Draft B 14 June 2007

Version 1 June 2009

Tasmanian Adventure Activity Standard Bushwalking

Advice for Organisations, Guides and Leaders

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IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER

The information contained in this publication has been gathered through widespread consultation across the outdoor recreation industry. Nevertheless, the Tasmanian Adventure Activity Standards (AAS) are general in nature and should not be relied upon to meet individual or specific requirements. They are recommendations for voluntary application to adventure activity providers.

The AAS will not, and are not, intended to cover each and every circumstance of an adventure activity. Nor can they, when adhered to, entirely eliminate the risk or possibility of loss or injury. Consequently, they should be used as a guide only. Whenever using the information contained in this AAS, providers should carefully evaluate the specific requirements of the intended activity and the persons participating in it and act accordingly. If necessary, providers should obtain advice from suitably experienced and qualified professionals.

This AAS and the information it contains are made available on the express condition that the Crown in Right of Tasmania, its officers, employees and agents, and the consultants and advisors who have assisted in compiling and drafting it, are not rendering professional advice to any person or organisation and make no warranties with respect thereto, and to the maximum extent permitted by law disclaim all liability for loss or injury however arising, including liability for negligence, from the use of or reliance upon this AAS.

Tasmanian Adventure Activity Standard – Bushwalking

Drafted by Tony McKenny for Sport and Recreation Tasmania

Endorsed by Tasmania‟s outdoor recreation and adventure tourism sectors

Supported by the Tasmanian Government

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PREFACE

Anyone conducting an outdoor adventure activity for a group of dependant participants has a duty-of-care to those participants for the safe conduct of the activity. This Adventure Activity Standard (AAS) has been developed to assist organisations, trip/group leaders and guides to plan and safely undertake outdoor adventure activities with dependant participants (see Definitions, section 5.1).

It has been developed in consultation with community leaders and commercial organisations and reflects currently accepted practice for bushwalking. Although primarily intended as guidelines for those working with dependent groups, whether commercial or not-for-profit, peer groups (friends or community club members for example) may also find some of the information useful for the planning and safe conduct of their activities.

Having suitable risk management strategies in place and ensuring the AAS are met should help minimise the likelihood of injury or loss. However, it is recommended that all providers obtain independent legal advice to ensure they understand their duty of care obligations under the law in Tasmania. In addition, providers, whether commercial or not-for-profit, should discuss their specific operations and requirements with their insurance broker or underwriter to ensure they have appropriate insurance cover.

Adventure activity standards for a range of activities, along with additional advice on access, communication, developing an operation manual, risk management and emergency planning can be accessed on the Sport and Recreation Tasmania website at www.development.tas.gov.au/sportrec/

Note: Commercial operators wishing to conduct tourism-based operations in areas managed by the Parks and Wildlife Service (PWS), Crown Land Services, Forestry Tasmania or the Wellington Park Management Trust are required to have a Commercial Visitor Services (CVS) licence (see section 6.4 for full details).

All operators, whether commercial or not-for-profit, must adhere to the Department of Education Outdoor Education Guidelines when working with Tasmanian state schools and colleges. For a copy of these guidelines, please visit the Department of Education‟s website at www.education.tas.gov.au/outdoor

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Sincere thanks are extended to the following organisations and individuals who have invested time and expertise in the development of this AAS for bushwalking:

Graham McLean – Base Camp Tasmania

Rob Fairlie – Tarkine Trails and Tiger Trails

Andrew Davey – Federation of Tasmanian Bushwalking Clubs

Matin Fieldhouse, Sasha Lawrence and Grant Dixon - the Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania

Gary Hayes – Tasmanian Expeditions.

Thanks are extended to the Outdoor Recreation Centre – Victoria, for the use of its adventure activity standards for some content and formatting.

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ADVENTURE ACTIVITY STANDARDS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER .............................................................................................................................. 2

PREFACE .......................................................................................................................................................... 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................. 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... 5

ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................. 7

1 PLANNING ............................................................................................................................................... 8

1.1 Considerations for Developing an Activity Plan ............................................................................... 8 1.2 Pre-Trip Documentation ................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Risk Assessment and Management ............................................................................................... 10 1.4 Emergency Planning ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.5 Restrictions to Participation ............................................................................................................ 11 1.6 Venues ........................................................................................................................................... 11 1.7 Weather .......................................................................................................................................... 11 1.8 Winter/Adverse Weather Bushwalking ........................................................................................... 12

2 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE TRIP LEADER/ASSISTANT .................................................................. 13

2.1 Skills Expected of a Leader ............................................................................................................ 13 2.1.1 National Outdoor Recreation Training Package ........................................................................ 13 2.1.2 Bushwalking Leader on Urban Walks ........................................................................................ 13 2.1.3 Bushwalking Leader on Tracked or Easy Untracked (Easy) ..................................................... 13 2.1.4 Bushwalking Leader on Difficult and Trackless (Intermediate) .................................................. 14 2.1.5 Bushwalking Leader on Unmodified Landscapes (Advanced) .................................................. 15

2.2 First-Aid .......................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 First-Aid ...................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 First-Aid Kits ............................................................................................................................... 15

2.3 Responsibilities of the Trip Leader ................................................................................................. 16 2.3.1 Program Manager/Organiser ..................................................................................................... 16 2.3.2 Activity Leader ........................................................................................................................... 16

2.4 Assistant to the Trip Leader ........................................................................................................... 17 2.5 Communication .............................................................................................................................. 17

2.5.1 General ...................................................................................................................................... 17 2.5.2 Briefing ....................................................................................................................................... 17

2.6 Ratios of Trip Leaders and Assistants to Participants ................................................................... 18 2.6.1 Group Size ................................................................................................................................. 18 2.6.2 Ratios ......................................................................................................................................... 18 2.6.3 Commercial Visitor Service (CVS) ............................................................................................. 18 2.6.4 Short Walks and Day Walks – urban, easy tracked or untracked ............................................. 19 2.6.5 Overnight and Multi-Day Walks – difficult, trackless or unmodified ........................................... 19 2.6.6 Gender Issues ............................................................................................................................ 20

2.7 Alcohol and Smoking ...................................................................................................................... 20 2.7.1 Alcohol ....................................................................................................................................... 20 2.7.2 Smoking ..................................................................................................................................... 20

2.8 UV (Sun) Protection ....................................................................................................................... 20

3 EQUIPMENT ........................................................................................................................................... 21

3.1 General Equipment ........................................................................................................................ 21 3.2 Clothing .......................................................................................................................................... 21 3.3 Personal Items ............................................................................................................................... 21 3.4 Group Equipment ........................................................................................................................... 21

4 MINIMAL IMPACT GUIDELINES ........................................................................................................... 23

4.1 Plan ahead and prepare ................................................................................................................. 23 4.2 Walk and camp on durable surfaces .............................................................................................. 23 4.3 Dispose of waste properly .............................................................................................................. 23

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4.4 Leave what you find ....................................................................................................................... 24 4.5 Minimise campfire impacts – use a fuel stove................................................................................ 24 4.6 Respect wildlife .............................................................................................................................. 24 4.7 Be considerate of your hosts and other visitors ............................................................................. 24

5 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED........................................................................................................... 25

5.1 Terms ............................................................................................................................................. 25 5.2 Summary of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. 25

6 FURTHER INFORMATION .................................................................................................................... 27

6.1 Giardia ............................................................................................................................................ 27 6.2 Tasmanian Government Contacts ................................................................................................. 27 6.3 Other Relevant Organisations ........................................................................................................ 27 6.4 Commercial Visitors Service (CVS) ............................................................................................... 29

7 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................................... 29

7.1 Appendix 1: National Outdoor Recreation Industry Training Package .......................................... 29 7.1.1 Bushwalking Leader on Tracked or Easy Untracked (Easy) ..................................................... 29 7.1.2 Bushwalking Leader on Difficult and Trackless (Intermediate) .................................................. 31 7.1.3 Bushwalking Leader on Unmodified landscapes (Advanced) ................................................... 31

7.2 Appendix 2: NORTP Units on Risk Management and First-Aid .................................................... 31 7.3 Appendix 3: Tourism and Hospitality Packages ............................................................................. 32

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ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION

The term bushwalking covers walking in the natural environment, including walks for pleasure, challenge and/or educational outcomes. The walks may be long (multi-day) involving camping, or short (for example, for an hour or two), and can be enjoyed throughout the year in environments as diverse as urban suburbs or coastal and alpine regions. For this reason it is important that each leader or organisation interprets the AAS appropriately for the specific group, area and duration of each bushwalk.

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1 PLANNING

An activity plan is developed by the leader/organiser and outlines important information on how the program is to be conducted. An activity plan should all be available if requested, regardless of whether land managers require some or all of the information it contains.

1.1 Considerations for Developing an Activity Plan

An activity plan helps ensure that any trip is conducted safely and in a manner appropriate to the needs of specific groups or participants. Organisations and leaders should consider at least the following in their planning:

the expected capabilities of participants, including:

their age, experience and skills

their fitness, disposition and any known medical conditions.

the area and route selection, including:

the availability and suitability of maps

land managers‟ requirements (access restrictions, group sizes, permit requirements and booking requirements. See Venues section 1.6 below)

the availability of area-specific information

the ability of the site to withstand visitation with minimal impact

the terrain (route characteristics) and associated implications

the remoteness and access

any seasonal factors (snow, fire and availability of drinking water)

any health risks, such as Giardia, E Coli contamination, allergies (for example, pollens from flowers)

any available shelter for stops and camping.

the expected weather conditions and implications such as hypothermia and hyperthermia.

the group composition, including:

the size of the group

the standard of care (Department of Education, commercial or community organisation, elderly, children or participants with a disability or health condition)

any supervision requirements (see section 2.6).

the equipment, food and clothing requirements, including:

the availability of equipment for participants

the availability of communication equipment

the costs involved and whether it‟s affordable.

any support/evacuation capabilities (vehicle and so on), including:

the environmental limits and how they effect communications

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any first-aid requirements.

When selecting sites, the leader and/or guide(s) should also consider if:

they have the required competency to conduct the activity, effectively manage incidents and satisfy the planned objectives at the site selected (see section 2.1 below)

they are familiar with the area to be used and any inherent dangers or safety issues (the level of familiarity will vary according to the objectives and circumstances of the walk/group)

for winter walks, they have previous extensive experience in winter bushwalking in all weather and over similar terrain (see Winter/Adverse Weather Bushwalking section 1.8)

the area suits the activity and participants‟ expectations and needs.

The Parks and Wildlife Service in Tasmania produce an excellent publication to assist planning: Before You Walk: Tasmania’s Essential Bushwalking Guide & Trip Planner www.parks.tas.gov.au/recreation/planning/index.html

1.2 Pre-Trip Documentation

There are many sound reasons for documenting aspects of the activity plan, including: ensuring the safety of the group should the leader become injured or incapacitated; enabling search and rescue teams to conduct a more efficient search where necessary; or to assist with any legal defence following an incident. This documentation should at least include:

the emergency plan, including details set out in section 1.4

the names, addresses, medical information* and emergency contact details for all participants, leaders and guides

any necessary permits/licences, including compliance with the CVS requirements for commercial organisations and/or PWS permits and relevant driving licences, if transporting clients (see www.transport.tas.gov.au/home)

details of the planned start and finish times and a program outline.

Following an explanatory written or verbal brief, participants should provide signatures to acknowledge inherent risks (see Waivers section 5.1). Participants under the age of 18 should obtain the signature of a parent/guardian.

All documentation should be readily accessible to the leader. On multi-day or remote activities, copies should be left with a non-participating contact.

Throughout the activity, the leader should take reasonable steps to account for any specific medical requirements and treatment plans documented by participants.

* Medical information relates to any condition likely to affect the participant‟s performance. For example, asthma, diabetes, epilepsy, fainting/dizziness, specific allergic reactions, blood conditions that may affect bleeding/blood clotting, conditions affecting balance, recent or long-standing injuries (for example, back, knee and ankle), disability or other relevant medical conditions that the supervisor should be aware of (for example, pregnancy, repetitive strain injury [RSI]) and any relevant medication).

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1.3 Risk Assessment and Management

Risk management is defined by Standards Australia as ‘…a process consisting of well-defined steps which, taken in sequence, support better decision-making by contributing a greater insight into risks and their impacts.’ [AS/NZ Standard AS/NZS 4360:2004, Risk Management (2004)]

A systematic assessment of all foreseeable risks should be made and strategies should be considered as to how to manage, avoid or minimise these risks.

The process should identify all significant, reasonably foreseeable site-specific hazards and other hazards such as injuries, equipment failure and river levels.

Some organisations, such as clubs and commercial operators, may have established risk management guidelines that cover issues such as standards for equipment and transport, and should be referred to. It may also be a requirement that this is formally documented (see the supplementary folder – Developing an Operations Manual).

For further information, including planning proformas, see the supplementary folder – Risk Management, and section 7: appendix 2 for relevant National Outdoor Recreation Training Package (NORTP) units.

1.4 Emergency Planning

Even with appropriate policies and procedures, accidents and emergencies can still occur. They are usually sudden and unexpected, significantly affect groups and individuals and require an immediate and planned response to contain the situation.

Prior emergency planning helps an organisation manage an emergency more successfully. It also minimises long-term effects to individuals and organisations and enhances the ability to resume normal functioning. Developing clear emergency procedures and networks prior to the event is an important aspect of this planning.

The emergency plan is designed to help manage foreseeable incidents that have been identified in the risk assessment and any other emergencies that may occur.

The trip leader/s and the non-participating contact should be aware of the emergency plan.

An organisation may have a general emergency plan, however there should be a specific emergency strategy for each activity/session, which should detail the:

emergency access and escape routes

emergency contact details for key organisations (for example, the land manager and the police) and how they are best contacted (via mobile phone, satellite phone or radio)

activity program, including planned start and finish times of the session

emergency „trigger- time‟ for the non-participating contact to inform emergency services that the group has failed to return/check-in from a trip

specific communication equipment being carried by group (for example, phone and radio)

adopted strategies specific to the areas being visited.

The trip leader should communicate with the relevant non-participating contact at designated time/s. Upon failure to do so, the non-participating contact should

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activate the plan (for example, notify the police or any other party, as detailed in the plan).

In the event of serious or fatal incidents, the police are responsible for management of the incident. All other parties, including the contact person, are under the direction of the police. Only the police may notify parents and next-of-kin of any fatalities.

For further information, see the supplementary folder – Emergency Strategies and section 7: appendix 2 for relevant NORTP units.

1.5 Restrictions to Participation

Operational restrictions to an activity include the weather as well as any restrictions advised by the land manager or otherwise (including closure of particular areas for operational, environmental or safety reasons).

Individual restrictions should apply to participants deemed to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs, including prescription drugs that may affect performance and to participants who are unable or unwilling to follow instructions, or lack the capacity/ability to perform the activity to expectations.

1.6 Venues

When selecting venues leaders should take into account any objective dangers, such as river crossings, exposed areas, slippery rocks and limited access to roads and/or telephones. Some walking areas cannot sustain frequent use by groups (for example, dunes and many alpine areas). Leaders should also take note of weather forecasts and bush fire alerts. Alternative venues should be used in adverse conditions.

In addition, some bushwalking venues may have access restrictions brought about by overuse, inappropriate use or a fear of litigation in the event of an accident.

Leaders should familiarise themselves with the restrictions, regulations or licensing requirements that cover any land that they intend to use. Land owners and land management agencies may, for example, limit or prohibit certain activities such as camping or the lighting of fires (see section 6.4 for details for commercial groups).

For further information, please visit the following websites:

Leave No Trace www.lnt.org/

Minimal Impact Snow Camping www.australianalps.environment.gov.au/caring/snow-camping.html

Great Walks of Tasmania www.parks.tas.gov.au/recreation/bushwalking.html

Forestry Tasmania. www.forestrytas.com.au/visiting/camping

1.7 Weather

Planning should include up-to-date weather and fire information, as well as current river levels.

Apart from weather information generally available through the media – newspapers, radio and television – you can check the website of the Bureau of Meteorology at www.bom.gov.au/weather/tas/

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Additional information is available from:

Tasmanian State, Cities and Districts Forecast Service 1900 955 364

Tasmanian Coastal, Land Weather and Flood Warnings 1300 659 216

1.8 Winter/Adverse Weather Bushwalking

Bushwalking in snow and/or wet/cold conditions is a particularly strenuous activity requiring a high level of fitness.

All participants in winter bushwalks should be experienced in walking and pack-carrying.

Clothing and equipment should be of an appropriate and exceptionally high standard.

Planning should allow for extreme weather and inevitable delays due to heavy snowfall, rapid melting and icy or slippery surfaces.

Groups should be specifically briefed on procedures to follow if anyone becomes separated from the group. They should also be briefed on hypothermia, cold injuries, emergency snow shelters and hygiene. Planning should include an emergency evacuation procedure.

Building snow shelters such as igloos, caves, coffins and so on is time-consuming and participants will become very wet. Parties planning to use snow shelters on overnight trips should have alternative accommodation available in case of poor snow conditions, lack of snow, melting or rain during the night.

When selecting venues, leaders should obtain the latest local advice and have an alternative program in case of severe weather.

The group size will reflect the environmental conditions in the area (weather, snow cover, terrain and so on) but would not usually exceed 12, including leaders.

An emergency plan, including communication procedures and a risk management plan should be completed.

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2 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE TRIP LEADER/ASSISTANT

This section of the AAS includes all aspects of the activity plan that are specifically relevant to the leader of the trip and any assistants. It reviews some of the skills that those individuals should have and the minimum tasks that they are responsible for throughout the duration of any bushwalk.

Note: Leaders/Guides working with Tasmanian State School or College groups must be registered teachers, or have a registered teacher present during the activity. A Police Check may also be required of all staff working with such groups.

2.1 Skills Expected of a Leader

2.1.1 National Outdoor Recreation Training Package

In the absence of any established and recognised national training qualification for all bush walking activity providers, any leader of a dependant group should be confident he or she has skills at least equivalent to those described in the relevant units and levels from NORTP (see section 7 appendix 1) and have proven experience in leading groups in the conditions and terrain expected on the planned route.

A statement of attainment for these units is not compulsory. However, the inclusion of this section is intended to provide a suitable benchmark describing the skills that a leader should have as described within the NORTP.

Where relevant, consideration should also be given to the skills necessary for tourism guiding (see the Drysdale Institute‟s Tourism Training Package – Guiding THT02), particularly where an interpretive program is offered, with catering (see section 7, appendix 3, for further details).

A leader can acquire these skills from experience; training through community organisations, such as walking clubs; employment; TAFE colleges and universities; other registered training organisations (RTO); in-house training; and international qualifications.

In some non-commercial bushwalking activities, participants may be peers/club-members with known experience/skills. Where this is the case, the members of the group need to assess the list of skills described in section 7.1 and ensure that those relevant to the particular activity are available within the group.

2.1.2 Bushwalking Leader on Urban Walks

„Urban walks‟ are not defined as such within the NORTP. However, leaders of walks in an urban environment should be deemed to be responsible adults and have experience of group management, but need not be expected to have additional specific skills. A current first-aid qualification for example, a Work Place Level Two is recommended, particularly where an ambulance is likely to be half an hour or more away (see section 2.2).

Reasonable care should be taken to plan the activity, as detailed above in section 1 – Planning, and ensure that assistance can be sought if necessary.

2.1.3 Bushwalking Leader on Tracked or Easy Untracked (Easy)

„Tracked‟ or easy „untracked areas‟ are areas, which:

are marked on reliable maps and are obvious on the ground

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are inspected on a regular basis

have road or other safe collecting features that are easily reached within two hours by applying elementary navigation principles

have environmental conditions that are not usually extreme.

Recommended qualifications for trip leaders include one of the following:

AQF Outdoor Recreation Certificate III or IV, with specialisations in bushwalking and if relevant, camping (see section 2.1.1 above)

registration as a leader with the National Outdoor Leaders Registration Scheme (NOLRS), with appropriate specialisation (for example, a restricted bushwalking guide)

Tasmanian Bush and Mountain Leadership Certificate, Tasmanian Bushwalking Leadership Association

experience in the terrain to be covered, with skills in first-aid, navigation and bushcraft and experience in supervising participants in this environment (see section 2.1.1 above).

2.1.4 Bushwalking Leader on Difficult and Trackless (Intermediate)

„Difficult‟ or „trackless areas‟ are areas where:

there are limited modifications to the natural surface so that track alignment is indistinct in places

there is minimal clearance along the track

signage is minimal and only for management purposes

there are terrain such as exposed mountain tops, cliff lines or dense forests and man-made hazards

harsher environmental conditions tend to prevail, with rapid changes in weather (including cold, high winds and freezing precipitation) and visibility are possible

camping may be involved (e.g. multi-day trips – this may also include longer day walks in remote or higher altitudes).

Recommended qualifications for trip leaders include one of the following:

AQF Outdoor Recreation Certificate III or IV, with specialisations in bushwalking and camping (see appendix 1)

registered leader with National Outdoor Leaders Registration Scheme (NOLRS), with appropriate specialisation

Tasmanian Bush and Mountain Leadership Certificate, Tasmanian Bushwalking Leadership Association

experience in the terrain to be covered, including proven experience in lightweight camping up to and including the competencies described in section 2.1.1 above (with particular attention to safety aspects of setting-up camps, providing for sanitation and water, food hygiene and cooking procedure), proficiency in the use of a map and compass, sound knowledge of search, rescue and emergency procedures

at least one adult should have a current first-aid certificate (see section 2.2 First-Aid).

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In all cases, leaders should be able to verify their experience for example, by logbook, club walk registers or testimonial, if required.

2.1.5 Bushwalking Leader on Unmodified Landscapes (Advanced)

„Unmodified landscapes‟ are those:

that are totally natural

where there are no modifications to the natural surface so that track alignment is indistinct and there is no discernible track work

where there is no signage

where the track is not managed for public risk

where the onset of extreme environmental conditions, including severe winter conditions, could have a significant adverse impact on the bushwalk (see section 1.8 above).

A leader at this level should have the relevant skills/qualifications, as detailed in section 2.1.4, plus:

have previous extensive experience in bushwalking and over similar terrain

have a current Remote or Wilderness Area First-Aid Certificate

there should be at least two highly experienced leaders.

Details of these units and the NOLRS can be accessed at: www.outdoorcouncil.asn.au/9.html

2.2 First-Aid

2.2.1 First-Aid

At least one leader or guide should hold an approved Work Place Level-Two First-Aid certificate, which meets the standard of the NORTP unit SRXFAD001A from the Sport and Recreation Package or HLTFA1A from the Health and Fitness Package.

On multi-day trips, trips planned for participants with disabilities and/or walks into remote areas, more specialised first-aid knowledge may be required, such as the Remote Area First-Aid Certificate or the Australian Ski Patrol Association‟s Emergency Care course (see appendix 7.2 for details of the relevant NORTP units and section 6.3).

Participants should be made aware of who has this qualification in case of an accident or emergency.

Peer groups may also have to manage incidents likely to require first-aid. If there is no-one in the group with a current recognised first-aid qualification, it is advisable that participants consider other measures to manage any injury or illness.

2.2.2 First-Aid Kits

A first-aid kit appropriate to the level of first-aid training should be easily accessible on the walk, along with the emergency/group documentation. It is recommended that for activities lasting longer than a day and/or in more remote areas, the first-aid kit should be more comprehensive.

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First-aid kits should be in waterproof containers, have a contents checklist and have first-aid notes included.

2.3 Responsibilities of the Trip Leader

2.3.1 Program Manager/Organiser

The role of the manager/organiser is to develop the overall context of the activity or tour. In particular he or she might be involved in the planning of a specific activity, including the choice of venue, the time of program, staffing, emergency management and communication protocols (including designation of the emergency contact).

2.3.2 Activity Leader

Most competency qualifications include reference to the generic responsibilities of activity leaders and their assistants towards their clients/participants. Individual tasks may be delegated but the responsibility remains with the leader.

Whenever commencing any bushwalk with a dependant group, it is the activity leader‟s responsibility to ensure that the level of knowledge, ability, skills and equipment of each participant is appropriate for the level of difficulty and complexity of the activity and to receive acknowledgement from all participants that he or she, as the leader, has the role of leading the group.

Key areas of responsibility for the activity leader include:

taking reasonable steps to ensure that the level of knowledge, ability, skills and equipment of each participant is appropriate for the level of difficulty and complexity of the trip

researching and assessing likely risks and planning suitable strategies to minimise them

checking participants are suitably clothed and shod and have the necessary personal emergency equipment (for example, waterproofs and food - see section 3 Equipment, below)

ensuring necessary specialist equipment such as first-aid and communications gear are in working order and carried safely

ensuring the minimal environmental impact message is conveyed and adhered to

where considered necessary, nominating an assistant/s who has the necessary skills and knowledge and are willing to perform the duties

ensuring a briefing is conducted and understood by all participants

undertaking a headcount before, regularly during, and immediately after the trip

maintaining awareness of the physical and psychological condition of the group

appropriately controlling the pace of the group

delegating responsibility to other group members as necessary (tail end Charlie, first aid and so on)

notifying the appropriate persons of safe completion

ensuring that any incidents are managed, reported and recorded

managing the group to avoid or minimise the effects of hazards

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arranging for the signing of waivers and their collection where appropriate (see sections 1.2 and 5.1)

organising an immediate search for any missing party member.

2.4 Assistant to the Trip Leader

Any person acting as an assistant leader/guide should be able to provide support and assistance to the activity leader according to the activity plan and manage any incident or emergency according to the emergency plan should the leader become injured or incapacitated.

2.5 Communication

2.5.1 General

For all outdoor activities involving group participation, all participants, guides and activity leaders should use an agreed and understood communication system (briefing, calls, authority, directions and so on). It is important that this system is devised before the activity and agreed on as a component of the pre-activity briefing.

2.5.2 Briefing

The briefing of participants before an activity by the leader/guide will vary in content depending on the trip, participants and location, but in general, should provide a comprehensive introduction to the program, activities and personnel. More specifically, it might include:

an explanation of the background and role of trip leader/s

an outline of the trip plan and objectives, including duration and transport details

an overview of the nature of the activity and its inherent risks

an outline of essential equipment and clothing

a recommendation on the type and amount of food and water likely to be required

a recommendation on the availability of water

an overview of the strategies for conservation, including flora, fauna and rubbish removal and sanitation

a summary of the emergency plan or sufficient information to allow participants to act appropriately in the event of an incident or emergency

an explanation of what is expected of participants and their personal responsibilities as a participant, and that once informed, it is participant‟s responsibility to act as requested (conduct and behaviour and so on)

a discussion leading to the agreed methods of communication within the group

a discussion leading to an agreed method of emergency communication

an explanation of minimal environmental impact including human waste disposal.

Leaders should receive acknowledgment that participants have understood the content of the briefing. Consideration should be given to the capacity of non-English speakers to understand briefings and whether written briefing sheets in other languages are required.

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2.6 Ratios of Trip Leaders and Assistants to Participants

2.6.1 Group Size

Group size is an essential component of group management and many land managers have strict requirements on maximum sizes. Unless otherwise stipulated, maximum and minimum group size should be carefully decided, based upon the following:

any specific restrictions imposed by the land manager

environmental sensitivity and the potential impact of use of the route and any campsites

the experience of the leader and participants

the potential impact of other users

the ability to safely control foreseeable situations.

As a general rule, groups should be of no less than four participants in size, and where practical to do so, large groups should be split into two or more smaller groups.

Please see sections 2.6.4 and 2.6.5 for further details.

2.6.2 Ratios

There are situations where the leader‟s judgement will dictate the requirement for smaller numbers of participants per leader/assistant. When deciding on a supervision ratio, the leader should consider the:

experience of the leader

expected capabilities and behaviour of participants

conditions (environment, remoteness and weather)

land manager‟s requirements

planned duration of the walk

remoteness of the walk.

A ratio of one to ten should not be exceeded in most cases for groups with participants who are primarily minors (people under the age of 18).

2.6.3 Commercial Visitor Service (CVS)

The CVS licence system for commercial bushwalking tours is based on the Parks and Wildlife Service (PWS) walking track classification system, which determines track management in all reserves based on individual track ratings. Management based on classification helps prevent the development of new tracks or the deterioration of existing tracks. The system also aims to manage social impacts such as crowding.

In addition, the group size and client-to-guide ratios for commercial tours are linked to the individual track classification.

In general, operators are licensed to conduct commercial guided bushwalking tours during daylight hours and overnight tours on tracks designated W1, W2, T1 and T2.

Specific approval from the PWS is required to use any tracks rated as a T3.

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It is CVS policy not to licence T4 tracks and routes. Commercial operators wanting to undertake such tours are required to apply to the PWS for approval on a case by case basis.

Please note that in granting any such approval, the client-to-guide ratio for T4 and routes apply.

Contact CVS staff on (03) 6233 3636 to find out more about the following:

Parks and Wildlife Service Walking Track Classification System List

Parks and Wildlife Service Client to Guide Ratios for Commercial Tours.

2.6.4 Short Walks and Day Walks (not remote or higher altitudes) – urban, easy tracked or untracked

The maximum recommended size of day walking groups, irrespective of age and location is 25 clients to one leader/guide.

In national parks and on crown land the ratio is a maximum of six clients to one guide, with a maximum group size of 14 people, including at least two guides/leaders per group.

Larger groups should be split into smaller groups, again with a maximum number per group of 14 people, including at least two leaders/guides per group, but there is no restriction on numbers of groups for day walkers.

2.6.5 Overnight and Multi-Day Walks (including remote or higher altitudes) – difficult, trackless or unmodified

Where walks are conducted overnight or for base camping and the participants are primarily children, additional consideration should be given to supervision at the campsite. For such walks, a ratio of six participants to one guide should not be exceeded unless the issue of supervision is effectively addressed by the specific risk assessment and emergency strategy.

In national parks and on crown land, the ratio is a maximum of five participants to one guide.

The maximum group size for overnight and multi-day bushwalking on major tracks such as the Overland Track or South Coast Track is 13, including a minimum of two leaders/guides.

In more remote, challenging or sensitive terrain, and in national parks and on crown land, group sizes of eight or less (four in the most sensitive cases) is encouraged.

Consideration should be given to reducing the ratio of participants to leaders when reviewing the:

location

weather

experience and age of the group

program being undertaken.

For walks in winter, the same as above applies, but at least two highly experienced leaders should be present.

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2.6.6 Gender Issues

The Department of Education and the Camping Association of Tasmania have specific requirements regarding gender supervision for overnight camping with young people under 18 years of age. For further information, please visit www.education.tas.gov.au/outdoor/related/supervisions and/or contact the Camping Association of Tasmania on (03) 6230 8200 or (03) 6259 6158.

Leaders working with school or college groups should be aware that they will be required to have a good character check if the program involves overnight camping or is in a remote area.

For further details, please visit the Department of Education‟s website at www.education.tas.gov.au/dept/employment/applying_for_a_job/employment_pre-requisites/goodcharacter

2.7 Alcohol and Smoking

2.7.1 Alcohol

The consumption of alcohol by leaders and other assisting leaders/guides when on duty could result in a charge of negligence or jeopardise their rights under the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Amendment Act 2004 if an accident or mishap should occur.

2.7.2 Smoking

Smoking should be discouraged while in proximity to bushwalking equipment such as tents and other flammable materials. Appropriate butt storage should be provided, with all butts being removed from the area and disposed of correctly.

In Tasmania, it is illegal for a person under the age of 18 years to smoke.

2.8 UV (Sun) Protection

Leaders/guides must ensure that they take reasonable steps to prevent or minimise the likelihood of staff and participants sustaining health damage due to exposure to the sun. This may include encouraging the wearing of suitable clothing, using sunscreen or taking breaks in the shade.

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3 EQUIPMENT

3.1 General Equipment

Requirements for bushwalking vary with the objectives of the trip, experience of the participants and leader, and the expected environmental conditions. It is essential that equipment and clothing requirements take into account any foreseeable eventualities such as changes in weather, delays or injuries.

Leaders should be satisfied that all participants set out with suitable equipment, food and clothing for the planned trip. It is recommended that this is achieved by reference to a tailored checklist, which should be provided to participants in advance. The checklist should include, as a minimum, the contents of sections 3.2 and 3.3, which are provided as examples.

Adjustments to clothing and equipment should be made for:

walking in hot, dry conditions

walking in winter/adverse conditions

extended trips.

Note: Sections 3.2 and 3.3 are summaries subject to seasonal variation and do not include specific details about each item. Please visit the PWS website at www.parks.tas.gov.au/recreation/planning/index.html for detailed gear lists and further information for planning a trip.

3.2 Clothing

Appropriate woollen or synthetic thermal clothing should be carried if bushwalking is taking place under windy, wet or cold conditions or in the mountains. A warm hat and waterproof jacket (with a hood) should be carried by all members of the party on all such trips. Other equipment includes suitable footwear for the terrain, socks, gaiters, shorts, trousers, shirt, thermal top and pants, woollen jumpers and/or fleece jacket, waterproof pants, sun hat, gloves or mittens.

Consideration should be given to what spare clothing may be required, particularly on an extended trip.

3.3 Personal Items

Personal equipment items include a watch, compass and maps, notebook and pencil, whistle, sunscreen, insect repellent, first-aid kit and any personal medication, matches/lighter, suitable knife/eating utensils (including a mug), toilet paper, trowel, sleeping bag, sleeping mat, toiletries for overnight walks, pack, pack liner, sit-mat, water bottles/bags, food, torch, rubbish bag, and a length of cord or rope.

3.4 Group Equipment

The leader should consider the following equipment when determining what is appropriate for the specific walk being undertaken. Depending on the group, it is likely that participants will share the group equipment.

Tent, groundsheet, cooking equipment including stove and fuel, pot scrubber, toilet equipment, first-aid.

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Communication equipment, such as mobile phones, radios and Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) appropriate to the location should be considered for all trips, particularly for overnight/extended trips.

Service Tasmania operates an EPIRB hiring service for all outdoor recreation activities. Units can be hired from Service Tasmania shops in Hobart, Launceston, Burnie and Devonport. Service Tasmania can be contacted on 1300 135 513. For further information, please see the supplementary folder – Communications and the PWS website at www.parks.tas.gov.au/recreation/epirbs/epirbs.html

Note: From 1 February 2009, the satellite system, Cospas-Sarsat, will no longer process signals from EPIRBS using 121.5 Megahertz (MHz). From that date, only 406 MHz beacons will be monitored. Those with the analogue 121.5 MHz beacons are being encouraged to make the switch to the digital 406 MHz beacons. For further information, please visit the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) at http://beacons.amsa.gov.au/

With the advent of cheaper, hand-held Global Positioning Systems (GPS), leaders/guides have access to a powerful navigational tool. However, as they are battery-operated and still liable to failure, their use should always be backed up by a conventional compass.

In 2003, Tasmania began changing the coordinate system used for all maps from AGD 66 to GDA 94. All new and revised maps are being issued in the new format. If the GPS being used does not use GDA94, the satellite-derived coordinates based on the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) should be used, as this is virtually equivalent.

To convert map readings from AGD 66 to GDA 94, add 112 metres to the easting and 183 metres to the northing coordinate.

For further details on the use of GPS, please visit the University of Tasmania website at www.utas.edu.au/spatial/locations/index.html

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4 MINIMAL IMPACT GUIDELINES

The leader and organising body should be satisfied that all participants are aware of their responsibilities in respect to the environment, and details should be included in the group briefing. The following principles of „Leave No Trace‟ apply to all outdoor activities in Tasmania:

4.1 Plan ahead and prepare

Know the regulations and special concerns of the area you will visit.

Prepare for extreme weather, hazards and emergencies.

Schedule your trip to avoid times of high use.

Walk in small groups. Split larger parties into groups of four-six.

Repackage food to minimise waste.

Take maps and a compass or GPS and know how to use them, to eliminate use of flagging tape or rock cairns.

4.2 Walk and camp on durable surfaces

Durable camping surfaces include established campsites, tent platforms, rock, gravel and sand.

Good campsites are found, not made. Altering a site is not necessary. If you use rocks to secure tents, return them to their place when you leave.

Protect water sources by camping at least 50 metres from lakes and streams.

Protect plant life by avoiding the spread of phytophthora and other soil-borne diseases by keeping boots, camping equipment and vehicle tyres clean.

In frequently used areas:

concentrate use on existing tracks and campsites

always walk on tracks, even when wet or muddy, so damage is kept to a narrow band.

In pristine areas:

disperse use to prevent the creation of campsites and tracks

avoid places where impacts are just beginning.

4.3 Dispose of waste properly

„Pack it in, pack it out‟. Check your campsite and rest areas for rubbish and spilled food. Pack out all rubbish and leftover food.

If there‟s a toilet, use it. Otherwise bury all faecal waste and toilet paper in holes 15-20 centimetres deep at least 100 metres from water, camps and tracks. Cover and disguise the hole when finished.

Carry out any sanitary pads, tampons and condoms.

Wash up using hot water, preferably without soap or detergent. Strain and scatter washing up water 50 metres away from water sources.

Wash your body at least 50 metres from water sources.

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4.4 Leave what you find

Respect Aboriginal sites and other sites of cultural significance.

Preserve our past; examine but don‟t touch cultural or historic structures and artefacts.

Leave rocks, plants and other natural objects as you find them.

4.5 Minimise campfire impacts – use a fuel stove

Many parts of Tasmania are „Fuel Stove Only Areas‟. In these areas fires are not permitted. Carry and use a fuel stove.

Out of preference, use fuel stoves even where fires are permitted. Escaped campfires have caused landscape-wide damage, and can threaten human life as well as plants and animals.

If lighting a fire (where permitted) use only established fire places and keep the fire small.

4.6 Respect wildlife

Keep wildlife wild. Feeding animals can turn them into pests and may make them sick.

Store food and rubbish securely to discourage wildlife from finding it.

Observe wildlife from a distance. Do not follow or approach wildlife.

4.7 Be considerate of your hosts and other visitors

Respect Aboriginal culture and country.

Respect the wishes and regulations of all hosts (for example Aboriginal, pastoral, land managers and locals).

Only visit places where you have obtained appropriate permission.

Respect other visitors and protect the quality of their experience.

Let natural sounds prevail – avoid loud voices and noises.

More information is available from the following websites:

Leave No Trace

www.lnt.org/

Before You Walk: Tasmania‟s Essential Bushwalking Guide and Trip Planner

www.parks.tas.gov.au/recreation/planning/index.html

Phytophthora (Root Rot)

www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/ThemeNodes/EGIL-53Y2ZC?open

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5 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED

5.1 Terms

Assistant – A person who assumes responsibility as delegated by the trip leader for a group of participants. (NOLRS “Guide”)

Dependent Group – In the Tasmanian AAS, a „dependant group‟, whether commercial or non-commercial, is defined as one where the participants in the activity are dependent on the skills, knowledge and experience of the designated leader for the safe conduct of the activity.

Organisation – A person or group of persons organised for a particular purpose and assuming the role of providing an activity of either a commercial (for profit) or non-commercial (not-for-profit/community group) basis.

Participant – A person whose welfare is the responsibility of a guide or activity leader or instructor.

Peer Group – While there may be a nominal „leader‟ for organisational or administrative purposes, a „peer group‟ such as a group of friends or a group of activity club members, is not dependent on any one person for leading the activity but has, between the members of the group, the necessary skills, knowledge and experience for their planned program and a shared responsibility for the safe conduct of the activity.

Trip Leader –The person who coordinates the entire group including the assistant/s to satisfy the objectives of the trip.

Urban Walks – These are not clearly defined but are generally walks undertaken in urban streets and parks such as botanical gardens. The inclusion of the term urban walks is to acknowledge that some bushwalking occurs at a level not generally considered to be an adventurous activity and which requires minimal skill and planning.

Waivers or Releases – A waiver is used to document the fact that participation is voluntary, that the risks involved are acknowledged and assumed and that the intent is to release the organisation from responsibility for any injury that may occur for the privilege of being allowed to participate. It is called a „waiver‟ because it requires the participant to agree to waive his or her rights to sue, should an injury occur while participating. It is also called a „release‟ because the basic agreement is to release the organisation from liability for any injury experienced while participating. Providers are advised to seek legal advice on the wording of any waiver or release.

5.2 Summary of Abbreviations

AAS – Adventure Activity Standard/s

ANTA – the responsibilities and functions of the Australian National Training Authority (ANTA) have now been transferred to the Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST), 2005

AQF – Australian Qualification Framework

CVS – Commercial Visitors Service Licensing System

NOLRS – National Outdoor Leaders Registration Scheme

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NORTP – National Outdoor Recreation Training Package, SRO 03

NTIS – National Training Information Service

ORC – Outdoor Recreation Centre Inc. Victoria

SRTA – Sport and Recreation Training Australia

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6 FURTHER INFORMATION

6.1 Giardia

Some streams and rivers in Tasmania, even in the wilderness areas, are now polluted or infected with Giardia. If contamination is suspected, the water should be treated by boiling or with water purification filters, pumps or tablets.

For further information on Giardia, please visit the Department of Health and Human Services‟ website at www.dhhs.tas.gov.au/service_information/information/giardiasis_giardia

6.2 Tasmanian Government Contacts

Bureau of Meteorology Website: www.bom.gov.au/weather/tas/

Forestry Tasmania Website: www.forestrytas.com.au/forestrytas/

Hydro Tasmania Website: www.hydro.com.au

The Wellington Park Management Trust Website: www.wellingtonpark.tas.gov.au/

Police Search and Rescue Website: www.police.tas.gov.au/policing_services/marine_and_rescue_services Note: All emergencies are via 000

Sport and Recreation Tasmania Website: www.development.tas.gov.au/sportrec/

State Emergency Service 83 Melville Street Hobart TAS 7000 Telephone: (03) 6230 2700 Note: All emergencies are via 000 Website: www.ses.tas.gov.au/

Tasmanian Department of Education Website: www.education.tas.gov.au/

Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service Website: www.parks.tas.gov.au

Tourism Tasmania Website: www.tourismtasmania.com.au/

Workplace Standards Tasmania Website: www.wst.tas.gov.au

6.3 Other Relevant Organisations

Australian Quality Training Framework Website: www.aqf.edu.au/

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Australian Ski Patrol Association Website: www.skipatrol.org.au/

National Outdoor Leadership Registration Scheme Outdoor Council of Australia Sports House Corner Castlemaine and Caxton Streets Milton QLD 4064 Telephone: (07) 3369 9455 Website: www.outdoorcouncil.asn.au/9.html

Parasol EMT Canberra Head Office Unit 1/9 Lithgow Street Fyshwick ACT 2609 Telephone: (02) 6280 9880 or 1300 366 818 E-mail: admin@parasolemt.com.au Website: www.parasolemt.com.au/

Red Cross Tasmania 40, Melville Street Hobart TAS 7000 GPO Box 211 Hobart TAS 7001 Telephone: (03) 62356077 E-mail: vpage@tas.redcross.org.au Website: www.redcross.org.au/tas_default.htm

St John Ambulance Australia 57 Sunderland Street PO Box 414 Moonah TAS 7009 Telephone: (03) 6271 0333 Facsimile: (03) 6273 7776 E-mail: tasmania@stjohn.org.au Website: www.stjohn.org.au/

Tasmanian Aboriginal Land Council 4 Lefroy Street Hobart, TAS 7000 Telephone: (03) 62 310288 E-mail: m.young@TALC.net.au

Tasmanian Volunteer Emergency Communication Association (Tas VEC) 34 Victor Place, Montrose TAS 7010 Telephone: (03) 6272 4437 Facsimile: (03) 6273 7532

Wilderness Medicine Institute - NOLS Unit 1/5 Hines Road Oconnor WA 6163 Telephone: (08) 9331 6066 or 1 800 137 847 Facsimile: (08) 9331 6044 E-mail: info@wmi.net.au Website: www.wmi.net.au

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6.4 Commercial Visitors Service (CVS)

Commercial operators wishing to conduct tourism-based operations in areas managed by one or more of the following authorities are required to have a Commercial Visitor Services (CVS) licence:

the PWS

Crown Land Services

Forestry Tasmania

the Wellington Park Management Trust.

The CVS system is managed by the Parks and Wildlife Service (PWS). Further information can be obtained by contacting the CVS section on (03) 6233 3636 or at www.parks.tas.gov.au/permit/index.html

7 APPENDICES

7.1 Appendix 1: National Outdoor Recreation Industry Training Package

Details of these units can be accessed free-of-charge by logging on to the National Training Information Service website at www.ntis.gov.au, and the National Outdoor Leadership Registration Scheme at www.outdoorcouncil.asn.au/9.html

The units are components of national training courses that encompass the specification of knowledge areas and skills relevant to the outdoor recreation industry and the application of that knowledge and skill to a standard of performance required in the workplace.

The inclusion of this section is intended to provide a suitable benchmark describing the skills that a leader should have as described within the NORTP.

7.1.1 Bushwalking Leader on Tracked or Easy Untracked (Easy)

A leader at this level should have the following or their equivalent:

Leadership and Management skills

Respond to emergency situations

Provide first-aid

Facilitate a group

Deal with conflict

Apply sport and recreation law

Follow defined occupational health and safety procedures

Undertake risk analysis of activities

Outdoor Recreation skills

Operate communication systems and equipment

Navigate in difficult and trackless areas

Plan for minimal environment impact

Apply weather information

Use and maintain a temporary or overnight site

NORTP. Code

SRXEMR001A

SRXFAD001A

SRXGRO001A

SRXGRO002A

SRXINU002A

SRXOHS001B

SRXRIK001A

PUAOPE002A

SRONAV002B

SROOPS002B

SROOPS003B

SROOPS006B

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Plan outdoor recreation activities

Bushwalking skills

Guide outdoor recreation sessions

Demonstrate bushwalking skills in difficult and trackless areas

Guide bushwalks in tracked or easy untracked areas

SROODR002A

SROODR005A

SROBWG002A

SROBWG008A

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7.1.2 Bushwalking Leader on Difficult and Trackless (Intermediate)

A leader at this level should have the above or their equivalent, plus the following:

Leadership and Management skills

Coordinate emergency response

Provide leadership to groups

Implement and monitor the organisation‟s occupational health and safety policies procedures and programs

Outdoor Recreation skills

Navigate unmodified landscapes in extreme environmental conditions

Interpret weather conditions in the field

Plan outdoor recreation activities (advanced)

Manage risk in an outdoor recreation activity

Bushwalking skills

Demonstrate bushwalking skills in unmodified landscapes

Demonstrate river crossing skills

Guide bushwalking in difficult and trackless areas

NORTP. Code

SRXEMR002A

SRXGRO003A

SRXOHS002B

SRONAV003B

SROOPS004B

SROODR003B

SROODR006A

SROBWG003A

SROBWG004A

SROBWG009A

7.1.3 Bushwalking Leader on Unmodified landscapes (Advanced)

A leader at this level should have all of the above skills, plus the bushwalking skills or their equivalent, described within the following unit of competence:

Bushwalking skills

Guide bushwalks in unmodified landscapes

NORTP. Code

SROBWG010A

7.2 Appendix 2: NORTP Units on Risk Management and First-Aid

First-Aid

Basic - SRXFAD001A - Provide first-aid, from the Sport and Recreation Package, or HLTFA1A Provide Basic first-aid, from the Health and Fitness Package

More advanced/remote area - SRXFAD 002A Provide advanced first-aid response, SRXFAD 005A Manage casualty in a remote and/or isolated area

Managing a Critical Incident

SRXEMR001A Respond to emergency situations

SRXEMR002A Coordinate emergency response

Managing Risk

SRXRIK002A Manage an organisation's risk

SRXRIK003A Develop an organisational risk management policy

Risk Assessment

BSBMGT609A Manage risk

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SRXRIK001A Undertake risk analysis of activities.

7.3 Appendix 3: Tourism and Hospitality Packages

Tourism Training Package - Guiding (THT02)

THTFT 004B Provide Campsite Catering

Hospitality Training Package (THH02)

THHGHS 01B/01 Follow Workplace Hygiene Procedures

THHGHS 01B/02 Follow Workplace Hygiene Procedures

CONTACT DETAILS

Sport and Recreation Tasmania

Department of Economic Development, Tourism and the Arts

22 Elizabeth Street

HOBART TASMANIA 7000

GPO Box 646

HOBART TASMANIA 7001

Ph +61 3 6233 5926

Fax +61 3 6233 5800

Email: sportrec@development.tas.gov.au

www.development.tas.gov.au