Tema 5. Bobinas

7/25/2019 Tema 5. Bobinas

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\cgd 3; Amaofds.

Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 4 lc 39

ÇFLOIC

4. GDBFC\OYGM _ C@CI\QMGDBFC\OYGM <

4.4. Gdbfctosgm ................................................................................................................................................ 3

4.4.4. Ogäf 3

4.4.1. ^m`ms lc uf ogäf 8

4.4.9. Arûku`d 8

4.4.<. I`dscs lc ogdfcs 2

4.4.3. Idgpm gdbfïtoim lc uf ogäf :

4.1. C`citrmgdbfctosgm .................................................................................................................................. :

4.1.4. Idgpm gdbfïtoim ircdlm pmr uf imfluitmr iudflm cs dtrdvcsdlm pmr ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid?

4.1.1. Idgpm gdbfïtoim cf uf imfluitmr cf hmrgd lc dfo``m 4>

4.1.9. Idgpm gdbfïtoim hmrgdlm pmr ufd amaofd 4>

4.9. Cxpcrogcftm lc Hdrdldy ...................................................................................................................... 44

1. AMAOFD 41

1.4. Lchofoioùf ................................................................................................................................................. 41

1.1. Dpòidiomfcs ............................................................................................................................................ 49

1.9. Cstruiturd oftcrfd ................................................................................................................................ 49

1.<. Hufiomfdgocftm ...................................................................................................................................... 4<

1.<.4. Amaofd cf I.I. 4<

1.<.1. Amaofd cf I.D. 4<

1.3. Idrditcrçstoids bcfcrd`cs ................................................................................................................... 4<

1.8. Iùlobm lc im`mrcs .................................................................................................................................. 4<

9. GDBFO\SLCY GDBFÏ\OIDY 43

9.4. @cy lc @cfz .............................................................................................................................................. 43

9.1. Dutmofluiioùf ......................................................................................................................................... 48

9.1.4. Imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc ufd amaofd imf fûi`cm lc dorc 4:

9.1.1. Imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc ufd amaofd imf fûi`cm lc jocrrm 4?

9.9. Hùkm gdbfïtoim ...................................................................................................................................... 4?

9.<. Ofluiioùf gdbfïtoid ............................................................................................................................. 4?

9.3. Hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz ........................................................................................................................ 1>

9.8. Oftcfsoldl lc idgpm gdbfïtoim ....................................................................................................... 14

9.2. ^crgcdaoòldl gdbfïtoid ................................................................................................................... 11



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<. ^QMICYM LC IDQBD _ LCYIDQBD 11

<.4. Hufiomfdgocftm ...................................................................................................................................... 19

<.1. Imgpmrtdgocftm präitoim lc ufd amaofd ....................................................................................... 13

3. \O^MY 12

3.4. Amaofds hokds ........................................................................................................................................... 12

3.4.4. Imf fûi`cm lc dorc 1:

3.4.1. Imf fûi`cm sùòlm 1:

3.1. Amaofds vdroda`cs .................................................................................................................................. 9>

8. DYMIODIOÙF LC AMAOFDY 94

8.4. Dsmiodioùf lc amaofds cf scroc .......................................................................................................... 94

8.1. Dsmiodioùf lc amaofds cf pdrd`c`m .................................................................................................... 94

2. CFCQBÇD 91

:. QC@Ï 99

:.4. Lchofoioùf ................................................................................................................................................ 99

:.1. Cstruiturd .............................................................................................................................................. 99

:.1.4. Imftditms 9<

:.1.1. Qc`ï lc cstdlm sùòlm 93

:.1.9. C`citrmogäf 93

:.9. Yçgam`m .................................................................................................................................................... 93

:.<. Hufiomfdgocftm ..................................................................................................................................... 98

:.<.4. Qc`ï lc iudtrm imftditms 98

:.3. \opms ......................................................................................................................................................... 9:

:.8. Dpòidiomfcs ........................................................................................................................................... 9?

?. \QDFYHMQGDLMQ <>

?.4. Lchofoioùf ................................................................................................................................................ <>

?.1. Cstruiturd ............................................................................................................................................... <4

?.9. Yçgam`m ..................................................................................................................................................... <4

?.<. Hufiomfdgocftm ..................................................................................................................................... <1

?.3. Qc`dioùf lc trdfshmrgdioùf .............................................................................................................. <1

?.8. \opms ......................................................................................................................................................... <3

?.2. Dpòidiomfcs ........................................................................................................................................... <2



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4>. D^@OIDIOMFCY ^QÄI\OIDY <:

4>.4. D`tcrfdlmr ............................................................................................................................................. <:

4>.1. Lofdgm ................................................................................................................................................... <?

4>.9. Yostcgds lc trdfsgosoùf y rcicpioùf lc scôd`cs lc rdlom, vçlcm y tc`chmfçd gùvo` ....... 3>

44. OF\CQHCQCFIODY C@CI\QMGDBFÏ\OIDY 34

41. DFD@MBÇD CF\QC @MY LOHCQCF\CY C@CGCF\MY ^DYOXMY 39



\cgd 3; Amaofds.

Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd < lc 39

4. GDBFC\OYGM _ C@CI\QMGDBFC\OYGM

C` gdbfctosgm tocfc quc vcr imf hcfùgcfms lc dtrdiioùf y rcpu`soùf quc sc ldf imf `ms ogdfcs yimf `ms gdtcrod`cs hcrrmgdbfïtoims .

C` c`citrmgdbfctosgm imf hcfùgcfms gdbfïtoims quc dpdrcicf iudflm `ms imfluitmrcs y `dsamaofds smf rcimrrolms pmr ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid.

C` cstulom lc cstds lms iocfiods cs ogpmrtdftc, yd quc dprmvcijdflm cstms hcfùgcfms sc puclcfimfstruor c`citrmogdfcs, trdfshmrgdlmrcs, gmtmrcs, bcfcrdlmrcs lc c`citroioldl imgm `ds lofdgms yd`tcrfdlmrcs, d`tdvmics, rc`ïs y imftdlmrcs, icrrdlurds c`citrmgdbfïtoids, imiofds lc ofluiioùf,

lctcitmrcs lc gctd`cs, c`citrmvä`vu`ds y uf sofhçf gäs lc dpòidiomfcs.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Ckcgp`m; Imiofd lc ofluiioùf.

Ymf hrciucftcs, idld vcz gäs, `ds imiofds votrmicrägoids cf `ms jmbdrcs, imf id`cftdgocftm pmrrcsostcfiods m jd`ùbcfms. Cs lcior, gclodftc id`mr rdlodftc. Fm fcicsotdf gdymr cxpòidioùf.Yogp`cgcftc, ufd rcsostcfiod sc pmfc d` rmkm vovm, y csm idòcftd `m quc cftrc cf imftditm imf c``d (pmrckcgp`m, ufd sdrtïf). ^crm, ½y `ds lc ofluiioùf= Dicrids `d gdfm d ufd lc c``ds, y fm tc qucgds. ^mfcs

ufd m``d imf dbud, y cgpoczd d jcrvor. ½Ymrprcflcftc= Tuozä. @d cxpòidioùf, cs quc su hufiomfdgocftmsc adsd cf `d cgosoùf lc mflds c`citrmgdbfïtoids , `ds iud`cs, sm`m tocfcf chcitm smarc mtrms gdtcrod`cshcrrmgdbfïtoims (fm cs c` idsm lc `d gdfm). Loijm gdtcrod`, sc dbotd gdbfïtoidgcftc, lcsprcflocflmcfcrbçd cf hmrgd lc id`mr, lorcitdgcftc jdiod c` hùolm m imgold quc imftcfbd c` rciopocftc. @dsprofiopd`cs vcftdkds imf rcspcitm d `ds trdloiomfd`cs, cs uf gckmr dprmvcijdgocftm lc `d cfcrbçd, qucimf``cvd uf djmrrm sustdfiod` lc `d gosgd. @d lcsvcftdkd gdymr, cs quc su prciom cs c` lma`c.

4.4. Gdbfctosgm

4.4.4. Ogäf

Ogäf cs tmlm iucrpm idpdz lc dtrdcr c` jocrrm y sus lcrovdlms .

Ckcgp`m; Yo tmgdgms uf ogäf c oftcftdgms dicridr lohcrcftcs makctms gctäòims, pmlrcgmsmascrvdr quc ïstc dtrdc imf hucrzd sù`m dquc``ms makctms quc scdf lc jocrrm m lc dicrm. Cstc hcfùgcfmtdgaoïf sc ld imf c` fçquc` y c` imad`tm.

D cstms gdtcrod`cs quc smf susicptoa`cs lc scr dtrdçlms pmr uf ogäf sc `ms imfmic pmr c` fmgarclc gdtcrod`cs hcrrmgdbfïtoims.

D`bufds dpòidiomfcs lc `ms ogdfcs smf pcqucôds lofdgms, goirùhmfms, d`tdvmics, dpdrdtms lc

gclold dfd`ùboims y pcqucôms gmtmrcs c`ïitroims lc I.I.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


4.4.1. ̂ m`ms lc uf ogäf

@ms ogdfcs sc dtrdcf m rcpc`cf cftrc sç , lc gdfcrd sogo`dr d `ds idrbds c`ïitroids.

@ms ogdfcs cstäf imgpucstms lc pm`m fmrtc y pm`m sur (dfä`mbms d `ds idrbds + y -).

Ckcgp`m; Yo lcpmsotdgms ufd idftoldl lc ògdlurds lc jocrrm smarc uf ogäf rcitm, pmlrcgmsmascrvdr quc dpdrcic ufd gdymr imficftrdioùf lc ïstds cf `ms cxtrcgms lc` ogäf. D su vcz tdgaoïf scpuclc imgprmadr iùgm cstd imficftrdioùf losgofuyc jdiod c` icftrm, jdstd lcsdpdrcicr präitoidgcftccf c` icftrm.

@ds zmfds lmflc sc prmluic `d gdymr dtrdiioùf sc lcfmgofdf pm`ms gdbfïtoims. @d zmfd lmflc

fm jdy dtrdiioùf sc lcfmgofd `çfcd fcutrd.

4.4.9. Arûku`d

Sfd arûku`d cs ufd dbukd ogdftdld quc puclc bordr òarcgcftc cf su ckc icftrd` .

Yo fmsmtrms lckdgms bordr òarcgcftc d `d dbukd ogdftdld lc ufd arûku`d, ïstd sc mrocftdräsocgprc imf uf cxtrcgm jdiod c` pm`m fmrtc tcrrcstrc y c` mtrm jdiod c` sur. Lc dquç prmvocfc c` fmgarc

lc `ms pm`ms lc uf ogäf. D` cxtrcgm lc `d dbukd quc sc mrocftd jdiod c` fmrtc bcmbrähoim tcrrcstrc sc `mlcfmgofd pm`m fmrtc y d` mtrm, pm`m sur.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Ldlm quc cf `ms ogdfcs `ms pm`ms lc` gosgm fmgarc (Fmrtc ’ Fmrtc y Yur ’ Yur) lcsdrrm``dfhucrzds lc rcpu`soùf y `ms lc lohcrcftc fmgarc (Fmrtc ’ Yur), lc dtrdiioùf, gclodftc ufd arûku`d scrähäio` lctcrgofdr `ms fmgarcs lc `ms pm`ms. ^drd c``m, adstdrä imf dicridr `d arûku`d d ufm lc `ms pm`ms lcògäf y imgprmadr so cxostc dtrdiioùf m rcpu`soùf lc` pm`m fmrtc lc dquï``d.

Jdfs Ijrostodf Mcstcrl (4222-4:34), hçsoim ldfïs, mascrvù, gclodftc uf cxpcrogcftm quc `ddbukd lc ufd arûku`d sotudld icrid lc ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid sc lcsvodad . Cstm `c ``cvù d ufd imfiùsoùfguy scfio``d; «@d imrrocftc c`ïitroid pdsdflm d trdvïs lc uf imfluitmr ditûd imgm uf ogäfµ .

½Tuocrcs imgprmadr`m= Cfrm``d uf ida`c d`rclclmr lc ufd arûku`d y lcspuïs imfïitd`m d ufdpo`d, vcräs iùgm sc gucvc `d dbukd.

Cstc chcitm tdgaoïf pmlcgms mascrvdr`m cf c` sobuocftc cxpcrogcftm;

d) \mgdgms uf pdpc` y jdicgms uf mrohoiom pdrd c` pdsm lc uf ida`c.

a) Cf c` pdpc` sotudgms ògdlurds lc jocrrm y imfcitdgms c` ida`c d ufd po`d.

i) ^mlcgms mascrvdr imgm `d lospmsoioùf lc `ds ògdlurds d` pdsdr `d imrrocftc c`ïitroid cs sogo`drd `d quc hmrgdrçdf dftc `d prcscfiod lc uf ogäf.

4.4.<.

I`dscs lc ogdfcs@ms ogdfcs puclcf scr fdturd`cs y drtohoiod`cs .

Ogdfcs fdturd`cs. ^msccf `d prmpocldl gdbfïtoid pmr fdturd`czd . Cstc cs c` idsm lc` gofcrdìmfmiolm imf c` fmgarc lc gdbfctotd m poclrd ogäf.

Ogdfcs drtohoiod`cs. Ymf adrrds lc jocrrm m dicrm quc jdf dlquorolm `d prmpocldl gdbfïtoid pmr

gcloms cxtcromrcs , scd pmr hrmtdgocftm imf mtrm ogäf, pmr sogp`c ofhùcfiod m pmr `d diioùf lcimrrocftcs c`ïitroids. Yc utoòzd pdrd pmtcfiodr loijds prmpocldlcs.

@ms ogdfcs drtohoiod`cs puclcf scr d su vcz tcgpmrd`cs m pcrgdfcftcs .

m Ogdfcs tcgpmrd`cs. Ymf dquc``ms cf `ms iud`cs `d prmpocldl gdbfïtoid sù`m cxostc gocftrdsditûd `d idusd cxtcromr ogdfdlmrd. Ckcgp`m; Ymf lc brdf utoòldl pdrd `d imfstruiioùf lcfûi`cms pdrd c`citrmogdfcs, gmtmrcs, bcfcrdlmrcs y trdfshmrgdlmrcs. Cf cstms idsms sccgp`cd `d ijdpd lc jocrrm d`cdld , pmr `m bcfcrd`, imf soòiom.

m Ogdfcs pcrgdfcftcs. Ymf dquc``ms cf `ms iud`cs sc gdftocfcf `ds prmpocldlcs gdbfïtoids,dûf lcspuïs lc jdacr icsdlm `d idusd ogdfdlmrd. Ckcgp`m; @ds dpòidiomfcs gäs ogpmrtdftcssmf imijcs y dvomfcs imf rdlomimftrm`, vcfto`dlmrcs lc mrlcfdlmr, idsctcs, d`tcrfdlmrcs lcdutms, bcfcrdlmrcs lc icftrd`cs imf pmtcfiods lc` mrlcf lc` gcbdvdtom y gmtmrcs pdsm dpdsm. Yc utoòzdf d`cdiomfcs lc dicrm-tufbstcfm, dicrm-imad`tm, dicrm d` totdfom, jocrrm-

fçquc`-dùgofom-imad`tm , cti.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.

Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd : lc 39

4.4.3. Idgpm gdbfïtoim lc uf ogäf

C` idgpm gdbfïtoim cs c` cspdiom, prùxogm d` ogäf , cf c` iud` smf dprcioda`cs `ms hcfùgcfmsgdbfïtoims mrobofdlms pmr loijm ogäf.

C` idgpm gdbfïtoim lc uf ogäf cs gäs oftcfsm cf ufds pdrtcs quc mtrds . Dsç, pmr ckcgp`m, cìdgpm gdbfïtoim dlquocrc su gäxogd oftcfsoldl cf `ms pm`ms, losgofuycflm pdu`dtofdgcftc scbûf fms

d`ckdgms lc c``ms.Ckcgp`m dftcromr; @ds ògdlurds lc jocrrm quc sc mrocftdf smarc `d gosgd loaukdf `d hmrgd lc`

idgpm gdbfïtoim. Mascrvd quc jdy gäs ògdlurds imficftrdlds cf `ms cxtrcgms y quc cxostcf ufdsidlcfds lc ògdlurds hmrgdflm ufds `çfcds quc vdf lc uf pm`m d mtrm. D cstds idlcfds sc `ds imfmic pmrc` fmgarc lc `çfcds lc hucrzd lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim .

@ds `çfcds lc hucrzd ûfoidgcftc rcprcscftdf `d hmrgd lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim . Djmrd aocf, pmrgmtovms lc imfvcfiomfdòsgms tcùroims, sc `cs ld uf scftolm lc ioriu`dioùf, lc td` hmrgd quc sc loic quc`ds `çfcds lc idgpm sd`cf pmr c` pm`m fmrtc lc` ogäf, rcimrrcf c` cspdiom cxtcromr y cftrdf pmr c` pm`m

sur . C` scftolm lc ioriu`dioùf lc cstds `çfcds pmr c` oftcromr lc` ogäf cs lc sur d fmrtc .

4.1. C`citrmgdbfctosgm

@ms idgpms gdbfïtoims prmluiolms pmr ogdfcs pcrgdfcftcs smf socgprc lc pcqucôd oftcfsoldl.^mr csm sù`m smf cgp`cdlms cf pcqucôds gäquofds imgm gdbfctms y cf d`bufms dpdrdtms lc gclold.

Iudflm sc lcscd lospmfcr lc idgpms gdbfïtoims gäs oftcfsms , sc cgp`cdf amaofds hmrgdlds pmr

fugcrmsds cspords, iuym imfluitmr cs rcimrrolm pmr imrrocftcs c`ïitroids .

^mr tdftm, c` c`citrmgdbfctosgm cs `d iocfiod quc cstulod `ds rc`diomfcs rciçprmids cftrc `ms

idgpms gdbfïtoims y `ds imrrocftcs c`ïitroids .

Ckcgp`ms; Idgpms gdbfïtoims bcfcrdlms pmr lostoftms c`cgcftms.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.

Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd ? lc 39

4.1.4. Idgpm gdbfïtoim ircdlm pmr uf imfluitmr iudflm cs dtrdvcsdlm pmr ufd imrrocftcc`ïitroid

Ckcgp`m; Yo fmsmtrms cspm`vmrcdgms ògdlurds lc jocrrm smarc ufd jmkd lc pdpc` quc csdtrdvcsdld pmr uf imfluitmr pmr lmflc ioriu`d ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid, mascrvdrcgms quc `ds ògdlurdssc mrocftdf y hmrgdf uf cspcitrm gdbfïtoim lc hmrgd ioriu`dr .

Idgpm gdbfïtoim lc uf imfluitmr. Cspcitrm gdbfïtoim.

Cstm lcgucstrd quc, iudflm uf imfluitmr cs dtrdvcsdlm pmr ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid, d su

d`rclclmr dpdrcic uf idgpm gdbfïtoim . Mascrvdflm c` cspcitrm lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim sc puclc dprciodrquc `ds `çfcds lc hucrzd tmgdf `d hmrgd lc içriu`ms imfiïftroims quc sc iocrrdf d `m `drbm lc tmlm c`

imfluitmr .

Yo sotudgms vdrods dbukds ogdftdlds d`rclclmr lc` imfluitmr, pmlrcgms mascrvdr quc sumrocftdioùf lcpcflc lc` scftolm lc `d imrrocftc. ^drd lctcrgofdr c` scftolm lc `ds `çfcds lc hucrzd lc

ufd hmrgd scfio``d, sc dpòid `d rcb`d lc` sdidimrijms m lc Gdxwc`` quc loic dsç; «C` scftolm lc `ds`çfcds lc hucrzd, imfiïftroids d` imfluitmr, cs c` quc ofloidrçd c` borm lc uf sdidimrijms quc dvdfzdsc

cf c` gosgm scftolm quc `d imrrocftcµ .

Qcb`d lc` sdidimrijms Qcb`d lc `d gdfm lcrcijd

FM\D; ^drd dpòidr imrrcitdgcftc cstd rcb`d sc cgp`cd c` scftolm imfvcfiomfd` lc `dimrrocftc.

@d oftcfsoldl lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim lcsdrrm``dlm pmr c` imfluitmr lcpcflc hufldgcftd`gcftclc `d oftcfsoldl lc `d imrrocftc quc hùyc pmr c` imfluitmr. D gdymr oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc, gdymr

oftcfsoldl lc idgpm .



\cgd 3; Amaofds.

Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 4> lc 39

4.1.1. Idgpm gdbfïtoim cf uf imfluitmr cf hmrgd lc dfo``m

Sf imfluitmr rcitm prmluic uf idgpm gdbfïtoim guy lospcrsm y, pmr tdftm, guy lïao`. @d hmrgd

lc imfscbuor quc c` idgpm gdbfïtoim scd gäs hucrtc cs lospmfocflm c` imfluitmr cf hmrgd lc dfo``m.

C` scftolm lc `ds `çfcds lc hucrzd lc ufd pdrtc lc` imfluitmr sc sugd d `d lc` mtrm , hmrgdflmuf idgpm gdbfïtoim guijm gäs oftcfsm cf c` icftrm lc `d cspord .

Ckcgp`m; Yo fmsmtrms cspm`vmrcdgms ògdlurds lc jocrrm smarc ufd jmkd lc pdpc` quc csdtrdvcsdld pmr ufd cspord pmr lmflc ioriu`d ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid, mascrvdrcgms quc `ds ògdlurds scmrocftdf y hmrgdf uf cspcitrm gdbfïtoim cf c` icftrm lc `d cspord .

Idgpm gdbfïtoim lc ufd cspord. Cspcitrm gdbfïtoim.

4.1.9. Idgpm gdbfïtoim hmrgdlm pmr ufd amaofd

Cf ufd amaofd, c` idgpm gdbfïtoim lc idld cspord sc sugd d` lc `d sobuocftc, imficfträflmsc

ïstc cf c` icftrm lc `d gosgd . C` idgpm rcsu`tdftc cs ufohmrgc cf c` icftrm lc `d cspord y guijm gäs

oftcfsm quc cf c` cxtcromr . Cf `ms cxtrcgms lc `d amaofd sc hmrgdf pm`ms gdbfïtoims.

^drd lctcrgofdr c` scftolm lc `ds `çfcds lc hucrzd, sc dpòid `d rcb`d lc` sdidimrijms, pcrm lc

mtrd hmrgd . Adstd imf bordr c` sdidimrijms, cf c` gosgm scftolm lc borm quc `d imrrocftc c`ïitroid pmr

`ds cspords . C` scftolm lc dvdfic lc` sdidimrijms fms ofloid c` scftolm lc `ds `çfcds lc hucrzd . Sfd vczlctcrgofdlm cstc scftolm, cs häio` lctcrgofdr `ms pm`ms lc `d amaofd (c` pm`m fmrtc cstdrä sotudlm cf c`cxtrcgm pmr lmflc sd`cf `ds `çfcds lc hucrzd y c` sur pmr lmflc cftrdf).



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


4.9. Cxpcrogcftm lc Hdrdldy

Goijdc` Hdrdldy (42?4-4:82) sc cftcrù lc` cxpcrogcftm lc Mcstcrl y sc `c miurroù `d sobuocftcolcd; ½cs pmsoa`c quc c` gmvogocftm lc uf ogäf bcfcrc imrrocftc c`ïitroid= ^drd imgprmadr cstdjopùtcsos imfstruyù ufd amaofd, drrm``dgocftm lc uf ida`c imfluitmr y sotuù uf ogäf cf su oftcromr .^rmlukm c` gmvogocftm lc ufm rcspcitm d` mtrm y mascrvù quc sc bcfcrdad uf hùkm c`ïitroim. D cstc

hcfùgcfm `m lcfmgofù ofluiioùf gdbfïtoid, adsc lc` hufiomfdgocftm lc `ds lofdgms .

Yo cfrm``dgms uf ida`c d`rclclmr lc uf jocrrm (uf tmrfo``m, vdro``ds,…) tcflrcgms ufd amaofd

guijm gäs pmtcftc , yd quc c` jocrrm hdioòtd `d ioriu`dioùf lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim pmr c` oftcromr lc `damaofd. Cstc loscôm sc lcfmgofd c`citrmogäf y tocfc gû`top`cs dpòidiomfcs, togarcs, brûd oflustrod` , …

Ckcgp`m; C`citrmogdf.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Ckcgp`m; C`citrmvä`vu`d.

@d vä`vu`d darc m iocrrd c` ioriuotm jolräuòim m fcugätoim scbûf scd m fm dògcftdld `d amaofdlc` c`citrmogäf quc ``cvd ofimrpmrdld. @d dpòidioùf lc `ds c`citrmvä`vu`ds cstä guy cxtcflold cf tmlmtopm lc dpòidiomfcs oflustrod`cs , lmflc `d dutmgdtozdioùf lc `ms hùolms tocfc ufd brdf ogpmrtdfiod.

Ckcgp`m; \ogarc.

@ms togarcs sc utoòzdf pdrd prmluior scôd`cs diûstoids .

1. AMAOFD

1.4. Lchofoioùf

Sfd amaofd m ofluitdfiod cs uf imgpmfcftc pdsovm lc uf ioriuotm c`ïitroim quc, lcaolm d`hcfùgcfm lc `d dutmofluiioùf, d`gdicfd cfcrbçd cf hmrgd lc idgpm gdbfïtoim .

@d gosoùf lc ufd amaofd cs d`gdicfdr cfcrbçd c`ïitroid lc hmrgd gdbfïtoid pdrd iclcr`d cf uf

gmgcftm lctcrgofdlm .

@d amaofd d`gdicfd cfcrbçd c`ïitroid cf hmrgd lc idgpm gdbfïtoim iudflm dugcftd `doftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc, lcvm`voïflm`d iudflm ïstd losgofuyc.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


1.1. Dpòidiomfcs

@ds dpòidiomfcs lc `ds amaofds smf guy dgpòds. D imftofudioùf, sc ofloidf d`bufds lc c``ds;

Ofluitmrcs y idpdiotmrcs sc utoòzdf cf ioriuotms lc dulom pdrd ho`trdr m dgpòhoidr hrciucfiodscspciçhoids.

Yc utoòzdf imgm ho`trms lc `çfcd tc`chùfoid, pdrd cògofdr `ds scôd`cs lc d`td hrciucfiod lcadfld dfijd y sc im`midf cf `ms cxtrcgms lc `ms ida`cs lc scôd` pdrd rcluior c` ruolm.

Cf `ds hucftcs lc dògcftdioùf tdgaoïf sc usdf amaofds pdrd ho`trdr imgpmfcftcs lc imrrocftcd`tcrfd, y sm`m matcfcr imrrocftc imftofud cf `d sdòld.

@ms trdfshmrgdlmrcs sc utoòzdf profiopd`gcftc pdrd imfvcrtor ufd tcfsoùf d mtrd.

Oftcbrdf ioriuotms lc ho`trdlm pdrd sdòlds lc hucftcs rcitohoidlmrds tdftm pcqucôds imgm lcpmtcfiod.

Amaofdlm lc c`citrmogdfcs imf IL.

@ms gmtmrcs lc IL pmsccf ofluitmrcs pdrd bcfcrdr `ms idgpms gdbfïtoims fcicsdroms pdrd

hufiomfdr. Id`cftdgocftm pmr ofluiioùf c`citrmgdbfïtoid.

C`citrmogdfcs, rc`ïs, imftditmrcs, gäquofds c`ïitroids rmtdtovds, rcditdfiods pdrd c`drrdfquc lc tuams hùmrcsicftcs, cti.

Ckcgp`m; Hucftc lc dògcftdioùf lc uf Î.

1.9. Cstruiturd oftcrfd

Sfd amaofd cs uf imgpmfcftc c`ïitroim hmrgdlm pmr uf imfluitmr drrm``dlm lc hmrgd io`çflroid .Cf d`bufms idsms, c` imfluitmr sc drrm``d smarc uf fûi`cm hcrrmgdbfïtoim 5 cf mtrms idsms, c` fûi`cm cs

dorc . @ms jo`ms lc imarc lcacf cstdr dos`dlms imf csgd`tc pdrd cvotdr c` imftditm cftrc c``ms.

C` sçgam`m gäs utoòzdlm pdrd rcprcscftdr `d amaofd cs;



\cgd 3; Amaofds.

Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 4< lc 39

1.<. Hufiomfdgocftm

C` imgpmrtdgocftm c`ïitroim lc ufd amaofd lcpcflc lc` topm lc imrrocftc c`ïitroid d` quc scimfcitd.

1.<.4.

Amaofd cf I.I.

Yo sc imfcitd d ufd tcfsoùf imftofud (I.I.), `d imrrocftc quc pdsd d trdvïs lc c``d scrä guy

c`cvdld , yd quc su rcsostcfiod suc`c scr guy adkd d` cstdr hdaroidld imf uf jo`m imfluitmr drrm``dlmsmarc uf fûi`cm lc dorc, jocrrm u mtrms gdtcrod`cs gdbfïtoims.

^mr tdftm, ufd amaofd cf I.I. sc imgpmrtd imgm uf imrtmioriuotm (rcsostcfiod icrm).

1.<.1. Amaofd cf I.D.

Cf idgaom, so sc imfcitd d ufd tcfsoùf d`tcrfd (I.D.), `d imrrocftc quc pdsd pmr c``d prcscftd

vd`mrcs gmlcrdlms y su imfsugm lc pmtcfiod ditovd cs präitoidgcftc fu`m. Cstc hcfùgcfm pcrgotclcluior quc cf I.D. dpdrcic ufd mpmsoioùf d` pdsm lc `d imrrocftc c`ïitroid lc fdturd`czd lostoftd d `d

rcsostcfiod ùjgoid , quc cstä rc`diomfdld imf `d dutmofluiioùf lc `d amaofd.

1.3. Idrditcrçstoids bcfcrd`cs@ds idrditcrçstoids tïifoids bcfcrd`cs lc `ds amaofds smf `ds sobuocftcs;

Imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf (@). Ofloid `d idpdioldl quc tocfc `d amaofd lc bcfcrdr idgpmgdbfïtoim. Yc cxprcsd cf jcfroms (J). C` vd`mr puclc cstdr ofloidlm fugïroidgcftc cf `dsupcrhoioc lc `d amaofd m gclodftc hrdfkds lc im`mrcs.

Qdfbm lc hrciucfiods lc trdadkm d `d quc vd lcstofdld. Yc cxprcsd cf jcrtzoms (Jz).

\m`crdfiod. Gdrbcf lc crrmr pmricftud` cf c` vd`mr lc` imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc `damaofd. Yc cxprcsd cf tdftm pmr iocftm (%).

1.8. Iùlobm lc im`mrcs

^drd `ds amaofds pcqucôds lc pc`çiu`d lc idraùf lc gcfms lc 4 R , cxostc uf gïtmlm lcolcftohoidioùf guy vcrsäto` ``dgdlm c` iùlobm lc im`mrcs. Cstc gïtmlm, quc utoòzd iudtrm `çfcds lc

im`mrcs poftdlds d`rclclmr lc` iucrpm lc `d amaofd , sorvc pdrd ofloidr su vd`mr cf goirmjcfroms (ΰJ) ysu prciosoùf.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Iùlobm lc im`mrcs lc < adflds

Ckcgp`m; Amaofds lc 8:> ³J dxod`.

9. GDBFO\SLCY GDBFÏ\OIDY

9.4. @cy lc @cfz

Iudflm ufd amaofd cs rcimrrold pmr ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid vdroda`c, sc ircd uf idgpmgdbfïtoim tdgaoïf vdroda`c. Ïstm mrobofd cf `ms imfluitmrcs lc `d prmpod amaofd ufd hucrzdc`citrmgmtroz ofluiold (h.c.g., γ), ``dgdld h.c.g. lc dutmofluiioùf quc, scbûf `d `cy lc @cfz, tcflräuf scftolm td` quc socgprc sc mpmflrä d `d idusd quc `d prmlukm .



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Ycbûf `d `cy lc @cfz, «`ds `çfcds lc hucrzd lc cstc idgpm bcfcrdf ufd hucrzd c`citrmgmtroz

dutmofluiold cftrc `ms cxtrcgms lc `d amaofd quc sc mpmfc d `d idusd quc `d prmlukmµ.

@d h.c.g. lc dutmofluiioùf cf `d amaofd olcd` puclc lchoforsc d pdrtor lc `d sobuocftc ciudioùf;

lt

lO @

γ; hucrzd c`citrmgmtroz dutmofluiold cftrc `ms cxtrcgms lc `d amaofd (vm`toms, X).

@; imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc `d amaofd (jcfroms, J).

lO/lt; vdrodioùf lc `d imrrocftc quc rcimrrc `d amaofd cf uf ofstdftc lc tocgpm.

Cf cstd cxprcsoùf sc puclc dprciodr quc `d h.c.g. lc dutmofluiioùf dugcftd imf c` imchoiocftc

lc dutmofluiioùf y imf `d rdpolcz imf quc vdrçd `d oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc .

@d amaofd cf `d präitoid fm cs ufd ofluitdfiod purd, sofm quc puclc imfsolcrdrsc aäsoidgcftcimgm ufd ofluitdfiod (`d prmpod lc `d amaofd) cf scroc imf `d rcsostcfiod oftcrfd quc mhrcic c` jo`m y cf

pdrd`c`m d uf imflcfsdlmr quc rcprcscftd `ds idpdioldlcs pdräsotds lc `ds vuc`tds lc` lcvdfdlm cftrcc``ds gosgds.

Ckcgp`m; Idìu`d c` vd`mr lc `d h.c.g. lc dutmofluiioùf quc lcsdrrm``drä ufd amaofd imf ufimchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc 3> gJ, so sc `c dpòid ufd imrrocftc quc ircic rcbu`drgcftc lcslc icrmjdstd 4> D cf uf tocgpm lc >,>4 scbuflms.

Ldtms;

@ 7 3> gJ 7 3> ² 4>-9 J 7 >,>3 J

O 7 4> D

t 7 >,>4 sMpcrdiomfcs;

X s

D J

lt

lO @ 3>

>4,>

4>>3,>

Ymùioùf; γ 7 -3> X

9.1. Dutmofluiioùf

@d dutmofluiioùf (@), imgm su pd`dard ofloid, sobfohoid ofluiorsc d sç gosgd h.c.g .Iudflm ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid ioriu`d pmr `ds amaofds, sc bcfcrd uf idgpm gdbfïtoim iuyds

`çfcds lc hucrzd pdsdf pmr su oftcromr, td` y imgm sc gucstrd d imftofudioùf.

Iudflm vdrçd `d oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc vdrçd tdgaoïf c` hùkm gdbfïtoim , y cstd vdrodioùflctcrgofd `d dpdroioùf lc ufd imrrocftc ofluiold quc sc mpmfc d `d vdrodioùf lc` idgpm. D cstc hcfùgcfmsc `c imfmic imf c` fmgarc lc dutmofluiioùf.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


@d dutmofluiioùf (@) lc ufd amaofd, lcpcflc lc` fûgcrm lc cspords quc hmrgdf c` drrm``dgocftm(F), lc` hùkm gdbfïtoim quc `d dtrdvocsd ( ) y lc `d oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc quc `d rcimrrc (O).

Yu cxprcsoùf cs;

O F @


F; fûgcrm lc cspords quc hmrgdf c` drrm``dgocftm.

; hùkm gdbfïtoim bcfcrdlm pmr `d amaofd (wcacr, Ra).

O; oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc quc `d rcimrrc (dgpcroms, D).

^mr tdftm, c` imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc ufd amaofd fms loic `d idpdioldl quc tocfc ufd

amaofd lc bcfcrdrsc d sç gosgd h.c.g. lc dutmofluiioùf .

@d ufoldl pdrd gclor c` imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf @ cf `ds amaofds cs c` jcfrom (J).

Sf jcfrom m jcfry cs `d ofluitdfiod lc uf ioriuotm icrrdlm cf c` quc sc prmluic ufd hucrzdc`citrmgmtroz lc 4 vm`tom, iudflm `d imrrocftc c`ïitroid quc rcimrrc c` ioriuotm vdrçd ufohmrgcgcftc drdzùf lc 4 dgpcrom pmr scbuflm. Yu sçgam`m cs J.

Cf c`citrùfoid, c` jcfrom cs ufd ufoldl brdflc y sc utoòzdf d`bufms suagû`top`ms imgm c`goòjcfrom (gJ) y c` goirmjcfrom (ΰJ). Yu fmgarc huc ldlm cf jmfmr lc` iocftçhoim cstdlmufolcfscKmscpj Jcfry (42?2-4:2:).

4 gJ 7 4>-9 J

4 ΰJ 7 4>-8 J

Ckcgp`m; Sfd amaofd quc pmscc 3>> cspords prmluic uf hùkm gdbfïtoim lc 4> gRa iudflm csdtrdvcsdld pmr ufd imrrocftc lc 4> D. Lctcrgofd su imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf.

Ldtms;

F 7 3>> cspords

7 4> gRa 7 4> ² 4>-9 Ra 7 >,>4 Ra

O 7 4> D

Mpcrdiomfcs;

J D

Racspords

O F @ 3,>

4>

>4,>3>>

Ymùioùf; @ 7 >,3 J



\cgd 3; Amaofds.

Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 4: lc 39

Dlcgäs, sc mascrvd quc d` dugcftdr c` fûgcrm lc cspords lc `d amaofd , tdgaoïf dugcftd `d

h.c.g. ofluiold . @m gosgm miurrc so ofircgcftdgms c` fovc` lc ofluiioùf lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim. ^mr `m qucsc puclc lcior quc `d h.c.g. gclod ofluiold quc sc prmluic cf ufd amaofd iudflm cf su gmvogocftmimrtd pcrpcfloiu`drgcftc `ds `çfcds lc uf idgpm gdbfïtoim rcbu`dr cs obud` d;

t

F ofluiold

γofluiold; hucrzd c`citrmgmtroz gclod ofluiold cftrc `ms cxtrcgms lc `d amaofd (vm`toms, X).


t / ; vdrodioùf lc` hùkm imrtdlm pmr `d amaofd rcspcitm d` tocgpm5 cs lcior, `m räpolm qucvdrçd c` hùkm gdbfïtoim cf `ms imfluitmrcs.

Imfvocfc ofloidr quc sc puclc bcfcrdr ufd h.c.g. ofluiold tdftm so sc gucvcf `ms imfluitmrcs cf c` scfm lc uf idgpm gdbfïtoim hokm, imgm so `m quc sc gucvc cs c` idgpm gdbfïtoim y sc lckdf hokms `msimfluitmrcs. \dgaoïf sc imfsobuc ufd h.c.g. ofluiold cf `ms imfluitmrcs so sc `cs dpòid uf idgpmgdbfïtoim vdroda`c, pmr ckcgp`m, prmvcfocftc lc ufd amaofd d `d quc sc `c dpòid imrrocftc d`tcrfd.

C` imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc ufd amaofd lcpcflc lc sus idrditcrçstoids imfstruitovds . Ycimfsobucf amaofds imf imchoiocftcs lc dutmofluiioùf d`tms imf fûi`cms lc d`td pcrgcdaoòldl y brdf

fûgcrm lc cspords .

9.1.4. Imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc ufd amaofd imf fûi`cm lc dorc

Yu cxprcsoùf cs;

`

Y F @

1

>

@; imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc `d amaofd (jcfroms, J).ΰ>; pcrgcdaoòldl lc` vdiçm (< ² ώ 4>-2).


`; `mfbotul lc `d amaofd (g).

Y; sciioùf lc `d amaofd (g1).



\cgd 3; Amaofds.

Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 4? lc 39

9.1.1. Imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc ufd amaofd imf fûi`cm lc jocrrm

Yu cxprcsoùf cs;

`

Y F @ r

1

>

@; imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc `d amaofd (jcfroms, J).ΰ>; pcrgcdaoòldl lc` vdiçm (< ² ώ 4>-2).

ΰr; pcrgcdaoòldl rc`dtovd.


`; `mfbotul lc `d amaofd (g).

Y; sciioùf lc `d amaofd (g1).

9.9. Hùkm gdbfïtoim

C` idgpm gdbfïtoim sc rcprcscftd d trdvïs lc `ds `çfcds lc hucrzd . @d idftoldl lc cstds `çfcdssc lcfmgofd hùkm gdbfïtoim.

Yc rcprcscftd pmr `d `ctrd brocbd y sus ufoldlcs smf;

C` wcacr (Ra), cf c` sostcgd oftcrfdiomfd`.

C` gdxvcòm (Gx), cf c` sostcgd IBY.

@d rc`dioùf quc cxostc cftrc dgads ufoldlcs cs 4 Ra 7 4>: Gx.

9.<. Ofluiioùf gdbfïtoid

@d ofluiioùf gdbfïtoid sc lchofc imgm `d idftoldl lc `çfcds lc hucrzd quc dtrdvocsdf

pcrpcfloiu`drgcftc `d ufoldl lc supcrhoioc . Cf iocrtd hmrgd, fms ofloid `m lcfsds quc smf `ds `çfcds lchucrzd, m `m imficftrdlds quc cstäf, cf ufd pdrtc lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim.

Ckcgp`m; Imgpdrdioùf cftrc uf idgpm gdbfïtoim imf ufd ofluiioùf gdbfïtoid lc 4 tcs`d y mtrmgäs lcfsm lc 1 tcs`ds.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Yc rcprcscftd pmr `d `ctrd A5 sus ufoldlcs smf;

@d tcs`d (\), cf c` sostcgd oftcrfdiomfd`.

C` bduss (Bs), cf c` sostcgd IBY.

@d rc`dioùf quc cxostc cftrc dgads ufoldlcs cs 4 \ 7 4>< Bs.

Yc loic quc cxostc ufd ofluiioùf lc 4 tcs`d iudflm c` hùkm lc 4 wcacr dtrdvocsdpcrpcfloiu`drgcftc ufd supcrhoioc lc 4 gctrm iudlrdlm.

14

44

g

wcacr tcs`d

Yu cxprcsoùf cs;

Y A

A; ofluiioùf gdbfïtoid lc `d amaofd (tcs`ds, \).

; hùkm gdbfïtoim bcfcrdlm pmr `d amaofd (wcacr, Ra).Y; sciioùf lc `d amaofd (g1).

Ckcgp`m; ½Iuä` cs `d ofluiioùf gdbfïtoid cxostcftc cf `d idrd p`dfd lc` pm`m lc uf ogäf rcitm lc9> ig1 lc supcrhoioc iudflm cs dtrdvcsdlm pmr uf hùkm gdbfïtoim lc >,>>? Ra= Cxprcsd c` rcsu`tdlmcf tcs`ds.

Ldtms;

7 >,>>? Ra

Y 7 9> ig1 7 9> ² 4>< g1 7 >,>>9 g1 Mpcrdiomfcs;

\ g

Ra

Y A 9

>>9,>

>>?,>1

Ymùioùf; A 7 9 \

9.3. Hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz

@d hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz (Hg) cs `d idpdioldl quc pmscc `d amaofd lc bcfcrdr `çfcds lc hucrzdcf uf ioriuotm gdbfïtoim .

Yu cxprcsoùf cs;

O F H g

Hg; hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz (dgpcrom-vuc`td, Dv).


O; oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc quc `d rcimrrc (dgpcroms, D).

@d hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz dugcftd imf `d oftcfsoldl lc `d imrrocftc quc hùyc pmr `d amaofd yimf c` fûgcrm lc cspords lc ïstd .



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Ckcgp`m; Yo hdaroidgms ufd amaofd imf 3>> cspords y sdacgms quc pdrd c` hufiomfdgocftm lc`c`citrmogäf sc fcicsotd ufd hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz lc 3>> Dv. ½Iuäftd oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc `drcimrrc= ½_ so `d hdaroidgms imf 4>> cspords=

Ldtms;

Hg 7 3>> Dv

Fd 7 3>> cspordsFa 7 4>> cspords

Mpcrdiomfcs;

d) Yo hdaroidgms ufd amaofd imf 3>> cspords, c` fûgcrm lc dgpcroms quc tcflrcgms qucjdicr pdsdr pmr c``d scrä lc;

Dcspords

Dv

F

H O

d

d 43>>

3>>

a) _ so `d hdaroidgms imf 4>> cspords, c` fûgcrm lc dgpcroms quc tcflrcgms quc jdicr

pdsdr pmr c``d scrä lc;

Dcspords

Dv

F

H O

a

a 34>>

3>>

Ymùioùf; Od 7 4 D, Oa 7 3 D

^drd `d hdaroidioùf lc c`citrmogdfcs guy pmtcftcs, imgm, pmr ckcgp`m, `ms quc sc utoòzdf pdrdsuspcflcr cf uf imìjùf gdbfïtoim uf trcf lc d`td vc`mioldl smarc uf gmfmrrdç`, sc fcicsotdf hucrzds

gdbfctmgmtroics guy c`cvdlds . Cs lcior, amaofds imf guijds cspords quc smf dtrdvcsdlds pmr brdflcs

oftcfsoldlcs lc imrrocftc .

^drd cvotdr hdaroidr amaofds lc brdflcs logcfsomfcs, sc utoòzdf gdtcrod`cs supcrimfluitmrcs.Lc cstd hmrgd sc imfsobucf pmtcftçsogms idgpms gdbfïtoims imf pmids cspords y imrrocftcs lc go`cs lc

dgpcroms , quc fm idòcftdf `ms supcrimfluitmrcs pmr c` chcitm Kmu`c pmr idrcicr ïstms lc rcsostcfiodc`ïitroid.

9.8. Oftcfsoldl lc idgpm gdbfïtoim

@d oftcfsoldl lc idgpm gdbfïtoim (J) fms ofloid `m oftcfsm quc cs c` idgpm gdbfïtoim .

@d oftcfsoldl lc idgpm cf ufd amaofd lcpcflc lc `d hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz (F²O) y lc su`mfbotul.

Yu cxprcsoùf cs;

@

H J g 5

@

O F J

J; oftcfsoldl lc idgpm gdbfïtoim (dgpcrom-vuc`td/gctrm, Dv/g).

Hg; hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz (dgpcrom-vuc`td, Dv).

@; `mfbotul lc `d amaofd (g).

Djmrd aocf, iudftm gäs `drbd cs `d amaofd, gäs sc lospcrsdf `ds `çfcds lc idgpm , ldflm imgm

rcsu`tdlm ufd oftcfsoldl lc idgpm gäs lïao`. ^mr `m quc sc puclc lcior quc, pdrd ufd hucrzdgdbfctmgmtroz imfstdftc, `d oftcfsoldl lc idgpm (J) cs ofvcrsdgcftc prmpmriomfd` d `d `mfbotul gclod

lc `ds `çfcds lc idgpm .



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Ckcgp`m; Sfd amaofd lc 8 ig lc `mfbotul tocfc 4.1>> cspords rcimrrolds pmr ufd imrrocftc lc 1>dgpcroms. ½Iuäftm vd`c `d oftcfsoldl lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim imfstdftc quc ircd cf su oftcromr=

Ldtms;

F 7 4.1>> cspords

O 7 1> D

@ 7 8 ig 7 8 ² 4>-1 g 7 >,>8 g

Mpcrdiomfcs;

g Dvg

Dcspords

@

O F J />>>.<>>

>8,>

1>1>>.4

Ymùioùf; J 7 <>>.>>> Dv/g

9.2. ^crgcdaoòldl gdbfïtoid

@d pcrgcdaoòldl gdbfïtoid (³) cs ufd idrditcrçstoid quc tocfc brdf ofhùcfiod smarc c` fûi`cmlc `ds amaofds rcspcitm lc` vd`mr lc `d ofluitdfiod lc `ds gosgds.

@ms gdtcrod`cs hcrrmgdbfïtoims smf guy scfsoa`cs d `ms idgpms gdbfïtoims y prmluicf ufmsvd`mrcs d`tms lc ofluitdfiod , sof cgadrbm mtrms gdtcrod`cs prcscftdf gcfms scfsoaoòldl d `ms idgpmsgdbfïtoims.

C` hditmr quc lctcrgofd `d gdymr m gcfmr scfsoaoòldl d csms idgpms gdbfïtoims sc ``dgdpcrgcdaoòldl gdbfïtoid. Iudflm cstc hditmr cs brdflc , c` vd`mr lc `d ofluitdfiod tdgaoïf `m cs .

<. ^QMICYM LC IDQBD _ LCYIDQBD Imf dyuld lc` sobuocftc ioriuotm vdgms d cstulodr c` prmicsm lc idrbd y lcsidrbd lc ufd amaofd ;

Imfstd lc ufd hucftc lc dògcftdioùf cf imrrocftc imftofud (X) . Cf scroc imf `d amaofd (@) scjd ofiùolm ufd rcsostcfiod lc idrbd (Q), imf makctm lc jdicr gäs `drbm tdftm c` prmicsm lc idrbd imgmc` lc lcsidrbd. _, dlcgäs, sc dôdlc uf imfgutdlmr (Y) pdrd `d idrbd lc` imflcfsdlmr (pmsoioùf 4) y `dlcsidrbd (pmsoioùf 1) .



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


<.4. Hufiomfdgocftm

D` pdsdr c` imfgutdlmr (Y) lc `d pmsoioùf 1 d `d 4, `d ofluitdfiod ircd ufd hucrzd c`citrmgmtroz

(h.c.g.) quc sc mpmfc d `d imrrocftc quc ioriu`d pmr c` ioriuotm , lcfmgofdld pmr c``m hucrzdimftrdc`citrmgmtroz, iuyd pm`droldl cs ofvcrsd d `d dpòidld. Imgm imfsciucfiod lc c``m, cf c` gosgmofstdftc lc pdsdr Y lc `d pmsoioùf 1 d `d 4 (t>) `d oftcfsoldl scrä fu`d c orä dugcftdflm

cxpmfcfiod`gcftc jdstd dìdfzdr su vd`mr gäxogm , QX O @ (lc t> d t4).

Yo d imftofudioùf, cf c` gosgm ofstdftc sc pdsd ‐ofstdftäfcdgcftc‗ Y lc `d pmsoioùf 4 d `d 9 (t1) sc imrtmioriuotd `d rcl Q@, pcrm c` vd`mr lc O@ fm lcsdpdrcicrä ofstdftäfcdgcftc (`d amaofd scmpmfc d `ms idgaoms lc imrrocftc bcfcrdflm ufd tcfsoùf), sofm quc orä losgofuycflm lc hmrgdcxpmfcfiod` jdstd jdicrsc icrm (lc t1 d t9).

@d tcfsoùf y `d oftcfsoldl tmtd` lc` ioriuotm sc idìu`df d pdrtor lc `ds sobuocftcs cxprcsomfcs;

X\ 7 XQ + X@ Q

X O \ \

^drd lctcrgofdr `d tcfsoùf lc `d rcsostcfiod sc idìu`d imgm; XQ 7 O ² Q@d tcfsoùf lc idrbd m lcsidrbd lc uf imflcfsdlmr sc rcprcscftd lc `d sobuocftc hmrgd;

Cf c` ioriuotm sc ldf, pmr `m tdftm, lms topms lc rïbogcf lc hufiomfdgocftm;

\rdfsotmrom; lcslc t> d t4 (idrbd) y lcslc t1 d t9 (lcsidrbd).

^crgdfcftc; lcslc t4 d t1.

Iudflm sc dpòid ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid d ufd amaofd d trdvïs lc ufd rcsostcfiod, `d imrrocftcfm sc cstda`cic ofstdftäfcdgcftc, sofm quc, pmr chcitm lc `d dutmofluiioùf, tocfcf ùbdr iocrtmshcfùgcfms trdfsotmroms quc jdicf quc `d dutmofluiioùf sc imgpmrtc imf `d oftcfsoldl imgm `m jdic cìmflcfsdlmr imf `d tcfsoùf. Ds ç, `d imfstdftc lc tocgpm ( ) cf cstc idsm scrä;

Q

@


Q; vd`mr ùjgoim lc `d rcsostcfiod d trdvïs lc `d iud` sc idrbd m lcsidrbd (mjgoms, ί).

@d lurdioùf lc` rïbogcf trdfsotmrom (t) lcpcflc lc `d ofluitdfiod @ lc `d amaofd y lc `d

rcsostcfiod. C` vd`mr lc cstd lurdioùf sc suc`c tmgdr imgm 3 . Yc cxprcsd cf scbuflms (s).

Q

@t 33 5

Q

@ 3



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Cf ufd imfstdftc lc tocgpm (4 ) `d amaofd dìdfzd c` 89% lc su vd`mr hofd` cf `ms prmicsms lcidrbd. D imftofudioùf, sc rcprcscftd `d brähoid lc `d oftcfsoldl cf hufioùf lc` tocgpm. Imgm sc dprciodcf `d gosgd, trdfsiurrolds iofim imfstdftcs lc tocgpm, `d imrrocftc d trdvïs lc `d amaofd sc cstdaoòzd ylcsdpdrcicf `ms hcfùgcfms trdfsotmroms gcfiomfdlms dftcromrgcftc.

Gdtcgätoidgcftc, sc puclcf matcfcr `ds ciudiomfcs cf rïbogcf trdfsotmrom scbûf sc gucstrd dimftofudioùf;

Idrbd cf Q@ Lcsidrbd cf Q@

Q @

t

c O t o /> 4

t o O

O t

>

>`f

Q @

t

c O t o />

t o

O t >`f

Ckcgp`m; Yupùfbdsc uf ioriuotm imf ufd rcsostcfiod, ufd ofluitdfiod y ufd adtcrçd imfcitdlms cfscroc. Idìû`csc c` tocgpm quc tdrldrä `d oftcfsoldl cf cstdaoòzdrsc.

Ldtms;

X 7 1> X

Q 7 99 Eί 7 99 ² 4>9 ί 7 99.>>> ί @ 7 1>> gJ 7 1>> ² 4>-9 J 7 >,1 J



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Mpcrdiomfcs;

@d imfstdftc lc tocgpm scrä obud` d;

s s J

Q

@ >8,84>>8,8

>>>.99

1,> 8

C` tocgpm tmtd` lc idrbd sc ldrä pdrd iofim imfstdftcs lc tocgpm;

s st 9,9>4>>8,833 8

Ymùioùf; t 7 9>,9 ΰs

<.1. Imgpmrtdgocftm präitoim lc ufd amaofd

Cxdgofcgms c` imgpmrtdgocftm präitoim lc uf ofluitmr iudflm sc oftcrrugpc c` ioriuotm quc `mdògcftd. Cf c` loaukm dpdrcic ufd amaofd quc sc idrbd d trdvïs ufd rcsostcfiod y uf oftcrruptmr . Cìmflcfsdlmr loaukdlm cf puftcdlm rcprcscftd `ds idpdioldlcs pdräsotds lc `d amaofd.

D` icrrdr c` oftcrruptmr, dpdrcic ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid pmr `d amaofd quc tocfc quc dugcftdr

lc icrm jdstd su vd`mr fmgofd` cf uf tocgpm rc`dtovdgcftc imrtm. Cstd vdrodioùf lc imrrocftc pmr `damaofd bcfcrd cf sus imfluitmrcs uf hùkm gdbfïtoim irciocftc quc, d` imrtdr d `ms gosgms, prmvmid ufdh.c.g. lc dutmofluiioùf.

Yo darogms c` oftcrruptmr, c` hùkm gdbfïtoim quc dardzd d `d amaofd tocflc d lcsdpdrcicr.

lt

lO @X

Xcgms quc, pdrd quc `d imrrocftc quc dtrdvocsd c` ofluitmr sc lctcfbd ofstdftäfcdgcftc, scrçdfcicsdrom `d dpdroioùf lc ufd tcfsoùf ofhofotd, y csm fm puclc suiclcr. ½Tuï jdic `d imrrocftc= ûcsimftofûd pdsdflm. ½^mr lùflc= C``d ‐sc `ds drrcb`d‗ pdrd imftofudr. D` profiopom, c` ûfoim idgofm quctocfc cs d trdvïs lc `ds idpdioldlcs pdräsotds imf uf ioriuotm @I quc msio`drä d ufd pu`sdioùf.

Yo `ms dos`dgocftms lc` lcvdfdlm smf suhoiocftcgcftc rcsostcftcs d `ds d`tds tcfsomfcs y so còftcrruptmr oftcrrugpc aocf c` ioriuotm, `d msio`dioùf imftofudrä imf ufd dgpòtul quc sc dgmrtobudrälcaolm d `ds pïrlolds loc`ïitroids y rcsostovds lc `ds idpdioldlcs pdräsotds y lc` imfluitmr lcòfluitmr. Yo, dlcgäs, c` ofluitmr tocfc uf fûi`cm hcrrmgdbfïtoim, jdarä tdgaoïf pïrlolds cf c` fûi`cm.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Jdy quc sdacr quc `d tcfsoùf gäxogd lc `d msio`dioùf puclc scr guy brdflc . Csm `c vd`c c`fmgarc lc smarctcfsoùf. Yc imgprcflc quc pucld scr brdflc, yd quc c` gäxogm lc `d tcfsoùfimrrcspmflc d` gmgcftm cf c` iud` tmld `d cfcrbçd d`gdicfdld cf `d amaofd jdarä pdsdlm d `dsidpdioldlcs pdräsotds. Yo ïstds smf pcqucôds, `d tcfsoùf puclc scr guy brdflc y puclcf prmluiorscdrims c`ïitroims cftrc vuc`tds lc `d amaofd m cftrc `ms imftditms daocrtms lc` oftcrruptmr .

@ms drims y poims lc d`td tcfsoùf (smarctcfsomfcs) fm lcscdlms smf hrciucftcgcftc

pcrfoiomsms y pcòbrmsms y imfstotuycf uf prma`cgd scrom y lohçio` lc rcsm`vcr iudflm sc utoòzdf d`tds

tcfsomfcs y brdflcs pmtcfiods.Yc puclc cxpòidr pmr quï puclc ufm rcioaor ufd pcqucôd lcsidrbd c`ïitroid d` gclor `d

rcsostcfiod lc uf amaofdlm imf uf sogp`c ùjgctrm quc sù`m puclc dògcftdr ufms goòdgpcroms y ufmspmims vm`toms. @d rdzùf cs quc pdrd gclor `d rcsostcfiod lc` amaofdlm, `c jdic ioriu`dr ufms goòdgpcroms.Yo, iudflm sc lcsimfcitdf `ms ida`cs lc` ùjgctrm, sobuc ufm tmidflm imf `ms lclms `ms amrfcs lc `damaofd, `d imrrocftc quc ioriu`dad pmr c``d imftofudrä jdioïflm`m, pcrm pdsdflm pmr `ms lclms ybcfcrdflm ufd d`td tcfsoùf.

@d rcb`d cs quc, pdrd cvotdr `ms drims m `ds smarctcfsomfcs , jdy quc prmtcbcr `ms ioriuotms prcvocflm uf pdsm pdrd `d imrrocftc lc `d ofluitdfiod iudflm c` ioriuotm sc oftcrrugpc.

Ckcgp`m; Cf `d hoburd jdy uf ckcgp`m lc uf trdfsostmr quc imftrm`d `d imrrocftc cf ufd amaofd (`dlc uf rc`ï, pmr ckcgp`m).

Iudflm c` trdfsostmr sc a`mqucd, `d imrrocftc quc ioriu`d pmr `d amaofd bcfcrd ufd tcfsoùfimftrdrod d `d dògcftdioùf quc pmlrçd smarcpdsdr häio`gcftc `ds tcfsomfcs gäxogds quc smpmrtd c`trdfsostmr y lcstruor`m, dlcgäs lc d mtrms imgpmfcftcs lc` ioriuotm m prmvmidr hd``ms lchufiomfdgocftm.

Im`midflm uf lomlm, imgm puclc mascrvdrsc, `d imrrocftc lc `d amaofd cfiucftrd uf idgofm dtrdvïs lc ïstc y `d tcfsoùf lc` im`citmr cstdrä ògotdld d `d tcfsoùf lc dògcftdioùf gäs `ms >,8 ’ >,2 Xlc` lomlm.

Fm jdy quc m`voldr quc c` lospmsotovm lc prmtciioùf lcacrä scr idpdz lc dasmracr idso tmld `d

cfcrbçd d`gdicfdld cf `d amaofd , pmr `m quc lcac smpmrtdr`m.C` lomlm sorvc lc idgofm d `d imrrocftc lc` ofluitmr iudflm c` trdfsostmr sc a`mqucd. Csm cvotd `d

dpdroioùf lc d`tds tcfsomfcs cftrc c` im`citmr y `d adsc lc` trdfsostmr.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


3. \O^MY

Cxostcf lovcrsds i`dsohoidiomfcs, d`bufds sc prcscftdf d imftofudioùf.

Ycbûf c` vd`mr lc su ofluitdfiod, puclcf scr hokds y vdroda`cs.

Ycbûf su dpòidioùf, sc jda`d lc amaofds lc ijmquc pdrd ho`trms lc adkd hrciucfiod, amaofds lc

rdlomhrciucfiod y amaofds lc softmfçd. Ycbûf su imfstruiioùf, jdy amaofds io`çflroids y amaofds tùroids.

Ycbûf c` fûi`cm, cxostcf amaofds imf fûi`cm lc dorc, lc jocrrm, lc pu`vogctd` y lc hcrrotd.

Ycbûf `d hrciucfiod lc trdadkm, tcfcgms dutmofluiiomfcs lc adkd hrciucfiod (fûi`cm lc jocrrm) y dutmofluiiomfcs lc d`td hrciucfiod (fûi`cm lc hcrrotd).

3.4. Amaofds hokds

@ds amaofds hokds sc lovolcf cf lms brupms;

Amaofd lc fûi`cm lc dorc, pdrd hrciucfiods c`cvdlds. \çpoid cf sm`cfmolcs.

Amaofd lc fûi`cm sùòlm, quc ofircgcftd `d idpdioldl lc gdbfctosgm. ^mlcgms cfimftrdramaofds lc folm lc dackd, lc fûi`cm tmrmold`, y lc hcrrotd.

C` sçgam`m gäs utoòzdlm pdrd rcprcscftdr `d amaofd hokd cs;

@ms sçgam`ms gäs utoòzdlms pdrd rcprcscftdr d`bufds lc `ds amaofds hokds smf;



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


3.4.4. Imf fûi`cm lc dorc

C` imfluitmr sc drrm``d smarc uf smpmrtc jucim y pmstcromrgcftc sc rctord ïstc qucldflm imf ufdspcitm pdrciolm d` lc uf guc``c. Yc utoòzd cf hrciucfiods c`cvdlds .

Sfd vdrodftc lc `d amaofd dftcromr sc lcfmgofd sm`cfmolc y lohocrc cf c` dos`dgocftm lc `dscspords y `d prcscfiod lc uf smpmrtc quc fm fcicsdrodgcftc tocfc quc scr io`çflroim. Yc utoòzd iudflm scprciosdf guijds cspords. Cstds amaofds puclcf tcfcr tmgds oftcrgclods , cf cstc idsm sc puclcfimfsolcrdr imgm 1 ù gäs amaofds drrm``dlds smarc uf gosgm smpmrtc y imfcitdlds cf scroc . Obud`gcftc,sc utoòzdf pdrd hrciucfiods c`cvdlds .

3.4.1.

Imf fûi`cm sùòlm

^msccf vd`mrcs lc ofluitdfiod gäs d`tms quc `ms dftcromrcs lcaolm d su fovc` c`cvdlm lcpcrgcdaoòldl gdbfïtoid. C` fûi`cm suc`c scr lc uf gdtcrod` hcrrmgdbfïtoim . @ms gäs usdlms smf `dhcrrotd y c` hcrrmxiuac .



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Iudflm sc gdfckdf pmtcfiods imfsolcrda`cs y `ds hrciucfiods quc sc lcscdf cògofdr smf adkds,sc utoòzdf fûi`cms pdrciolms d `ms lc `ms trdfshmrgdlmrcs (cf hucftcs lc dògcftdioùf smarc tmlm). Dsç,fms cfimftrdrcgms imf `ds imfhoburdiomfcs prmpods lc cstms û`togms.

@ds sciiomfcs lc `ms fûi`cms puclcf tcfcr hmrgd lc CO, G, SO y @ .

Ckcgp`m; CO y G.

@ds amaofds lc folm lc dackd sc utoòzdf cf `ms ioriuotms softmfozdlmrcs lc dpdrdtms lc rdlom

cf `ds bdgds lc mfld gclod y `drbd . Brdiods d `d hmrgd lc` amaofdlm sc imfsobucf d`tms vd`mrcs

ofluitovms cf uf vmùgcf gçfogm .

@ds amaofds lc fûi`cm tmrmold` sc idrditcrozdf pmr quc c` hùkm bcfcrdlm fm sc lospcrsd jdiodc` cxtcromr yd quc pmr su hmrgd sc ircd uf hùkm gdbfïtoim icrrdlm, lmtäflm`ds lc uf brdf rcflogocftm

y prciosoùf.

@ds amaofds lc hcrrotd drrm``dlds smarc fûi`cm lc hcrrotd, fmrgd`gcftc io`çflroims , imfdpòidiomfcs cf rdlom cs guy oftcrcsdftc lcslc c` puftm lc vostd präitoim yd quc, pcrgotc cgp`cdr cìmfkuftm imgm dftcfd im`miäflm`d lorcitdgcftc cf c` rcicptmr.

Amaofd lc hcrrotd Amaofds lc hcrrotd pdrd YGL

@ds amaofds brdadlds smarc c` imarc, cf uf ioriuotm ogprcsm tocfcf `d vcftdkd lc su gçfogm

imstc , pcrm smf lohçio`gcftc dkustda`cs gclodftc fûi`cm.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


3.1. Amaofds vdroda`cs

@ds amaofds vdroda`cs imfsostcf cf quc su imfluitovoldl sc prmluic pmr c` lcsp`dzdgocftm lc`

fûi`cm .

@ms sçgam`ms gäs utoòzdlms pdrd rcprcscftdr `d amaofd vdroda`c smf;

\dgaoïf sc hdaroidf amaofds dkustda`cs. Fmrgd`gcftc, `d vdrodioùf lc ofluitdfiod sc prmluic

pmr lcsp`dzdgocftm lc` fûi`cm .

C` sçgam`m gäs utoòzdlm pdrd rcprcscftdr `d amaofd dkustda`c cs;

@ds amaofds aòfldlds puclcf scr vdroda`cs m hokds , imfsostcf cficrrdr `d amaofd lcftrm lc ufdiuaocrtd gctäòid io`çflroid m iudlrdld, iuyd gosoùf cs ògotdr c` hùkm c`citrmgdbfïtoim ircdlm pmr `d

prmpod amaofd y quc puclc dhcitdr fcbdtovdgcftc d `ms imgpmfcftcs icridfms d `d gosgd.

Ckcgp`m; Amaofds lc adkd hrciucfiod.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


8. DYMIODIOÙF LC AMAOFDY

@ds amaofds sc puclcf dsmiodr cf scroc m cf pdrd`c`m , imgm miurrc imf `ds rcsostcfiods y `msimflcfsdlmrcs.

8.4. Dsmiodioùf lc amaofds cf scroc

Yc loic quc uf imfkuftm lc amaofds cstä imfcitdlm cf scroc iudflm `d sdòld lc ufd cstä

imfcitdld imf `d cftrdld lc `d sobuocftc , y dsç suicsovdgcftc jdstd matcfcr lms ûfoims amrfcs quc scimfcitdf d `d tcfsoùf lc dògcftdioùf.

^drd idìu`dr `d amaofd cquovd`cftc lc `d dsmiodioùf sc dpòid `d cxprcsoùf sobuocftc;

f\ @ @ @ @ ...14

Ckcgp`m; Idìu`d `d amaofd cquovd`cftc lc trcs amaofds imfcitdlds cf scroc (1 gJ, 9< gJ y 3>gJ).

Ldtms;

@4 7 1 gJ

@1 7 9< gJ

@9 7 3> gJ

Mpcrdiomfcs;

C` iäìu`m lc` vd`mr rcsu`tdftc lc imfcitdr vdrods amaofds cf scroc cs tdf sogp`c imgm `dsugd lc sus vd`mrcs.

@\ 7 @4 + @1 + @9 7 1 gJ + 9< gJ + 3> gJ 7 :8 gJ

Ymùioùf; @\ 7 :8 gJ

8.1. Dsmiodioùf lc amaofds cf pdrd`c`m

Yc loic quc uf imfkuftm lc amaofds cstä imfcitdlm cf pdrd`c`m iudflm tmlds `ds sdòlds cstäf

imfcitdlds d uf puftm imgûf y tmlds `ds cftrdlds d mtrm , lc hmrgd quc sù`m jdy lms amrfcs quc sc

imfcitdf d `d tcfsoùf lc dògcftdioùf.

^drd idìu`dr `d amaofd cquovd`cftc lc `d dsmiodioùf sc dpòid `d cxprcsoùf sobuocftc;

f\ @ @ @ @4...444

14

5

f

\

@ @ @

@4

...44

4

14



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


\dgaoïf sc puclc idìu`dr imf mtrd cxprcsoùf gäs häio` (sù`m imf lms amaofds);

14

14

@ @

@ @ @\

Cf `ds amaofds cxostc ufd oftcrdiioùf cftrc c``ds quc bcfcrd ofluiiomfcs pdräsotds. Cstchcfùgcfm imgpòid adstdftc `ms ioriuotms, pmr `m quc `ds dsmiodiomfcs lc amaofds sù`m sc utoòzdf cfmidsomfcs imfirctds, iudflm lc `m quc sc trdtd cs lc dprmvcijdr prciosdgcftc csc hcfùgcfm.

Ckcgp`m; Idìu`d `d amaofd cquovd`cftc lc trcs amaofds imfcitdlds cf pdrd`c`m (1 gJ, 9< gJ y3> gJ).

Ldtms;

@4 7 1 gJ

@1 7 9< gJ

@9 7 3> gJ

Mpcrdiomfcs;

C` iäìu`m lc` vd`mr rcsu`tdftc lc imfcitdr vdrods amaofds cf pdrd`c`m cs usdflm `dhùrgu`d;

gJ

gJ gJ gJ @ @ @

@\ :1,4

3>

4

9<

4

1

4

4

444

4

914

Ymùioùf; @\ 7 4,:1 gJ

2. CFCQBÇD

Iudflm `d imrrocftc dugcftd cf uf ioriuotm, `d amaofd d`gdicfd cfcrbçd c`ïitroid cf hmrgd lcidgpm gdbfïtoim y `d lcvm`vcrä d` icsdr `d imrrocftc.

C` vd`mr lc `d cfcrbçd sc puclc idìu`dr imf `d sobuocftc cxprcsoùf;

1

1

4 O @ C

C; cfcrbçd (kuòms, K).


O; oftcfsoldl (dgpcroms, D).

Lc `d hùrgu`d lc `d cfcrbçd cs häio` lcluior quc, d` losgofuor `d oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc,

losgofuorä ̀ d cfcrbçd d`gdicfdld .



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Ckcgp`m; ^mr ufd amaofd lc 1 gJ ioriu`d ufd imrrocftc lc 9 D. ½Tuï cfcrbçd d`gdicfd `damaofd=

Ldtms;

@ 7 1 gJ 7 1 ² 4>-9 J 7 >,>>1 J

O 7 9 D

Mpcrdiomfcs;

Kuòms Kuòms D J O @ C >>?,>1

>4:,>9>>1,>

1

4

1

4 111

Ymùioùf; C 7 >,>>? Kuòms

:. QC@Ï

:.4. Lchofoioùf

C` rc`ï, tdgaoïf ``dgdlm rc`cvdlmr (lc` hrdfiïs rc`dos, rc`cvm), cs uf c`cgcftm quc schufldgcftd cf `ds prmpocldlcs lc` gdbfctosgm pdrd hmrgdr ogdfcs fm pcrgdfcftcs .

:.1. Cstruiturd

@ds pdrtcs hufldgcftd`cs lc uf rc`ï smf c` c`citrmogäf, rcdòzdlm imf ufd amaofd, `d drgdlurd y`ms imftditms.

@ms rc`ïs lc topm drgdlurd smf `ms gäs dftobums y tdgaoïf `ms gäs utoòzdlms.

Ckcgp`m; Qc`ïs lc drgdlurds y cf cfidpsu`dlm topm LO^.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


:.1.4. Imftditms

@ms imftditms lc uf rc`ï puclcf scr;

FD (Fmrgd`gcftc Daocrtms) m FM (Fmrgd``y Mpcf, pmr sus sob`ds cf ofb`ïs). Imfcitdf cìoriuotm iudflm c` rc`ï sc ditovd y c` ioriuotm sc lcsimfcitd iudflm c` rc`ï sc lcsditovd.

FI (Fmrgd`gcftc Icrrdlms m Fmrgd``y I`mscl, pmr sus sob`ds cf ofb`ïs). Lcsimfcitdf cìoriuotm iudflm c` rc`ï sc ditovd y c` ioriuotm sc imfcitd iudflm c` rc`ï cstä lcsditovdlm. Cstmsimftditms sc utoòzdf pdrd dpòidiomfcs cf `ds quc sc rcquocrc quc c` ioriuotm pcrgdfczidicrrdlm jdstd quc c` rc`ï scd ditovdlm.

Lc imfgutdioùf. Imftrm`df lms ioriuotms; uf imftditm FD y mtrm FI imf uf tcrgofd` imgûf.

@ms rc`ïs smf lospmsotovms rmaustms y cimfùgoims y pcrgotcf `d imgp`ctd scpdrdioùf c`ïitroid

cftrc `d imrrocftc lc diiomfdgocftm (`d quc ioriu`d pmr `d amaofd lc` c`citrmogäf) y `ms ioriuotms

imftrm`dlms pmr `ms imftditms , `m quc jdic quc sc pucldf gdfckdr d`tms vm`tdkcs m c`cvdlds pmtcfiodstdftm cf d`tcrfd imgm cf imftçfud imf pcqucôds imrrocftcs lc imftrm`.

@ms rc`ïs imfstdf lc lms ioriuotms oflcpcflocftcs;

Ioriuotm c`citrmgdbfïtoim m lc gdflm. Cstc ioriuotm cs dògcftdlm pmr ufd imrrocftc lc adkm

vm`tdkc, lcfmgofdld imrrocftc lc gdfomard, quc cs idpdz lc ditovdr c` c`citrmogäf. Iudflm ufdimrrocftc lc adkd oftcfsoldl ioriu`d pmr `d amaofd lc` c`citrmogäf sc ircd uf idgpm gdbfïtoimquc ogdftd uf fûi`cm lc jocrrm luìc quc cs idpdz lc dtrdcr uf ofluiolm gùvo`. Cf cstc ioriuotmcs fcicsdrom ofstd`dr uf c`cgcftm lc gdfomard y lc prmtciioùf pdrd cvotdr quc pcrgdfczidsocgprc ditovdlm, yd quc `d amaofd cs uf ida`c imfluitmr cfrm``dlm quc mhrcic pmid rcsostcfiod

y quc ld ùbdr d uf imfsugm c`cvdlm quc puclc prmluior uf id`cftdgocftm cf `d amaofd pmrimrtmioriuotm. @ds idrditcrçstoids tïifoids lc cstc ioriuotm smf;

m Imrrocftc lc cxiotdioùf. Cs `d oftcfsoldl fcicsdrod pdrd ditovdr c` rc`ï.

m \cfsoùf fmgofd`. Cs `d tcfsoùf lc trdadkm pdrd `d iud` c` rc`ï sc ditovd.

m Imfsugm fmgofd` lc `d amaofd. Cs `d pmtcfiod quc imfsugc `d amaofd iudflm c` rc`ï cstäcxiotdlm imf `d tcfsoùf fmgofd` d 1> »I.

Ioriuotm c`ïitroim lc pmtcfiod. Cs c` ioriuotm lc usm, cstm cs, lmflc sc prmluic `dimfcxoùf/lcsimfcxoùf lc ufms imftditms pmr `m quc pdsdf imrrocftcs gdymrcs. @ms imftditms schdaroidf imf d`cdiomfcs lc p`dtd imf imarc, fçquc` u ùxolm lc idlgom, lcpcflocflm lc` usm,dpòidioùf y vold ûto` fcicsdrod lc` rc`ï. Imgm c` fûgcrm lc imftditms puclc scr guy c`cvdlm,imf uf rc`ï cs pmsoa`c bmacrfdr vdroms ioriuotms lohcrcftcs. @ds idrditcrçstoids tïifoids lc cstcioriuotm smf;

m \cfsoùf lc imfcxoùf. Cs `d tcfsoùf cftrc `ms imftditms dftcs lc icrrdr m lcspuïs lcdaror.

m

Oftcfsoldl lc imfcxoùf. Cs c` vd`mr lc `d oftcfsoldl gäxogd quc c` rc`ï puclc imfcitdr.m Oftcfsoldl gäxogd lc trdadkm. Cs c` vd`mr gäxogm lc `d oftcfsoldl quc puclc ioriu`dr

pmr `ms imftditms iudflm sc jdf icrrdlm.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


:.1.1. Qc`ï lc cstdlm sùòlm

Yc ``dgd rc`ï lc cstdlm sùòlm (YYQ) d uf lospmsotovm scgoimfluitmr sof pdrtcs gùvo`cs lmflcufd imrrocftc pcqucôd puclc imftrm`dr mtrd gäs brdflc, imf scpdrdioùf c`ïitroid. Yu fmgarc sc lcac d`d sogoòtul quc prcscftd imf uf rc`ï c`citrmgciäfoim.

Yc utoòzd bcfcrd`gcftc cf dpòidiomfcs lmflc cs fcicsdrod ufd d`td vc`mioldl lc imfgutdioùf

lc `d idrbd m uf usm oftcfsovm quc imgpdrdtovdgcftc cf uf rc`ï imfvcfiomfd` bcfcrdrçd uf scromlcsbdstc gciäfoim .

Ckcgp`m; Qc`ï lc cstdlm sùòlm lc Mgrmf.

Imrrocftc lc sdòld lc 9 y 3 D.

\cfsomfcs lc sdòld lc 3 d 44> XII/4>> d 1<> XID.

Imgpdtoa`c cf hmrgd y tdgdôm imf mtrms rc`ïsc`citrmgciäfoims.

Gmftdkc cf idrro` LOF gclodftc adscs.

Ofloidlmr lc mpcrdioùf pdrd imfhorgdr `d cftrdld.

:.1.9. C`citrmogäf

C` c`citrmogäf lc` rc`ï cstä imfstotuolm pmr ufd amaofd lc jo`m lc imarc dos`dlm gclodftc

adrfoz, lc pcqucôd sciioùf y brdf `mfbotul, drrm``dlm smarc uf fûi`cm hcrrmgdbfïtoim . Cf `ms rc`ïsutoòzdlms cf c`citrùfoid trdadkd imf imrrocftc imftçfud.

:.9. Yçgam`mC` sçgam`m suc`c lovolorsc cf lms pdrtcs, pdrd hdioòtdr c` trdzdlm lc `ds `çfcds, pmr uf `dlm `d

amaofd y pmr mtrm `ms imftditms. ^drd sdacr quï imftditms pcrtcfcicf d quï amaofd lcftrm lc ufcsqucgd c`ïitroim sc puclcf rchcrcfiodr dsç, AQ4 `d amaofd quc tocfc dsmiodlms `ms imftditms IQ4. Mtrmrc`ï lostoftm cf c` gosgm csqucgd quc tuvocrd vdroms kucbms lc imftditms scrçd AQ1, IQ1d, IQ1a, cti.

C` sçgam`m gäs utoòzdlm pdrd rcprcscftdr c` rc`ï cs;

@d `çfcd ofiòfdld cf c` rcitäfbu`m quc sogamòzd d `d amaofd ofloid c` fûgcrm lc amaofdlms,fmrgd`gcftc ufm.

^mr û`togm, imfvocfc rcgdridr quc `ms imftditms sc rcprcscftdf socgprc cf c` cstdlm lc rcpmsmlc` rc`ï, d fm scr quc scd lc` topm ‐aocstda`c‗ , quc tocfc lms amaofdlms lc gdfcrd quc d` ditovdr ufm lc

c``ms `ms imftditms cstäf cf ufd pmsoioùf y d` ditovdr c` mtrm amaofdlm, `ms imftditms idgaodf d `d mtrdpmsoioùf, cf cstc idsm pdrtoiu`dr sc rchcrcfiod `d pmsoioùf lc `ms imftditms scbûf `d amaofd quc scditovc.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


:.<. Hufiomfdgocftm

@ms rc`ïs smf ufms imgpmfcftcs c`citrmgdbfïtoims guy utoòzdlms cf c`citrùfoid, quc puclcfhufiomfdr imgm uf oftcrruptmr m imgm uf imfgutdlmr ditovdlm gclodftc uf c`citrmogäf. Yus sçgam`mssmf;

Oftcrruptmr Imfgutdlmr

C` rc`ï cs uf lospmsotovm c`citrmgciäfoim, quc hufiomfd imgm uf oftcrruptmr imftrm`dlm pmr ufioriuotm c`ïitroim cf c` quc, pmr gclom lc uf c`citrmogäf, sc diiomfd uf kucbm lc ufm m vdroms imftditmsquc pcrgotcf daror m icrrdr mtrms ioriuotms c`ïitroims oflcpcflocftcs .

Yo oftrmluics uf trmzm lc jocrrm luìc cf c` oftcromr lc `d amaofd, idld vcz quc ioriu`c imrrocftcc`ïitroid pmr c``d sc trdfshmrgdrä cf uf ogäf. Iudflm ioriu`c pmr `d amaofd, c` jocrrm dtrdcrä ufd poczdgctäòid quc hmrgd pdrtc lc` imfkuftm. Cstd poczd pmlrä adsiu`dr pmr ufm lc `ms cxtrcgms, lc td`gdfcrd quc c` mtrm qucldrä òarc y pmlrä icrrdr m daror uf ioriuotm. Iudflm `d imrrocftc lckc lcioriu`dr, uf guc``c jdrä quc cstd poczd gctäòid vuc`vd d su cstdlm ofoiod`. Lc cstd hmrgd, scbûf ioriu`cm fm imrrocftc, pmlrcgms daror m icrrdr ioriuotms c`ïitroims .

:.<.4. Qc`ï lc iudtrm imftditms

C` rc`ï lc iudtrm imftditms cs c` gäs aäsoim y fmrgd`gcftc sc utoòzd pdrd jdicr lcoftcrruptmr lc brdflcs oftcfsoldlcs, cf uf vcjçiu`m jdy ofstd`dlms lc mrobcf guijçsogms rc`ïs, yd qucditûdf imgm c`cgcftms lc prmtciioùf lc mtrms imgpmfcftcs.

Ckcgp`m; @ms hdrms lc imijc, ùfctd tïrgoid, gmtmr lc drrdfquc, cti. imfsugcf brdflcsidftoldlcs lc imrrocftc c`ïitroid, so ïstd tuvocsc quc pdsdr pmr `ms oftcrruptmrcs lc ùics, `d ``dvc lc

imftditm cti., sc qucgdrçdf y rmgpcrçdf, lc jcijm cs `m quc pdsdad dftobudgcftc.D imftofudioùf, tc gmstrdgms uf scfio``m csqucgd lc iùgm vd ofstd`dlm uf rc`ï pdrd cstc hof.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


^rogcrm, c` rc`ï cstä cf cstdlm lc rcpmsm y `ms hdrms cstäf dpdbdlms.

Djmrd, cf `d sobuocftc ogdbcf d` icrrdr c` gdflm lc ùics c` rc`ï sc ditovd y kuftd `ms imftditmslckdflm pdsdr `d imrrocftc jdiod `ms hdrms y cficfloïflm`ms.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


:.3. \opms

Cxostcf gu`totul lc topms lostoftms lc rc`ïs, lcpcflocflm lc` fûgcrm lc imftditms, oftcfsoldl

dlgosoa`c pmr `ms gosgms, topm lc imrrocftc lc diiomfdgocftm, tocgpm lc ditovdioùf y lcsditovdioùf , cti.

Ckcgp`m; Qc`ï sof cfi`dvdgocftm, L^L\, gmftdkc cf ÎA, 1< XII.

Ckcgp`m; Qc`ï sof cfi`dvdgocftm, Y^L\, gmftdkc cf ÎA, 4> D, 1< XII.

Ckcgp`m; Qc`ï lc pmtcfiod Ygdrt ^mwcr, gmftdkc cf ÎA, 4> D, 413 XII, 9:> XDI, Y^L\.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Iudflm imgprds rc`ïs, bcfcrd`gcftc tocfcs imftrm` smarc iocrtds vdroda`cs, quc smf;

4)

C` vm`tdkc y `d imrrocftc quc sc fcicsotd pdrd ditovdr `d drgdlurd.

1)

C` gäxogm vm`tdkc y imrrocftc quc puclc pdsdr d trdvïs lc `d drgdlurd y `ms imftditms lc `ddrgdlurd.

9) C` fûgcrm lc drgdlurds (bcfcrd`gcftc ufd m lms).

<) C` fûgcrm lc imftditms pdrd `d drgdlurd, tdgaoïf ufm m lms. Cf `d ogdbcf c` rc`ï gucstrd quctocfc lms, lmflc ufm fm sc cstä usdflm.

3) ^mlcgms imftrm`dr so c` imftditm cstä fmrgd`gcftc daocrtm m fmrgd`gcftc icrrdlm (so fms ldfsm`m uf imftditm).

:.8. Dpòidiomfcs

Cf bcfcrd`, c` usm lc uf rc`ï cs usdr ufd pcqucôd idftoldl lc cfcrbçd cf c` c`citrmogäf ’ pmrckcgp`m lc uf ioriuotm c`citrùfoim lc adkd pmtcfiod ’ pdrd gmvcr `d drgdlurd lc d su vcz cs idpdz lcimfgutdr ufd idftoldl lc cfcrbçd guijm gdymr. ^dr dpmfcr uf ckcgp`m, puclc quc quocrds quc c`

c`citrmogäf sc ditovc usdflm 3 vm`toms y 3> goòdgpcroms, gocftrds quc `d drgdlurd puclc smpmrtdr 11>vm`toms d 1 dgpcroms.

@ds dpòidiomfcs lc cstc topm lc imgpmfcftcs smf gû`top`cs; cf c`citroioldl, cf dutmgdtosgms

c`ïitroims, cf c` imftrm` lc gmtmrcs oflustrod`cs, cf c`citrùfoid, cf oftcrruptmrcs ircpusiu`drcs, cf

d`drgds ,…

Cf c`citroioldl, lmflc sc gdfckdf pmtcfiods gdymrcs quc cf c`citrùfoid (pmr ckcgp`m, pdrdimftrm`dr gmtmrcs oflustrod`cs) sc `cs ``dgd imftditmrcs cf ùbdr lc rc`ïs y imfsostcf cf uf c`citrmogäf quc dtrdc d `ms imftditms , dlcgäs `d amaofd cs lcsgmftda`c y puclc trdadkdr imf imrrocftc imftçfud m

d`tcrfd sof quc msio`cf `ms imftditms .

C` imftditmr sc pmlrçd lchofor imgm uf oftcrruptmr lc gû`top`cs imftditms quc sc puclcdiiomfdr d lostdfiod . C` hufiomfdgocftm lc cstc lospmsotovm cs imgm sobuc. Iudflm icrrdgms còftcrruptmr sogp`c, `d amaofd cs dtrdvcsdld pmr `d imrrocftc c`ïitroid y bcfcrd uf idgpm gdbfïtoim qucjdic quc c` fûi`cm dtrdobd d `d drgdlurd, drrdstrdflm imfsobm d `ms imftditms gùvo`cs. C` rcsu`tdlm csquc cstms imftditms idgaodf lc pmsoioùf y sc iocrrdf.

Ckcgp`m; Imftditmr; hufiomfdgocftm y dspcitm.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.

Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd <> lc 39

Ckcgp`m; Imftditmr diiomfdflm uf gmtmr c`ïitroim.

@d imrrocftc c`ïitroid quc fcicsotd `d amaofd pdrd ircdr c` idgpm gdbfïtoim fcicsdrom pdrd quc`d drgdlurd dtrdobd jdiod sç d` fûi`cm cs guy pcqucôd cf rc`dioùf imf `d imrrocftc quc vd d ioriu`dr pmr`ms imftditms profiopd`cs quc dògcftdf d` gmtmr.

?. \QDFYHMQGDLMQ

?.4. Lchofoioùf

Sfd dpòidioùf guy ogpmrtdftc lc `ms hcfùgcfms lc dutmofluiioùf cs c` trdfshmrgdlmr.

Sf trdfshmrgdlmr, tdgaoïf ``dgdlm trdhm, cs ufd gäquofd quc dprmvcijd `d idrditcrçstoid quctocfc `d imrrocftc c`ïitroid lc ircdr idgpms c`citrmgdbfïtoims y quc `ms idgpms c`citrmgdbfïtoimsircdf imrrocftc c`ïitroid.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.

Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd <4 lc 39

?.1. Cstruiturd

Sf trdfshmrgdlmr imfsostc cf lms amaofds ufolds pmr uf fûi`cm lc jocrrm luìc, `dgofdlm, imf

pcqucôds ogpurczds , pdrd imfscbuor gckmrcs idrditcrçstoids hrcftc d `d imfluiioùf lc`c`citrmgdbfctosgm.

@d amaofd pmr lmflc cftrd `d imrrocftc rcioac c` fmgarc lc progdrom y pmr lmflc sd`c lc

sciufldrom. Lcaolm d cstc dimp`dgocftm, `d scôd` lc cftrdld cf c` trdfshmrgdlmr suhrc vdrodiomfcs qucsmf rcimbolds d `d sdòld.

Lmflc;

; hùkm gdbfïtoim bcfcrdlm pmr `d amaofd (wcacr, Ra).

X4; tcfsoùf c`ïitroid bcfcrdld pmr `d amaofd lc` progdrom (vm`toms, X).

O4; oftcfsoldl bcfcrdld pmr `d amaofd lc` progdrom (dgpcroms, D).X1; tcfsoùf c`ïitroid bcfcrdld pmr `d amaofd lc` sciufldrom (vm`toms, X).

O1; oftcfsoldl bcfcrdld pmr `d amaofd lc` sciufldrom (dgpcroms, D).

?.9. Yçgam`m

C` sçgam`m gäs utoòzdlm pdrd rcprcscftdr c` trdfshmrgdlmr cs;

C` sçgam`m utoòzdlm pdrd rcprcscftdr c` trdfshmrgdlmr imf fûi`cm lc dorc cs;



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


?.<. Hufiomfdgocftm

Iudflm ioriu`d imrrocftc pmr ufd lc `ds amaofds, ïstd sc trdfshmrgd cf idgpm c`citrmgdbfïtoim,sc trdfsgotc pmr gclom lc` jocrrm luìc y iudflm ``cbd jdstd `d mtrd amaofd, ïstd sc imfvocrtc cfimrrocftc c`ïitroid.

C` progdrom rcioac `d pmtcfiod lc `d rcl , pmr tdftm, sc lcac imfsolcrdr imgm uf rcicptmr m

imfsugolmr. ^mr c` imftrdrom, c` sciufldrom sc ufc d` ioriuotm lc utoòzdioùf , puloïflmsc imfsolcrdr, pmrtdftm, imgm uf bcfcrdlmr.

Cf rcsugcf, c` trdfshmrgdlmr, cs uf dpdrdtm cstätoim lc ofluiioùf c`citrmgdbfïtoid lcstofdlmd trdfshmrgdr uf sostcgd lc imrrocftcs vdroda`cs cf mtrm m vdroms sostcgds lc imrrocftcs, iuyds

tcfsomfcs c oftcfsoldlcs smf bcfcrd`gcftc lohcrcftcs, dufquc lc `d gosgd hrciucfiod .

Ckcgp`m; Dspcitm lc uf trdfshmrgdlmr rcd` dsç imgm su csqucgd c`ïitroim imrrcspmflocftc.

?.3. Qc`dioùf lc trdfshmrgdioùf

D` imfcitdr c` amaofdlm progdrom , lc F4 cspords, d ufd tcfsoùf d`tcrfd X4 sc prmluic cf c` fûi`cmgdbfïtoim uf hùkm vdroda`c ( ). Cstc hùkm vdroda`c sc iocrrd pmr tmlm c` fûi`cm gdbfïtoim y imrtd `msimfluitmrcs lc` amaofdlm sciufldrom, pmr `m quc sc ofluic ufd hucrzd c`citrmgmtroz cf c` sciufldrom

quc lcpcflcrä lc su fûgcrm lc cspords. Cf c` idsm lc quc c` fûgcrm lc cspords lc` sciufldrom scd gdymr quc c` lc` progdrom, `d tcfsoùf

lc` sciufldrom tdgaoïf scrä gdymr . Yc loic quc c` trdfshmrgdlmr cs c`cvdlmr.

Cf c` idsm lc quc c` fûgcrm lc cspords lc` sciufldrom scd gcfmr quc c` lc` progdrom, `d tcfsoùf

lc` sciufldrom tdgaoïf scrä gcfmr . Yc loic quc c` trdfshmrgdlmr cs rcluitmr.

Ckcgp`m;

X 4 / X 1

\rdfshmrgdlmr c`cvdlmr 11> X / 43 X

\rdfshmrgdlmr rcluitmr 11> X / 9>> X



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


^drd uf trdfshmrgdlmr olcd`, sc lcsprciodf `ds pïrlolds. Ïstm ogpòid quc `d pmtcfiod dasmraold

(^ 4 ) cs obud` d `d pmtcfiod cftrcbdld (^ 1 ) . ^mr `m quc cftrc `d progcrd amaofd y `d scbufld sc iugp`c qucdgads trdfsgotcf `d gosgd pmtcfiod.

^4 7 ^1

M `m quc cs `m gosgm;X4 ² O4 7 X1 ² O1

Mtrd hmrgd lc cxprcsdr`m cs;

g O

O

X

X

4

1

1

4

g; rc`dioùf lc trdfshmrgdioùf.

\dgaoïf sc iugp`c quc `d rc`dioùf cftrc c` fûgcrm lc cspords lc `d progcrd amaofd y `d scbufldcs prmpmriomfd` d `d tcfsoùf quc jdy cftrc c``ds . ^mr `m quc iudflm c` fûgcrm lc cspords cs gdymr, c`vm`tdkc tdgaoïf dugcftd.

Cs lcior, `d vc`mioldl d `d quc vdrçd c` hùkm gdbfïtoim cstä lctcrgofdld pmr `d hrciucfiod lc `dscôd` dpòidld, pmr `m quc `ds tcfsomfcs ofluiolds cf idld lcvdfdlm smf lorcitdgcftc prmpmriomfd`cs d`fûgcrm lc cspords lc idld ufm lc c``ms.

gX

X

F

F

1

4

1

4


^mr c` imftrdrom, `ds oftcfsoldlcs lc `ds amaofds lc` progdrom y sciufldrom smf ofvcrsdgcftc

prmpmriomfd`cs d su fûgcrm lc cspords imrrcspmflocftc .

g F

F

O

O

1

4

4

1




\cgd 3; Amaofds.

Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd << lc 39

^mr tdftm, `d rc`dioùf lc trdfshmrgdioùf sc puclc idìu`dr imf `d sobuocftc cxprcsoùf;

g O

O

X

X

F

F

4

1

1

4

1

4

Yo g 0 4, c` trdfshmrgdlmr cs c`cvdlmr lc tcfsoùf y so g 6 4, c` trdfshmrgdlmr cs rcluitmrlc tcfsoùf.

C` trdfshmrgdlmr cs rcluitmr so c` vm`tdkc lc` progdrom cs gdymr quc lc` sciufldrom .

C` trdfshmrgdlmr cs c`cvdlmr so c` vm`tdkc lc` progdrom cs gcfmr quc lc` sciufldrom .

C` trdfshmrgdlmr ditûd imgm uf dos`dftc so smf obud`cs `ms vm`tdkcs lc` progdrom y lc`

sciufldrom .

Yc puclcf utoòzdr trdfshmrgdlmrcs pdrd c`cvdr su dgpòtul m losgofuor`d m aocf pdrd dldptdr

cftrc sç mtrms imgpmfcftcs .

Ckcgp`m;

Ckcgp`m; D` progdrom sc `c sugofostrd c` vm`tdkc lc` cfijuhc (11> X cf I.D.) y d` sciufldrom sc `cimfcitd `d rcsostcfiod lc idrbd. Ïstd fm puclc scr pcqucôd pmrquc sc qucgd (sc huflc).



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


?.8. \opms

Cxostcf lovcrsms topms lc trdfshmrgdlmrcs, cftrc `ms quc idac lcstdidr;

\rdfshmrgdlmrcs lc dògcftdioùf. Ymf utoòzdlms pdrd dògcftdr ioriuotms c`citrùfoims lc

pcqucôd pmtcfiod . \ocfcf fûi`cm lc p`dids lc jocrrm luìc lc d`td pcrgcdaoòldl gdbfïtoid5smarc ïstc sc lcvdfdf ufm m vdroms drrm``dgocftms quc imfstotuoräf c` progdrom y c` sciufldrom.

Fmrgd`gcftc, smf trdfshmrgdlmrcs rcluitmrcs, pucs suc`cf rcluior `d tcfsoùf lc rcl lc 11> Xd 8, ?, 41, 1<, ..., X.

Dutmtrdfshmrgdlmrcs. Imfsostcf cf uf fûi`cm lc jocrrm luìc smarc c` quc sc lcvdfd uf sm`mdrrm``dgocftm imf vdrods tmgds, lc gmlm quc uf fûgcrm lctcrgofdlm lc cspords cs imgûf d`progdrom y d` sciufldrom. \ocfc c` ofimfvcfocftc lc quc c` sciufldrom fm cstä dos`dlmc`ïitroidgcftc lc` progdrom.

Ckcgp`m;

Dutmtrdfshmrgdlmr c`cvdlmr Dutmtrdfshmrgdlmr rcluitmr

\rdfshmrgdlmrcs lc dos`dgocftm. Yc trdtd lc trdfshmrgdlmrcs imf rc`dioùf lc trdfshmrgdioùf

4;4 , cs lcior, fo c`cvdf fo rcluicf `d tcfsoùf. Cstm quocrc lcior quc dgams amaofdlms tocfcf `dgosgd idftoldl lc cspords, pmr tdftm, c` amaofdlm sciufldrom cftrcbdrä c` gosgm vm`tdkc lc I.D.quc sc dpòquc d` progdrom, sof cxostor ufd imfcxoùf c`ïitroid cftrc c` amaofdlm progdrom y c`sciufldrom. Yc utoòzdf, fmrgd`gcftc, pdrd dos`dr lc `d rcl c`ïitroid iud`quocr ioriuotm quc

prciosc lc loijm dos`dgocftm . Ckcgp`m; Yc usd cf ùbdrcs guy jûgclms lmflc `d gdfopu`dioùf lcimfluitmrcs c`ïitroims fm dos`dlms lc `d rcl pulocrdf cftrdôdr d`bûf pcòbrm.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


\rdfshmrgdlmrcs dldptdlmrcs lc ogpcldfiods. Imgm sc sdac, `d gäxogd trdfshcrcfiod lcpmtcfiod cftrc ufd hucftc lc scôd` y ufd idrbd tocfc ùbdr iudflm `d ogpcldfiod lc sdòld lc `dhucftc lc scôd` y `d ogpcldfiod lc cftrdld lc `d idrbd smf obud`cs. Iudflm sc trdtd lc dldptdr

loijds ogpcldfiods , smf guy ûto`cs cstc topm lc trdfshmrgdlmrcs, pucstm quc cftrc `ds

ogpcldfiods lc progdrom y sciufldrom y su imrrcspmflocftc fûgcrm lc cspords cxostc ufdrc`dioùf;

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Ckcgp`m; \rdfshmrgdlmr dldptdlmr lc ogpcldfiods HG XJH SJH lc 23 d 9>> ί.

\rdfshmrgdlmrcs lc dulom hrciucfiod. Iudflm uf trdfshmrgdlmr trdadkd d hrciucfiodssupcromrcs d 3> Jz, `ds pïrlolds cf c` jocrrm pmr jostïrcsos y pmr imrrocftcs lc Hmuidu`tdugcftdf. Cs prciosm tcfcr guy cf iucftd cstc chcitm iudflm sc trdtd lc utoòzdr uftrdfshmrgdlmr pdrd hrciucfiods duloa`cs , cs lcior, lcslc 1> Jz d 1> EJz . @ms

trdfshmrgdlmrcs lc dulomhrciucfiod suc`cf tcfcr uf fûi`cm pcqucôm imf c` hof lc dgofmrdr `ds pïrlolds cf c` jocrrm y uf brdf fûgcrm lc cspords, pucstm quc `ds pïrlolds pmr c` chcitm Kmu`closgofuycf imf `d hrciucfiod.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


\rdfshmrgdlmrcs lc rdlomhrciucfiod. Cstäf loscôdlms pdrd trdadkdr d hrciucfiods supcromrcs

d 1> EJz . Lcaolm d quc d cstds hrciucfiods `ds pïrlolds pmr jostïrcsos y pmr imrrocftcs lcHmuidu`t smf cfmrgcs, fm sc puclcf hdaroidr imf fûi`cms lc jocrrm, cgp`cäflmsc fûi`cms imgmc` dorc, gctd` cf pm`vm prcfsdlm, hcrrotd, cti .

?.2. Dpòidiomfcs

@d utoòldl lc` trdfshmrgdlmr cs idgaodr lc vd`mr `d tcfsoùf y `d imrrocftc lc ufd amaofd d `d

mtrd . @ds dpòidiomfcs gäs jdaotud`cs lc` trdfshmrgdlmr smf;

Ssms oflustrod`cs;

m

Dgpòtul y hrciucfiod lc cftrdld hokds.

m

Fm jdy bdfdfiod cf pmtcfiod (sofm pïrlolds, pmr ckcgp`m; imrrocftcs pdräsotds). @m quc

puclc jdacr cs bdfdfiod cf tcfsoùf.m Ssm pdrd brdflcs pmtcfiods.

\cfocflm su profiopd` dpòidioùf imgm vdrodlmr lc tcfsoùf, cs cf `ds `çfcds lc trdfspmrtc lc

cfcrbçd c`ïitroid lmflc su dpòidioùf cs hufldgcftd`, lcaolm d su lma`c vcrtocftc tdftm imgm c`cvdlmrimgm rcluitmr.

Iudflm sc bcfcrd, sc c`cvd `d tcfsoùf imf dyuld lc c``ms, sc trdfspmrtd pmr `ds `çfcds, y sc adkdmtrd vcz imf trdfshmrgdlmrcs jdstd uf vd`mr imf c` quc pmlcr utoòzdr`d, sof lcgdsodlms rocsbms pdrd `dspcrsmfds.

C`cgcftm lc ioriuotm;

m Yostcgds pdrd dimp`m gdbfïtoim (pmr ckcgp`m; ioriuotms gdbfïtoims).

m Cf sostcgds c`citrùfoims.

Lcaolm d `d prmpocldl lc` trdfshmrgdlmr lc rch`ckdr ogpcldfiods , sc utoòzd imgm;

m Dldptdlmr lc ogpcldfiods.

m Ycpdrdlmr (dos`dlmr lc idrbds lc hucftc).

C`cgcftms lc gclold;

D `d vcz sc fcicsotdf imgm c`cgcftms lc dldptdlmr pdrd `d ofstrugcftdioùf.

Ckcgp`m; Qcl c`ïitroid.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.

Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd <: lc 39

4>. D^@OIDIOMFCY ^QÄI\OIDY

Dpdrtc lc `ds profiopd`cs dpòidiomfcs lc `ds amaofds (`ms rc`ïs y `ms trdfshmrgdlmrcs), cxostcfmtrds quc smf; `ms d`tcrfdlmrcs y lofdgms.

@ms d`tcrfdlmrcs y `ds lofdgms smf gäquofds c`ïitroids quc trdfshmrgdf `d cfcrbçd gciäfoid lcrmtdioùf, quc rcioacf d trdvïs lc su ckc cf cfcrbçd c`ïitroid d`tcrfd y imftofud, rcspcitovdgcftc.

4>.4. D`tcrfdlmr

Iudflm uf imfluitmr sc lcsp`dzd d trdvïs lc uf idgpm gdbfïtoim sc bcfcrd cf ïstc ufdimrrocftc c`ïitroid ofluiold. Yo c` ida`c utoòzdlm pdrd gmvcr`m imf gdymr hdioòldl tocfc hmrgd lccspord, sc ofluiorä cf cstd ufd tcfsoùf quc orä msio`dflm (d`tcrfdlm) cftrc ufms vd`mrcs gäxogms ygçfogm quc ofiùsm oräf idgaodflm lc borm. Yc bcfcrd ufd imrrocftc d`tcrfd.

C` d`tcrfdlmr imfstd lc lms pdrtcs; c` rmtmr y c` cstdtmr .

C` rmtmr cs uf c`cgcftm io`çflroim prmvostm lc c`citrmogdfcs sotudlm cf c` oftcromr lc` cstdtmridpdz lc bordr d`rclclmr lc su ckc iudflm ïstc cs ogpu`sdlm pmr `d diioùf lc ufd hucrzd.

C` cstdtmr cs `d idridsd gctäòid hokd cf iuym oftcromr sc d`mkd c` rmtmr smarc c` quc sc drrm``d uf

jo`m imfluitmr.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.

Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd <? lc 39

Ckcgp`m; Cf uf d`tcrfdlmr trohäsoim imf uf pdr lc pm`ms cf c` rmtmr, ufd rucld pm`dr imf ufhucrtc idgpm gdbfïtoim bord d 9.>>> rcvmùiomfcs pmr gofutm (3> vuc`tds pmr scbuflm) c ofluic cf `dstrcs amaofds lc` cstdtmr ufd tcfsoùf d`tcrfd trohäsoid lc 3> Jz quc sc trdfspmrtd y lostroauyc jdstd `msicftrms lc imfsugm.

4>.1. LofdgmCgp`cdflm uf ogäf y ufd cspord imf ufms dfo``ms im`citmrcs cs pmsoa`c bcfcrdr imrrocftc

c`ïitroid d`tcrfd, so sustotuogms `ms dfo``ms im`citmrcs pmr uf sm`m dfo``m lovololm cf lms pdrtcs dos`dldscftrc sç tcflrcgms ufd lofdgm. Cf cstc idsm `d imrrocftc ioriu`d cf uf sm`m scftolm, imrrocftc imftofud.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


@d lofdgm cs ufd gäquofd rcvcrsoa`c puclc trdadkdr imgm bcfcrdlmr m imgm gmtmr . Imgmbcfcrdlmr, trdfshmrgd `d cfcrbçd gciäfoid cf cfcrbçd c`ïitroid y imgm gmtmr, trdfshmrgd `d cfcrbçd

c`ïitroid cf gciäfoid lc rmtdioùf .

4>.9.

Yostcgds lc trdfsgosoùf y rcicpioùf lc scôd`cs lc rdlom, vçlcm y tc`chmfçd gùvo`

\mlms cstms sostcgds imfsobucf trdfsgotor `d ofhmrgdioùf brdiods d `d prmluiioùf lc idgpms

gdbfïtoims lc d`td hrciucfiod (lc` mrlcf lc EJz y GJz pdrd sostcgds lc rdlom y lc d`bufms BJz pdrd`d tc`chmfçd gùvo`). Cstds scôd`cs c`citrmgdbfïtoids sc rcimbcf imf hdioòldl d `drbd lostdfiod pmr `msrcicptmrcs brdiods d` profiopom lc ofluiioùf c`citrmgdbfïtoid . Iudftm gdymr scd `d hrciucfiod, `d scôd`pmlrä trdfsgotorsc d gäs lostdfiod sof quc su oftcfsoldl lc mrobcf scd guy c`cvdld, td` imgm miurrc imf`d tc`chmfçd gùvo` quc cgp`cd scôd`cs cf tmrfm d `ms 1 BJz (1² 4>? Jz) lc hrciucfiod.

Ckcgp`m; Cf `d sobuocftc hoburd sc gucstrd lc hmrgd sogpòhoidld iùgm scrçd c` sostcgd lccgosoùf y rcicpioùf lc uf sostcgd lc imgufoidioùf pmr rdlom.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


Cf cstc idsm `d cgosmrd sc cfidrbd lc rcimbcr `d ofhmrgdioùf d trdfsgotor (scôd`cs lc dulomtrdfshmrgdlds cf scôd`cs c`ïitroids lc ufd lctcrgofdld hrciucfiod) y gclodftc ioriuotms lcgmlu`dioùf dlciudlms, bcfcrd ufd scôd` lc d`td hrciucfiod quc cs dpòidld d `d dftcfd gclodftc uftrdfshmrgdlmr .

Iudflm `d imrrocftc d`tcrfd lc d`td hrciucfiod rcimrrc c` imfluitmr lc `d dftcfd, sc prmluic ufidgpm c`citrmgdbfïtoim vdroda`c lc `d gosgd hrciucfiod. Ïstm jdic quc sc prmluzid, d su vcz, ufd mfld

c`citrmgdbfïtoid quc sc rdlod cf tmlds `ds lorciiomfcs .

Yo cstds mflds c`citrmgdbfïtoids `dfzdlds d` cspdiom imrtdf c` imfluitmr lc ufd dftcfdrcicptmrd, sc ofluic cf `d gosgd ufd hucrzd c`citrmgmtroz (sogo`dr d` prmicsm quc sc ld cf uftrdfshmrgdlmr) quc rcprmluic `d scôd` c`ïitroid cgotold pmr c` imfkuftm lc cgosmrd y dftcfd lccgosoùf. ^mr supucstm, iudftm gäs d`ckdlms fms cfimftrcgms lc `d dftcfd lc cgosoùf, gäs pcqucôd scrä`d scôd` rcioaold. Cstd scôd` suc`c scr lc` mrlcf lc `ms goirmvm`toms.

44. OF\CQHCQCFIODY C@CI\QMGDBFÏ\OIDY

Jmy cf lçd sc hdaroidf gu`totul lc lospmsotovms c`ïitroims y c`citrùfoims quc prmluicfcgosomfcs c`citrmgdbfïtoids lc d`td hrciucfiod. Cstms idgpms c`citrmgdbfïtoims sc prmpdbdf imfhdioòldl pmr c` dorc, pmr sus cfvm`vcftcs, pmr `ms imfluitmrcs c`ïitroims m lc trdfsgosoùf lc ldtms.

Lcaolm d` hcfùgcfm lc `d ofluiioùf c`citrmgdbfïtoid, cstms idgpms ofluicf scôd`cs c`ïitroidscf mtrms cquopms icridfms quc puclcf ``cbdr d pcrturadr c` fmrgd` hufiomfdgocftm lc `ms gosgms, ldflmùbdr d `m quc sc imfmic imgm oftcrhcrcfiods c`citrmgdbfïtoids (imfmiolm tdgaoïf imgm CGO pmr sussob`ds cf ofb`ïs C`citrmGdbfctoi Oftcrhcrcfic ).

Ckcgp`ms lc oftcrhcrcfiods; imgm c` ruolm d` softmfozdr ufd cgosmrd lc rdlom, c` gd`hufiomfdgocftm midsomfd` lc` rcicptmr lc tc`cvosoùf, c` lospdrm d`cdtmrom lc ufd d`drgd, cti.

^drd quc sc prmluzid `d oftcrhcrcfiod c`citrmgdbfïtoid tocfc quc cxostor `d hucftc quc `mmrobofc, uf rcicptmr m vçitogd quc sc vcd dhcitdlm pmr c``d y, pmr û`togm, uf gclom d trdvïs lc` iud` scprmpdbuc `d oftcrhcrcfiod y sc prmluzid dsç `d pcrturadioùf.

Ckcgp`ms lc hucftcs lc pcrturadiomfcs;

Qdyms.

Imrtmioriuotms.

Imfcxoùf d tocrrd ogprcvostd.

Lcsidrbds c`citrmstätoids.

Cgosmrcs lc rdlomlohusoùf.

Cgosmrcs lc tc`cvosoùf.

Rdèoc \dèoc.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.


\c`ïhmfms gùvo`cs.

Qdldrcs.

\mlms `ms sostcgds lc ditovdioùf y lcsditovdioùf lc ufd scôd` c`ïitroid td`cs imgm; imftditmrcs,rc`ïs, mflu`dlmrcs, hucftcs lc dògcftdioùf imfgutdld, sostcgds lc cficflolm lc gmtmrcs lccxp`msoùf, im`citmrcs lc `ms gmtmrcs lc I.I., rcbu`dlmrcs c`citrùfoims.

@ägpdrds lc lcsidrbd y hùmrcsicftcs.

Cquopms quc utoòzdf rc`mkcs (Î, ^@I).

Cxostcf trcs pmsoaoòldlcs lc cògofdr `ds oftcrhcrcfiods c`citrmgdbfïtoids;

Yuprogor `d cgosoùf cf `d hucftc.

Jdicr c` idgofm lc dimp`dgocftm pmim chcitovm.

Jdicr c` rcicptmr gcfms scfsoa`c d `ds cgosomfcs.

Ckcgp`m; Sfd hmrgd scfio``d lc prmtcbcr `ms cquopms y `ms imfluitmrcs lc imfcxoùf cs aòfldr`ms

m dpdftd``dr`ms imf supcrhoiocs imfluitmrds y, ùcbm, pmfcr d tocrrd csms aòfldkcs , imfsobuocflm dsç quc`ds imrrocftcs ofluiolds pmr `ms idgpms c`citrmgdbfïtoims hùydf d trdvïs lc `ds supcrhoiocsimfluitmrds cxtcrfds d tocrrd cvotdflm `ms chcitms lc `ds gosgds smarc `ms cquopms quc cstäf cf suoftcromr.

@d sustotuioùf lc imfluitmrcs lc imarc pmr ida`cs lc hoard ùptoid pdrd `d trdfsgosoùf lcscôd`cs jd supucstm uf brdf dvdfic cf c` prmicsm lc rcluiioùf lc `ds pcrturadiomfcsc`citrmgdbfïtoids, yd quc cstms lospmsotovms trdfspmrtdf `d ofhmrgdioùf cf hmrgd lc ùz, quc cstmtd`gcftc ofgufc d `ds rdlodiomfcs c`citrmgdbfïtoids.

@d hoard ùptoid sc imgpmfc lc uf jo`m guy hofm lc volrom m gdtcrod` p`ästoim trdfspdrcftc , pmr c`

quc sc trdfsgotcf scôd`cs ùgofmsds quc imftocfc `ms ldtms d trdfsgotor. @d hucftc lc ùz puclc scr`äscr m uf @CL. Yu profiopd` dpòidioùf sc cfiucftrd cf `ds tc`cimgufoidiomfcs (tc`chmfçd, Oftcrfct,tc`cvosoùf, cti.), yd quc cs pmsoa`c trdfsgotor d `d vcz idftoldlcs gdsovds lc ldtms d ufd brdf lostdfiod.



\cgd 3; Amaofds.

41. DFD@MBÇD CF\QC @MY LOHCQCF\CY C@CGCF\MY ^DYOXMY

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