TaMu 10 AFF IV Rep Dev 18-19May15 StudentCopy

AFF IV: Animal ReproductionAnimal Development

AFF IV: Animal ReproductionAnimal Development

Lecture 10 | 18/19 May 2015

Kompetensi 74Kompetensi 74 -- 8282Kompetensi 74Kompetensi 74 -- 8282

K74 - Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanismereproduksi aseksual hewanK75 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan fertilisasihewanK76 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organreproduktif manusiaK77 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan transportspermatozoaK78 - Mahasiswa mampu menyebutkan tiga tahapperkembangan embrioK79 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan cleavageK80 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan gastrulasiK81 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan organogenesisK82 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan morfogenesis

K74 - Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanismereproduksi aseksual hewanK75 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan fertilisasihewanK76 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organreproduktif manusiaK77 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan transportspermatozoaK78 - Mahasiswa mampu menyebutkan tiga tahapperkembangan embrioK79 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan cleavageK80 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan gastrulasiK81 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan organogenesisK82 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan morfogenesis

Animal ReproductionAnimal ReproductionNembrotha rutilans

Animal ReproductionAnimal Reproduction

The sea slugs, or nudibranchs (Nembrotha chamberlaini), in figure above aremating. If not disturbed, these marine molluscs may remain joined forhours. Sperm will be transferred and will fertilize eggs. A few weeks later,sexual reproduction will be complete. New individuals will hatch, butwhich parent is the mother? The answer is simple yet probablyunexpected: both. In fact, each sea slug produces eggs and sperm.

Concept 1.Concept 1. Both asexual and sexualBoth asexual and sexual rreproductioneproductionoccur in the animal kingdomoccur in the animal kingdomConcept 1.Concept 1. Both asexual and sexualBoth asexual and sexual rreproductioneproductionoccur in the animal kingdomoccur in the animal kingdom

Sexual reproduction is the creation of an offspringby fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and femalegamete (egg) to form a zygote

Asexual reproduction is creation of offspringwithout the fusion of egg and sperm

Sexual reproduction is the creation of an offspringby fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and femalegamete (egg) to form a zygote

Asexual reproduction is creation of offspringwithout the fusion of egg and sperm

Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission(separation of parent organism into two individuals of aproximatelyequal size)

Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

Anthopleura elegantissima (sea anemone)K74: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanisme reproduksi aseksual hewan

Asexual reproduction can be a two-step process fragmentation, the breaking of the bodyinto several pieces, regeneration, regrowth of lost body parts certain annelid worms can split into severalfragments, each regenerating a complete worm inless than a week Numerous sponges, cnidarians, and tunicates alsoreproduce by fragmentation and regeneration.

Asexual reproduction can be a two-step process fragmentation, the breaking of the bodyinto several pieces, regeneration, regrowth of lost body parts certain annelid worms can split into severalfragments, each regenerating a complete worm inless than a week Numerous sponges, cnidarians, and tunicates alsoreproduce by fragmentation and regeneration.

K74: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanisme reproduksi aseksual hewan

In budding, newindividuals arise fromoutgrowths of existingones Hydra

BudParent


Parthenogenesis is the development of a newindividual from an unfertilized egg Several genera of fishes, amphibians, and lizards

reproduce only by a complex form of parthenogenesisthat involves the doubling of chromosomes aftermeiosis

Sexual reproduction is a special problem fororganisms that seldom encounter a mate One solution is hermaphroditism, in which each

individual has male and female reproductivesystems

Parthenogenesis is the development of a newindividual from an unfertilized egg Several genera of fishes, amphibians, and lizards

reproduce only by a complex form of parthenogenesisthat involves the doubling of chromosomes aftermeiosis

Sexual reproduction is a special problem fororganisms that seldom encounter a mate One solution is hermaphroditism, in which each

individual has male and female reproductivesystems


Concept 2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bringConcept 2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bringtogether sperm and eggs of the same speciestogether sperm and eggs of the same speciesConcept 2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bringConcept 2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bringtogether sperm and eggs of the same speciestogether sperm and eggs of the same species

In external fertilization, eggs shed by the female arefertilized by sperm in the external environment

K75: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan fertilisasi hewan

In internal fertilization,sperm are deposited inor near the femalereproductive tract, andfertilization occurswithin the tract

Species with internalfertilization providegreater protection of theembryos and moreparental care

In internal fertilization,sperm are deposited inor near the femalereproductive tract, andfertilization occurswithin the tract

Species with internalfertilization providegreater protection of theembryos and moreparental care Belostoma

K75: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan fertilisasi hewan

Concept 3.Concept 3. Reproductive organs produce andReproductive organs produce andtransport gametestransport gametesConcept 3.Concept 3. Reproductive organs produce andReproductive organs produce andtransport gametestransport gametesHuman MalereproductiveAnatomy The male gonads, ortestes produce spermin highly coiled tubescalled seminiferoustubules

Human MalereproductiveAnatomy The male gonads, ortestes produce spermin highly coiled tubescalled seminiferoustubules

K76: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organ reproduktif manusia

Human Female Reproductive AnatomyHuman Female Reproductive Anatomy

Ovaries Oviduct

FolliclesCorpus luteumUterine wallUterus

CervixEndometrium

Vagina


Each ovary contains many follicles, which consist of apartially developed egg, called an oocyte, surrounded bysupport cells

Once a month, an oocyte develops into an ovum (egg) bythe process of oogenesis

Human Female Reproductive AnatomyHuman Female Reproductive AnatomyEach ovary contains many follicles, which consist of apartially developed egg, called an oocyte, surrounded bysupport cells

Once a month, an oocyte develops into an ovum (egg) bythe process of oogenesis


Ovaries Oviduct


Cervix

Endometrium

Vagina

Ovulation expels an egg cell from the follicle The remaining follicular tissue grows within the ovary,

forming a mass called the corpus luteum The corpus luteum secretes hormones that help to

maintain pregnancy If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum

degenerates

Ovulation expels an egg cell from the follicle The remaining follicular tissue grows within the ovary,

forming a mass called the corpus luteum The corpus luteum secretes hormones that help to

maintain pregnancy If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum

degenerates


Ovaries Oviduct


Cervix

Endometrium

Vagina

HumanGametogenesisHumanGametogenesis

Gametogenesis, theproduction ofgametes by meiosis,differs in femalesand males

Spermatogenesis isproduction ofmature sperm

Epididymis Seminiferous tubule

Testis

Cross section of seminiferous tubule

Sertoli cellnucleus

Primordial germ cell in embryo

Mitotic divisionsSpermatogonial

stem cellMitotic divisions

Mitotic divisionsSpermatogonium

2n

2n

Gametogenesis, theproduction ofgametes by meiosis,differs in femalesand males

Spermatogenesis isproduction ofmature sperm

Primary spermatocyte

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Secondary spermatocyteLumen ofseminiferous tubule

Plasma membraneTail

Neck

Midpiece Head

MitochondriaNucleus

Acrosome

Spermatids(at two stages ofdifferentiation)

EarlyspermatidDifferentiation(Sertoli cellsprovide nutrients)

Sperm

2n

n n

n n n n

n n n n


Ovary

In embryoPrimordial germ cell

Mitotic divisions

Oogonium

Mitotic divisions

Primaryoocytewithinfollicle

Growingfollicle

2n

Eggs contain storednutrients and are muchlarger

Oogenesis isdevelopment of matureoocytes (eggs) and cantake many years

Mitotic divisions

Primary oocyte(present at birth), arrestedin prophase of meiosis I

Firstpolarbody

Completion of meiosis I and onsetof meiosis II

Secondary oocyte,arrested at metaphase of meiosis II

Ovulation, sperm entry

Completion of meiosis IISecondpolarbody

Fertilized egg

Mature follicle

Rupturedfollicle

Ovulatedsecondary oocyte

Corpus luteum

Degeneratingcorpus luteum

2n

n n

nn

Eggs contain storednutrients and are muchlarger

Oogenesis isdevelopment of matureoocytes (eggs) and cantake many years

K76: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan strukturorgan reproduktif manusia

Animal DevelopmentAnimal DevelopmentAnimal DevelopmentAnimal Development

How did a single cell develop into this intricatelydetailed embryo?

Important events regulating development occur duringfertilization and the three stages that build the animalsbody Cleavage: cell division creates a hollow ball of cellscalled a blastula

Gastrulation: cells are rearranged into a three-layered gastrula

Organogenesis: the three layers interact and moveto give rise to organs

Important events regulating development occur duringfertilization and the three stages that build the animalsbody Cleavage: cell division creates a hollow ball of cellscalled a blastula

Gastrulation: cells are rearranged into a three-layered gastrula

Organogenesis: the three layers interact and moveto give rise to organs

K78: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan tiga tahap perkembangan embrio

Concept 4.Concept 4. Fertilization and cleavage initiateFertilization and cleavage initiate embryonicembryonicdevelopmentdevelopmentConcept 4.Concept 4. Fertilization and cleavage initiateFertilization and cleavage initiate embryonicembryonicdevelopmentdevelopment

CleavageCleavage Cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into

many smaller cells called blastomeres

K79: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan cleavage

Concept 5.Concept 5. Morphogenesis in animals involvesMorphogenesis in animals involvesspecific changes in cell shape, position, and survivalspecific changes in cell shape, position, and survivalConcept 5.Concept 5. Morphogenesis in animals involvesMorphogenesis in animals involvesspecific changes in cell shape, position, and survivalspecific changes in cell shape, position, and survivalGastrulation Gastrulation rearranges the cells of a blastulainto a three-layered embryo Embryonic germ layers

Gastrulation Gastrulation rearranges the cells of a blastulainto a three-layered embryo Embryonic germ layers

K80: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan gastrulasi

OrganogenesisOrganogenesisOrganogenesisOrganogenesis During organogenesis, various regions of the germ

layers develop into rudimentary organs During organogenesis, various regions of the germ

layers develop into rudimentary organs

K81: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan organogenesis

Neural folds Tail budNeuralfold

Neural plate

Neuralfold

Neuralplate

Neural crestcells

Neural tube

CoelomNotochord

1 mm1 mmSEM

Somite

Neuralcrestcells

SomitesEye

Neural tube

(b) Neural tube formation

Neural crestcells

Neural crestcells

Outer layerof ectodermMesoderm

Notochord

Archenteron

Ectoderm

Endoderm

(a) Neural plate formation

(c) Somites

Coelom Somite

Archenteron(digestivecavity)

K81: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan organogenesis

Mechanisms ofMorphogenesisMechanisms ofMorphogenesisChanges in cell shapeusually involvereorganization of thecytoskeletonMicrotubules andmicrofilamentsaffect formation ofthe neural tube

K82: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan morfogenesis

Changes in cell shapeusually involvereorganization of thecytoskeletonMicrotubules andmicrofilamentsaffect formation ofthe neural tube

SummarySummarySummarySummary1: Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur inthe animal kingdom2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bringtogether sperm and eggs of the same species3: Reproductive organs produce and transportgametes4: Fertilization and cleavage initiate embryonicdevelopment5: Morphogenesis in animals involvesspecific changes in cell shape, position, andsurvival

1: Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur inthe animal kingdom2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bringtogether sperm and eggs of the same species3: Reproductive organs produce and transportgametes4: Fertilization and cleavage initiate embryonicdevelopment5: Morphogenesis in animals involvesspecific changes in cell shape, position, andsurvival

Next WeekNext Week Lecture Topics

Nervous System (Ch 49) Motor Mechanisms (Ch 50)

Quiz 4

Lecture Topics Nervous System (Ch 49) Motor Mechanisms (Ch 50)

Quiz 4

Documents

TaMu 10 AFF IV Rep Dev 18-19May15 StudentCopy