1

teri g. jordeni da lester rountri: (Terry G. Jorden, Lester Rowntree)

“adamianTa mozaika: Tematuri Sesavali kulturis geografiaSi”

ZiriTadi sakiTxbi, romlebsac avtorebi ixilaven Semdegia:

1) ra aris kulturis geografia – kulturuli geografiis arsi;

2) adamianebi dedamiwaze (demografiuli regionebi, difuzia, adamianis

evolucia, kulturuli integracia da mosaxleobis ganlagebis

Taviseburebebi, mosaxleobis landSafti – gansaxlebis Taviseburebebi.);

3) sasoflo-sameurneo msoflio (sasoflo-sameurneo regionebi; kulturuli

difuzia, sasoflo-sameurneo ekologia, kulturuli integracia soflis

meurneobaSi; sasoflo-sameurneo landSafti)

4) politikuri Taviseburebebi (politikur-kulturis regionebi; politikuri

inovaciebis difuzia; politikuri ekologia; kulturuli integracia

politikur geografiaSi; politikuri landSafti)

5) enebis babiloni (lingvistur-kulturuli regionebi, lingvisturi

difuzia; lingvisturi ekologia; lingvistur-kulturuli integracia;

lingvisturi landSaftebi – saxelebi sivrceSi)

6) religiuri regionebi (religiur-kulturuli regionebi; religiis

difuzia; religiuri ekologia; kulturuli integracia religiaSi,

religiuri landSaftebi)

7) xalxuri kulturis geografia (religia, difuzia, ekologia, integracia,

landSafti)

8) popularul kulturis geografia (religia, difuzia, ekologia,

integracia, landSafti)

9) eTnikuri geografia (regionebi, difuzia da eTnikuri jgufebi, ekologia

da eTnikuroba, integracia da eTnikuroba, eTnikuri landSaftebi)

2

10) qalaqi drosa da sivrceSi, qalaqis warmoSoba da difuzia, saqalaqo

landSaftebis evolucia, ekologia da qalaqis mdebareoba, kulturuli

integracia saqalaqo geografiaSi)

11) saqalaqo mozaika (saqalaqo kulturuli regionebi; kulturuli difuzia

qalaqebSi; qalaqis kulturuli ekologia; kulturuli integracia da

qalaqis modelebi; qalaqis landSaftebebi)

12) mrewveloba da satransporto qseli (Ways of transportation):

industriuli revoluciis warmoSoba da difuzia

industriuli ekologia

industriuli komponenti kulturis integraciaSi

industriuli landSaftebi

13) kulturis geografia da globaluri problemebi (A case study approach):

problemuri midgoma (geografebi da mosaxleobis globaluri krizisi;

globaluri sasursaTo krizisi; globaluri energetikuli krizisi)

amrigad avtorebi kulturul-geografiul midgomas iyeneben Semdegi

tradiciuli sakiTxebis mimarT – mosaxleoba, soflis meurneoba, politika,

enebi, religiebi, xalxuri da popularuli kultura, eTnikuroba, qalaqebi,

mrewveloba, globaluri problemebi.

praqtikulad yvela sakiTxi Tematurad aris ganxiluli. es Temebi (an

ufro zustad, koncefciebi Semdegia:

kulturis regioni;

kulturuli difuzia;

kulturuli ekologia

kulturuli integracia da

kulturuli landSafti.

3

ian SCepalski – kulturis Sesaxeb

(ian Scepanski: sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi (gv. 38))

Zneli warmosadgenia ufro mravalmniSvnelovani da gavrcelebuli

termini vidre “kultura”. sxvadasxva mecnierebebSi, filosofiaSi,

yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi mas gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba eZleva. arsebobs

misi aRwerilobiTi da SefasebiTi gamoyeneba. SefasebiTia, rodesac

adamianze amboben rom is kulturulia. mecnierebaSi aRwerilobiTi meTodi

gamoiyeneba – anu kulturas iyeneben sagnebis, movlenis, procesebi

garkveuli klasebis aRsawerad.

Tavidan sitya cultura – laTinurad niSnavda (miwis = agri “damuSavebas”).

am mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba biologiur da sasoflo-sameurneo

mecnierebebSi (magaliTad arsebobs cnebebi – “mcenareebis gakultureba”,

“baqteriebis kultura”). sxva mniSvnelobiT “kultura” niSnavs adamianuri

TvisebebiT da qcevis wesebiT gakeTilSobilebas. mesame mniSvneloba

(adreul filosofiaSi) kulturaSi gulisxmobdnen “yvelafers imas, rac

TavisiT ar izrdeba, aramed Seqmnilia adamianis mizanmimarTuli azrovnebis

da moqmedebis Sedegad” – amrigad kultura moicavs yvelafers materialurs

da aramaterialurs, rac Seuqmnia adamians. am gagebiT kulturas

ganekuTvneba nebismieri umciresi sagani, rac gaukeTebia kacs (mag. kaJis

iaraRi), nebismieri idea romelic kacis tvinSi Caisaxa da SemdgomSi

gamosaxuleba hpova sagnis, sityvis naweris, Canaxatisa da sxva saxiT

faqtobrivad es dayofa “bunebisa” da “kulturis” Soris safuZvlad daedo

sabunebismetyvelo da humanitarul mecnierebad dayofas (science and art).

xandaxan “kulturis” cnebas kidev ufro aviwroeben: igi warmoadgens

ara yvelafers, rac Seuqmnia adamians, aramed misi “umaRlesi” qmnilebebi –

mecniereba, xelovneba, literatura, religia, politikuri da socialuri

ideebi, gakeTilSobilebuli Cveulebebi.

arsebobs dayofa materialur kulturad, romelsac xandaxan

“civilizacias” uwodeben. esaa im sagnebis erToblioba, romlebic

4

cxovrebis materialur moTxovnilebebs uzrunlvelyofen – Sromis

iaraRebi, sacxovrebeli, tansacmeli, transportisa da komunikaciis

saSualebebi. “sulier kulturad” ki miiCneven yvelafers rac Seqmnilia

sulieri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. – esaa ideebis, Cveulebebis

simboloebis, dawesebulebebis, institutebis erToblioba (mag.: qorwinebis

instituti, xelisuflebis institutebi, samarTali, eTika, esTetika da a.S.)

magram sinamdvileSi mkafio mijna materialur da sulier kulturebs Soris

ar arsebobs: naTelia, rom yvelaferi rac sagnad iqna qceuli adamianis

mier, adre ideis saxiT arsebobda mis tvinSi.

sociologiaSi miRebulia, rom kultura esaa adamianis saqmianobis

yvela materialuri da aramaterialuri produqti, faseuloba da qcevis

aRiarebuli normebi, romlebic miRebulia adamianTa erTobis mier da

gadaecema sxva erTobebs da momdevno Taobebs. amrigad, aq Cans, rom

kulturaSi Sedis materialuri produqtebic da faseulobaTa sistemac,

qcevis normebic da moqmedebis sistemebic. kulturis cnebaSi mniSvnelovania

is, rom arsebobs raRac, rac miRebulia (anda aqvs Sansi, rom miRebuli

iyos) mTeli socialuri jgufis mier, romelic SeiZleba gadaeces sxva

individebs an socialur jgufebs.

saWiro ganvasxvavoT erTobis kultura kulturuli memkvidreobisagan,

romelic Semdgom Taobas gadaecema. es ukanaskneli aris mxolod is nawili

sistemisa, romelmac gauZlo drois gamocdas. magaliTad dRevandeli moda

ar Sedis kulturul memkvidreobaSi anda mxolod samuzeumo eksponatis

saxiT Sedis masSi. magaliTad zogierTi idea, warmodgena, xelovnebisa da

literaturis nimuSebi, mecnierebis Teoriebi, arqiteqturis Zeglebi

Cveulebriv xdeba xolme kulturuli memkvidreobis safuZveli. es

memkvidreoba Zalian xSirad idealizacias ganicdis, faseulobaTa da

simboloTa wminda kompleqsad, romelic emociur damokidebulebas iwvevs

da amdenad xdeba jgufis integraciis faqtori, misi gaerTianebis

saSualeba, misi maradiulobisa da mdgradobis faqtori. Cvenis mxridan

davamatebdiT, rom aseT kulturul memkvidreobis magaliTad,

5

qarTvelebisaTvis aris marTlmadidebeli eklesia, qarTuli mwignobroba,

TviT qarTvelobis idea.

rodesac romelime erTobis kulturas vikvlevT, Cven unda

SevimuSavod cnebebis garkveuli sistema imisaTvis, raTa kulturis Sinagani

struqtura gavaanalizoT da gamovikvlioT misi funqcionirebis

Taviseburebebi erTobis cxovrebaSi. amitom, Tavidanve unda gamovyoT

kulturis zogierTi farTo sfero, romelic Seesatyviseba individualuri

da jgufuri moTxovnilebebis calkeuli kompleqsebis dakmayofilebas.

esenia ekonomika da masTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobis formebi; institutebi,

romlebic erToblivad cxovrebas aregulireben, iseTebi, rogoricaa,

samarTali, saxelmwifo, Cveulebebi, codna da mecniereba, ideologia,

xelovneba, religia. nebismieri erTobis kulturis analizi SeiZleba

daviwyoT am didi sferoebis mimoxilviT.

6

kulturis cneba

Культура – лат. возделывание, воспитание, образование, развитие, почитание.

sazogadoebis (adaminis SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis da SesaZleblobebis)

ganviTarebis istoriulad ganpirobebuli done.

igi aisaxeba

cxovrebis organizaciasa da xalxis saqmianobis tipebsa da

formebSi.

xalxis mier Seqmnil materialur da sulier faseulobebSi

“kulturis” cneba gamoiyeneba dasaxasiaTeblad

“kultura” [viwro gagebiT – xalxis sulieri cxovrebis sfero]

Seicavs saqmianobis sagnobriv Sedegebs:

manqanebi, nagebobebi, xelovnebis nimuSebi

Semecnebis Sedegebi, morali, kanoni, uflebebis normebi

“kultura” SeiZleba iyos

aRwerilobiTi mecnierebaSi – sagnebis, movlenebis,

procesebis, garkveuli klasebis aRsawerad

SefasebiTi yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi – SefardebiTi,

kulturuli adamiani

istoriuli epoqis

antikuri kultura

aRorZinebis kultura

konkretuli

sazogadoebis xalxebis,

erebis

qarTuli kultura

maias kultura

cxovrebisa da

saqmianobis specifiuri

sferoebis

Sromis kultura

politikuri kultura

mxatvruli kultura

7

“kulturis” sami mniSvneloba:

1. biologiuri/ sasoflo-sameurneo mcenareebis gakultureba,

cxovelebis moSinaureba

2. adamianuri Tvisebebis da qcevis wesebis gakeTilSobileba

3. “yvelaferi is rac TavisiT ar izrdeba, aramed Seqmnilia adamianis

mizanmimarTuli azrovnebis da moqmedebis Sedegad”

“kultura” exeba or ZiriTad sferos:

materialuri kultura “civilizacia”: sagnebis erToblioba,

romlebic cxovrebis materialur

moTxovnilebebs uzrunvelyofs

(Sr. iaraRi, sacxovrisi, tansacmeli,

transporti, komunikaciis saSualebebi)

sulieri kultura “civilizacia”: cxovrebis sulieri

moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad

magram ar arsebobs mkafio sazRvari maT Soris

8

kulturis geografia

kulturis geografia – tradiciis Sesabamisad aris socialur

ekonomikuri - sazogadoebrivi geografiis qvedargi, romelic

fokusirebulia adamianis kulturis, rogorc materialuris, ise ara

materialuris, Tviseburebebze da urTierTqmedebaze, mis kavSirze bunebriv

garemosTan dReisaTvis termini “kulturuli geografia” moicavs

mravalferovan sferos, romelsac Zalian susti kavSiri aqvs tradiciul

midgomasTan.

kulturis geografiis ZiriTadi tradicia meoce saukuneSi amerikuli

iyo da kulturis geografia, rogorc sagani ufro a.S.S.-sa da kanadaSi

iswavleboda, vidre evropis universitetebSi (garda germaniisa). amerikul

geografiaSi didxans dominirebda karl zaueris (Carl Sauer) naSromebi,

romliTac cnobili iyo “berklis skola”. zauers aineteresebda adamianis

Carevis Sedegad gamowveuli bunebrivi garemos cvlilebebis gansxvavebuli

Sedegebi dedamiwis sxvadasxva regionebSi, kerZod mcenareTa gakultureba

da cxovelTa moSinaureba; moSinaurebisa da gakulturebis Sedegebis

difuzia; meurneobis ekologia da hidrosainJinro saqmianoba, kultivaciis

tipebi; da yvela tipis adamianuri qceva, romlis geografiulad

gansxvavebul Sedegebsac vxedavT landSaftebSi. zaueri ekologiuri

poziciidan udgeboda dedamiwis gamoyenebas adamianis mier, Tumca is Rrmad

akritikebda geografiul determinisms, romelic farTod iyo gavrcelebuli

amerikul geografiaSi am saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi. TviTon zauerze

gavlenas axdenda kulturis determinizmis koncefciebi, romlebis fesvebic

SeiZleba vipovnoT germanul inteleqtualur wyaroebSi, kerZod fridrix

ratcelis biologiur safuZvlebze agebul statiebSi. kulturis

zaueriseul gagebaze didi gavlena moaxdina aborigenuli kulturebis

amerikeli mkvlevaris antropolog a.l. kruberis Sromebma (Kroeber).

germanuli geografiidan man isesxa Landscheft-is koncefcia, romelic

inglisurad Targmna rogorc Landscape (landSafti). misi kulturuli

geografiis meTodi Camoyalibebuli iyo mis statiaSi “landSaftis

morfologia” (1925 w.) Tavis SromaSi amerikis samxreT-dasavleTisa da

9

espanuri amerikis Sesaxeb zauerma moaxdina modificireba Tavisi adreuli

Tvalsazrisisa bunebrivi da kulturuli landSaftebs Soris gansxvavebaze

da Tavis kulturul geografiaSi yuradReba gaamaxvila mcenareTa

gakulturebaze da cxovelebis moSinaurebaze, inovaciebis difuziaze (anu

siaxleebis gavrcelebaze), igi ZiriTadad swavlobda sasoflo, xalxur

sazogadoebebs romlebsac istoriuli kuTxiT udgeboda.

Tavisi moRvaweobis bolo wlebSi zaueri SeSfoTebiT usvamda xazs,

rom adamianis mier dedamiwis gamoyeneba sul ufro destruqciuli xdeba: es

faqtobrivad win uswrebs Tanamedrove SeSfoTebas garemos degradaciis

gamo. am SeSfoTebam hpova gamoxatva, xolo zaueriseulma kulturulma

geografiam apoTeoss miaRwia Tomasis redaqciiT CikagoSi 1956 w. gamocemul

friad gavlenian wignSi “adamianis roli dedamiwis saxis SecvlaSi” (Man’s

role in changing the face of the Earth). es wigni Caisaxa konferenciaze, romlis

sulis Camdgmeli iyo karl zaueri. am wignis Tavebi da diskusia, romelic

mis gamosvlas mohyva, cxadyobs kulturuli geografiis zaueriseuli

koncefciis gaqanebas, mis miswrafebas iyos globaluri midgoma, magram

amasTanave aCvenebs koncefciis winaaRmdegobas Tanamedrove, urbanistuli

cxvorebis aspeqtebTan. kulturis geografiisadmi ekologiuri midgomis

mdgomareobas mowmobs is, rom bolo xanebSi xelaxla gadamowmda is

sakiTxebi, romlebic mimoxiluli iyo wignSi (Man’s role in changing the face of

the Earth) da gamoqveynda axali wigni imave problematikebze (ix. Turner - The

Earth as transformed by Human nation: global and regional changes in the biosphere over

the past 300 years. Cambridge C.U.P 1990). garda amisa zaueriseuli midgoma isev

dominirebs amerikuli universitetebis geografiuli departamentebis

kvelasa da swavlebaSi, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT da samxreT a.S.S.-Si.

“kulturis” zaueriseuli koncefcia Tanamedrove kulturo-

geografebis kritikis qarcecxlSi moeqca, vinaidan aq ukenasknelni

cdiloben “daamiwon” kulturis idea warmoebisa da kvlavwarmoebis

socialur urTierTobebamde. (ase fiqroben, kostrouvi da piter jeqsoni).

mas Semdeg rac kulturis sakiTxebs centraluri mniSvneloba mieniWa

socialur da humanitarul mecnierebebSi, zogierT mecniers mieca

10

saSualeba gamoecxadebina “axali kulturis geografia”, romelic ufro

mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli socialur TeoriasTan, vidre biologiasTan

da istoriasTan. aseTi aris, magaliTad piter jeqsonis wigni “Maps of

meaning: can introduction to social geography, London 1992 (I edition, 1984)”.sinamdvileSi es zaueris ekologiasTan paralelurad ufro sxva midgomiT

gamoiyeneboda da adrec SeimCneoda: 1960-iani wlebidan p. vagneris redaqciiT

gamodioda seria “Foundations in culture geography” (kulturuli geografiis

safuZvlebi), romelSic ganxiluli iyo aseTi Temebi: kultura da

komunikacia: saxlis formebis simbolizmi da a.S.S.-s kulturuli

mravalferovneba. es asaxavda rogorc berklis skolis problematikas, ise

nawilobriv win uswrebda “axali” kulturuli geografiis amocanebsac. iyo

sxva Sromebic, romlebic ganixilavda, magaliTad evropis inteleqtualur

istorias mis kavSirSi garemosTan anda garemos mimarT damokidebulebas

istoriul WrilSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom marTlac arsebobs ori midgomis gardamavali

Temebi, mainc SesaZlebelia mkafio gamijvna berklis skolasa da

kulturuli geografiis zogierTi axali mimarTulebisa (amaze werdnen

devid smiti da piter jeqsoni 1987 wels); berklis skolis SedarebiTma

dakninebam geografiaSi “raodenobrivi revoluciis” periodSi, romelic

centralur geografiul koncefciad miiCnevda sivrces nacvlad garemosi,

sabolood gamoiwvia kulturuli da socialuri geografiis daaxloeba.

lingvisturi Teoriis seriozulma gavlenam adamianis geografiaze

migviyvana ufro gaZlierebul interesamde kulturis mimarT, romelic

ganixileba rogorc socialuri mniSvnelobis dadgenis procesi. axali

kulturuli geografia pasuxobs Tanamedrove evropisa da CrdiloeT

amerikis qalaqebis “multikulturalizms” (mravalkulturulobas) da

postmodernizmis filosofiis moTxovnebs raTa yuradReba mieqces

“sxvebsac” anu, sxvanairad ganixilon isini vinc tradiciulad

ignorirebuli iyo dasavleTis socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebebis

mier. am TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi xazs usvamen kulturul

TavisTavadobas yofili kolonizebuli xalxebisa, qalebisa, materialurad

11

nakleb SeZlebulebisa da sxva umciresobebisa, im samyaroSi sadac

dominirebs TeTrkanianTa, mamakacTa da burJuaziis kultura. axali

kulturis geografia akritikebs tradiciul Sexedulebas kulturaze,

rogorc rwmenebis, ganwyobebisa da materialuri sagnebis erTgvarovan

(uniform) da normatiul nakrebze – es miCneulia dominantebad

(gabatonebuli) jgufis ideologiad, romelic cdilobs Tavisi hegemonioba

moaxvios Tavs yvelas imaT, visac “sxvebad” ganixilavs. amrigad, kulturis

koncefcia, romelsac tradiciulad iyenebdnen kulturo-geografebi,

Seicvala “kulturuli politikis” Teoriad, romlis mixedviTac sxvadasxva

kulturuli jgufebi ganuwyvetel brZolaSi arian erTmaneTTan

Zalauflebis mosapoveblad.

“axali” kulturuli geografia yuradRebas amaxvilebs

warmomadgenlobis sakiTxze da kulturuli geografia dRes dgas

problemis winaSe (romelic analogiurad warmoiSva yvela socialur

mecnierebis winaSe) – romelsac SeiZleba ewodos “reprezentatulobis

[warmomadgenlobis] krizisi”. igi gamoixateba imaSi, rom nebismieri

moTxovna warmoadgende “sxvas” aris potenciuri uaryofa “sxvis”

TavisTavadobisa da misi sakuTari enis qonisa.

kidev erTi aspeqti reprezentatulobis krizisisa aris is interesi,

romelsac zogierTi kulturo-geografi iCens erovnuli Segnebis (National

Idenfity) mimarT. im faqtis cnoba, rom garemos, teritoriul da sxva

geografiul miTebs SeuZliaT moaxdinon sagrZnobi gavlena alternatiuli

erovnuli ideologiebis Camoyalibebaze, anaxlebs kavSirs kulturul da

politikur geografias Soris. landSaftis rolis gamokvleva

”ingliselobis” CamoyalibebaSi, anda iseTi landSafturi saxasiaTo

rolisa, rogoricaa niagaris CanCqeri, amerikelTa erovnuli Segnebis

CamoyalibebaSi, praqtikulad aRadgens axali gziT, kulturul geografiis

ineteress landSaftisa da garemosTan urTierTobis mimarT. radikaluri

cvlilebebi msoflio wesrigSi 1980-iani wlebis bolos, gansakuTrebiT

sabWoTa imperialuri sistemis rRveva evraziis sivrceSi, agreTve

12

religiuri fundamentalizmis gamococxleba, am problemebs aniWebs

xelaxal mniSvnelobas da Tanamedrove pirobebis Sesabamisad aqcevs maT.

centralurobas, romelic amJamad mieniWa kulturis problemebs

geografiaSi, mivyevarT, erTis mxriv, kulturis geografiis mZlavri

aRorZinebisaken, meores mxriv ki, es iwvevs erTiani Teoriis, meTodisa da

Sesaswavli sakiTxebis nusxis arsebiT dakargvas am mecnierul qvedargSi. am

TvalsazrisiT, kultuis geografia asaxavs saerTod adamianis geografiaSi

mimdinare metaTeoriisa da safuZvlebis dakargvis process: miuxedavad

amisa, aris naTeli niSnebi, rom kulturis geografia erTi geografiuli

drois erT-erT cxovel nawilad rCeba, TumcaRa TviTon erTiani ki ara,

mravalwaxnagovania: amis dasturia kulturuli ekologiis mimarT interesis

SenarCuneba a.S.S.-Si, ganaxlebuli interesi garemos mimarT istoriul da

Tanamedrove damokidebulebebisa da qcevisa agreTve mZlavri talRa

erovnuli Segnebis gaZlierebisa mTel msoflioSi.

kulturis regioni

kulturis regioni - ariali an regioni, romelic ukavia xalxs, visac

raRaca saerTo aqvs kulturis TvalsazrisiT. esaa sivrcobrivi erTeuli,

romelic politikurad, socialurad an ekonomikurad gamoiyofa rogorc

calke organizmi.

arsebobis formaluri da funqciuri kulturis regionebi.

kulturis formaluri regioni – iseTi teritoriaa romelic

dasaxlebulia adamianebis mier visac erTi an meti saerTo kulturuli

Tavisebureba aqvT. magaliTad, germanulenovani regioni, xorblis

mwarmoebeli kulturis regioni - ZiriTadad erTi TaviseburebiT

gamoyofili regionebia;

mravalTviseburebiani kulturis regionebi SeiZleba iyos saerTo an

msgavsi religiis, eTnikurobis, ekonomikis mixedviT gamoyofili. magaliTad

13

Crdilo kavkasiis kulturis regioni; a.S.S.-Si gamoyofen magaliTad, niu-

inglandis, Sua atlantikur da qvemo samxreTis kulturis regionebs; is

SeiZleba daiyos qveregionebad,

kulturis formaluri regionebi geografebis mier aris Seqmnili da

garkveulad subieqturia (magaliTad: Turqebi da berZnebi gansxvavdebian

enasa da religiaSi, magram garkveuli msgavseba aqvT kulturuli

TaviseburebebiT; anda somxebi da qarTvelebi). aseTi regioni ufro

abstraqtulia.

kulturis funqciuri regioni Cveulebriv araa kulturulad

homogenuri, magram is aris politikurad, socialurad an ekonomikurad

organizebuli. magaliTebia: qalaqi, damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, saeklesio

eparqia, saskolo ubani. funqciur regions aqvs centraluri wertilebi

(sakvanZo punqtebi = node) saidanac am funqciebis koordinireba da marTva

xdeba. aseTi kvanZebis magaliTebia qalaqis sabWo, qveynis dedaqalaqi,

saarCevno ubnis centri, qarxnis ofisi, banki da a.S. yvela kulturis

funqciur regions ar aqvs fiqsirebuli sazRvrebi. sazRvrebisken misi

gavlena mcirdeba (magaliTia romelime didi gazeTis gavrcelebis areali,

sxvadasxva tipis ludis moxmarebis zona).

perceftualuri (aRqmiTi) kulturis regioni eseTi regionia,

romelsac misi mcxovrebni aRiqvaven saxelis mixedviT (magaliTad Dixieland).

kulturuli difuzia

kulturuli difuzia – esaa kulturis elementebis gavrcelebaa misi

warmoSobis adgilidan. kulturis elementebia: ideebi, siaxleebi

(inovaciebi) da ganwyobebi. zogierTi elementi mxolod erTxel da erT

adgilas warmoiSoba da geografma SeiZleba daadginos es adgili. sxva

SemTxvevebSi xdeboda ramdenime damoukidebeli aRmoCena (magaliTad ase

fiqroben Svildisris Sesaxeb). arsebobs gafarToebiTi (expension) difuzia

da kulturul gadadgilebiTi (relocation) difuzia.

14

gafarToebiTi difuzia esaa mosaxleobaSi kulturis elementebis

gavrcelebis zvaviseburi procesi (magaliTad, romelime sasoflo-sameurneo

kulturis, vTqvaT simindis gavrceleba Zvel samyaroSi).

gadaadgilebiTi dufuzia ki xdeba, rodesac individebi anda jgufebi

migraciis Sedegad gadadian sxva adgilze da iq gadaaqvT siaxleebi,

magaliTad ase vrceldeboda ukve Camoyalibebuli religiebis umetesoba.

aseve xdeboda evropuli kulturis sxva elementebis gadatana Crdilo

amerikaSi. gafarToebiT difuzias Tavis mxriv aqvs qvetipebi, romelTac

SeiZleba vuwodoT ierarqiuli, gadamdebi da mastimulirebeli difuzia.

ierarqiuli difuziis pirobebSi ideebi “gadaxtebian” erTi

mniSvnelovani piridan meoreze, erTi saqalaqo centridan meore qalaqSi

gadadian da “gamostoveben” maT Soris myof adamianebs an sasoflo

sivrces. es Cans magaliTad, tansacmlis axali modis Tavdapirvel

gavrcelebaSi. ase xdeboda qristianobis gavrceleba aRmosavleT evropaSi.

amis sapirispirod, gadamdebi difuzia ideebis saerTo gavrcelebaSi

vlindeba, personaluri kontaqti aq mTavar rols asrulebs.

xandaxan ideis ZiriTad Tavisebureba uaryofila, magram mis

safuZvelSi myofi idea miRebula – amas mastimulirebel difuzias

uwodeben. amis magaliTad gamodgeba cimbiris adreuli kulturebis mier

polaruli irmis moSinaureba: maT es gaakeTes, rodesac gaiges, rom

samxreTiT moSinaurebulia Zroxa da cxeni. cimbirelebs adre ar

sWirdebodaT moSinaurebuli irmebi, magram idea (koncefcia) nasesxebi iqna

da CrdiloeTis irmebi moiSinaures.

kulturuli difuziis magaliTi

From: Ralph Linton, The Study of Man.1936,1964 (Printree Hall, England, Cliffs, N.Y.)

100%-iani amerikeli

15

“Cven solidaruli amerikeli moqalaqe iRviZebs sawolSi, romelic

damzadebuli im modelze, rac Seiqmna sadRac axlo aRmosavleTSi da

modificirebul iqna CrdiloeT evropaSi. is gadaswevs sabnis pirs, romelic

gakeTebulia an bambis boWkosgan (bamba gaakultures indoeTSi) anda

selisgan (seli axlo aRmosavleTSi iqna kulturaSi Semotanili) anda

abreSumisgan, romlis gamoyenebac pirvelad CineTSi daiwyes. yvela es

masala moqsovilia im meTodebiT, romelic gamoigones axlo aRmosavleTSi,

xolo manqanurad misi qsova iswavles inglisSi – XVIII saukuneSi. is fexze

icvams mokasinebs – amerikel indielTa gamogonebas da midis saabazanoSi,

romlis mTeli mowyobiloba SedarebiT Tanamedrove – evropuli da

amerikuli gamogonebebis Serwymaa. is ixdis piJamos – indoeTSi gamogonil

tansacmels da ibans sapniT, romelic Zvelma galebma gamoigones. Semdeg is

iparsavs saxes – esaa mazoxisturi operacia, romelic rogorc Cans ukve

Zvel SumerSi iyo miRebuli da Semdeg egviptidan gavrcelda.

sasauzmod is midis kafeSi (franguli gamoTqmaa) EeTiopiaSi

kulturaSi Seyvanili mcenarisa, romelic arabebis mier iqna Setanili

evropaSi da romelic Semdeg samxreT amerikaSi Seitanes evropelebma gzad.

is yidulobs gazeTs, romelic dabeWdilia qaRaldze, romelic pirvlad

Cinelebma gaakeTes da ixdis monetebiT, romlebic gamoigones Zvelma

lidielebma - mcire aziis mkvidrebma. kafeSi is iyenebs TefSs romelic

damzadebulia faifurisgan – Cinuri gamogoneba, Cangals – Sua saukuneebis

italiuri gamogonebas, kovzs – zustad Zveli romaelebis modelze

gakeTebuli, danas, romelic damzadebulia foladisgan – pirvelad samxreT

indoeTSi gakeTebuli liTonidan.

rodesac Cveni megobari amTavrebs sauzmes (romelic an inglisuri iyo

anda kontinenturi e.i. evropuli) is kiTxulobs gazeTs, romelic pirvelad

inglisSi gamouSves da romelic dabeWdilia asoebiT, romlebic

inglisurSi Semovida laTinuridan, xoli Tavidan gamogonili iqna

finikielebis mier da dabeWdila im procesiT, romelic germaniaSi iqna

gamogonebuli. rodesac igi kiTxulobs im sirTuleebis Sesaxeb, rac

16

ucxoelebs aqvT, igi ebraul RmerTs (uzustoba b.w.) Seswiravs madlobas.

indoevropul enaze, imisaTvis rom is asprocentiani amerikeli daibada.

kulturuli ekologiis Tema

kulturuli ekologia es aris fizikuri garemosa da adamianebs

(gagebuls, rogorc “kulturis matarebeli cxovelebi”) Soris rTuli

urTierTobebis Seswavla.

kultura vakuumSi ar viTardeba. is urTierTqmedebs garemosTan da

saWiroa am urTierTqmedebis Seswavla, raTa gaviazroT sivrciTi variaciebi.

Oikos berZnulad niSnavs “saxls”, “habitats”, Logia-sityvebia, codna. amrigad

berZnuli Oikologia esaa mecniereba sacxovrisis Sesaxeb, xolo kulturuli

ekologia esaa mecniereba kulturebsa da garemos Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi

(cause-and effect) kavSirebis Sesaxeb. fizikuri garemo moicavs klimats,

reliefs, niadagebs, bunebriv mcenareuls, gareul cxovelTa samyaros da

sxva.

kulturul ekologiasTan erTad gamoiyeneba termini adamianis

ekologia. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom zogierTi mecnieri

adamianis ekologias miiCnevs ufro metad orientirebulad imis

Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor axdenen adamianebi garemos modifikacias, maSin

roca kulturuli ekologia esaa fizikuri garemos da adamianebs Soris

urTierTqmedebis Seswavla, rodesac adamianebi gagebulia rogorc

“kulturis matarebeli cxovelebi” (culture-bearing animals). sinamdvileSi

orive es termini geografebs Soris urTierTSenacvlebiT gamoiyeneba. sxva

termini, romelic amave konteqstSi gvxvdeba aris termini “ekosistema” –

rac aRniSnavs ekologiuri sistemis funqcionirebas, romelSic (ekologiur

sistemaSi) biologiuri da kulturuli homo sapiens-ebi cxovroben da

urTierTqmedeben fizikur garemosTan.

kulturuli ekologiis Tema aris Sexebis wertili kulturis

geografebsa da fizikur geografes Soris da tradiciulad qmnida erT-erT

17

mZlavr fokuss geografiis mecnierul disciplinaSi. zogierTi geografi

saerTod Tvlida, rom “geografia es kulturuli ekologiaa”. marTalia

Zalian cota eTanxmeboda geografiis aseT viwro gagebas, magram yvela

daeTanxmeba, rom adamianisa da garemos rTuli urTierTobis Seswavla

seriozuli amocanaa pasuxismgeblobis mqone moqalaqeebisaTvis XX-XXI

saukuneebis mijnaze.

kulturis geografebma kulturuli ekologiis Temis irgvliv

sxvadasxva midgomebi ganaviTares, romlebic oTxi skolis saxiT

Camoyalibda. esenia – geografiuli (an garemos) determinizmi, posibilizmi,

garemos aRqma da adamiani, rogorc dedamiwis gardaqmneli.

geografiuli determinizmi

XX saukunis I meoTxedSi bevri inglisurenovani geografi mxars

uWerda geografiuli determinizmis ideas, romelic fizikur garemos,

gansakuTrebiT klimatsa da reliefs aniWebda gadamwyvet rols sxvadasxva

kulturis CamoyalibebaSi da Tvlida, rom kacobrioba aris fizikuri

garemos pasiuri produqti. msgavsi fizikuri garemo msgavs kulturebs

warmoSobda. arsebiTad geografiuli deterministebi kulturul ekologias

“calmxrivi moZraobis quCad” miiCnevdnen. deterministebs sjerodaT, rom

mTielebi, danawevrebuli reliefis wyalobiT, ganwirulni iyvnen

yofiliyvnen tluebi, CamorCenilebi, konservatiulebi, fantasias

moklebulni da Tavisuflebis moyvarulni (magaliTad, elen sempli 1911

wels werda, rom swored aseTebi arian Sveicarlebi). udabnos mcxovrebni

aucileblad erT RmerTs unda aRiarebdnen, magram tiranTa xelisuflebis

qveS unda cxovrobdnen. zomieri klimati xels uwyobs gamomgoneblobas,

Sromismoyvareobas da demokratias, sanapiroebi didi zRvaosnebisa da

meTevzeebis warmoCenas uwyobs xels. deterministebs magaliTad inglisi

mohyavdaT, romlis mowinave mdgomareoba (im epoqaSi) maTi azriT

ganpirobebuli iyo kunZulovani mdgomareobiT, rodesac zRva mezRvaurTa

simravles uwyobs xels, xolo optimaluri klimati – geniosebs warmoSobs

xelisuflebaSi da Sromis maRal eTikas uwyobs xels.

18

XX saukunis miwurulis poziciidan aSkarad Cans, rom deterministebi

SefasebaSi aWarbeben garemos rols adamianis kulturis CamoyalibebaSi da

sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi (magaliTad, ingliselebi sakmaod cudi

zRvaosnebi iyvnen Sua saukuneebamde, xolo XX saukunis meore naxevridan

misi roli msoflioSi mkveTrad Semcirda; mTieli Sveicarlebi aSkarad ver

CaiTvlebian CamorCenilebad). es ar niSnavs, rom garemos roli umniSvneloa

da kulturis geografebma misi gavlena ar unda Seiswavlon. ufro imaze

unda iyos laparaki, rom fizikuri garemo erT-erTi faqtoria, romelic

zemoqmedebs adamianis kulturis Camoyalibebaze da ganviTarebaze da Zalian

iSviaTad Tu aris erTaderTi determinanti adamianis saqmianobisa da

rwmenebisa.

posibilizmi

1930-iani wlebidan kulturul-geografebs Soris geografiuli

determinizmi Secvala posibilizmma, romelic ar uaryofs fizikuri

garemos gavlenis rols kulturaze, magram xazs usvams, rom kulturuli

memkvidreoba yovel SemTxvevaSi igive gavlenis mqonea adamianis qcevaze,

rac fizikuri garemo (posibilistebis mixedviT, TviT adamianebi arian

kulturis ZiriTadi arqiteqtorebi, xolo nebismieri fizikuri garemo

iZleva mraval SesaZleblobas sxvadasxva kulturebis ganviTarebisaTvis).

rogor uyureben adamianebi teritorias da rogor saxldebian masze,

damokidebulia im arCevanze, romelsac adamianebi akeTeben im

SesaZleblobebs Soris, romelsac maT garemo sTavazobT. am arCevans

warmarTavs kulturuli memkvidreoba, garemo ki iZleva rogorc

SesaZleblobas, ise SezRudvasac. mokled rom vTqvaT, kulturisa da

ekonomikis adgilobrivi Taviseburebebi aris kulturaze dafuZnebuli im

gadawyvetilebebis produqti, romlebic miRebulia garemos mier

SemoTavazebuli SesaZleblobebis farglebSi.

es posibilisturi TvalsazrisiT sakmaod kargadaa asaxuli

kulturuli adaptaciis koncefciaSi, rac niSnavs fizikur garemosTan da

garemos cvlilebebTan kulturis gziT adamianebis aragenetur,

19

xanZlivvadian Seguebas. es Segueba sxvadasxva kulturebSi sxvadasxvanairia,

rac imas gviCvenebs, rom swored kultura qmnis sivrciT mravalferovnebas.

posibilisturi midgomis magaliTia mark jefersonis statia

“gamomgoneblobis geografiuli ganawileba” (Geographical review, 19 (1929),

660-661), sadac igi wers: “yvela evropuli sapatento ganyofileba iZleva

informacias, rom Sveicarlebi gamogonebaTa raodenobiT bevrad win arian ...

TviT Sveicarlebi ki imas miaweren religiur devnas mezobel qveynebSi XVI-

XVII saukuneebSi, ramac aTasobiT ganaTlebuli adamiani aiZula eZebna

TavSesafari sxvagan [da ipovna kidec am mTian, miudgomel qveyanaSi]... nantis

ediqtis gauqmebam 1685 wels 60 aTasi hugenoti miiyvana SveicariaSi; maT

daarses abreSumis warmoeba ciurixsa da bernSi, saaTebis warmoeba –

JenevaSi. holandiaSi espanelTa intolerantobam da Sveicariis

neitralitetma 30 wlian omSi kidev bevri adamianuri resursi SesZina

Sveicarias”. daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom miuxedavad ucvleli bunebrivi

garemosi, sxvadasxva kulturis matarebelma jgufebma sul sxvanairad

aiTvises igi da ara piriqiT – ar moeqcnen garemos gavlenis qveS.

garemos percefcia (aRqma)

maSin, roca posibilizmi xedavs kacobriobas rogorc erTsa da imave

garemoSi sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebSi arCevanis mqones, garemos

percefcionisti (aRmqmeli) miiCnevs, rom adamianebis arCevani

damokidebulia ufro imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamen isini garemos, vidre imaze,

Tu rogoria teritoriis realuri mdgomareoba. aRqma ki, Tavis mxriv,

damokidebulia kulturis Taviseburebebze. percepcionistebi amtkiceben,

rom adamianebs ar SeuZliaT absoluturad zustad aRiqvan TavianTi garemo

da amdenad maTi gadawyvetilebebi realobis damaxinjebazea damokidebuli.

imisaTvis, rom daadginon ratom ganviTarda garkveuli kulturis mqone

jgufi sakuTar fizikur garemoSi swored ase, da ara sxvanairad,

geografebma unda icodnen ara marto is, Tu ras warmoadgens garemo, aramed

isic, Tu ras fiqroben (rogor aRiqvamen) am garemos kulturuli jgufis

wevrebi.

20

yvelaze nayofieri kvleva, rac garemos percefcionistebs

SeusrulebiaT, ganxorcielda riskis mqone bunebis movlenebTan (natural

hazards) dakavSirebiT (rogoricaa wyaldidobebi, gvalva da sxva). sxvadasxva

kulturis jgufebi gansxvavebulad reagireben erTsa da imave bunebis

movlenebTan dakavSirebiT. zogjer jgufi Tvlis, rom bunebis movlenebi

aris RvTis gardauvali nebis gamoxatuleba; sxvebi cdiloben Tavidan

aicilon es movlenebi RmerTebis gulis mogebiT (mag. msxverplTSewirviT);

sxva jgufebi miiCneven, rom am movlenebis Tavidan acilebaze

pasuxismgebloba xelisuflebas ekisreba. yvela es midgoma (gansxvavebuli

aRqma) damaxasiaTebeli iyo ufro adreuli kulturebisaTvis. Tanamedrove

dasavlur kulturebSi xalxs miaCnia, rom bunebis movlenebi da bunebrivi

katastrofebi SeiZleba Tavidan aicilon, anda Seamciron zarali

teqnologiis gamoyenebiT.

percefcionistebis ideebi gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia, rodesac isini

migraciebTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, dadginda, rom rodesac

adamianebi gadadian erTi garemodan meoreSi, maT Cveulebriv warmoudgeniaT,

rom es orive garemo ufro msgavsia, vidre sinamdvileSia. magaliTad,

rodesac amerikeli fermerebi teniani axali inglisidan gadasaxldnen

ufro dasavleTiT, did vakeebSi, sadac hava ufro mSralia, isini Zalian

didxans uSvebdnen Secdomebs soflis meurneobis gaZRolisas da ver

eguebodnen axal klimatur pirobebs.

sxvadasxva kulturebi, rodesac TavianT garemos afaseben da iyeneben,

gamodian sul sxvadasxva aRqmidan: rac erTi jgufisaTvis mniSvnelovani

resursia, meore kulturis jgufisaTvis SeiZleba usargeblo an mavnec ki

iyos. magaliTad, Crdilo amerikeli indielebisaTvis, romlebic

monadireobasa da Semgroveblobas misdevdnen, teritoria fasobda, Tu iq

iyo tye savse kenkriT, veluri xiliT an nadiriT da iyo kaJi maTi qvis

iaraRisaTvis. sasoflo-sameurneo kulturis matarebeli jgufebi, romlebic

iqve dasaxldnen XVII saukuneSi, tyes uyurebdnen rogorc mters (Tumca is

erTdroulad Sesis da saSeni masalis wyaro iyo). maTTvis ufro fasobda

movakebuli Ria sivrceebi, kargi niadagi da wyali. industriuli

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sazogadoebis kultura, romelic imave adgilze warmoiSva XIX saukuneSi,

ufro afasebda miwis qveS arsebul sasargeblo wiaRiseuls – qvanaxSirs,

madans, navTobs, gazs, romelTac adreuli kulturebi saerTod ar

icnobdnen da amdenad ar aRiqvamdnen garemos nawilad.

adamiani, rogorc dedamiwis gardaqmneli (modifier).

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT es aris geografiuli determinizmis

diametrulad sawinaaRmdego midgoma, vinaidan aseTi midgomiT momuSave

kulturis geografebi yuradRebas amaxvileben ZiriTadad imaze, Tu rogor

ayalibeben bunebas adamianebi.

ukve antikur epoqaSi mecnierebi amCnevdnen, rom adamianebi gavlenas

axdendnen TavianT garemoze da, rom kacobrioba bunebis gardamqmnelia.

platoni, rodesac msjelobda niadagis eroziaze aTenis garSemo

daaxloebiT 400 w. Zv. w. wuxda, rom erT dros nayofieri mxare niadagis

gareSe darCa. adamianis gavlena fizikur garemoze am ukanasknelis Secvlas

iwvevs, magram mTavari isaa, rom Tu es cvlilebebi winaswar araa gaTvlili,

misi efeqti SeiZleba uaryofiTi iyos TviT adamianisaTvis. kulturis

geografebi yuradRebas aqceven imas, rom bunebrivi garemos mimarT

damokidebuleba gansxvavebulia kulturebis mixedviT. magaliTad,

iudaistur-qristianuli tradiciis Sesabamisad (bibliis mixedviT) bunebis

gardaqmna RvTis mier boZebuli nebarTvaa, ramdenadac RmerTma adamians

misca miwa (“Cven kacTa mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa” – werda

SoTa rusTaveli) da admianebi RmrTis Semweni arian miwis gardaqmnaSi.

Crdilo amerikelebi (a.S.S.-is mosaxleoba) gansakuTrebiT mkafiod

grZnobdnen adamianebs dapirispirebulad bunebasTan, xSirad “omis”

mdgomareobaSic ki. sabWoeTis kulturis epoqaSi iyo gamoTqma – “Cven ar

unda velodoT wyalobas bunebisagan, Cveni valia TviTon aviRoT misi

simdidre”. aseTi utilitaruli midgoma sabolood bunebis degradaciaSi

vlindeba. zogierTi kulturuli jgufi ki ufro frTxilad ekideba bunebas,

erideba bunebis Zalebis “ganrisxebas”: bevri aseTi kulturisaTvis

22

(romlebic amJamadac dasavluri civilizaciisagan Sors dganan) adamianebi

bunebis nawilia da harmoniaSi unda imyofebodes masTan.

kulturuli integraciis Tema

urTierToba adamiansa da bunebas Soris, anu kulturuli ekologiis

Temaa, saerTod tradiciuli geografiis dedaboZia. magram adamianTa

modgmis sivrcobrivi variaciebis axsna moiTxovs kulturuli faqtorebis

mTeli rigis moSveliebas. kulturis geografi scnobs, rom kulturis

yvela aspeqti urTierTgadaxlarTulia, anu integrirebulia. sxvanairad rom

vTqvaT, kultura aris kompleqsuri mTeli da ara daukavSirebeli

Taviseburebebis seria. kultura aris integrirebuli erTeuli, romlis

yvela nawili erTmaneTTan (kauzalurad) mizezobrivad aris dakavSirebuli.

kulturuli integraciis Tema asaxavs geografis saqmeSi Caxedulobas, rom

erTi kulturuli fenomenis uSualo Sedegi aris meore kulturuli

fenomeni. SeuZlebelia kulturis erTi aspeqtis gavrcelebulobis Seswavla

Tu ar SeviswavliT imave kulturis sxva aspeqtebs, raTa davadginoT rogor

arian isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni da integrirebulni.

magaliTad, religiurma rwmenam SeiZveba moaxdinos gavlena jgufis

qcevaze, arCevnebze xmis micemisas, kvebaze, vaWrobis Taviseburebebze,

dasaqmebis tipebze, socialur mdgomareobaze.

tradiciuli induizmi, yvelaze gavrcelebuli sarwmunoebaa indoeTSi,

adre axdenda adamianebis segregacias kastebad (oficialurad es praqtikaSi

akrZalulia, magram faqtobrivad indoeTSi isev arsebobs kastobrivi

dayofa), kasta ki windawinve gansazRvravs ra profesiisa iqneba adamiani, ra

socialuri pozicia eqneba mas sazogadoebaSi. islami krZalavs

alokoholis, narkotikebis moxmarebas, da mkacr sasjels awesebs am wesis

darRvevisaTvis (iranSi, saudis arabeTSi narkotikebiT vaWrobisTvis

sikvdiliT dasjaa gaTvaliswinebuli). iudaizmi da islami Roris xorcis

moxmarebas krZalavs, xolo indoeTSi Zroxaa akrZaluli. marTlmorwmune

23

iudaisti (ebraeli) mkacrad icavs SabaTs srulebiT ar muSaobs paraskevs

mzis Casvlidan SabaTs mzis Casvlamde. Sesabamisad gansxvavdeba kvebis,

vaWrobis Taviseburebebi, dasaqmeba. arsebobs mravali faqti rodesac

kulturis erTi waxnagi ganapirobebs sxva waxnagis warmoSobas. kulturuli

integraciis Tema saSualebas aZlevs geografs TvalnaTlad dainaxos Tu

rogor exmareba es Sidakulturuli mizezobrivi Zalebi sivrcobrivi

variaciebis dadgenaSi.

marTlac kulturuli integraciis Temis meSveobiT geografebma

miaRwies didi warmatebebs kulturis sivrcobrivi variaciebis amxsneli

Teoriebis SeqmnaSi. paradoqsulad, imisaTvis rom avxsnaT rogor aris

kultura integrirebuli, geografebs uxdebaT kulturis elementebis cal-

calke ganxilva, kulturis kauzaluri faqtorebis gancalkeveba. maT kargad

uwyian, rom realur cxovrebaSi imdenad bevri mizezobrivi (kauzaluri)

faqtori moqmedebs, rom yvela maTganis erTad Seswavla SeuZlebelia;

amitomac isini iyeneben kulturis Seswavlis gamartivebul meTods,

romelsac modelireba ewodeba. gansxvavebiT bunebismetyvelebisagan,

romelTac SeuZliaT laboratoriul pirobebSi Seiswavlon bevri movlena

kulturis Semswavlel geografebs uxdebaT warmoidginon modeluri

mdgomareoba, sadac calkeuli faqtorebi izolirebulad iqneba

Seswavlili. magaliTad 1830-ian wlebSi germanelma mecnierma iohan hainrix

fon Tiunenma Seqmna izolirebuli saxelmwifos modeli. man igi

warmoadgina, rogorc vake, romelic gars akravs centralur qalaqs. man

dauSva, rom niadagebi da klimati mTels saxelmwifoSi erTnairia da rom

yvela pirs vinc cxovrobs mocemul manZilze qalaqidan SeuZlia moitanos

gasayidi saqoneli Tanabar droSi da Tanabar fasad. Tiunenis mizani iyo

Seeqmna izolirebuli saxelmwifos modeli, raTa Seeswavla

transportirebis xarjebisa da bazramde mzardi manZilis gavlena sasoflo-

sameurneo miwis gamoyenebaze. Sedegad miRebul iqna Teoria, romelic

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ufro rTul realur situaciebSi. misi modeli

dRemde Rirebulia da gamoiyeneba geografebis mier. analogiur modelebs

24

qmnian kulturis Semswavleli geografebic (amis magaliTia torsten

hagerstrandis koncefcia difuziis Sesaxeb).

magram kulturis geografTa sagrZnobi, Tu ara udidesi nawili

cdilobs axsnas sivrcobrivi kulturuli variaciebi yovelgvari modelebis

gareSe. isini ganixilaven geografias rogorc idiografiul mecnierebas,

anu iseT movlenebis Semswavlel mecnierebas, romlebic arasodes arian

identuri da amitom ar eqvemdebarebian generalizacias, romelic esaWiroeba

Teoriebis formulirebas. meores mxriv Teoretikosebs sjeraT, rom

geografia nomoTeturi mecnierebaa, anu kanon-Camoyalibebuli da rom misi

mTavari mizani unda iyos universaluri principebis aRmoCena. bevri

geografi orive am midgomas afasebs da Tvlis rom yovel maTgans SeuZlia

Tavisi wvlilis Setana mecnierebebSi.

safrTxe romelic Tan sdevs kulturul integracias da modelirebas

is aris, rom maT SeiZleba geografebi kulturul determinizmamde

miiyvanos. am ukiduresi TvalsazrisiT momxreebi, romelTac es idea

geografiul-determinizmis sapirispirod ganaviTares, amtkiceben, rom

bunebrivi garemo umniSvnelo faqtoria kulturisaTvis. kulturis

nebismieri aspeqti, maTi azriT, mTlianad ganpirobebulia kulturis sxva

aspeqtiT. Tvlian, rom adamianebi da kultura iZleva pasuxs, yvela

sivrcobrivi variaciis asaxsnelad. adamianebi da kultura aqtiuri Zalaa;

buneba-pasiuria da advilad dasamorCilebeli. sinamdvileSi kulturuli

determinizmi iseve calmxrivia rogorc geografiuli determinizmi.

kulturuli landSafti

kulturuli landSafti aris xelovnuri landSafti, romelsac

kulturis matarebeli jgufebi qmnian dedamiwaze gansaxlebis procesSi.

kulturebma gamokveTes Tavisi sakuTari landSaftebi im nedli masalidan,

romelic maT dedamiwam misca. yvela dasaxlebul teritorias aqvs

kulturuli landSafti, romelic Camoyalibda bunebrivi landSaftis

25

gardaqmnis gziT da yvela maTgani asaxavs im kulturas vinc es axali

landSafti Seqmna. landSafti kulturis sarkea da masze (kulturul

landSaftze) dakvirvebiT kulturis geografs SeuZlia bevri gaigos

adamianTa im jgufis Sesaxeb, vinc es landSafti Seqmna. kulturebis

“vizualuri Canaweri”, romelic landSaftSi ikiTxeba, imdenad

mniSvnelovania, rom zogierTma kulturis geografma landSaftis Seswavla

geografiis centralur interesad miiCnia (aseTi iyo magaliTad berklis

geografiuli skolis fuZemdebeli – karl zaueri).

ratomaa esoden mniSvnelovani kulturuli landSaftis Seswavla.

albaT pasuxis nawilia is, rom landSafti vizualurad asaxavs

kacobriobis yvelaze arsebiT moTxovnebs – sacxovrebelze, sursaTze,

tansacmelze da garTobaze. kulturuli landSafti agreTve asaxavs

sxvadasxva jgufebis damokidebulebas dedamiwis gardaqmnis mimarT. garda

amisa, kulturuli landSafti Seicavs Zvirfas informacias kulturebis

warmoSobis, gavrcelebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb (magaliTad, samxreT

inglisis borcvebis Txemebze jerac SeiZleba davinaxoT e.w. “kulturul

mindvrebis” kvadratis formis mqone Zveli saxnavebis kvali, rac imaze

migviTiTebs, rom 2000 wlis win aq keltebi cxovrobdnen). aseTi

intepretaciuli analizis SesaZleblobis gamoa, rom geografebs izidavs

kulturul landSaftis Seswavla. Tu swored iqneba Seswavlili,

dRevandelma kulturuli landSaftis xilulma mxarem SeiZleba ukve

uxilavi kulturis aspeqtebi gvaCvenos, dRevandel mcxovrebTa mier

daviwyebuli warsulis praqtika dagvanaxos. zogjer imazec ki migviTiTos,

rogor SeiZleboda da SeiZleba ukeT gamoviyenoT bunebrivi resursebi

(magaliTad, samxreT saqarTveloSi - mesxeTSi, dRemde SemorCenili

terasisebuli ferdobebi Zveli samiwaTmoqmedo kulturis kvalia, romelic

praqtikulad mitovebuli iqna 1944 wels, mas Semdeg rac aq mcxovrebi

gamuslimebuli qarTveli-mesxebi, e.w. “mesxeTeli Turqebi” (Turqi mesxebi)

aqedan gaasaxles kremlis brZanebis Tanaxmad. Semdgom mosuli

mosaxleobisaTvis aseTi terasireba ucnobi iyo da saTanadod ver mouares

maT. sxva magaliTia, dasavleT TurqeTis Tambaqos plantaciebi, romlebic

26

aq damkvidrda XVIII saukunidan da adgilobrivi berZnuli mosaxleobis

ZiriTadi saqme gaxda. 1923 wels berZnebis gasaxlebis Semdeg, es

plantaciebi dakninda, magram saberZneTis Tambaqos mwarmoebeli raionebidan

gadmosaxlebulma Turqma glexebma, romelTac berZnebisagan SeiTvises es

kultura, aaRorZines Tambaqos plantaciebi, SemdgomSi ki gafarToebiTi

kulturuli difoziis wyalobiT Tambaqos moyvana sxva soflebSic daiwyes.

kulturuli landSafti mudmivad icvleba drosa da sivrceSi, Tumca

Tanamedroveebi xSirad ver amCneven amas.

kulturuli landSaftis Sinaarsi mravalferovani da rTulia.

geografiuli kvleva koncentrirebulia landSaftis ZiriTad aspeqtze –

dasaxlebis sistema, miwis danawilebisa da gamoyenebis Taviseburebebi da

arqiteqtura.

dasaxlebis Seswavlisas kulturis geografebi aRweren da axsnian

Senobebis, gzebis sxva nagebobebis ganlagebas da sivrcobriv

Taviseburebebs. miwis gamoyenebis struqturis Seswavlisas kulturis

geografi yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu rogor anawileben miwas

adamianebi TavianTi ekonomikuri da socialuri miznebisaTvis. danawilebis

kulturuli asaxva SeiZleba saxelmwifo an korporaciul sakuTrebaSi

myofi uzarmazari miwis masivebSi glexuri meurneobis patara nakveTebis

SemoRobviT, kerZo mflobelobaSi myofi nakveTSi, qalaqSi mWidrod

ganaSenianebul ubanSi. magaliTad, inglisis sasoflo kulturuli

landSaftis yvelaze TvalSisacemi elementia qvis mdgradi yoreebi

romlebiTac momijnave miwis nakveTebi erTmaneTisagan aris gamoyofili.

esaa Suasaukunebidan dawyebuli “SemoRobvebis” xiluli Sedegi, rodesac

adre saTemo miwa Ria mindvrebis sistemiT kerZo mflobelobaSi

umtkicdeboda calkeul pirebs, romlebsac SeeZlo TviTon aerCia soflis

meurneobis dargi (Cveulebriv SemoRobvas Tan sdevda miwaTmoqmedebidan,

magaliTad qeris moyvanidan mecxoveleobaze, ZiriTadad nazmatylian

mecxvareobaze gadasvlas, romelic bevrad ufro momgebiani iyo sabazro

ekonomikis pirobebSi. amis sapirispirod samxreT ruseTis uzarmazari

27

SemouRobavi nakveTebi erTgvarovani sasoflo-sameurneo kulturiT,

ZiriTadad maCvenebelia aq sabWoTa periodSi Catarebuli miwis

nacionalizaciisa, rodesac kolmeurneobebi da sabWoTa meurneobebi

“zemodan daSvebuli” gegmis Sesabamisad awarmoebdnen masobrivad

produqcias. saqarTveloSic ki, rolmlis mTagoriani reliefi nakveTebis

mcirekonturianobas uwyobs xels, 1930-iani wlebis koleqtivizaciis

periodidan nakveTebis gamasivebiT gamoirCeoda da iSviaTi iyo adgilobrivi

masStabiT didi venaxebis zvrebis gaSeneba (gavixsenod tician tabiZe –

“netav sada aqvs am zvarebs bolo, vin dargo erTad amdeni vazi?”) magram

1990-iani wlebis Suagulidan dawyebuli privatizaciis procesi

TandaTanobiT cvlis, miwis danawilebas da gamoyenebis sistemas, rac

daetyoba sasoflo raionebis kulturul landSaftebs. yvelaze kargi

saSualebaa davakvirdeT dasaxlebisa da miwis gamoyenebis naxazs,

TviTfrinavis an Sveulmfrenis sarkmelidan.

rogorc Cans, adamianuri landSaftis arcerTi aspeqti ise kargad ar

Cans miwis zedapiridan, rogorc arqiteqturuli stili. Senobebi yvelaze

kargad migviTiTeben gansxvavebul kulturebze; magaliTad tradiciuli

sataZro arqiteqtura dasavleT evropaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, samxreT

aziaSi da iaponiaSi, mkveTrad gansxvavdeba: sakmarisia davinaxoT minareTi,

rom mivxvdeT im ubanSi muslimuri kulturaa gavrcelebuli (anda is

rodesac igi aigo). espanuri barokos stilSi nagebi eklesia, laTinuri

amerikis kaTolikur kulturis utyuari niSania. niu-iorkis caTambrjenebis

landSafti mkveTrad gansxvavdeba amerikuli qalaqis gareubnisgan sadac

erTsarTuliani saxlebi SemouRobav ezoebSi dganan. kulturis geografebi

garkveulad ganasxvaveben xalxur arqiteqturas (magaliTad, sasoflo

saxlebs, romlebic tradiciuli stiliTaa agebuli da xSirad aTaswlovan

tradicias eyrdnoba) da profesiul arqiteqturas. am ukanasknelSic aris

kulturuli gansxvavebebi, romlebic sivrcobrivad vlindeba (magaliTad,

igive niu-iorkis da yofili sabWoTa qalaqebis masivebi maRali

ganaSenianobiT, sadac gansxvavebulia rogorc gegmareba aseve saxlebis

tipi).

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sxvasasxva tipis saxlebSi cxovreba TviTon qmnis gansakuTrebul

kulturas: magaliTad, mravalsarTulian saxlebSi izolirebuli binebiT

mezoblebs Soris kontaqti Zalian sustia, socializacia ZiriTadad xdeba

skolis, samuSao adgilis doneze, piriqiT dabalsarTuliani gareubnis

tipis ganaSenianeba met mezoblur kontaqtebs uwyobs xels, sadac

kulturuli difuzia ufro advilia.

kulturuli landSafti droSi

imanuel kantma, XVIII saukunis (1724-1804) saxelganTqmulma mecnierma

mkveTri mijna gaavlo istoriasa da geografias Soris: man CaTvala rom

geografia esaa msgavsebisa da gansxvavebebis Seswavla sxvadasxva adgilebs

Soris; geografebs ainteresebT gansxvaveba sivrceSi, istorikosebs –

gansxvaveba droSi. sinamdvileSi mijna aseTi mkveTri araa. kulturuli

Tvisebebis sivrcobrivi ganawileba droSi momxdari cvlilebebis Sedegia,

amdenad kulturis geografebi yovelTvis swavlobdnen sivrcobriv

Taviseburebebis warmoSobas drois ganmavlobaSi. kulturuli landSaftebi

xSirad aris xolme adamianis saukunovani saqmianobis Sedegi. ekologiuri

gadawyvetilebebi, romelTac adamianebi Rebuloben, fesvgadgmulia

garemosTan warsul urTierTobebSi, xolo kulturuli difuzia ukve

Tavisi bunebiT garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi unda xdebodes. kultura

droSi ganviTarebis Sedegia da misi Seswavla droiTi ganzomilebis gareSe

SeuZlebelia.

kulturuli landSafti am Tvalsazrisis ilustraciaa. bevri ram, rac

anjamad TvalSi gvxvdeba momdinareobs DdReisTvis gamqrali faqtorebiTa

da garemoebebiT. amaSi davrwmundebiT, Tu did qalaqSi gavivliT. rogorc

Zvel qalaqebSi, romelTac arqeologebi Txrian da sadac kulturuli

fenebi erTmaneTzea dalagebuli aqac SeiZleba vnaxoT qalaqi qalaqze,

qalaqi qalaqSi. ase magaliTad Tbilisis centrSi is rac adre savaWro

dawesebuleba iyo amJamad SeiZleba ofisad gamoiyenebodes. sololakSi XIX

saukunis didi kerZo binebi, romlebic “kulakebma” Tavisi ojaxis

29

saWiroebisaTvis aiSenes, rovoluciis Semdgom danawevrda mraval ojaxze

da “komunaluri binebi” warmoiSva. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlam Secvala

zogierTi ubnis funqciac da mosaxleobis socialuri Semadgenloba

(magaliTad i. WavWavaZis gamzirze, romelic mTavar savaWro arteriad

iqceva, maSin roca Tavidan mxolod sacxovrebeli funqcia hqonda).

tolerantobaze: (ix. М. Вебер, Избранные)

“Cven saWirod miviCnevT kidev erTxel xazi gavusvaT, rom zogjer

gaJRerebuli mosazreba, TiTqos tolerantobam (Semwynarebloba), rogorc

aseTma, Seqmna xelsayreli pirobebi kapitalizmis ganviTarebisaTvis,

srulebiT ar Seesatyviseba sinamdviles. rjulSemwynarebloba – araa

specifikurad Tanamedrove da specifikurad dasavluri movlena. piriqiT

CineTSi, indoeTSi, elinizmis periodis winaaziur imperiebSi, romis

imperiaSi, islamis qveynebSi rjulSemwynarebloba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

batonobda (da izRudeboda mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi mosazrebebiT, rac

Cvens droSic xdeba xolme). aRmosavleTSi da romis imperiaSi

rjulSemwynarebloba met siRrmes aRwevda vidre XVI-XVII saukuneebis

dasavleT evropaSi. gansakuTrebiT ki im qveynebTan SedarebiT, sadac

puritanizmi batonobda, magaliTad holandiaSi (zelandiaSi) misi udidesi

politikuri da ekonomikuri aRmavlobis periodSi, puritanul inglisSi da

axal inglisSi (CrdiloeT amerikaSi), dasavleTisTvis, rogorc

reformaciamde, ise mis Semdeg, ufro damaxasiaTebeli iyo konfesiuri ara

Semwynarebloba (iseve, rogorc magaliTad sasanuri iranisaTvis). igive

intelorantoba calkeul periodebSi arsebobda iseT qveynebSic rogoricaa

CineTi, iaponia, indoeTi, magram iq is umeteswilad politikur motivebTan

iyo dakavSirebuli. amgvarad tolerantoba (Semwynarebloba) rogorc aseTi

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris dakavSirebuli kapitalizmTan. yvelaferi

imazea damokidebuli visTvis aris is sasargeblo” (May Weber)

amasTan erTad veberi wers: (gv. 232)

“dasavleTSi tolerantobis ZiriTadi istoriuli wyaroebi iyo (Tu ar

mivaqcevT yuradRebas humanistur ganmanaTleblur indeferentizms,

30

romelmac didi praqtikuli gavlena ver moaxdina masze): 1) wminda

politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi mosazrebebi (argetipia viliam III iraneli

inglisSi) 2) puritanizmi (argetipia amsterdami da sxva qalaqebis rigi,

agreTve sxvadasxva memamuleebi da mflobelebi romlebic siamovnebiT

Rebulobdnen seqtantebs, visac ekonomikuri progresisaTvis SeeZloT xeli

SeewyoT) 3) radikaluri mimdinareoba kalvinistur rwmenaSi (magaliTad,

indepentebi - inglisSi). 4) baptisturi seqtebi, romlebic icavdnen im

principebs, rom saeklesio Temebi daSvebul unda iqnen mxolod

aRorZinebulni da amitom ebrZodnen eklesiis dogmatikas.

soflis meurneobis regionebi

soflis meurneoba adamianTa saqmianobis uZvelesi sferoa, Sesabamisad

sakmaod mravalferovania sxvadasxva kulturebis gavlena bunebriv

lanSaftze da miwis gamoyenebis Taviseburebeze.

cvladi kultivacia

miwis damuSaveis es stili ZiriTadad tropikul sartyelSia

gavrcelebuli. primitiuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT glexebi kafaven tyis

zonebs, Semdeg gamxmari mcenareebi iwveba da niadagi kultivaciisTvis

mzaddeba. aseT nakveTebze sxvadasxva kulturebi iTeseba, dabali da maRali

mcenareebi erTmaneTs enacvleba. aq ar xdeba raime sasuqebis gamoyeneba da

miwis damuSaveba mosavlis aRebamde. aseT tipis savargulebi rogorc wesi 4-

5 wlis manZilze gamoiyeneba, vidre miwis srul gamofitvamde. Semdeg

glexebi gadadian axali masivebis aTvisebaze, da amiT asveneben Zvel

nakveTebs, romelsac daaxloebiT 20 wlis Semdeg ubrundebian. mosavali

mxolod piradi moxmarebisTvis gamoiyeneba da komerciuli datvirTva ara

aqvs.

mecxovoeloba aseT kulturebSi Zalzed sustadaa ganviTarebuli da

xalxi ZiriTadad meTevzeobas an monadireobas eweva.

31

rudimenturi-mkvidri kultivacia

esec, tropikul sartyelSi, miwis damuSavebis tradiciuli formaa,

romelic ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia tropikebis mTianeTsa da mdinareebis

xeobebSi. cvladi kultivaciisagan ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia is,

rom miwis nakveTebi ufro organizebuli da mudmivia. aq mesaqonleobacaa

ganviTarebuli. mosaxleoba ufro mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli, rac intensiuri

soflis meurneobis Sedegia. miwis damuSaveba aq ZiriTadad kacebi misdeven

(cvladi kultivaciis pirobebSi ZiriTad muSa xels qalebi warmoadgenen).

Tumca SinaarsiT es tipic primitiulia (naturaluri).

plantaciuri soflis meurneoba

tropikuli sartylis garkveul zonebSi evropulma da amerikis

kolonialurma kulturebma Camoayalibes sabazro orientaciis soflis

meurneobis sistema. plantacia aris didi sasoflo sameurneo savarguli,

romelzec erTi tropikuli an subtropikuli kulturis moyvana xdeba,

komerciuli mizniT. igi didi raodebobis muSa xels saWiroebs, uaxloes

warsulSi ZiriTadad monebis xarjze. adamianebi, rogorc wesi plantaciebis

teritoriaze cxovroben da aSkaraa socialuri jgufebis mkveTri

segregacia dabali (muSebi) da maRali (menejerebi, mepatroneebi) klasebis

mixedviT.

plantaciebis umetesoba zRvispira zolSia koncentrirebuli,

satransporto danaxarjebis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan warmoebuli

produqciis ZiriTadi nawili eqsportze gadis. mecnierebi miiCneven, rom

plantaciur soflis meurneobas safuZveli XV saukuneSi Cauyares

portugalielebma, tropikuli afrikis dasavleT kunZulebze. amJamad

plantaciebis umetesoba amerikis tropikul sartyelSia gaSlili.

tropikul zonebSi xdeba plantaciuri masivebis specializacia erT

kulturaze (mag. Cai, yava, romelime tropikuli xilis kultura an

32

teqnikuri kultura). umetes SemTxvevaSi aqve xdeba am kulturebis

gadamuSaveba.

miCneulia, rom swored plantaciurma soflis meurneobam Seqmna

safuZveli evropuli da Semdgom amerikuli kapitalis eqspansias aziaSi,

afrikaSi da laTinur amerikaSi.

xmelTaSuazRviuri soflis meurneoba

antikur periodSi, xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiro zonaSi Camoyalibda

soflis meurneobis absoluturad gansxvavebuli tipi, romelic aqamde

inarCunebs TviTmyofad saxes. am regionis tradiciuli kulturebia

xorbali da qeri – zamTris wvimian sezonebSi; gvalvagamZle yurZeni,

zeTisxili da leRvi; agreTve gavrcelebulia mcire mecxoveleoba (cxvari,

Txa, Rori). ukanasknel periodSi sairigacio sistemebis ganviTarebis

Sedegad moyavT citrusebi.

aq praqtikulad ar iyeneben bunebriv sasuqebs da gamwev pirutyvs.

maRalmTiani regionebi da cicabo ferdobebi koleqtiuri saZovrebisaTvis

gamoiyeneba, maSin rodesac mTispira zonebi da dablobebi venaxebs, baRebsa

da mindvrebs ukavia. imis gamo rom ar xdeba miwis xelovnuri ganayofiereba,

xorblis mindvrebs weliwadgamoSvebiT amuSaveben.

TiToeuli fermeri SeiZleba misdevdes rogorc marcvleulis

moyvanas, ise mebaReobasa da mecxoveleobas. aseTi divesifikaciis Sedegad

TiToeul ojaxs aqvs arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli praqtikulad yvela

produqti: puri, sasmeli, xili, xorci, rZis produqti, matyli da tyavi.

daaxloebiT XIX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan xmelTaSuazRviurma

soflis meurnobam garkveuli transformacia ganicada da tradiciuli

diversificirebuli tipidan, komerciuli mebaReobis regionad Camoyalibda.

komerciuli mebaReoba

bolo saukuneebSi saqalaqo centrebisa da bazrebis ganviTarebam,

komerciuli soflis meurneobis sxvadasxva saxes Seuwyo xeli. amis erT-

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erTi magaliTia komerciuli mebaReoba. es aris intensiuri soflis

meurneobis tipi, sadac TiToeuli fermis specializacia xdeba romelime

konkretul kulturaze (xili, bostneuli). aq ZiriTadad mohyavT sufris

yurZeni, saRvine jiSebi, saqiSmiSe yurZeni, forToxali, vaSli, latuki da

kartofili. aq praqtikulad gamoricxulia mecxoveleoba. fermebi

kooperatiuli sabazro orientaciisaa, sadac muSaxels ZiriTadad sezonuri

migrantebi warmoadgenen. produqcia Semosavlis miRebis mizniT mohyavT.

komerciuli mebaReoba industriuli sazogadoebebisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli da saqalaqo zonebis maxlobladaa ganlagebuli. mag. aSS-

Si aseTi zona gaWimulia kaliforniidan samxreTiT, meqsikis yurisaken da

atlantis okeanispira aRmosavleTi Statebisaken.

komerciuli memarcvleoba

es aris sabazro soflis meurneobis kidev erTi tipi, sadac dominanti

kulturebia xorbali brinji da simindi. xorblis mwarmoebeli udidesi

regionebi gadaWimulia avstraliaze, Crdilo amerikis kontinentalur

zonaze, ruseTis stepebsa da argentinis pampasebze. msoflios xorblis

warmoebis 45% modis kanadaze, aSS-ze ruseTze. es aris soflis meurneobis

eqstensiuri tipi, savargulebi sakmaod didia, maTi farTobebi meryeobs 400

heqtaridan (aSS-s kerZo fermebi) - 40,000 heqtarande (sabWoTa

kolmeurneobebi).

memarcvleoba, soflis meurneobis dargia, sadac yvelaze intensiurad

gamoiyeneba teqniqa, igi yvelaze meqanizirebulia. ukanaskneli periodis

tendenciebis mixedviT didi savrgulebis mepartoneebi ar arian miwasTan

mibmulebi, isini xSir SemTxvevaSi cxovroben gacilebiT Sors, saqalaqo

aglomeraciebSi. marcvleuli kulturebi agrobiznesis yvelaze

mniSvnelovani kapitalia.

politikuri ekologia

34

kulturis politikuri regionebi vakuumSi ar iqmneba da arc

politikuri ideebis gavrcelebaa warmosadgeni konkretul sivcesTan da

teritoriasTan kavSiris gareSe.

xalxuri cixesimagreebi (Folk fortresses)

Tanamedrove teqnologiebis ganviTarebamde, sahaero sivrcis

aTvisebamde da samxedro-sahaero Zalebis arsebobamde. saxelmwifoebis

usarTxoebas da stabilurobas, zog SemTxvevaSi garemomcveli bunebrivi

pirobebi uzrunvelyofda. mTaTa sistemebi da Rrma xeobebi; udabnoebi da

zRvebi; Waobebi an tyis masivebi warmoadgenda bunebriv zRudeebs, mterTa

SemoWrebisagan, rasac politikur geografiaSi “xalxur cixesimagreebs”

uwodeben. xSir SemTxvevaSi “xalxuri cixesimagreebi” qveynis saxelmwifo

sazRvrebis dacvis an teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebis winapiroba

iyo. britaneTis kunZulovani mdebareoba da zRva, Tavdacvis karg

saSualebas warmoadgenda ukanaskneli 900 wlis manZilze. egviptis

aRmosavleTiT da dasavleTiT gaSlilma didma udabnom, nilosis auzSi

civilizaciis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. nidelandebi tradiciulad

daculi iyo daWaobebuli dablobebiT, Tumca es TavisTavad warmoadgenda

qveynis datborvis safrTxes. saukuneebis manZilze ruseTis bunebrivi dacva,

iyo tyis masivebi, daWaobebuli teritoriebi, mkacri zamTari da didi

manZilebi.

qveynebma, romelTac ar gaaCnda Tavdacvis msgavsi bunebrivi

saSualebebi, sakmaod didi istoriuli wnexi ganicades damoukideblobis

SenarCunebisaTvis. korea, romelic CineTsa da iaponias Soris saxmeleTo

xids warmoadens, iSviaTad iyo damoukidebeli da gamTlianebuli, vinaidan

mudmivad ori qveynis konfliqtSi iyo CarTuli. poloneTi, romelic

aRmsavleT evropis vakeze mdebareobs xSirad iyo daqsaqsuli da darbeuli

mezoblebis mier.

landSaftis Taviseburebebi

“xalxuri cixesimagreebis” koncepciis msgavsia landSaftis

mniSvneloba qveynis ganviTarebaSi. xelsayreli mdebareobisaa saxelmwifo,

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romelic sazRvrebTan garSemortymulia mTebiTa da maRlobebiT, xolo

centralur nawilSi vakeebiTaa warmodgenili. aseTi teritoriuli

mdebareoba ara mxolod saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiTaa

mniSvnelovani, aramed qmnis qveynis mTlianobisa da erovnuli erTobis

bunebriv winapirobas. cotaode qveyanas aqvs aseTi xelsayreli mdebareoba –

maT Soris safrangeTs, romlis bunebriv sazRvrebs alpebis, pireneebis,

ardenisa da iuras mTebi warmoadgens, xolo centraluri nawili ki

nayofier vake teritoriebs Seadgens. magaliTad mdinare arc Tu iseT

saimedo bunebrivi sazRvaria. mdinarebis nayofieri xeobebi mWidrodaa

dasaxlebuli, Tanac mdinare xSirad icvlis kalapots da xSirad xdeba

konfliqtebi or napirze mcxovreb kulturebs Soris.

bunebrivi lanSati Tavad SeiZleba qmnides barierebs qveynis

politikuri da erovnuli erTianobisaTvis. magaliTad araxelsayreli

mdebareobis qveynebSi sadac centraluri nawili mTebiTaa danawvrebuli,

xolo mosazRvre-periferiul teritoriebze vakeebi an dablobebia; didia

ara mxolod qveynis fizikuri usafrTxoebis riski, aramed Zalzed sustia

erovnuli erTobis gancda, rTulia qveynis marTva, sazRvrebisaken Zlieria

erovnebaTaSorisi kavSirebi da Sida separatizmis riski arsebobs.

araxelsayreli mdebareobis qveynebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT magaliTad peru

da espaneTi.

religiuri difuzia

religia aris adamianis mier aRiarebuli RirebulebaTa sistema,

romelic gulisxmobs siwmindis, zebunebrivi da RvTiuri Zalis rwmenasa da

Tayvaniscemas.

religia, rogorc kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze mdgradi elementi,

xSir SemTxvevaSi, gansakutrebiT zustad gansazRvravs misi warmoSobis

regions da im kulturebis RirebulebaTa sistemas, cxovrebis wess,

sazogadoebriv qcevas da garemosTan damokidebulebas, rolebic ama Tu im

konfesiis mimdevrebi arian.

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religias sxva kulturuli elementebis msgavsad; da metadac

(msoflio religiebi) aqvs gavrcelebis unari. xSir SemTxvevaSi, misi

aRiarebis geogrfiuli areali gacilebiT cdeba im adgils saidanac

iweboda misi popularizacia.

religias axasiaTebs kulturuli difuziis orive saxe –

gadaadgilebiTi da gafarToebiTi difuzia. gafarToebiTi difuziis Sedegs

warmoadgens msoflio religiebis (qristianoba, musulmanoba da budizmi)

gavrceleba Zvel samyaroSi (evraziis kontinenti), xolo gadaadgilebiTi

difuziis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT, piligrimebis meSveobiT,

qristianobis gavrceleba axal samyaroSi (amerikis da afrikis

kontinentebi).

gafarToebiTi difuzia

rogorc wina TevebSi iyo aRniSnuli, gafarToebiT difuzias

ramodenime saxe aqvs - mag. ierarqiuli da gadamdebi.

ierarqiuli difuziis pirobebSi axali rwmenis damkvidreba,

Tavdapirvelad socialuri struqturis umaRles ierarqiaSi xdeboda da

Semdeg moyveboda gavrceleba dabali fenebisaken. ideebi naxtomiseburad

vrceldeboda - jer did qalaqebsa da gavlenian pirebze, amiT

gamotovebuli iyo SedarebiT “umniSvnelo” provinciebi Tu sasoflo

dasaxlebebi, romelic momdevno etapze eziareboda axal rwmenas. swored

adreuli urbanuli dasaxlebebi iyo qristianobis Semdgomi popularizaciis

centrebi warmarTul periferiebze. msgavs magaliTad gamodgeba

marTlmadideblobis Tavdapirveli gavrceleba saqarTveloSi da samxreT

evropaSi. ierarqiuli difuziis kvali lingvistikaSic Cans. ase magaliTad

laTinuri sityva - pagus (sasoflo dasaxleba) aris fuZe misgan warmoebuli

ori inglisuri terminisa – peasant (glexi) da pagan (warmarTi), anu periferia

crurwmenasTan iyo gaigivebuli.

gadamdebi difuziis pirobebSi ideebis gavrcelebas sazogadoebebsa da

teritoriaze masobrivi, saerTo xasiaTi aqvs. adamianebs Soris personaluri

da yoveldRiuri kontaqti aq Zalzed mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs da

ierarqiuli faqtori ugulobelyofilia.

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“religiuri difuziac, sxva kulturuli elementebis msgavsad,

sustdeba gavrcelebis manZilis da istoriuli periodis zrdis

proporciulad”1. zog SemTxvevaSi garkveuli winaRobebi (barierebi) aCerebs

an amcirebs religiuri ideebis gavrcelebis areals an dinamikas. rwmena

Tavad SeiZleba iyos winaRoba (barieri) zogierTi inovaciis

gavrcelebisaTvis, magaliTad religiuri tabu sakvebze. sigaretze, ojaxis

dagegmarebis politikaze, garTobaze, adamianTa qcevaze da a.S.

gadaadgilebiTi difuziis winaRobebi: CineTi da qristianoba

amerikeli da evropeli kaToliki da protestanti misionerebis

mosazrebiT, romlebmac CineSi aqtiuri moRvaweoba XIX saukuneSi daiwyes, es

sazogadoeba watrmoadgenda nayofier niadags RvTis sityvis saqadageblad.

Sesabamisad, maT SeaRwies im kulturul regionSi, romelic aTaswlian

istorias iTvlida da romlis sazogadoebrivi azrovnebac SedarebiT

gaxsnili iyo qristianobisaTvis. Tumca misionerebi garkveuli sirTuleebis

winaSe aRmoCndnen. pirveli aseTi principuli dabrkoleba iyo

dakavSirebuli azris swor da ideis mniSvnelobis gadmocemasTan. sityva

“codva”-s romelic warmoadgens qristianuli dogmatikis safuZvels, ar

gamouCnda eqvivalenturi Sinaarsis termini Cinur enaSi. mravali mosazreba

iyo am mcnebis Targmnis Sesaxeb: cdilobdnen SeerCiaT Cinur enaSi

miaxloebuli koncepcia “cudi” an “ara kargi”, rac ufro gulisxmobda -

uRirss, mdabios. sabolood miRebul iqna termini “tsui”, romelic

popularuli budisturi seqtebidan iyo nasesxebi da Sinaarsobrivad

“araswor saqciels” gulisxmobda, anu axal budistur azrovnebaSi,

pirovnul faseulobebSi Rirsebebisa da naklebis mniSvnelobas atarebda.

ra Tqma unda, SerCeuli Targmani ver gadmoscemda definiciis srul

datvirTvas, romelsac Tavad idea atarebda. mniSvnelovani problemebi

Cinur azrovnebasa da msofmedvelobasTanac iyo dakavSirebuli:

kulturisaTvis romelic cdilobda aexsna samyaros mowyobis harmoniuli

sistema da adamianis, rogorc am struqturis erT-erTi Semadgeneli (da ara

1 Terry G. Jordan – The Human Mosaic. A thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 1982, gv. 179 – definiciasakamaToa (b.w.)

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dominanti) komponentis roli; romelic filosofiuri midgomiT da

Seswavlis gziT gadmoscemda azrs; sakmaod rTuli da gaugebari gaxda

qristianuli religious zogierTi dogmaturi sakiTxi: samoTxidan

ufskrulSi dacema da ukan dabrunebis SeuZlebloba, Semecnebisa da

Seswavlis Sedegad codvis Cadena da RmerTisaTvis sruli mindoba.

gaugebrobebi simbolikasTanac iyo dakavSirebuli – gveli

qristianebisaTvis borotis niSania, maSin rodesac Cinur kulturaSi

drakonebis kulti sakmaod popularuli da saTayvanebelia.

sbolood CineTi qristianobisaTvis aranayofieri niadagi aRmoCnda.

XXs. dasawyisSi xalxis raRac nawilma ki miiRo qristianoba, isic Raribi

glexebis fenam, romlebic ufro misionerebisagan sursaTiT daxmarebis

sanacvlod icvlidnen religias, vidre ideologiuri Sexedulebebis

gadafasebis gamo. es faqti naTlad dadasturda momdevno periodSi,

rodesac CineTi socialistur banaks SeurTda, qristianobis kvali swrafad

gaqra.