,215.3 2,649.0
34.2 38.4 5,557.7 3,157.5
35.2 33.3 2,814.3 4,378.9
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 9450-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 94 3/10/07 2:13:39 PM3/10/07 2:13:39 PM
creo
95
(.. 2545) 63 47
( )
40%
35%
18%
4%
3%
: ..2545. .
.. 2545
60-64 57 ( 69 47 )
75 1 10 () ( 60-69 )
60
68.8
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
060 - 64 65 -69 70 - 74 75
46.7
57.151.1
28.3
38.9
30.5
16.522.9
15.2
6.210.1
: ..2545. .
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 9550-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 95 3/10/07 2:13:39 PM3/10/07 2:13:39 PM
creo
96
60
60 62 67
2539 30
: http://www.salahlanna.com
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 9650-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 96 3/10/07 2:13:39 PM3/10/07 2:13:39 PM
97
60 65
60
( )
()
................................................................................................... ( 11 2543 )
...................................................................................................
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 9750-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 97 3/10/07 2:13:40 PM3/10/07 2:13:40 PM
98
2543 11 2543 (.) 21 2,629 (.. 2548)
: : http://brainbank.nesdb.go.th/ , 2547
3,000 250 100
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 9850-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 98 3/10/07 2:13:40 PM3/10/07 2:13:40 PM
99
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 9950-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 99 3/10/07 2:13:41 PM3/10/07 2:13:41 PM
100
:
2538 ( 65 ) 7 17 19 2545 65 (per capita health expenditure) 10 (per capita GDP) 80 25 30
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 10050-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 100 3/10/07 2:13:43 PM3/10/07 2:13:43 PM
101
(.) 2542 () 15 .. 2540-2554 2
.. 2540-2554
2.5 15 14,340.9 2540 35,549.7 2554
7
1.5 (
30 )
(young-population society)
.. 2540-2554
..
: ( 30 )
: , 2542
()2540 2545 2550 2554
()
()
2,325.2 4,446.0 6,432.4 8,307.7
1,762.1 4,232.0 9,352.2 12,278.9
10,253.6 11,852.4 13,279.6 14,963.1
14,340.9 20,530.4 29,064.2 35,549.7
3.6
7.0
1.5
2.5
25.0
32.4
17.4
10.5
18.1
38.7
10
20
30
40
0
1
1-4
5-14
25-2
9
60 15-2
4
: .. 2548, .
2.6 4.8 4.56.1
17.3
50.0
15.5
30
20
10
40
50
60
0
1
1-4
5-14
25-2
9
60
15-2
4
: .. 2548, .
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 10150-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 101 3/10/07 2:13:44 PM3/10/07 2:13:44 PM
102
(epidemiological transition)
3 .. 2546-2547 4 5 9 10
()
2506 2548 .. 2546
.................................
.................................
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 10250-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 102 3/10/07 2:13:44 PM3/10/07 2:13:44 PM
103
:
( 60-69 ) 15 ( 80 ) 36 28
(. )
.. 2542
14.6
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
060 - 69 70 - 79 80
14.9
19.423.4
27.6
36.0
: UNFPA Country Technical Service Team for East and South-East Asia, 2006
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 10350-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 103 3/10/07 2:13:45 PM3/10/07 2:13:45 PM
104
10 .. 2542 2558 1,648,685 18 9 412,910 78,622 602,316
?
2
()
.................................
.................................
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 10450-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 104 3/10/07 2:13:45 PM3/10/07 2:13:45 PM
105
10 (nursing home)
10 2548 (.) 98 36 62 587 6,552
: http://oppo.opp.go.th/
1.
808
25
716
67
7
()
() 20
2.
18
54
12
598
57
28
200
3.
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 10550-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 105 3/10/07 2:13:46 PM3/10/07 2:13:46 PM
106
20 ( 2538) 41,275 - 64,798 () 21,303 - 42,607 19,972 - 22,191
:
( 3 4) 1 4
.. 2545 56 82
6.3%
15.9%
5.2%
72.6%
: ..2545. .
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 10650-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 106 3/10/07 2:13:46 PM3/10/07 2:13:46 PM
creo
107
()
20
20
.. 2545 ( 1 )
,
26.9
29.5
26.4
26.2
3.0
: .. 2545,
.....................................
....................................
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 10750-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 107 3/10/07 2:13:47 PM3/10/07 2:13:47 PM
108
:
.. 2496 20 2 2,500
2546
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 10850-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 108 3/10/07 2:13:48 PM3/10/07 2:13:48 PM
109
() (.)
2549
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 10950-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 109 3/10/07 2:13:49 PM3/10/07 2:13:49 PM
110
4 4 1) 2) 3) 4) 4
4 / 3
4 /
.
.
()
1.
2.
3.
4.5.
6.
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 11050-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 110 3/10/07 2:13:49 PM3/10/07 2:13:49 PM
111
:
.. 2546
.. 2536 200 500
10 2549 6,617,300 668,300 400,000
2
:
.. 2546 11
: .. 2546
1.
2.
3.4.
5.
6.7.8.9.
10.11.12.13.
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 11150-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 111 3/10/07 2:13:51 PM3/10/07 2:13:51 PM
112
()
5 ( 30 )
30
1.
2.
: 2 .. 2545 - 2564, http://oppo.opp.go.th
1.
2.
3.
4. 5.
2
2 (2545-2564)
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 11250-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 112 3/10/07 2:13:51 PM3/10/07 2:13:51 PM
113
19 2549 30 ()
:
( ) ()
3.
4.
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 11350-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 113 3/10/07 2:13:51 PM3/10/07 2:13:51 PM
114
()
2
.
2
1. (defi ned contribution) 3 3 2549 1.2
2. (defi ned benefi t) 1 7 / 15 55 15 15 .. 2557 2549 8.9 24
() ()
.
2 1. (PVD-Provident Fund)
2-15% 2549 1.8 2. (RMF - Retire-ment Mutual Fund)
: www.fpo.go.th/fseg/Source/Research/R13/Presentation.ppt 15 2549
(+)
+ 3% ( 15,000 ) 1%
+ 3%
+ 2-15%
5,000 15% 300,000
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 11450-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 114 3/10/07 2:13:53 PM3/10/07 2:13:53 PM
115
5,000 5
15 300,000 2549 70
12 1 3 ( 36.68 ) 2 3
: 1,650 15,000 :
1.5
3.0
5.0
9.5
1.5
3.0
0.5
5.0
1.5
3.0
0.5
5.0
1.5
1.0
0.25
2.75
.....................................
....................................
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 11550-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 115 3/10/07 2:13:53 PM3/10/07 2:13:53 PM
116
2549
:
()
- - +
()
396,910.37322,395.78
8,882,922
1,176,514320,762.98
1,801,753386,251.94
70 25,475.24
.....................................
....................................
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 11650-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 116 3/10/07 2:13:54 PM3/10/07 2:13:54 PM
117
:
2
() 10
36.68 () ()
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 11750-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 117 3/10/07 2:13:56 PM3/10/07 2:13:56 PM
118
(, , )
1.
2.
3. 2 (1) (2)
:
.. 2546
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 11850-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 118 3/10/07 2:13:57 PM3/10/07 2:13:57 PM
creo
119
4.
5.
6.
2
3
2(..2545-2564) 3 (1) (2) (3)
: , 2549
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 11950-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 119 3/10/07 2:13:57 PM3/10/07 2:13:57 PM
creo
120
:
83
102
100 3 5 50
.. 2537 10 ( 2546)
16 11
()
......................................................................
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 12050-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 120 3/10/07 2:13:58 PM3/10/07 2:13:58 PM
121121
passive exercise
40 7,900
30-40 ...
120 15 ... 120
80
7 2549.............................................................................
50
()
83
25 2550..........................................................................................................................
: 120 80
40 2 10
?
50-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 12150-03-003-86-121 new9_V.indd 121 3/10/07 2:13:59 PM3/10/07 2:13:59 PM
creo
122
14 1. . . . 2548. .. 2547., 1 2548. : .Current Therapeutic Research. Clinical and Experimental.Lancet .2005. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study,Vol.366. December 2005.
2. . 2545. .. 2545. . 2546. .. 2546. . 2547. .. 2547. . [http://www.sso.go.th/knowledge/link/36-48.htm] . 2549. .. 2548-2549. : .
3. .2546.: 2546.: . .2546.: 2546. : . , ().2549. : . : . .2547.: . . 2547; 12 3
4. . 2549. 27-29 2549. .2549. : . .2547. . . 2549. . . .2549. . The new economics foundation. The Unhappiness index. 2006. available online at http://www.happyplanetindex.org/survey.htm
5. . 2549. .2549. 3 .Noncommunicable Disease and Mental Health. World Health Organization.2002. Integrated Management of Cardiovascular risk. Report of a WHO Meeting Geneva, 9-12 July 2002.
6. .2548. 1 . .2548. . 2535. (.) . . Global Air Monitoring Study : A multi-Country Comparison of Levels of Indoor Air Pollution in Different Workplaces.Results from Thailand May 2005. . .2547. : 2-4 .
7. . . [http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/haz_lamp.htm] .2548. .. 2548. , 2548. .2549./ . . [http://gendb.pcd.go.th/hers/]. . .. 2544, 2547, 2549. .2548. .. 2547.
8. .2548. . ( 293) .. 2548 15 2548..2549. 4/11/2548. 13 2549 http://www.qmaker.
com/fda/new/web_cms/topic.php?Top_ID=170&SubCol_ID=56&Col_ID=19&PHPSESSI D=6741fcefae676c19461426fe5a801e71. .2546. .. 6 . .2546. 3 ..2547. . .2546. . 3 . .2546. . 5 . . 2549. . .2549. . () 2547-2548 974-94244-2-5 1. .2548. 48 : 48,000 . .2547. . . .2547.. 12 47. .2547. . .2546. . 9 1288 (27 46). .2543. 44 : ... . 964 21 2543. .2542. : ... 2000 . 5 769 27 2542. .2549. . .
9. , 2549. (.), 2549., 2549
10. . 2549. . 17 2549 5. . 2541. .. 2541. : . . 2543. .. 2543. : . . 2545. .. 2545. : . . 2547. .. 2547. : . . 2549. .. 2549. : .
11. .2549..: . . 2549..2549. . : . 23-37 2549 . .2549. . [http://suffi ciencyeconomy.blogspot.com/2006/08/suffi ciency-strategy-map.html]
12. [www.krc.co.th/tfrc/cgi/ticket/ticket.exe/9483290129/tfrc/ thai/research/res06/jun/lbus874.htm.] .2548. . .2547. . 3. : ... [http://dusitpoll.dusit.ac.th/2549/ 2549_040.html] .2549. . . .2548. . . : . . 2548. (Child Watch) 2547-4548. (.) (.).
:
2
550
50-03-003-122-128-NIPOKLANG new9122 12250-03-003-122-128-NIPOKLANG new9122 122 3/10/07 2:14:46 PM3/10/07 2:14:46 PM
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Ghazy Mujahid. 2006. Population Ageing in East and South-East Asia: Current Situation and Emerging Challenges. Bangkok : UNFPA Country Technical Services Team for East and South-East Asia , 2006. (Papers in Population Ageing : No. 1)John Knodel and Chanpen Seangtienchai. 2005. Rural Parents with Urban Children: Social and Economic Implications of Migration on the Rural Elderly in Thailand. Population Studies Center research Report . [Online]. [cited 2006 Aug 23]; Available from : URL: www.globalaging.org/ruralaging/world/2005/urban.pdfMerril Silverstein, Zhen Cong and Shuzhuo Li. 2006. Intergenerational Transfer and Living arrangements of Older People in Rural China: Consequences for Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 2006. Vol. 61B, No.5, S256-S266.Ogawa, Naohiro and Robert Retherford, D. 1993. Care of the Elderly in Japan: Changing Norms and Expectations. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 55(3):585-597.Ogawa, Naohiro and Robert Retherford, D. 1997. Shifting Costs of Caring for the Elderly Back to Families in Japan: Will It Work?. Population and Development Review. 23:59-94. Rakchanyaban, Uthaitip. 2004. Active life expectancy among the Thai Elderly Population. doctoral dissertation. Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University. World Health Organization. 2002. Current and Future Long-Term Care Needs. [Online]. [cited 2006 Aug 23]; Available from : http://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/ publications/ltc_needs/en/index.html
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