Tatjana Katic, "Sirote Kudeljnice" i Baštinice: dva tipa hrišćanskih udovičkih domaćinstava u Osmanskom carstvu

8/8/2019 Tatjana Katic, "Sirote Kudeljnice" i Batinice: dva tipa hrianskih udovikih domainstava u Osmanskom carstvu

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UDK 93/94 YU ISSN 0350-0802

ISTORIJSKI INSTITUT

ISTORIJSKI ^ASOPIS

Kw.LVIII

(2009)

Redakcioni odbor

, -, , LUBOMRA HAVLKOV (),

ANGELIKI KONSTANTAKOPOULOU (), ,

Odgovorni urednik

Dr TIBOR @IVKOVI]

Direktor Istorijskog instituta

BEOGRAD2009


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1 Jennings R.C., Women in Early 17th Century Ottoman Judicial Records Sharia Courtof Anatolian Kayseri, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient(JESHO), XVIII (January 1975), 53-114; Gerber H., Social and Economic Position ofWomen in an Ottoman City, Bursa, 1600-1700, International Journal of Middle EastStudies, 12 (1980), 231-244; Women, the Family, and Divorce Laws in Islamic History,ed. by Amira El Azhary Sonbol, Syracuse, 1996; Women in the Ottoman Empire, Mid-dle Eastern Women in the Early Modern Era, ed. by Madeline C. Zilfi, Leiden-New

York-Kln, 1997; Establet C., Pascual J.P, Women in Damascene Families around1700, JESHO, vol. 45, no 3 (2002), 301-319; Pierce L.,Morality Tales: Low and Gen-der in the Ottoman Court of Aintab, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London, 2003; Women inthe Ottoman Balkans, Gender, Culture and History, ed. by Amila Buturovi and IrvinCemil Schick, London-New York, 2007; .2 , , , , ( , , , , , ). , , ;

, Gek F. M., Baer M. D., Social Boundaries of OttomanWomens Experience in Eighteenthcentury Galata Court Records, Women in theOttoman Empire, Middle Eastern Women in the Early Modern Era, ed. by M. C. Zilfi,Leiden-New York-Kln, 1997, 58-59.


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Rumeli During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Women in the OttomanBalkans, Gender, Culture and History, ed. by Amila Buturovi and Irvin Cemil Schick,London-New York, 2007, 174-175.6 , , . . Abdal-Rehim Abdal-Rahman Abdal-Rehim, The Family and Gender

Laws in Egypt During the Ottoman Period, Women, the Family, and Divorce Laws in

Islamic History, ed. by Amira El Azhary Sonbol, Syracuse, 1996, 109.7 (. mcerred). Inalck H.,Hicr 835 Tarihli Sret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid, 2. bask, Ankara 1987, XXXIII.


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Harem/Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, New York Oxford, 1993, 280.10 . , , . . ., X XVIII , , 2006, 149-150. . : ,

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Esaslar, I, Kanunlar, Istanbul 1943, 13, 20, 96, 271, 285, 309. 30 15 . ., XV XVI , , 1974, 50; Kalei H.,Jedna prizrenska i dve vuitrnske kanunname, GlasnikMuzeja Kosova i Metohije II (1957), 294.12 Jennings R.C., Women in Early 17th Century Ottoman Judicial Records , 96. , .13 , , . . . Abdal-Rehim Abdal-RahmanAbdal-Rehim, The Family and Gender Laws in Egypt ..., 103.14 : [] , , . , 100, 110.


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19 , XVII , , ; , , . Ivanova S.,Judicial Treatment of the Matrimonial Problems of ChristianWomen in Rumeli ..., 174-175.20 Inalck H.,Hicr 835 Tarihli Sret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid, ....21 Inalck H., Osmanllarda Raiyyet Rsmu,Belleten, XXIII, 92 (1959), 604.


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22 Bojani-Luka D.,De la nature et de lorigine de lispendje, Wiener Zeitschrift frdie Kunde des Morgenlandes, 68 (1976), 9-30. . , (Inalcik H., Osmanllarda raiyyet rsmu,Belleten XXIII(1959), 602-608; Isti, Ispendje, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edition, vol IV,Leiden, 1997, 211).23 Bojani-Luka D., nav. delo, 25-28.24 , 22. 10 25

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Tatjana Kati

INDIGENT HEMP-SPINNERS ANDBATINA-OWNERS:TWO TYPES OF THE CHRISTIAN WIDOWS HOUSEHOLDS

IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE THROUGH THE EXAMPLE OF

PRIZRENSANCAKIN THE XVIth CENTURY(Summary)

Official recording of the Christian widow as taxpayer, paying thedecreased ispeneby 6 ake, the so-called widows tax (resm-i bve), representsa custom having already existed in the earliest dated registers of the OttomanEuropean provinces. The edict issued by Mehmed the Conqueror clearly statedthat this tax was to be imposed only to those widows not possessing lands, i.e.those indigent women who earned a living by spinning wool, flax and hemp.These women belonged to the most impoverished stratum of the Ottomansociety, and due to this have they enjoyed the particular protection on the partof the local community as well as the tax exemptions.

Apart from the widows, taxpayers of the widows tax, the widows,owners or co-owners of the real estates batina - have also been officiallyrecorded in the detailed registers (mufassal). Batina represented hereditaryproperty on the mrland, with the precisely established obligations, whose ownerhad the right to sell it, donate or bequeath to whom he wished. The new owner

would, upon the takeover of the batina, take the obligations concerning theestate onto himself likewise. The tax was collected from batina, as well as fromthe real estates, which were given undertapu to the hereditary tenure of the reayahousehold (hne). The only difference was that these real estates put undertapucould not be sold nor bought, but stayed in the possession of the families as longas they were able to cultivate them. On the contrary, thesiphwould give themto whom he preferred. The widows, owners of the batinas, did not pay thewidows tax since they had lands in their possession and had thus been treatedas taxpayers of the total, and not decreased, amount of the ispene, i.e. 25 insteadof 6 ake. They were legally assigned to the category the entire family household- of the house (hne), that is, to the class of the male taxpayers. Due to this, thenotion of them is not always noticeable in the Ottoman registers, since the

summary registers (icml), containing only the enumeration of hne,mcerred and bve made note of the widowsowners of the batinas underthe category of hne.

...

227


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income of the Ottoman state from the silk weighing scale in Prizren was

150.000 ake in the middle of the XVI century. That was the biggest individualincome of the Empire on thesancak's territory at that very time. The famoussilk of Prizren had been manufactured in the numerous silk workshops in thetown, where mostly women had been employed, probably like in Bursa, too.So, its no wonder that the greatest number of the indigent widows dwelled inPrizren, where they were able to find employment without many difficulties.

Apart from spinning, weaving and embroidering, the big town offeredto the self-supporting women the opportunities to work, too, as maids,laundresses, basket weavers, grocers, bakers, innkeepers and other. Urbanenvironment, in any case, provided the wider range of possibilities for widowsallowing them to lead an independent life, than a rural community; the morevaried choices for better paying jobs, as well as the opportunity to be in contactwith the women of the same kind..

Keywords: Ottoman, widowhood, widows tax (resm-i bve), real estatebatina, women crafts, Prizren, Trgovite, Bihor.

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Tatjana Katic, "Sirote Kudeljnice" i Baštinice: dva tipa hrišćanskih udovičkih domaćinstava u Osmanskom carstvu