Tamil Paper 2 Study Material – Mr. G. Venkatesan, GHS · 2 vOj;J 1. tisay; - ,r;nrhy;ypy; Ifhuk; ___ khj;jpiu Fiwe;J xypf;Fk; tpil : xd;W 2

Nfh.ntq;fNlrd;> jkpohrphpah;>m.c.gs;sp> KUf;fk;gl;L> jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;

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muR cah;epiyg;gs;sp, KUf;fk;gl;L – jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;

10 - Mk; tFg;G

jkpo; ,uz;lhk; jhs; - topfhl;b

,ay; 1

tho;j;Jf;fSld;...

Nfh. ntq;fNlrd;

jkpohrphpah;

,dp... ntw;wpjhd;

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vOj;J

1. tisay; - ,r;nrhy;ypy; Ifhuk; ___ khj;jpiu Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;

tpil : xd;W

2. <w;wpy; Ifhuk; Fiwe;J te;j nrhy; _______ MFk;

tpil : jpz;iz

3. gy; + jPJ vd;gJ _________ vdg; GzUk;.

tpil : g/wPJ

4. FWf;fq;fs; Ifhuf;FWf;fk;, xsfhuf; FWf;fk; __________

Ma;jf; FWf;fk; vd ehy;tifg;gLk;

tpil : kfuf;FWf;fk;

5. ntsthy; ,r;nrhy;ypy; gapd;W tUk; FWf;fk; ahJ ?

tpil : xsfhuf; FWf;fk;

6. rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; nkhj;jk; __________

tpil : 10

7. I - vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;Fhpa khj;jpiu

tpil : ,uz;L

8. xs - vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;Fhpa khj;jpiu

tpil : ,uz;L

9. f/wPJ - gphpj;J vOJf

tpil : fy; + jPJ

10. Ifhuk; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;NghJ ngWk; khj;jpiu

tpil : xd;wiu

tpdh vz; : 1 - 5 chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf ( 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; )

tpdh vz; : 6 - 10 Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf ( 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; )

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11. Ifhuk; nkhopf;F ,ilapy; tUk;NghJ ngWk; khj;jpiu

tpil : xd;W

12. xsfhuk; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;NghJ ngWk; khj;jpiu

tpil : xd;wiu

13. nkhopf;F Kjypy; kl;Lk; tUk; FWf;fk;


14. kfuf; FWf;fj;jpw;F khj;jpiu

tpil : fhy;

15. Ma;jf; FWf;fj;jpw;F khj;jpiu

tpil : fhy;

16. Nghd;k;> kUz;k; vt;tiff; FWf;fk; ?

tpil : kfuf; FWf;fk;

17. tUk; tz;b vt;tiff; FWf;fk; ?

tpil : kfuf; FWf;fk;

18. jiytd; - ,J vt;tiff; FWf;fk; ?

tpil : Ifhuf; FWf;fk;

19. nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapYk; filapYk; tuhj FWf;fk;


20. f/wPJ> K/BJ vt;tiff; FWf;fk; ?

tpil : Ma;jf; FWf;fk;

21. nrhy; ________ tifg;gLk;

tpil : ehd;F

22. nkhop _________ tifg;gLk;

tpil : %d;W

23. njhlh; nkhopf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tpil : glk; ghh;j;jhd;

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24. xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ

tpil : jdpnkhop

25. njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;

tpil : tpidr; nrhy;

26. tpidKw;W _________ , _________ vd ,Utifg;gLk;

tpil : njhpepiy> Fwpg;G

27. xU vr;r tpid ____ nfhz;L Kbe;jhy; mJ nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;

tpil : ngaiuf;

28. jdpnkhopf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tpil : kdpjd;> kuk;> fz;

29. nghJnkhopf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tpil : me;jkhd;> itif> gyif

30. njhpepiy tpidKw;Wf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tpil : cOjhd;

31. Kw;Wg; ngwhj tpidr; nrhy; _______ vdg;gLk;

tpil : vr;rk;

32. njhpepiy nganur;rk; vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tpil : te;j igad;

33. Fwpg;G nganur;rk; vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tpil : ey;y igad;

34. Kw;Wg; ngwhj tpidr; nrhy;

tpil : tpidnar;rk;

35. tpidnar;rk; vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tpil : gbj;J te;jhd;

36. Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk; vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tpil : nky;y Ngrpdhd;

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37. tpidKw;W vr;rg; nghUspy; te;J kw;nwhU tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L KbtJ

tpil : Kw;nwr;rk;

38. KUfd; gbj;jdd; Njwpdd; vd;gJ

tpil : Kw;nwr;rk;

39. vOj;J> nrhy; ,uz;bYk; nrhy;yhj nra;jpfisr; nrhy;YtJ

tpil : nghJ

40. ,stofd; te;jhd; - ,J vj;njhlh; ?

tpil : ntspg;gil

41. khL vd;Dk; nrhy;

tpil : m/wpizg; nghJ

42. khL fd;iw <d;wJ - ,j;njhlhpy; khL vd;gJ

tpil : gR

43. fy;> kz; vd;gJ

tpil : ntspg;gilr; nrhw;fs;

44. NrhW cz;lhd; vd;gJ

tpil : ,dq;Fwpj;jy;

45. nra;Aspy; xU nrhy; ,uz;L> %d;W> ehd;F Kiw mLf;fp tUtJ

tpil : mLf;Fj; njhlh;

46. nghUl;rpwg;Gf;fhf xU nghUisf; Fwpf;fg; gy nrhw;fs; tUtJ

tpil : xUnghUl;gd;nkhop

47. xUnghUl;gd;nkhopf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tpil : kPkpir

48. xU nrhy; ,UKiw mLf;fpte;J xyp xspf;Fwpg;Gg; nghUs; jUtJ

tpil : ,ul;ilf;fpstp

49. gphpj;jhy; nghUs; jUtJ


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50. gphpj;jhy; nghUs; juhjJ


51. tpiuT> mr;rk;> ntFsp> kfpo;r;rp Kjypa nghUs; gw;wp tUtJ


52. mir epiyahfNt tUtJ


53. Fwpg;ghy; xUghiy ePf;fp kw;nwhUghiy Rl;LtJ

tpil : xd;nwhop nghJr;nrhy;

54. Ith; NghUf;Fr; nrd;wdh; - ,jpy; Ith; vd;w nrhy; Fwpg;gJ

tpil : Mz;

55. ,dq;Fwpj;jy; mike;j nrhy;

tpil : ntw;wpiy nkd;whd;

56. kfpo;r;rp fhuzkhf te;j mLf;Fj; njhlh;

tpil : tUf tUf

57. xUtUf;F mr;rk; fhuzkhf te;j mLf;Fj; njhlh;

tpil : ghk;G ghk;G

58. tpdh vj;jid tifg;gLk; ?

tpil : MW

59. ,g;ghly; nghUs; ahJ ? vd Mrphpah; khzthplk; tpdTk; tpdh

tpil : mwptpdh

60. ,g;ghly; nghUs; ahJ ? vd khztd; Mrphpahplk; tpdhTjy;

tpil : mwpah tpdh

61. mq;Nf fplg;gJ ghk;Ngh ? fapNwh ?

tpil : Ia tpdh

62. gUg;G cs;sNjh ? vd tzpfhplk; tpdTk; tpdh

tpil : nfhsy; tpdh

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63. khzth;fNs! cq;fSf;Fr; rPUil ,y;iyNah ? vd tpdTtJ

tpil : nfhil tpdh

64. Mrphpah; khztdplk; kdg;ghlr; nra;Aisg; gbj;jhah ? vd tpdTtJ

tpil : Vty; tpdh

65. nrd;idf;F top ahJ ? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F ,J vd;W $WtJ

tpil : Rl;L tpil

66. filf;Fr; nrd;W tUthah ? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F ‘nry;Ntd;’ vd;gJ

tpil : Neh; tpil

67. ,jidr; nra;thah ? vdpy; ‘ePNa nra;’ vd;gJ

tpil : Vty; tpil

68. cz;lhah ? vdpy; ‘tapW typf;Fk;’ vd;gJ

tpil : cWtJ $wy;

69. tUthah ? vdpy; ‘thNud;’ vd;gJ

tpil : kiw tpil

70. xU nghUs; Fwpj;J tUk; nrhw;fis ______ vd;gh;

tpil : xUnghUl; gd;nkhop

71. xUnghUl; gd;nkhopf;Fr; rhd;W

tpil : Xq;fpAah;e;j

72. Mlj; njhpAkh ? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;Fg; ‘ghlj; njhpAk;’ vdf; $WtJ

tpil : ,dnkhop tpil

73. ed;D}y; fpilf;Fkh? vdf; filf;fhuhplk; Nfl;gJ

tpil : nfhsy; tpdh

74. nra;thah ? vd;w tpdhtpw;F ‘if typf;Fk;’ vd;W $WtJ

tpil : cWtJ $wy;

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ctk cUG vLj;J vOJf

75. fpsp Nghy Ngrpdhs;

tpil : Nghy

76. Nta;Giu Njhs;

tpil : Giua

77. jnahg;gg; NgRk; kfs;

tpil : xg;g

78. KoT cwo; jlf;if

tpil : cwo

79. kyud;d Nrtb

tpil : md;d

ctik cUtfk; 80. mKjnkhop - nkhopaKJ

81. faw;fz; - fz;fay;

82. Njd;jkpo; - jkpo;j;Njd;

83. G+tpuy; - tpuy;G+

84. kjpKfk; - Kfkjp

85. kyub - mbkyu;

86. Kj;Jg;gy; - gy;Kj;J

87. tpw;GUtk; - GUttpy;

88. kyh;g;ghjk; - ghjkyh;

89. gtstha; - tha;g;gtsk;

90. Njd;nkhop - nkhopj;Njd;

91. fdptha; - tha;f;fdp

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92. tlf;F vd;Dk; jpirg; ngaNuhL gpw jpirfs; te;J NrUk;NghJ

tpil : epiynkhop <Wk; nka;Ak; ePq;Fk;

93. Nkw;F + ehL - vd;gJ ________ vd NrUk;.

tpil : Nky;ehL> NkdhL

94. fUik + Fop = _______ vDk; tpjpg;gb GzUk;.

tpil : <W Nghjy; , ,dkpfy;

95. mb mfuk; I Mjy; - vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tpil : igq;$o;

96. MjpePly; - vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tpil : %J}h;

97. ,dkpfy; - vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tpil : fUk;gyif

98. jd;ndhw;wpul;ly; - vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tpil : ntw;wpiy

99. Gzh;r;rp _________ tifg;gLk;.

tpil : ,uz;L

100. gz;Gg; ngah; Gzh;rprp tpjpfs;

tpil : VO

101. fpof;F + ehL _______ vdg; GzUk;

tpil : fPo;ehL

102. tlfpof;F ,r;nrhy;ypy; mike;Js;s Gzh;r;rp vJ ?

tpil : jpirg; ngah; Gzh;r;rp

103. kuNth; vd;gJ _______ tpfhuk;

tpil : nfLjy;

104. mfk;> Gwk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ,yf;fzk; Mfk;

tpil : nghUs;

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105. FwpQ;rp Ky;iy Kjypa Ie;Jk; _______ vdg;gLk;

tpil : md;gpd; Ie;jpiz

106. nea;jy; jpizf;Fhpa epyg;gFjp gFjpahFk;.

tpil : flYk; fly; rhh;e;j ,lKk;

107. ahkk; vd;gJ ,uT 10 kzp Kjy; ____ tiu MFk;.

tpil : 2 kzp

108. ahkk; ,r;rpW nghOJ vj;jpizf;FhpaJ ?

tpil : FwpQ;rp

109. kUjk;>nea;jy; Mfpa ,uz;lDf;Fk; __ ngUk;nghOJfSk; tUk;

tpil : MW

110. jpUkhy; ______ epyj;jpw;Fhpa nja;tk;

tpil : Ky;iy

111. kzKoh> ney;yhpfpiz Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ___ jpizf;Fhpa giwfs;

tpil : kUjk;

112. nea;jy; jpizf;Fhpa njhopy;

tpil: kPd; gpbj;jy;> cg;G tpisj;jy;

113. nghUs; ,yf;fzk; ________ tifg;gLk;.

tpil : ,uz;L

114. mfj;jpizfs; _______ tifg;gLk;.

tpil : VO

115. khh;fop> ij Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ______ fhyj;jpw;Fhpad.

tpil: Kd;gdpf; fhyk;

116. kUj epyj;jpw;Fhpa nja;tk;

tpil : ,e;jpud;

117. ghiy epyj;jpw;Fhpa gwitfs;

tpil : Gwh> gUe;J

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118. FwpQ;rp epyj;jpw;Fhpa tpyq;F

tpil : Gyp> fub

119. Ky;iy epyj;jpw;Fhpa tpyq;F

tpil : Kay;> khd;

120. kUj epyj;jpw;Fhpa tpyq;F

tpil : vUik> ePh;eha;

121. nea;jy; epyj;jpw;Fhpa tpyq;F

tpil : Kjiy> Rwh

122. Kjw;nghUs; ________ tifg;gLk;

tpil : ,uz;L

123. nghOJ _______ tifg;gLk;.

tpil : ,uz;L

124. ngUk;nghOJ ______ tifg;gLk;.

tpil : MW

125. ez;gfy; vd;gJ ______ jpizf;Fhpa nghOJ.

tpil : ghiy

126. itfiw ,r;rpWnghOJ vj;jpizf;FhpaJ ?

tpil : kUjk;

127. flYk; fly; rhh;e;j ,lk;

tpil : nea;jy;

128. khiy vd;gJ vj;jpizf;Fhpa rpWnghOJ ?

tpil : Ky;iy

129. Gwj;jpizfs; ________ tifg;gLk;

tpil : 12

130. epiu fth;jy; vd;gJ

tpil : ntl;rp

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131. kz;zhir fUjpg; NghUf;Fr; nry;tJ

tpil : tQ;rpj; jpiz

132. ghlhz; jpiz vd;gJ _________ $WtJ

tpil : Mz;kfdpd; xOfyhWfs;

133. xUjiyf; fhkk; vd;gJ

tpil : iff;fpis

134. jd;ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wte;j khw;wurNdhL vjph;j;Jg; NghhpLtJ

_________ MFk;

tpil : fhQ;rp

135. ntw;wp ngw;w kd;did Gfo;e;J ghLtJ

tpil : ghlhz; jpiz

136. cyF vd;Dk; nrhy; ntz;ghtpd; <w;wbapy; <w;Wr; rPuhapd;

mjd; tha;ghL _________ MFk; .

tpil : gpwg;G

137. ey;yit ,r;nrhy;iy myfpl;lhy; _______ vdg; gphpAk;.

tpil : Neh; epiu

138. Nehpirahrphpag;ghtpd; <w;wayb _________ vd tUk;.

tpil : Kr;rPuha;

139. Mrphpag;ghtpd; <w;Wr;rPh; __________ KbtJ rpwg;G.

tpil : Vfhuj;jpy;

140. Nehpir ntz;gh ,uz;lhk; mbapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W

_______ tpfw;gj;jhDk; ________ tpfw;gj;jhDk; tUk;

tpil : xU> ,U

141. ,uz;lhk; mbapy; jdpr; nrhy; ngw;Wg; gy tpfw;gj;jhd;

tUtJ _________ MFk;.

tpil : ,d;dpir ntz;gh

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142. ntz;ghtpd; Xir ________ MFk;.

tpil : nrg;gNyhir

143. Mrphpag;ghtpd; NtW ngah; ________ MFk;.

tpil : mftw;gh

144. Mrphpag;ghtpd; Xir ________ MFk;.

tpil : mftNyhir

145. tUf - ,r;nrhy;ypd; gFjp

tpil : th

146. nra; - vd;w nrhy;ypd; tpidnar;rk;

tpil : nra;J

147. gz;Gj;njhif gapd;W te;Js;s nrhw;nwhliu vOJf

tpil : fUq;Fjpiu

148. epfo;fhy ,ilepiy mike;Js;s tpidKw;W

tpil : tUfpwhs;

149. ck;ikj; njhifia Njh;e;njL

tpil : ,uTgfy; / jha; Nra;

150. xUnghUl; gd;nkhopia Njh;e;njL

tpil : eLikak;

151. mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb vd;Dk; nrhw;fspy; gpd; ty;ypdk; _____

tpil : kpFk;

152. tpidj; njhif gapd;W te;Js;s nrhw;nwhlh;

tpil : nra;njhopy; / R+o;foy;

153. ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy mike;Js;s tpidKw;W

tpil : te;jhd;

154. ctikj; njhif gapd;W te;Js;s nrhw;nwhlh;

tpil : Njd;jkpo; / kjpKfk;

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155. njhpepiyg; nganur;rj;ij Njh;e;njL

tpil : te;jigad;

156. XnuOj;J xUnkhop Njh;e;njL

tpil : G+

157. te;jhd; ,r;nrhy;ypd; __________ vd tUk;NghJ

tpidnar;rkhFk;

tpil : te;J

158. Nfl;l - ,r;nrhy;ypd; gFjp

tpil : Nfs;

159. vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mike;Js;s tpidKw;W

tpil : tUthd;

160. nrWeh; nrUf;F - ,jpy; gapd;W te;Js;s Ntw;Wikj; njhif

tpil : Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif

161. ebj;jhh; - ,t;tpidKw;wpd; gFjp

tpil : eb

162. khkiy - ,J vj;njhlUf;Fr; rhd;whFk; ?

tpil : chpr;nrhy; njhlh;

163. ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy mike;Js;s tpidKw;W

tpil : te;jhd;

164. epfo;fhy ,ilepiy mike;Js;s tpidKw;W

tpil : tUfpwhd;


tpil : tUthd;


tpil : nra;thd;

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RUf;fkhf tpilasp

1. ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fSs; xd;wDf;F rhd;W jUf

tpil : XnuOj;J xU nkhopapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;

g+ + $il = G+f;$il

ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fSs; xd;wDf;F rhd;W jUf

tpil : ,ul;ilf; fpstpapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

glgl

2. tpidKw;iw gFjp tpidnar;rk; nganur;rkhf khw;Wjy;

tpidKw;W gFjp tpidnar;rk; nganur;rk;

ngw;whd; ngW ngw;W ngw;w

gbj;jhd; gb gbj;J gbj;j

nrd;whd; nry; nrd;W nrd;w

fz;lhd; fhz; fz;L fz;l

Nfl;lhd; Nfs; Nfl;L Nfl;l

3. thf;fpa khw;wk;

(i) ,sikapy; fy; - ,j;njhliu nra;jpj; njhluhf;Ff

tpil : ,sikapy; fw;f Ntz;Lk;.

(ii) jpdKk; jpUf;Fws; gbf;fpwhah ? - ,J vt;tif thf;fpak;

tpil : tpdh thf;fpak;

(iii) jpUf;Fws; gb - ,j;njhliu nra;jpj; njhluhf khw;Wf

tpil : jpUf;Fwisg; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(iv) jpUf;Fwis midtUk; mwpth; - tpdhj;njhluhf khw;Wf

tpil : jpUf;Fwis mwpahjhh; ahh; ?

tpdh vz; : 11 - 20 ( 10 kjpg;ngz;fs; )

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(v) ,kakiy kpfTk; caukhdJ – czh;r;rp njhluhf khw;Wf

tpil : vd;Nd! ,kakiyapd; cauk; !

(vi) fpsp fy;yhy; mbgl;lJ – czh;r;rp njhluhf khw;Wf

tpil : me;Njh! fpsp fy;yhy; mbgl;lNj!

(vii) New;W Gay; tPrpaJ kuq;fs; rha;e;jd – fyitj; njhluhf khw;Wf

tpil : New;W Gay; tPrpajhy; kuq;fs; rha;e;jd.

(viii) mwk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; - fl;lis thf;fpakhf khw;Wf

tpil : mwk; nra;

(ix) Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk; - fl;lis thf;fpakhf khw;Wf

tpil : Kaw;rp nra;

(x) ,irapd; ,dpikia midtUk; mwpth; - tpdh thf;fpakhf

khw;Wf

tpil : ,irapd; ,dpikia midtUk; mwptuh?

(xi) ts;Stiu midtUk; mwpth; - tpdh thf;fpakhf khw;Wf

tpil : ts;Stiu midtUk; mwptuh?

(xii) Kad;why; KbahjJk; cz;Nlh ? – nra;jp thf;fpakhf khw;Wf

tpil : Kad;why; KbahjJ ,y;iy.

(xiii) mwk; nra; - nra;jp thf;fpakhf khw;Wf

tpil : mwk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;

4. xUik gd;ik ePf;Ff

(i) fy;tp eyk; ngw;w ngz;ghw; Gyth;f;F kd;dUk; gzpe;jhd;

tpil : fy;tp eyk; ngw;w ngz;ghw; Gyth;f;F kd;dUk;

gzpe;jdh;

(ii) ngz;fs; ngw Ntz;baJ ngz;fy;tp ngz;Zhpik nrhj;Jhpik

tpil : ngz;fs; ngw Ntz;bad ngz;fy;tp ngz;Zhpik

nrhj;Jhpik

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(iii) ,g;NghJ mth; ifapy; Nfhg;Gfs; ,Ue;jJ

tpil : ,g;NghJ mth; ifapy; Nfhg;Gfs; ,Ue;jd.

(iv) taJ te;Njhh;f;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; thf;Fhpik nfhLf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lnkd mk;Ngj;fh; $wpaij ehNsLfs; Gfo;e;jJ.

tpil : taJ te;Njhh;f;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; thf;Fhpik

nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd mk;Ngj;fh; $wpaij

ehNsLfs; Gfo;e;jd.

(v) Gyth;fs; nghq;fw; GJehs;fspd; khz;gpid czh;e;J nfhz;lhbdhh;

tpil : Gyth;fs; nghq;fw; GJehspd; khz;gpid czh;e;J

nfhz;lhbdh;

(vi) Nkilg;Ngr;Rf;F fUj;JfNs caph;ehb Nghd;wJ.

tpil : Nkilg;Ngr;Rf;F fUj;JfNs caph;ehb Nghd;wit.

(vii) <];l;kd; vd;ghh; glr;RUs; jahhpf;Fk; Kiwia fz;Lgpbj;jdh;.

tpil : <];l;kd; vd;ghh; glr;RUs; jahhpf;Fk; Kiwia

fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.

(viii) ,aq;FUg; glq;fisf; Foe;ijfs; tpUk;gpg; ghh;f;fpd;wJ.

tpil : ,aq;FUg; glq;fisf; Foe;ijfs; tpUk;gpg;

ghh;f;fpd;wdh;

(ix) jpiuauq;Ffspy; jpig;glk; fhl;l xsp xypg; glf;fUtp vd;w

fUtp gad;gLfpd;wd.

tpil : jpiuauq;Ffspy; jpig;glk; fhl;l xsp xypg; glf;fUtp

vd;w fUtp gad;gLfpd;wJ.

(x) ekJ rKjhaj;jpy; mwptpaYk; njhopy;El;gKk; Mq;fhq;F

xspgug;Gk; kpd;tpsf;Ffs; Nghy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

tpil : ekJ rKjhaj;jpy; mwptpaYk; njhopy;El;gKk;

Mq;fhq;F xspgug;Gk; kpd;tpsf;Ffs; Nghy; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

(xi) ,d;W NgUe;Jfs; XlhJ

tpil : ,d;W NgUe;Jfs; Xlh

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18

(xii) Xh; mzpy; kuj;jpy; Vwpd

tpil : Xh; mzpy; kuj;jpy; VwpaJ

(xiii) ehd; thq;fpa E}y; ,J my;y

tpil : ehd; thq;fpa E}y; ,J md;W

(xiv) fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; thzpfg; nghUs;fs; kz;bf; fple;jJ.

tpil : fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; thzpfg; nghUs;fs; kz;bf;

fple;jd.

(xv) jkpoh;fspd; tho;tpy; ,ir rpwe;j ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jd.

tpil : jkpoh;fspd; tho;tpy; ,ir rpwe;j ,lj;ijg;

ngw;wpUe;jJ.

(xvi) Xh; ,sk;ngz; E}nyhd;iw tpUk;gpg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;.

tpil : Xh; ,sk;ngz; E}nyhd;iw tpUk;gpg; gbj;Jf;

nfhz;bUe;jhs;.

(xvii) kdpjdpd; Nehf;fk; cah;e;jjhfTk; J}a;ikahdjhfTk;

,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; Nghjh.

tpil : kdpjdpd; Nehf;fk; cah;e;jjhfTk; J}a;ikahdjhfTk;

,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ.

(xviii) . ngz;fs; vy;yhj; JiwapYk; gzpGhpfpd;whs;

tpil : ngz;fs; vy;yhj; JiwapYk; gzpGhpfpd;whh;fs;

(xix) jkpofj;jpy; vz;zw;w njhopy;El;gg; gapyfq;fs; cs;sJ.

tpil : jkpofj;jpy; vz;zw;w njhopy;El;gg; gapyfq;fs;

cs;sd.

(xx) gbj;J Kbj;jtUf;F mtuth; jFjpf;Nfw;g cs;ehl;bYk;

ntspehl;bYk; gzpGhpAk; tha;g;Gfs; cs;sJ.

tpil : gbj;J Kbj;jtUf;F mtuth; jFjpf;Nfw;g

cs;ehl;bYk; ntspehl;bYk; gzpGhpAk; tha;g;Gfs;

cs;sd.

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19

(xxi) tFg;giw E}yfj;jpy; khzth;fspd; tajpw;Fk; kdepiyf;Fk;

Vw;g mwpTrhh; E}y;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ

tpil : tFg;giw E}yfj;jpy; khzth;fspd; tajpw;Fk;

kdepiyf;Fk; Vw;g mwpTrhh; E}y;fs; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;sd.

(xxii) mtd; ftpQd; my;y

tpil : mtd; ftpQd; my;yd;

5. re;jpg;gpio ePf;fp vOJf

(i) midj;J JiwfspYk; Mz;fisNghyNt ngz;fSf;Fk; muR

gzp nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

tpil : midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; Mz;fisg;NghyNt

ngz;fSf;Fk; muRg; gzp nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(ii) MSk; mwpTk; tsh;tjw;F Kd;ghf tho;f;if gazkhk;

tpil : MSk; mwpTk; tsh;tjw;F Kd;ghf tho;f;ifg;

gazkhk;

(iii) Mrphpah; ngaiu jk; ngaUld; Nrh;j;J gPkhuht; mk;Ngj;fhuhf

khwpdhh;.

tpil : Mrphpah; ngaiuj; jk; ngaUld; Nrh;j;J gPkhuht;

mk;Ngj;fhuhf khwpdhh;.

(iv) ViofSf;F nghUs; ngwhky; thjhb ePjp ngw;W je;jhh;

tpil : ViofSf;Fg; nghUs; ngwhky; thjhb ePjp ngw;Wj;

je;jhh;

(v) Nkil Ngr;R kpFe;j gaid juty;yJ

tpil : Nkilg; Ngr;R kpFe;j gaidj; juty;yJ

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20

(vi) kf;fis ,yl;rpa ghh;itapNy mioj;J nry;Yk;

td;ikAilaNj NkilNgr;R

tpil : kf;fis ,yl;rpa ghh;itapNy mioj;Jr; nry;Yk;

td;ikAilaNj Nkilg;Ngr;R

(vii) jpiuglk; vLf;f gad;gLk; glRUs; nry;Yyha;L vd;Dk;

nghUshy; MdJ.

tpil : jpiug;glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk; glr;RUs; nry;Yyha;L

vd;Dk; nghUshy; MdJ

(viii) jpiuglk; kf;fis jd;ghy; <h;j;J fl;b Nghl ty;yJ.

tpil : jpiug;glk; kf;fis jd;ghy; <h;j;Jf; fl;bg; Nghl

ty;yJ.

(ix) kdpj ,dj;jpd; kuG nry;tkhf jkpo;nkhop tpsq;FfpwJ.

tpil : kdpj ,dj;jpd; kuGr; nry;tkhfj; jkpo;nkhop

tpsq;FfpwJ

(x) jkpopy; tuyhw;W fUj;JfisAk; gz;ghl;L $WfisAk; fhz KbAk;.

tpil : jkpopy; tuyhw;Wf ; fUj;JfisAk; gz;ghl;Lf;

$WfisAk; fhz KbAk;.

(xi) ts;syhh; mUspa topfis filgpbj;J xOfpdhy; kdpjNeak; kyUk;.

tpil : ts;syhh; mUspa topfisf; filg;gpbj;J xOfpdhy;

kdpjNeak; kyUk;.

(xii) mwpT xspngw mq;Nf Nrhjp jhprd GJikia GFj;jpdhh;

tpil : mwpT xspngw mq;Nf Nrhjp jhprdg; GJikiag;

GFj;jpdhh;

(xiii) ifnjhopy; xd;iw fw;W nfhs;

tpil : ifj;njhopy; xd;iwf; fw;Wf ; nfhs;

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21

(xiv) ngz;fs; FLk;gj;ij nghWg;Gld; elj;j Ntz;LnkdTk; fly;

fle;J nry;y $lhnjdTk; $wp te;jdh;

tpil : ngz;fs; FLk;gj;ijg ; nghWg;Gld; elj;j Ntz;LnkdTk; fly; fle;Jr; nry;yf; $lhnjdTk; $wp te;jdh;

(xv) chpikf;Fuy; nfhLj;j ey;Nyhh;fis jhd; ehk; rPh;jpUj;jr;

nrk;ky;fs; vd rpe;ij kfpog; ghuhl;LfpNwhk;.

tpil : chpikf;Fuy; nfhLj;j ey;Nyhh;fisj; jhd; ehk;

rPh;jpUj;jr; nrk;ky;fs; vd rpe;ij kfpog;

ghuhl;LfpNwhk;.

(xvi) fapw;Wfl;bypy; jd;id kwe;J cwq;fpdhd;.

tpil : fapw;Wf;fl;bypy; jd;id kwe;J cwq;fpdhd;.

6. ,yf;fz Fwpg;G jUf

1. gz;Gj; njhif

1. ey;nyhOf;fk;

2. jPnahOf;fk;

3. mUtpid

4. ngUk;ngah;

5. Gd;fz;

6. mUk;ngwy; Gjy;td;

7. ngUq;Fb

8. fLq;Nfhy;

9. jz;lsp

10. nrq;Nfhyd;

11. ed;nkhop

12. ed;fyk;

13. nre;jkpo;

14. neLehtha;

15. neLePh;

16. ed;Djy;

17. nkd;fz;

18. mUtpiy

19. ew;fwpfs;

20. ,d;dKjk;

21. xz;nghUs;

22. vz;nghUs;

23. ew;rq;F

24. ntz;Fio

25. nts;nsapW

26. ngUq;fphp

27. nrq;fjph;

28. ngUQ;rpuk;

29. jpz;bwy;

30. fUq;Fjpiu

31. nrq;fly;

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22

2. tpidj;njhif

1. cFePh;

2. R+o;foy;

3. nra;nfhy;yd;

4. nra;tpid

5. nghq;Ffly;

6. <d;Fotp

7. nghopjUkzp

8. gidjUkzp

9. tUGdy;

10. epjpjU ftpif

11. MLnfhb

12. ghAk;Gyp

13. CWfha;

14. nra;njhopy;

15. tpLfdp

16. cah;Fb

3. <Wnfl;l vjph;kiw nganur;rk;

1. va;jhg; gop

2. gopapy;yh kd;dd;

3. gluhg; gQ;rt

4. mlq;fhg; gfe;Jkzp

5. Njuh kd;dh

6. Vrhr; rpwg;gpd;

7. jPuhf; fhjyd;

8. ngha;ah tpsf;fk;

9. nrynthopah top

10. thuhg; nghUshf;fk;

11. kPsh Ms;

12. ngha;ah tpsf;F

13. khwh ,sik

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23

ck;ikj; njhif

1. ntw;wpiy ghf;F

2. ,uT gfy;

3. jha; je;ij

4. rpuKfk;

5. jha;Nra;

6. NkLgs;sk;

ctikj; njhif

1. kjpKfk;

2. Njd;jkpo;

3. mKjnkhop

4. faw;fz;

5. G+tpuy;

6. kyub

7. Kj;Jg;gy;

8. tpw;GUtk;

9. kyh;g;ghjk;

xU nghUl; gd;nkhop

1. Xq;fp cah;e;j

2. Fop jho;e;J

3. eLikak;

4. kPkpir

5. cah;Njhq;fpa

7. tOTr; nrhy; ePf;fp vOJf

(i) tyJ gf;fr; Rtw;wpy; vOjhNj

tpil : tyg; gf;fr; Rthpy; vOjhNj

(ii) ,d;df;fp xUfpNyh mtuf;fh thq;fp te;Njd;.

tpil : ,d;iwf;F xUfpNyh mtiuf;fha; thq;fp te;Njd;.

(iii) Mj;jq;fiu mUfhikapy; ehfhPfk; Njhd;wpaJ

tpil : Mw;wq;fiu mUfpy; ehfhpfk; Njhd;wpaJ.

(iv) mtd; tPz;rpyT nra;fpwhd;

tpil : mtd; tPz;nryT nra;fpwhd;

(v) fhj;jhNy gbr;rh kdrpy epw;Fk;

tpil : fhiyapy; gbj;jhy; kdjpy; epw;Fk;

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(vi) ,J nghJ topay;y

tpil : ,J nghJ topad;W

t*cr; nrhy; - jpUe;jpa nrhy;

1. xUts; - xUj;jp

2. Flf;$yp - Fbf;$yp

3. Kaw;rpj;jhh; - Kad;whh;

4. ntd;dPh; - nte;ePh;

5. vz;iz - vz;nza;

6. rpfg;G - rptg;G

7. jhthuk; - jho;thuk;

8. Nfhh;it - Nfhit

9. tyJgf;fk; - tyg;gf;fk;

t*cr; nrhy; - jpUe;jpa nrhy;

10. ,lJgf;fk; - ,lg;gf;fk;

11. Ngud; - ngaud;

12. jyfhzp - jiyaiz

13. mz;zhf;fapW -

miuQhz;fapW

14. eQ;ir - ed;nra;

15. mlkio - milkio

16. &gh - c&gh

8. epWj;jw; Fwp ,l;L vOJf

(i) rl;lj;ij kjpg;Nghk; Fw;wk; fise;j tho;it tho;Nthk; rl;lk;

ek;ik fhf;Fk;

tpil : rl;lj;ij kjpg;Nghk;; Fw;wk; fise;j tho;it

tho;Nthk;; rl;lk; ek;ik fhf;Fk.;

(ii) fijg;glq;fs; kl;Lkd;wp fUj;Jg;glq;fs; nra;jpg;glq;fs;

tpsf;fg;glq;fs; fy;tpg;glq;fs; vdg; gy tsh;r;rp epiyfis

jpiug;glj;Jiw vl;bAs;sJ.

tpil : fijg;glq;fs; kl;Lkd;wp fUj;Jg;glq;fs;,

nra;jpg;glq;fs;, tpsf;fg;glq;fs;, fy;tpg;glq;fs; vdg;

gy tsh;r;rp epiyfis jpiug;glj;Jiw vl;bAs;sJ.

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(iii) njhiyf;fhl;rp Fsp&l;Lk;fUtp nry;Ngrp fzpdp Kjypatw;iw

gOJghh;f;Fk; gbg;GfSk; cs;sd.

tpil : njhiyf;fhl;rp, Fsp&l;Lk;fUtp, nry;Ngrp, fzpdp

Kjypatw;iw gOJghh;f;Fk; gbg;GfSk; cs;sd.

(iv) mg;ngz;zpd; tuyhw;iw ahdwpNtd; vd;W Nfhtyd; fz;zfp

tuyhw;iw RUf;fkhf $wpdhh;.

tpil : “mg;ngz;zpd; tuyhw;iw ahdwpNtd;”, vd;W

Nfhtyd; fz;zfp tuyhw;iw RUf;fkhf $wpdhh;.

(v) kUj;Jtk; nghwpapay; rl;lk; Ntshz;ik Kjypad

njhopw;fy;tpj; Jiwfshk;.

tpil : kUj;Jtk;, nghwpapay;, rl;lk;, Ntshz;ik Kjypad

njhopw;fy;tpj; Jiwfshk;.

(vi) Xl;Leh; elj;Jeh; Kjyhd gzpfSf;F clw;$W

jFjpAilath;fs; kl;LNk Nru ,aYk;

tpil : Xl;Leh;, elj;Jeh; Kjyhd gzpfSf;F clw;$W

jFjpAilath;fs; kl;LNk Nru ,aYk;.

9. kuGj; njhlh; tpsf;Fjy;

1. Mfhaj;jhkiu - ,y;yhj xd;W

2. Mapuq;fhyj;Jg; gaph; - ePz;lfhyj;jpw;FhpaJ

3. vLg;ghh; ifgps;is - jd; rpe;jidapd;wp

nrhy;gth; Ngr;ir

Nfl;gth;

4. Vl;L Riuf;fha;fwpf;FjthJ - gl;lwptpy;yhj gbg;gwpT

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26

5. Kjiyf; fz;zPh; - ngha; mOif

6. mtiyepidj;J

cuiy ,bj;jy; - vz;zKk; nraYk;

xj;jtuhik

7. mtru FLf;if - vz;zpj; Jzpahjhh;

8. fk;gp ePl;ly; - nrhy;ypf; nfhs;shky;

nry;Yjy;

9. jhsk; NghLjy; - vij nrhd;dhYk; mg;gbNa

Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;

10. fhdy; ePh; - ,Ug;gJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk;

Mdhy; ,y;iy

11. gQ;rha;g; gwj;jy; - miye;J jphpjy;

12. Fl;br;Rth; - gadpd;wp ,Uj;jy;

13. nfhl;basj;jy; - kpFjpahf NgRjy;

14. thioab thioahf - guk;giu guk;giuahf

15. nfhbf; fl;bg; gwj;jy; - jdpg; GfNohL tpsq;Fjy;

16. rPl;L fpope;J tpl;lJ - Ntiy Ngha;tpl;lJ

17. fapW jphpj;jy; - ngha; nrhy;Yjy;

10. njhifr; nrhy;iy tphpj;J vOJjy;

1. ehdpyk; - FwpQ;rp, Ky;iy, kUjk; , nea;jy;

2. ehw;wpir - fpof;F, Nkw;F, tlf;F, njw;F

3. Ik;Gyd; - njhLczh;T, cz;zy; , caph;j;jy; , fhzy;, Nfl;ly;

4. Ik;nghwp - nka; , tha; , %f;F, fz; , nrtp

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27

5. Kf;fdp - kh, gyh, thio

6. ,Utpid - ey;tpid, jPtpid

7. ,U jpiz - cah;jpiz, m/wpiz

8. Kj;jkpo; - ,ay; , ,ir, ehlfk;

9. Kg;ghy; - mwk; , nghUs; , ,d;gk;

10. %tplk; - jd;ik, Kd;dpiy, glh;f;if

11. %Nte;jh; - Nru, Nrho, ghz;bah;

12. Ie;jpiz - FwpQ;rp, Ky;iy, kUjk,; nea;jy; ,

ghiy

13. Ik;ghy; - Mz;ghy; , ngz;ghy; , gyh;ghy; , xd;wd;ghy; , gytpd;ghy;

14. gpwnkhopr; nrhy;Yf;Fhpa jkpo;r; nrhy;iy vOJf

1. N\j;jpuq;fs;NjhWk; nrd;W tpf;fpuq;fis topgLf

tpil : Gdpjj; jyq;fs; NjhWk; nrd;W nja;tr;rpiyfis

topgLf

2. ,k;khh;f;fj;jpy; ahj;jpiu nry;Yq;fs;

tpil : ,g;ghijapy; gazk; nry;Yq;fs;

3. ,e;j \h;l; kpfTk; fh];l;ypahdJ

tpil : ,e;j rl;il kpfTk; tpiy cah;e;jJ

4. ehis elf;ftpUf;Fk; Nkl;rpy; ,e;jpah fz;bg;ghf tpd; nra;Ak;

tpil : ehis elf;ftpUf;Fk; tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpah

fz;bg;ghf ntw;wp ngWk;.

5. ehd; ,e;j fhNy[pd;; Xy;l; ];^lz;l;

tpil : ehd; ,e;j fy;Y}hpapd; gioa khztd;

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28

6. Ntyd; Ranjhopypy; mjpf ,yhgk; <l;bdhd;

tpil : Ntyd; Ranjhopypy; mjpf tUkhdk; <l;bdhd;

7. me;j tpQ;Qhdpapd; fz;Lgpbg;G kpfTk; GJikahdJ.

tpil : me;j mwptpay; mwpQhpd; fz;Lgpbg;G kpfTk;

GJikahdJ.

8. midtiuAk; cz;zhtpuj Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;Jnfhs;SkhW

jiyth; miog;G tpLj;jhh;.

tpil : midtiuAk; cz;zhNehd;G Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

fye;Jnfhs;SkhW jiyth; miog;G tpLj;jhh;.

9. mth; clw;$W kUj;Jtj;jpy; kpfr;rpwe;j epGzh;.

tpil : mth; clw;$W kUj;Jtj;jpy; kpfr;rpwe;j ty;Yeh;

10. myq;fhpj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; ngUtpUg;Gf; nfhz;bUe;jhs; vopyp.

tpil : xg;gidnra;J nfhs;tjpy; ngUtpUg;Gf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;

vopyp.

11. ,iwtid Nehf;fp ahj;jpiu nry;y gf;jUf;fhd khh;f;fk;

tpil : ,iwtid Nehf;fp Gdpjg; gazk; nry;y gf;jUf;fhd top

12. mth;fspUth;f;Fk; ,ilNa fhd;th;Nrrd; ele;jJ.

tpil : mth;fspUth;f;Fk; ,ilNa ciuahly; ele;jJ.

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29

15. kuGr; nrhw;fs;

xypkuG

1. ML fj;Jk;

2. Fjpiu fidf;Fk;

3. rpq;fk; Koq;Fk;

4. Gyp cWKk;

5. ahid gpspWk;

6. Me;ij myWk;

7. fpsp NgRk;

8. $if FoWk;

9. Nrty; $Tk;

10. eha; Fiuf;Fk;

11. vUJ vf;fhskpLk;

12. Fuq;F myg;Gk;

13. ehp CisapLk;

14. G+id rPWk;

15. vyp fPr;rpLk;

16. fhfk; fiuAk;

17. Fapy; $Tk;

18. Nfhop nfhf;fhpf;Fk;

19. Gwh FDFk;

20. tz;L KwYk;

21. gR fjWk;

22. kapy; mfTk;

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30

tpid kuG

1. mk;G va;jhh;

2. Mil nea;jhh;

3. ckp fUf;fpdhd;

4. Xtpak; Gide;jhd;

5. $il Kile;jhh;

6. Rth; vOg;gpdhd;

7. nra;As; ,aw;wpdhh;

8. NrhW cz;lhd;

9. jz;zPh; Fbj;jhd;

10. ghy; gUfpdhd;

11. G+g; gwpj;jhd;

12. kuk; ntl;bdhd;

13. khj;jpiu tpOq;fpdhd;

14. KWf;Fj; jpd;whd;

,sikg; ngah;fs;

1. ML - Ml;Lf;Fl;b

2. eha; - eha;f;Fl;b

3. gd;wp - gd;wpf;Fl;b

4. Gyp - Gypf;Fl;b

5. fOij - fOijf;Fl;b

6. G+id - G+idf;Fl;b

7. ahid - ahidf;fd;W

8. gR - gRf;fd;W

9. khd; - khd;fd;W

10. rpq;fk; - rpq;ff;FUis

11. vyp - vypf;FQ;R

12. Nfhop - Nfhopf;FQ;R

13. fPhp - fPhpg;gps;is

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31

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf

1. ngw;Nwd; - ngW + Vd;

ngW – gFjp

Vd; - jd;ik gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp

2. mwpe;J - mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c

mwp – gFjp

j; - re;jp

e; - MdJ tpfhuk;

j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy

c – tpidnar;r tpFjp

3. va;Jth; - va;J + t; + mh;

va;J - gFjp

t; - vjph;fhy milepiy

mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

4. czh;j;Jthd; - czh; + j; + t; + Md;

czh; - gFjp

j; - re;jp

t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy

Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

5. epiwe;j - epiw + j;(e;) + j; + m

epiw – gFjp

j; - re;jp

e; - MdJ tpfhuk;

j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy

m – nganur;r tpFjp

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32

1. Ifhuf; FWf;fj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff

Ifhuf; FWf;fk;

(i) Ifhuk; + FWf;fk; = Ifhuf;FWf;fk;

(ii) I vd;Dk; vOj;J jdpj;J xypf;Fk; NghJ 2 khj;jpiuahfTk;

(iii) nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; xd;wiu khj;jpiuahfTk;

(iv) nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapYk; filapYk; xU khj;jpiuahfTk;

Fiwe;J xypg;gJ - Ifhuf; FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L

(i) I - jdpj;J xypf;Fk; NghJ 2 khj;jpiu

(ii) Ith; - nrhy;Yf;F Kjy; xd;wiu khj;jpiu

(iii) tisay; - nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapy; 1 khj;jpiu

(iv) jiy - nrhy;Yf;F filapy; 1 khj;jpiu

2. xsfhuf; FWf;fj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff

(i) xsfhuk; + FWf;fk; = xsfhuf;FWf;fk;

(ii) xs vd;Dk; vOj;J jdpj;Jxypf;Fk; NghJ 2

khj;jpiuahfTk;

(iii) nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; kl;Lk; xd;wiu khj;jpiuahfTk;

Fiwe;J xypg;gJ - xsfhuf; FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

,J nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; kl;Lk; tUk;. ,ilapYk;

filapYk; tuhJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L

(i) xs - jdpj;J xypf;Fk; NghJ 2 khj;jpiu

(ii) xsit - nrhy;Yf;F Kjy; xd;wiu khj;jpiu

rpW tpdhf;fs;

( tpdh vz; : 21 Kjy; 27 tiu - 10 kjpg;ngz;fs; )

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33

3. kfuk; vt;ntt;tplq;fspy; FWFk; ? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff

(i) nra;Aspy; NghYk; , kUSk ; vd;Dk; kfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs;

<w;way; cfuk; nfl;L Nghy;k; , kUs;k; vd;whfp

Nghd;k; , kUz;k; vdj; jphpAk;

(ii) ,t;thW jphpAk; d, z Kd;Ds;s kfuk; jd; miu

khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahf Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L

NghYk; - Nghy;k; - Nghd;k;

kUSk; - kUs;k; - kUz;k;

(iii) kfu <w;Wr; nrhy; Kd; tfu ( t; ) Kjy; nkhop te;J

NrUk; NghJ epiy nkhop kfuk; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tUk; + tz;b = tUk;tz;b

4. Ma;jf; FWf;fj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff

(i) epiynkhopapy; jdpf;Fwpiy mLj;J tUk; y, sfuq;fs;

tUnkhopapy; cs;s jfuj;NjhL ( j; ) NrUk; NghJ

Ma;jkhfj; jphpAk;.

(ii) ,t;thWj; jphpak; Ma;jk; jd; miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J

Fiwe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahf FiwAk;.

- ,JNt Ma;jf; FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L

(i) fy; + jPJ = f/wPJ

(ii) Ks; + jPJ = K/BJ

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34

5. nrhy; vd;why; vd;d ?

(i) Xh; vOj;J jdpj;J epd;Nwh gy vOj;Jfs; njhlh;e;J epd;Nwh

nghUs; jUtJ nrhy; vdg;gLk;.

(ii) nrhy;Yf;F gjk; nkhop fpstp vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fSk;

toq;fg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

g+, if, kz;, khe;jh;.

6. nkhopapd; tiffs; ahit ?

nkhop %d;W tifg;gLk;. mit …

(i) jdp nkhop (ii) njhlh; nkhop (iiii) nghJ nkhop

7. tpidr; nrhy; vd;why; vd;d ?

vOtha; nra;Ak; nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; tpidr; nrhw;fs;

vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L

(i) ,uhkd; te;jhd; (ii) fz;zd; ele;jhd;

8. tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L vt;nttw;iw mwpayhk; ?

tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L

(i) fhyk; (ii) jpiz (iii) ghy; (iv) vz; (v) ,lk;

- Mfpatw;iw mwpayhk;.

9. nganur;rk; vd;why; vd;d ? mjd; tiffs; ahit ?

Xh; vr;r tpid ( te;j, ele;j ) ngaiuf; nfhz;L Kbe;jhy;

mJ nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;.

v.fh. te;j igad;, ele;j igad;

,J (i) njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; (ii) Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;

- vd ,U tifg;gLk;.

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35

10. tpidnar;rk; vd;why; vd;d ? mjd; tiffs; ahit ?

Kw;Wg; ngwhj tpidr; nrhw;fs; ( vr;rk; ) NtnwhU

tpidKw;iwf;; nfhz;L Kbe;jhy; mJ tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;.

v.fh. gbj;J te;jhd;, Xbr; nrd;whd;

,J (i) njhpepiy tpidnar;rk; (ii) Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk;

vd ,U tifg;gLk;.

11. Kw;nwr;rk; vd;why; vd;d ? rhd;W jUf

xU tpidKw;Wr; nrhy; vr;rg; nghUspy; te;J kw;nwhU

tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L KbtJ Kw;nwr;rk; vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L

KUfd; gbj;jdd; Njwpdd;.

12. ntspg;gil vd;why; vd;d ? rhd;W jUf

ntspg;gil :

ntspg;gilahfj; jd;nghUis czh;j;Jk; nrhw;fs; ntspg;gilr; nrhw;fs; vdg;gLk;.

rhd;W: jkpo;ehL gz;ghl;by; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

tpsf;fk ; : ,j;njhlhpy; te;Js;s jkpo;ehL vd;Dk; nrhy; ntspg;gilahf ,lj;ijf; Fwpj;J tUfpwJ. vdNt ,J ntspg;gilr; nrhy; Mapw;W.

13. Fwpg;G vd;gjid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff

Fwpg;G :

xU njhlh; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; tUfpd;w nrhw;fs; czh;j;Jk;

Fwpg;ghy; xU nghUisj; jUtJ Fwpg;Gr; nrhy; vdg;gLk;.

rhd;W : ,e;jpah fphpf;nfl;by; Kjyplk; ngw;wJ.

tpsf;fk ; : ,j;njhlhpy; te;Js;s ,e;jpah vd;gJ MFngauha;

epd;W Fwpg;ghy; ,e;jpa tpisahl;L tPuh;fisf;

Fwpj;jJ.

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36

14. ,dq;Fwpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d ? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff

,dq;Fwpj;jy; :

xU nrhy; jd;nghUisAk; Fwpj;Jj; jdf;F ,dkhd

nghUisAk; Fwpj;J tUtJ ,dq;Fwpj;jy; vdg;gLk;.

rhd;W : fjph;Nty; ntw;wpiy jpd;whd;

tpsf;fk; : ,j;njhlh; fjph;Nty; ntw;wpiy kl;Lkh jpd;whd;

ntw;wpiyNahL mjw;F ,dkhd ghf;F> Rz;zhk;G

Kjyhdtw;iwAk; Nrh;j;Jj; jpd;whd; vdg;

nghUs;gLfpwJ.

15. mLf;Fj; njhlh; vd;why; vd;d ? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff

mirepiyf;Fk; tpiuT rpdk; kfpo;r;rp mr;rk; Jd;gk; Kjypa

nghUs; epiyf;Fk; nra;Aspy; ,iria epiwT nra;tjw;Fk;

,uz;L %d;W ehd;F Kiw mLf;fp tUtJ mLf;Fj; njhlh;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

md;Nw md;Nw - mirepiy

Ngh Ngh - tpiuT

vwp vwp - rpdk;

tUf tUf - kfpo;r;rp

jP jP jP - mr;rk;

nehe;Njd; nehe;Njd; - Jd;gk;

Nfhb Nfhb Nfhb NfhbNa - ,ir epiw

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37

16. mLf;Fj;njhlUf;Fk; ,ul;ilf;fpstpf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit ?

mLf;Fj; njhlh; ,ul;ilf;fpstp

1. nrhw;fs; jdpj;jdpNa epw;Fk; 1. nrhw;fs; xd;Wgl;L epw;Fk;

2. gphpj;jhy; nghUs; jUk; 2. gphpj;jhy; nghUs; juhJ

3. ,uz;L %d;W ehd;F Kiw

mLf;fp tUk;

3. ,uz;L Kiw kl;LNk mLf;fp

tUk;

4. tpiuT mr;rk; ntFsp kfpo;r;rp

Kjypa nghUs;fs; gw;wp tUk; 4. mirepiyahfNt tUk;

17. tpdh vj;jid tifg;gLk; ? mit ahit ?

tpdh MW tifg;gLk;. mit…

mwptpdh mwpah tpdh

Ia tpdh nfhsy; tpdh

nfhil tpdh Vty; tpdh

- Mfpad MFk;.

18. ghk;Ngh ? fapNwh ? – vt;tif tpdh ?

ghk;Ngh ? fapNwh ? vd;gJ Ia tpdhthFk;.

jdf;F Vw;gl;Ls;s Iaj;ij ePf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf tpdtg;gLk;

tpdh Ia tpdthFk;.

19. tpil vj;jid tifg;gLk; ? mit ahit ?

tpdh vl;L tifg;gLk;. mit ..

Rl;L tpil kiw tpil

Neh; tpil Vty; tpil

tpdh vjph; tpdhjy; tpil cw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpil

cWtJ $wy; tpil ,dnkhop tpil

- Mfpad MFk;.

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38

20. Rl;L tpilia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff

,J mJ vd Rl;bf;fhl;b gjpy; $WtJ Rl;L tpil vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L

nrd;idf;F top ahJ ? vd;w tpdhTf;F ,J Rl;bf; fhl;LtJ

Rl;L tpil MFk;.

21. cld;gl;Lf; $Wk; tpilapd; nganud;d ?

cld;gl;Lf; $Wk; tpilapd; ngah; Neh; tpilahFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L

,ij nra;thah ? vd;w tpdhtpw;F nra;Ntd; vd;W cld;gl;L

$WtJ cld;gl;L tpilahFk;.

22. tlf;F vd;Dk; jpirg; ngaUld; gpw jpirfs; Nrhpd; vt;thW

GzUk; ?

tlf;F vd;Dk; jpirg; ngaUld; gpw jpirfs; NrUk;NghJ epiynkhop <Wk; , nka;Ak; ePq;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L

tlf;F + fpof;F = tlfpof;F

23. njw;F vd;Dk; jpirg; ngaUld; gpw ngah;fs;; Nrhpd; vt;thW

GzUk; ?

Nkw;F vd;Dk; jpirg; ngaUld; gpw ngah;fs; NrUk;NghJ epiynkhop <W „ F‟ ePq;fp mjd; may; vOj;J „w‟; - d; Mf khwpg; GzUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L

njw;F + jpir = njd;jpir

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39

24. ik <w;W gz;Gg; ngah;fs; ehd;fpid vOJf

ik <w;Wg; gz;Gg; ngah;fs;

fUtpop

ghrpiy

igq;$o;

Nrjhk;gy;

25. nrk;ik + nkhop vt;thW GzUk; ?

nrk;ik + nkhop

„ <W Nghjy; ‟ tpjpg;gb ik nfl;lJ

nrk; + nkhop

„ ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rpg; ‟ gb nrk;nkhop vdg; Gzh;e;jJ.

26. ntw;wpiy – Gzh;r;rp tpjp jUf

ntw;wpiy ntWik + ,iy

„ <W Nghjy; ‟ - tpjpg;gb ik nfl;lJ

ntW + ,iy

cfuk; nfl;lJ

ntw; + ,iy

jd;ndhw;wpul;ly; tpjpg;gb

ntw;w; + ,iy

„ cly; Nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng‟- tpjpg;gb

ntw;wpiy vdg; Gzh;e;jJ.

27. kuNth; - nrhy;iyg; gphpj;Jg; Gzh;r;rp tpjp jUf

kuk; + Nth; = kuNth;

epiynkhop ,Wjp kfuk; ( k; ) nfl;Lg; GzUk;.

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40

28. kfu <w;W Gzh;r;rpf;F rhd;W jUf

kuk; + Nth; = kuNth;

epiynkhop ,Wjp kfuk; ( k; ) nfl;Lg; GzUk;.

29. nghUshtJ ahJ ?

nghUs; vd;gJ xOf;fKiw MFk;.

30. Kjw; nghUs; vd;gJ ahJ ?

mfnthOf;fk; epfo;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhd epyKk; nghOJk;

Kjw;nghUs; vdg;gLk;.

31. fUg;nghUs; vd;gJ ahJ ?

me;je;j epyj;jpw;Fhpa nja;tk; kf;fs; czT tpyq;F Kjypad

nghUs;fs; fUg;nghUs; vdg;gLk;.

32. taYk; tay; rhh;e;j ,lKk; vj;jpizf;FhpaJ ?

taYk; tay; rhh;e;j ,lKk; kUjj; jpizf;FhpaJ.

33. Ig;grp> fhh;j;jpif Mfpa ,Ujpq;fSk; vf;fhyj;jpw;Fhpad ?

Ig;grp> fhh;j;jpif Mfpa ,Ujpq;fSk; Fsph;fhyj;jpw;Fhpa ngUk;

nghOJfshFk;.

34. itfiwf;Fhpa fhymsT ahJ ?

itfiwf;Fhpa fhymsT ,uT 2kzp Kjy; fhiy 6kzp tiu

35. KUfd; ve;epyj;jpw;Fhpa nja;tk; ?

KUfd; FwpQ;rp epyj;jpw;Fhpa nja;tk;.

36. Ky;iy epyj;jpw;Fhpa fUg;nghUs;fs; ehd;fid vOJf

nja;tk; - jpUkhy;

kf;fs; - Mah;, Ma;r;rpah;

czT - tuF, rhik

tpyq;F - Kay;, khd;, Gyp

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41

37. kUjk; epyj;jpw;Fhpa fUg;nghUs;fs; ehd;fid vOJf

nja;tk; - ,e;jpud;

kf;fs; - coth;> coj;jpah;

czT - ntz;nza;> nre;ney;

tpyq;F - vUik> ePh;eha;

G+ - jhkiu

kuk; - kUjk;

38. Gwj;jpiz vd;gJ ahJ ?

Gwj;jpiz vd;gJ tho;f;iff;F JizGhpAk; fy;tp Gfo; tPuk; nry;tk;

murpay; Kjypa nghUs;fisg; gw;wp $WtjhFk;.

,J Gwj;jhh;f;F ,d;dJ vd vLj;Jf; $wf; $baJ.

39. Gwj;jpizfs; ehd;fid vOJf

ntl;rpj;jpiz> fue;ijj;jpiz> tQ;rpj;jpiz> fhQ;rpj;jpiz

40. kjpy;Nghh; gw;wpa Gwj;jpizfs; ahit ?

nehr;rpj;jpiz> copiQj;jpiz MFk;.

41. thifj;jpiz vd;gJ ahJ ?

ntw;wp ngw;w kd;dd; thifg;G+r;R+b kfpo;tJ thifj;jpiz MFk;.

42. nghUe;jhf; fhkk; gw;wpa jpiz ahJ ?

ngUe;jpiz MFk;.

43. vapy;fhj;jy; vt;tifj; jpiz ? mjw;F vjpuhd jpizia

tpsf;Ff.

vapy;fhj;jy; nehr;rpj; jpizahFk;.

mjw;F vjpuhd jpiz copiQj; jpiz MFk;.

copiQj; jpiz vd;gJ vapiy Rw;wp tisj;Jg; Nghh; Ghpjy; MFk;.

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42

44. ehy;tifg; ghf;fs; ahit ?

ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh vd ehy;tifg;gLk;.

45. ntz;ghtpd; tiffs; ahit ?

ntz;ghtpd; tiffs; MW. mit..

1. Fws; ntz;gh 2. Nehpir rpe;jpay; ntz;gh

3. ,d;dpir rpe;jpay; ntz;gh 4. Nehpir ntz;gh

5. ,d;dpir ntz;gh 6. g/nwhil ntz;gh

46. Fws; ntz;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; ahJ ?

Fws; ntz;gh

ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;ijg; ngw;W ,uz;L mbfisf;

nfhz;ljha; xU tpfw;gj;jhDk;> ,U tpfw;gj;jhDk; tUtJ

Fws; ntz;gh MFk;.

v.fh.

mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp

gftd; Kjw;Nw cyF

47. ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ahJ ?

ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;

<w;wb Kr;rPuha; Vida mbfs; ehw;rPuha; tUk;.

,aw;rPh;> ntz;rPh; tUk;. gpw rPh;fs; thuh.

,aw;rPh; ntz;lisAk;> ntz;rPh; ntz;lisAk; tUk;. gpw jisfs; thuh.

<w;wbapd; <w;Wr;rPh; ehs;> kyh;> fhR> gpwg;G vd;Dk; tha;ghLfSs; xd;W nfhz;L KbAk;.

nrg;gNyhir ngw;W tUk;.

,uz;lb Kjy; gd;dpuz;L mbtiu tUk;.

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43

48. Mrphpag;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; ahJ ?

Mrphpag;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk;

mstbfisg; ngw;W tUk;.

,aw;rPh; gapd;W tUk;. gpw rPUk; tUk;.

Mrphpaj; jisfs; gapd;W tUk;. gpw jisfs; fye;Jk; tUk;.

%d;wb rpw;nwy;iyAk; ghLgthpd; vz;zg;gb gy mbfisg; ngw;W tUk;.

mftNyhir ngw;W tUk;.

<w;wbapd; <w;Wr;rPh; Vfhuj;jpy; KbtJ rpwg;G.

49. Mrphpag;ghtpd; tiffs; ahit ?

Mrphpag;ghtpd; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit...

Nehpir Mrphpag;gh

,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh

epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh

mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh

- vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

50. Nehpir Mrphpag;ghtpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; je;J tpsf;Ff.

Nehpir Mrphpag;gh

Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W <w;wayb Kr;rPuhAk; gpw mbfs; ehw;rPuhAk; tUtJ Nehpir Mrphpag;gh.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

ghhp ghhp vd;W gyVj;jp

xUtw; Gfo;th; nre;ehg; Gyth;

ghhp xUtD ky;yd;

khhpAk; cz;Bz; LyF gug;gJNt

- ,g;ghlypy; <w;wayb Kr;rPuhAk; gpw mbfs; ehw;rPuhAk;

te;Js;sd.

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44

51. mbkwpkz;by Mrphpag;ghtpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; je;J tpsf;Ff.

mbkwpkz;by Mrphpag;gh

Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W vy;yh mbfisAk; Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wp khw;wpg; gbj;jhYk; XirAk; nghUSk; khwhJ tUtJ mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

jha;nkhop tsh;j;jy; jkpoh;jq; flNd

tha;nkhop Guj;jy; kw;wth; flNd

fha;nkhop jtph;j;jy; fw;wth; flNd

Ma;nkhop Aiuj;jy; mwpQh;jq; flNd

- ,g;ghlypy; cs;s mbfis Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wpdhYk; ghlypd; XirAk; nghUSk; khwhky; tUfpd;wJ.

mzpfs;

1. jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff

jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp :

,ay;ghf epfOk; epfo;r;rpapd; kPJ ftpQh; jk; Fwpg;gpid Vw;wpf;

$WtJ jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp MFk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

„ijay; Jah;f;Fj; jhpahJ jk;rpwfhk;‟

tpsf;fk; :

tpbaw;fhiyapy; Nfhopfs; $Tjy; ,ay;ghd epfo;r;rp. Mdhy; ftpQh; fhl;by; es;sputpy; fztidg; gphpe;J tUj;jKw;w jkae;jpapd; Jaiug; Nghf;f, ,Uis ePf;Ftjw;Fj; NjNuwp tpiue;J tUkhW R+hpaidf; Nfhopf; $l;lq;fs; $tp miog;gjhfj; jd; Fwpg;ig Vw;wpf; $wpAs;shh;. vdNt, ,J jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp.

tpdh vz; : 28 kw;Wk; 29 - 10 kjpg;ngz;fs;

tpdh vz; : 30 - myfpLjy;

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45

2. tQ;rg; Gfo;r;rp mzpiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff

Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopg;gJk; gopg;gJk;, Nghyg; Gfo;tJk; tQ;rg; Gfo;r;rp mzp vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

Njth; midah; fath; mtUe;jhk;

Nktd nra;njhOf yhd;

tpsf;fk; :

,g;ghlypy; jPath;fisj; Njth;fSf;F ,izahfg; Gfo;e;J $WtJNghyf; $wpj;, jPath;fs; jk; kdk;Nghd Nghf;fpy; jPa nray;fisr; nra;J mopthh;fs; vdg; gopj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vdNt ,g;ghlypy; tQ;rg; Gfo;r;rp mzp te;Js;sJ.

3. ,ul;Lwnkhopjyzp vd;why; vd;d ? rhd;W fhl;b tpsf;Ff

xU nrhy; ,UnghUs;gl mike;J tUjy; ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; vdg;gLk;. ,jidr; rpNyil vdTk; toq;Fth;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

„Mbf; Flj;jilAk; MLk;Ngh NjapiuAk;‟

tpsf;fk; :

,g;ghlypy; ghk;G, vs; Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; rpNyil $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghk;G glnkLj;J Mbagpd; Flj;Js; nrd;wilAk;. glnkLj;J MLk; NghJ ,iur;rypLk;.

vs;> nrf;fhba gpd; Flj;jpy; Cw;Wth;. nrf;fhLk;NghJ ,iur;ry; cz;lhFk;.

- ,t;thW xU njhlh; ,UnghUs;gl te;Js;sikahy; ,g;ghlypy; ,ul;Lw nkhopjy; mzp te;Js;sJ.

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46

4. nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp vd;why; vd;d ? rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff.

nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;j nrhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtJ nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tU epiyazp vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

jPait jPa gaj;jyhy; jPait

jPapDk; mQ;rg; gLk;.

tpsf;fk; :

,g;ghlypy; jPa vd;Dk; nrhy; jPik vd;Dk; xNu nghUspy; gyKiw te;Js;sJ. vdNt, ,J nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tU epiyazp MFk;.

5. gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp :

mzp tpsf;fk; : Gyth; jhk; $wf;fUjpa nghUis ntspg;gilahff; $whky; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila gpwpnjhd;wpidf; $wp ctikiaf; $wp ctNkaj;ijg; ngw itg;gJ gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp vd;W ngah;.

v.fh.:

neLk;GdYs; nty;Yk; Kjiy mLk;Gdypd;

ePq;fpd; mjidg; gpw

ctik :

ePhpDs; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ Kjiy kw;w caph;fis nty;Yk;. ePiu tpl;L ePq;fp fiuf;F te;jhy; kw;w caph;fs; me;j Kjiyia ntd;W tpLk;.

ctNkak; :

giftNuhL Nghhplr; nry;Yfpd;w kd;dd; jdf;F ntw;wp Njbj; jUk; ,lkhfg; ghh;j;Jg; Nghh; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

- ,t;thW ctikiaf;$wp ctNkaj;ijg; ngw itg;gJ gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp vdg;gLk;.

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47

fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSs; vitNaDk; ,uz;bw;F xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; miug;gf;f mstpy; tpilaspf;f

( tpdh vz; : 31 Kjy; 33 tiu )

1. ghpjpkhw;fiyQhpd; jkpo; gw;wpid tpsf;Ff

Kd;Diu :

19 - Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy;> jkpOf;F mUk;gzp Mw;wpath;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth; ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; Mthh;.

jkpo;g; Gyik :

aho;g;ghzk; rp.it. jhNkhjudhh;> ,thpd; jkpo;g; Gyikiaf; fz;L „jpuhtpl rh];jphp‟ vd;w rpwg;Gg; gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhh;.

jhk; ,aw;wpa „jdpg;ghRuj; njhif‟ vd;Dk; E}ypy; ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; vdj; jdpj;jkpo;g; ngaiur; R+l;bf; nfhz;lhh;.

jkpo;g;gw;W :

ghpjpkhw; fiyQh; nrd;idf; fpwpj;jtf; fy;Y}hpapy; gbj;J te;jhh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; ];fhl;yhe;J ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j tpy;ypak; kpy;yh; vd;gth; Mq;fpyg; Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;.

mth; xUehs;> nld;dprd; ,aw;wpa Mh;jhpd; ,Wjp vd;Dk; E}ypy; cs;s xU ghliy elj;jpdhh;. mg;ghlypy; JLg;Gfis mirj;Jr; nrYj;jg;gl;l glfhdJ mofpa md;dg; gwitf;F ctikahf nrhy;yg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ.

mjid tpae;J ghuhl;ba kpy;yh; ,q;fpyp\; ,q;fpyp\;jhd; jkpopy; ,JNghy ctik cz;lh ? vd tpdtpdhh;.

mjw;F ghpjpkhw; fiyQh;> 12 - Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l fk;guhkhazk;> Ffg;glyj;jpy; tpL edp fbJ vDk; ghlypy; ,j;jifa ctik cs;sJ vd $wpdhh;. Mrphpah; mtiug; ghuhl;bdhh;.

,JNt ghpjpkhw; fiyQhpd; jkpo;g;gw;W MFk;.

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48

2. ghpjpkhw; fiyQhpd; jkpo;j; njhz;L

Nghuhl;lk; :

1902 - Mk; Mz;by; gy;fiyf; fof ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; gl;l tFg;Gfspy; jkpio tpyf;fp tlnkhopf; nfhz;L tu KbntLf;fg;gl;lJ.

ghpjpkhw; fiyQhpd; cWjpahd vjph;g;ghy; mk;Kbitg; gy;fiyf; fofk; iftpl;lJ.

ehlf E}y;fs; :

,th; &ghtjp> fyhtjp Kjypa ehlfq;fis ,aw;wpdhh;.

me;ehlfq;fspy; ngz;ghy; Ntlq;fis Gide;J ebj;J ehlf tsh;r;rpf;F JizGhpe;jhh;.

gpw E}y;fs; :

rpj;jpuf;ftp vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpdhh;.

FkuFUguhpd; ePjpnewp tpsf;fj;jpd; 51 ghly;fSf;F ciu vOjpdhh;.

gpw gzp :

K.rp.G+h;zypq;fk; njhlq;fp itj;j QhdNghjpdp vd;Dk; ,jio elj;jpdhh;.

kJiuj; jkpo;r; rq;fj;jhhpd; nre;jkpo; ,jopy; cah;jdpr; nrk;nkhop vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu tiue;jhh;.

jkpo; nkhop cah;jdpr; nrk;nkhop vd Kjd;Kjyhf epiyehl;bdhh;.

- ,JNt ghpjpkhw; fiyQhpd; jkpo;j; njhz;L MFk;.

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49

3. nky;y nky;y kw vd;Dk; rpWfijapy; fkyehjd; vt;thW

kdk; jpUe;jpdhd; vd;gij RUf;fp tiuf

Kd;Diu :

khw;wk; vd;gJ khdpl jj;Jtk;. mjid miltNj tho;tpd;

ntw;wp. fkyehjdpd; kdkhw;wj;ij ,f;fijapy; ehk; fhzyhk;.

Gif cq;fSf;Fg; gif

kUj;Jt Kfhkpy; nfhLj;j Gif cq;fSf;Fg; gif vd;w

Gj;jfj;ij Nfhfpyh fkyehjdplk; gbf;FkhWf; $wpdhs;.

fkyehjd; Nfhfpyhitg; gbf;FkhW $wg; Gifahy; Vw;gLk;

jPikfis Nfhfpyh gbj;Jf; fhl;bdhs;

gpy;lh; rpfnul; gpbj;jhYk;> ghf;ifj; jpd;whYk; Gw;WNeha;

tUk;. fhg;gp Fbj;jhy; ,jaNeha; tUk; vd;gjidf; Nfl;l

fkyehjd; kdk; rpe;jpf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ.

ez;gd; kuzk;

kUj;Jtkidapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l ez;gd; ,uhkypq;fj;jpd;

cly;epiyg; gw;wp Nfl;lwpe;jhd; fkyehjd;. Rthrg;igapy;

Gw;WNeha; Vw;gl;bUg;gjhfTk; mij mWit rpfpr;ir nra;jhYk;

ePz;lehs; thoKbahJ vd;W rpahksh $wpaijf; Nfl;l

fkyehjd; gak; nfhz;lhd;. md;W ,uNt fkyehjd; ,wg;G Nfl;L

fyq;fpdhd;.

fjhghj;jpuq;fs; :

1. fkyehjd;

2. Nfhfpyh - fkyehjd; kidtp

3. ,uhkypq;fk; - fkyehjd; ez;gd;

4. rpahksh - ,uhkypq;fk; kidtp

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50

G+Tk; nghl;Lk;

ez;gdpd; gphpitj; jhq;fhj fkyehjd; ez;gdpd; kidtp

rpahkshtpw;F MWjy; $wpdhd;. G+Tk; nghl;Lk; ,y;yhky;

gps;isfs; mOk; Fuy;Nfl;L kdk; khwpdhd;. tPL jpUk;Gk;NghNj

ehd;F Kok; ky;ypifg; G+it thq;fp te;jhd;. jd; kidtpaplk;

nfhLj;J G+Tk; nghl;Lkha; thOkhW tho;j;jp fz;fyq;fp nky;y

nky;y khWtjhf cWjpaspj;jhd;.

kdkhw;wk;

,uhkypq;fj;jpd; kuzk; jd;id xU KOkdpjdhf

khw;wptpl;ljhf fkyehjd; czh;e;jhd;. clw;gapw;rp nra;jhd;.

Foe;ijfSf;Fg; ghlk; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jhd;. Foe;ijfSld;

tpisahbdhd;. Njhl;l Ntiy nra;jhd;. Gj;jfq;fisg; gbj;jhd;.

KbTiu

fkyehjd; Gifgpbf;Fk; gof;fj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy ngw;W

KO kdpjdhf tho;e;jhd;. nky;y nky;y Gjpa kdpjdhf kyh;e;J

kzk; tPrpdhd;.

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51

4. mz;zh vOjpa fbjj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fisr; RUf;fp tiuf

Kd;Diu :

NguwpQh; mz;zh Kjyikr;rh; MdgpwF vOjpa nghq;fy; tho;j;J ,f;fbjj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,f;fbjk; fhQ;rp ,jo; %yk; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mz;zhtpd; Vf;fk; :

xt;Nthh; Mz;Lk; nghq;fy; GJehsd;W kf;fNshL kf;fshf ,Ue;J> mth;fs; fspj;jpUf;Fk; fhl;rpapidf; fz;L kfpo;tile;j mz;zh gjtpf;F te;j gpd;G me;j kfpo;T fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;W tUe;Jfpwhh;.

ciog;gpd; ngUik :

vj;jidNah ,d;dy;fs; ,Ug;gpDk; eype;NjhUk; $l nghq;fw; GJehspy; gJj; njk;Gld; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,e;ehspy; ciog;gpd; ngUikiag; gw;wpAk;> me;ehspy; jkpoh; tho;e;j Neh;j;jpiag; gw;wpAk; ciuahb kfpo tha;g;G fpilf;fpwJ.

epykfspd; Miz :

jhAk; NrAk; nfhQ;rp kfpo;tJ Nghy epykle;ijAk; jd; kf;fSf;F tsk; mspf;Fk; Kd;G> tpisahl;L fhl;Lths;. “ cioj;Jg; ngW! chpa Neuj;jpy; ngW! Kaw;rp nra;J ngW! ” vd;W md;Gld; MizapLfpwhs;.

Kbaurd; ftpij Nkw;Nfhs; :

mkpo;njd ,dpf;Fk;> ciog;gpd; cah;it czh;j;Jk;> risg;gpy;yhj Kaw;rpf;F gad; fpilf;Fk; ed;dhs; vd;w ftpQh; Kbaurdpd; ftpijia Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;bAs;shh;.

mz;zhtpd; tho;j;J :

nghq;Ff ,d;gk;! nghq;Ff GJik! nghq;Ff nghypT! tsk; ngUfpLf! tho;T rpwe;jpLf! tho;f jkpo;! tho;f jkpofk;! vd;W tho;j;Jf;fSld; jd; fbjj;ij mz;zh Kbj;jpUf;fpwhh;.

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52

5. mNahj;jpjhr gz;bjh; rKjhaj;jpw;F Mw;wpa njhz;L

Kd;Diu :

gpwh; tho vz;zk;> nrhy;> nray; ,k;%d;Wk; ,ize;J

vy;yhUk; vy;yhKk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; ew;rpe;jid kyu

mUk;ghLgl;lth;fNs r%fr; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs; Mthh;.

,j;jifa rPh;jpUj;jthjpjhd; mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh;

rKjhaj; njhz;L :

mNahj;jp jhrh;> ePyfphp kiytho; ,dg; ngz;iz fyg;Gj;

jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;.

Njapiyg; gwpg;Nghh;> tptrhaf; $yp nra;Nthh;> kuk; mWg;Nghh;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf cioj;jhh;.

jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F fy;tptrjp> cjtpj;njhif>

muRNtiy> cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspy; tha;g;G> nghJ ,lq;fspy;

Eioa chpik Nghd;w gy;NtW chpikfisg; ngw;Wj; je;jhh;.

nrd;idapy; Ie;J ,lq;fspy; My;fhl; gQ;rkh; gs;spfs; vd

jypj;JfSf;F ,ytrg; gs;spfis epWtpdhh;.

xU igrh jopod; vd;Dk; thu ,jopy; ePjp> rhpahd ghij>

Neh;ik Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;Lk; nra;jpfis ntspapl;lhh;.

vdNt fhj;jtuhad; vd;Dk; ,th; njd;dpe;jpar; r%fr;

rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.

- ,t;thW mNahj;jpjhrh; rKjhaj;jpw;F njhz;Lfs; gy

nra;Js;shh;.

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53

6. Fwl;il xyp

Kd;Diu :

„Fwl;il xyp‟ vd;Dk; rpWfijapy; Vioj;jhapd; ,uf;ff;

Fzj;ij lhf;lh;. K.t. glk; gpbj;J fhl;Lfpwhh;.

%d;W FLk;gk; :

xU tPl;by; %d;W Fbj;jdq;fs; ,Ue;jd. khbapy; xU

FLk;gk; ,Ue;jJ. njd; gFjp FLk;gk; tWikf;FLk;gk;. fztd;>

kidtp> MW Foe;ijfs;> ghl;b> xU eha; vdg; nghpa FLk;gk;.

tl gFjp FLk;gk; nry;t FLk;gk;. fztd;> kidtp jtpu NtW

vtUk; ,yh;.

tWikf; FLk;gKk; nry;t FLk;gKk; :

njd;gFjp FLk;gj;jpy; vg;nghOJk; $r;rYk; MuthuKk;

,Uf;Fk;. tl gFjp FLk;gk; mikjpaha; ,Uf;Fk;. mq;Nf Jk;ky;>

,Uky;> Fwl;il jtpu NtW xypiaf; Nfl;f KbahJ.

Viof;FLk;gj;jpy; Gjpa tuT :

Vioapd; FLk;gj;jpy; mth;fSf;F Vohtjhf xU Foe;ij

gpwe;jJ. rpy ehl;fspy; me;j tPl;bd; ehAk; Ie;J Fl;bfis

<d;wJ.

Fl;bfis jtpf;ftpl;l jha;eha; :

Fl;b <d;w %d;whk; ehs; ntspNs nrd;w jha;eha; tPL

jpUk;gtpy;iy. Fl;bfs; ghy; ,y;yhky; fj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jd.

vq;F NjbAk; eha; fpilf;fhjjhy; efuhl;rpf;F nrd;W ghh;f;fyhk;

vd;w KbNthL tPL jpUk;gpdhh; fzth;.

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54

khbtPl;L mk;ikahhpd; KiwaPLk; J}Jk; :

khiy Neuj;jpy; eha;f;Fl;bfspd; rj;jk; mjpfhpj;jjhy;

khbtPl;L mk;ikahh; njd;gFjp tPl;lhhplk; eha;f;Fl;bfis njUtpy;

tpl;LtpLkhW $wptpl;L tlgFjp tPl;lhhplk; fjT> [d;diy ed;whf

rhj;jpf; nfhz;L J}q;FkhW $wpdhs; .

eha;f;Fl;bapd; xyp Fiwe;jJ :

me;j ,uT Neuj;jpy; eha;f;Fl;bfspd; „fa;q; fa;q;‟ vd;w

xypiaj; jtpu NtW xypapy;iy. tl gFjp tPl;by; Vg;g rj;jk;

kl;Lk; Nfl;lJ. jpBnud;W Fl;bfspd; xyp nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf

Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl te;jJ.

jha;ik czh;T :

khbtPl;L mk;ikahh; eha;f;Fl;bapd; xyp Fiwe;jjw;F

fhuzk; mwpa fPNo vl;bg;ghh;j;jhh;. me;j Vioj;jhapd; xU ifapy;

gQ;Rk; xU ifapy; nfhl;lhq;Fr;rpAk; ,Ue;jJ. filrp eha;

Fl;bAk; fj;jpf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ. me;j jha; gQ;ir khh;gpy;

itj;J ghyhy; eidj;J Fl;bapd; thapy; itj;jhh;. ,t;thW %d;W

Kiw nra;j gpwF mjd; xypAk; mlq;fpaJ.

KbTiu :

,t;thW ,sk;Foe;ijiag; ngw;w Vioj;jhapd; ,uf;f

czh;T tpaf;f itf;fpwJ. Mdhy; tlf;Fg; gFjp tPl;lhhplkpUe;J

Fwl;il xyp kl;Lk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;NlapUe;jJ.

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55

34.(m ). fPo;f;fhZk; gj;jpapy; mike;Js;s Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisj;

jkpohf;fk; nra;f

1. lhb tu;w rz;Nl vdf;F gh;j;Nl. gl; ePq;f ,d;Dk; vdf;F

gh;j;Nl bu]; vLf;ftpy;iyNa ntha; lhb ? vd;Ndhl

gpuz;l;i]nay;yhk; tPl;Lf;F tur;nrhy;ypf; fhy;

gz;zpapUf;fpNwd;

tpil : mg;gh tUfpw Qhapwd;W vdf;F gpwe;j ehs;. Mdhy;

ePq;fs; ,d;Dk; vd; gpwe;jehSf;F cil vLf;ftpy;iyNa? Vd;

mg;gh ? vd;Dila ez;gh;fisnay;yhk; gpwe;jehsd;W tPl;Lf;F

tur;nrhy;ypj; njhiyNgrpapy; mioj;jpUf;fpNwd;.

2. rz;Nl tu;wJf;F ,d;Dk; ]pf;]; Nl]; ,Uf;FNj Nlhz;l;

nthh;hp LkhNuh <tpdpq; \hg;gpq; Nghyhk;. ,g;g cdf;F N`g;gp

jhNd.

tpil : Qhapw;Wf; fpoik tUtjw;F ,d;Dk; MWehl;fs;

cs;sdNt. ftiyg;glhNj ehis khiy filf;Fr;

nry;Nthk;. ,g;NghJ cdf;F kfpo;r;rpjhNd.

3. RNu\; thl; N`g;gz;l; ? Vd; Nyl;lh tu;Nw ?

tpil : RNu\; vd;dhapw;W ? Vd; fhyjhkjkhf tUfpwha; ?

4. topapNy xNu buhgpf; [hk;lh mjdhyjhd; Nyl; rhp rhp g];

vj;jid kzpf;F tUk; ? bf;fl; fpilr;rjh ?

tpil : top vq;Fk; Nghf;Ftuj;J nehpry;. mjdhy;jhd;

jhkjk;. rhp rhp NgUe;J vj;jid kzpf;F tUk; ? gazr;rPl;L

fpilj;jjh ?

5. g]; nld; jh;l;bf;F tUk;. yh];l; tPf;Nf uprh;t; nra;jhr;R.

NgUe;J gj;J Kg;gJf;F tUk;. fle;j thuNk Kd;gjpT

nra;jhfptpl;lJ.

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6. gs;spapypUe;J tPl;bw;Fs; tpiue;J Eioe;j ghhp jd; ];$y;

Ngf;ifj; J}f;fpg; Nghl;L tpl;L kk;kp thl;lh; vd;W Fuy;

nfhLj;jhd;.

tpil : gs;spapypUe;J tPl;bw;Fs; tpiue;J Eioe;j ghhp jd;

gs;spg; igapidj; J}f;fpg; Nghl;Ltpl;L... mk;kh jz;zPh; vd;W Fuy;

nfhLj;jhd;.

7. gs;spapypUe;J te;jTld; Vz;lh ,g;gbf; fj;Jfpwha; ? if

fhy;fis th\; nra;Jnfhz;L th. R+lhf cdf;Fg; gpbj;j

bgd; nra;J itj;jpUf;fpNwd;. Ngha; A+dpghh;k; khw;wpf;nfhz;L

th vd;whs; mtd; jha;.

tpil : “gs;spapypUe;J te;jTld; Vd; ,g;gbf; fj;Jfpwha; ? if fhy;fisf; fOtpf; nfhz;L th, R+lhf cdf;Fg; gpbj;j gyfhuk; nra;J itj;jpUf;fpNwd;. Ngha; gs;spr; rPUilfis khw;wpf; nfhz;L th” vd;whs; ghhpapd; jha;

8. Nghk;kh vd;W $wpf;nfhz;Nl Ngidr; Roytpl;l ghhp btpiag;

Nghl;lhd;.

tpil : Nghk;kh... vd;W $wpf;nfhz;L kpd;tprpwpiaAk;

njhiyf;fhl;rpiaAk; caph;g;gpj;jhd;

9. ];$y;tpl;L te;jTlNd vjw;F btp ? N`hk; xh;f; nra;Jtpl;L

mg;Gwk; ghh;f;fyhk; vd;whs; mtd; jha;.

tpil : “ gs;spapypUe;J te;jTld; vjw;Fj; njhiyf;fhl;rp ?

Kjypy; tPl;Lg; ghlj;ij Kb gpwF njhiyf;fhl;rp ghh;f;fyhk;”

vd;whs; ghhpapd; jha;

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34. ( M ). fPo; cs;s muG vz;fisj; jkpo; vz;fshf khw;wp

vOJf

1 2 3 4

5

f c

U

6 7 8 9

10

v m

f0

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35.m. fPo;f;fhZk; Mq;fpy ciug;gFjpiaj; jkpohf;fk; nra;f ( 3 kjpg;ngz;fs; )

1. Maps serve better than the printed for giving many kinds of information.

In fact, people made and used maps before they learned how to read and

write. Explorers have found maps that had been made by their ancestors.

Sometimes these maps were carved on stones.

tpil : tiuglj;jpd; mtrpak;

gytpjkhd jfty;fis vspikahf mspg;gjpy;

Gj;jfq;fistpl tiuglq;fs; mjpfk; gadpf;fpd;wd. cz;ikiar;

nrhy;tnjd;why;, kdpjh;fs; vOjg; gbf;fj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;Ng

tiuglq;fis gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fptpl;ldh;. Gjpa epyg;gFjpfis

Njbr; nrd;w fz;Lgpbg;ghsh;fs; jkJ Kd;Ndhhpd; tiuglq;fis

fz;lwpe;Js;sdh;. rpy Neuq;fspy; tiuglq;fs; ghiwfspy; $l

tiuag;gl;Ls;s.

2. Trees are very useful to us. They give us timber and firewood. The timber

is used to make chairs, tables and other furniture. We get oil from the oil

seeds of some trees. The leaves and fruits of some trees are used to

prepare medicines.

tpil : kuq;fspd; gad;fs;

kuq;fs; ekf;F kpfTk; cgNahfkhdit. ekf;F tpwifAk;

kuf;fl;ilfisAk; jUfpd;wd. kuf;fl;ilfs; ehw;fhyp, Nkir

Nghd;w nghUs;fs; nra;ag; gad;gLfpd;wd. rpy kuq;fspd;

tpijfspy; ,Ue;J vz;nza; fpilf;fpwJ. rpy kuq;fspy; ,Ue;J

fpilf;Fk; ,iyfSk; goq;fSk; kUe;J jahhpf;fTk;

gad;gLfpd;wd.

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3. Early to bed and early to rise make a man healthy, weathy and wise. The

early riser has more time and energy to prepare for the day‟s work than

the late riser. Besides, he finds himself fresh and brisk. Early morning is

the most suitable time for study. As the mind is fresh, even a difficult

study is made easy.

tpil : mjpfhiy vOkpd;!

rPf;fpuk; gLj;J rPf;fpuk; vOtJ xUtiu MNuhf;fpakhfTk; nry;tr; nropg;GlDk; Gj;jpf; $h;ikAlDk; tho itf;Fk;. md;whlg; gzpfis ed;F jpl;lkpl;Lr; nra;a mjpfhiyapy; rPf;fpuk; vOe;jpUg;gth;fSf;F jhkjkhf vOe;jpUg;gth;fistplf; $Ljy; Neuk; fpilf;Fk;. mJkl;Lkpy;yhky; rPf;fpuk; vOe;jpUg;gth;fs; RWRWg;ghfTk; Gj;Jzh;r;rpAlDk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. gbg;gjw;F kpfTk; cfe;j Neuk; mjpfhiyNa. mg;NghJ kdk; Gj;Jzh;Tld; ,Uf;Fnkd;gjhy; fbdkhd ghlk;$l vspjpy; GhpAk;.

4. Letter writing is an art. This can be perfected through constant practice.

We write letters to keep in touch with friends and relatives and to carry

important information. Letters are a form of conservation; because, they

involve personal and direct communications between two people. So,

every educated person should know how to write a clear and readable

letter.

tpil : fbjk; vOJNthk;!

fbjk; vOJtJ xU fiy. njhlh;r;rpahd gapw;rpapd; %yk; ,jpy; xUth; rpwe;J tpsq;f KbAk;. cwtpdh;fs;, ez;gh;fs; MfpNahUld; njhlh;igj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; Kf;fpakhd jfty;fisg; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;sTk; fbjk; vOJfpNwhk;. fbjq;fs; xUtifahd ciuahlNy. Vndd;why;, rk;ge;jg;gl;l ,U egh;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Neubj; njhlh;igAk; jdpg;gl;l nra;jpg; ghpkhw;wj;ijAk; mit cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;. vdNt njspthf, vspjpy; gbf;f KbAk;gbahd fbjq;fis vOJtJ vg;gb vd;gijg; gbj;jth;fs; midtUk; njhpe;J itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

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5. The Television is one of the wonders of modern India. Many useful

programs on education, health, agriculture and family planning are

specially prepared for rural viewers. Interesting dramas and films are

shown at regular intervals. The Television is also used for commercial

advertisements.

tpil : njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; gad;fs;

etPd ,e;jpahtpd; mjpraq;fspy; xd;W njhiyf;fhl;rpg;

ngl;b. fy;tp cly; MNuhf;fpak; tptrhak; FLk;g eyj;jpl;lk;

Nghd;w gaDs;s epfo;r;rpfs; fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; eyidf; fUj;jpy;

nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Rthurpakhd ehlfq;fs;

jpiug;glq;fs; ,ilNa Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilntspapy; fhl;lg;gLtJz;L.

th;j;jf tpsk;guq;fSk; njhiyf;fhl;rpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

6. Food is essential for all living beings. Without food man cannot live long.

Everyman has to eat a certain quantity of food. If he eats less than that

quantity his health will fail and he will fall ill. So, everyman has to eat

enough food to live.

tpil : cztpd; mtrpak;

caphpdq;fs; caph; tho czT kpfTk; mtrpak;. czT

,y;yhky; kdpjh;fshy; ePz;l fhyk; tho KbahJ. xt;nthUtUk;

xU Fwpg;gpl;l msTf;F czT cl;nfhz;lhf Ntz;Lk;.

mijtplf; Fiwthf cl;nfhz;lhy;, cly;eyk; nfl;L Neha;

Vw;gl;LtpLk;. vdNt xt;nthU egUk; Nghjpa czT rhg;gpl;lhf

Ntz;Lk;.

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7. This is age of computers. Computers are becoming more and more a part

of everyday life. Today in the morning of business firm, industrials

concerns and government departments, lot of information processing is

required. The computer is the superfast information processing unit.

tpil : fzpdp gad;ghL

,J fzpdp Afk;. ek; md;whl tho;f;ifapd; Xh; mq;fkhf

fzpdpfs; Mfp tUfpd;wd. ,d;iwa ehl;fspy; xU th;j;jf

epWtdk;, njhopy;Jiwfs;, muR eph;thfj; Jiwfs; vd

midj;ijAk; elj;j jfty;fisj; jpwk;glf; ifahStJ

mtrpakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. fzpdp jfty;fis mjpNtfkhff;

ifahSk; Xh; fUtpahFk;.

8. Gandhiji loved and respected truth more than anything else. He fought his

whole life to uphold the value of truth. From his experiment with truth, he

came to know that there could not be a God other than truth. He taught us

that our thought, word and deed should on truth. He preached what he

practised.

tpil : fhe;jp[pAk; rj;jpaKk;

fhe;jpabfs;, NtW vijAk;tpl rj;jpaj;ijNa cah;thf

kjpj;jhh;. tha;ikia cah;j;jpg; gpbf;fNt jd; tho;ehs; KOtJk;

fLikahfg; ghLgl;lhh;. rj;jpaj;Jldhd mtUila Nrhjidapd;

%yk; mijtplr; rpwe;j topfhl;b ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;gij

czh;e;J nfhz;lhh;. ekJ rpe;ij, nrhy;, nray; midj;Jk;

rj;jpaj;ij Mjhukhff; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fw;Wf;

nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhh;. jhd; Nghjpj;jijNa mth; filgpbf;fTk;

nra;jhh;.

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9. Schools do not stop with teaching the children the lessons alone. They do

more. It is in the schools that the boys and girls form some regular habits.

They learn to behave in an orderly way. They are corrected whenever

they go wrong.

tpil : gs;spapd; khz;G

rpWth;fSf;Fg; ghlk; fw;Wj; jUtNjhL gs;spfs; epd;WtpLtjpy;iy. mjw;Fk; Nkyhfr; nray;gLfpd;wd. rpy mbg;ilahd ey;y gof;ftof;fq;fisr; rpWth;fs; gs;spfspy;jhd; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. xOf;fkhf ele;J nfhs;sf; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. jtWfs; nra;Ak; NghJ jpUj;jg;gLfpwhh;fs;.

10. Library is a place for reading books. There will be librarian in each

library. He takes care of all the books in the library. It has story books in

English and Tamil. It also has books on Science, Economics and

Commerce. There are newspapers and magazines in Tamil and English.

We can read them there silently. It is a place for silent reading. Books can

be borrowed for two weeks from the library. It is useful for everyone.

tpil : E}yfk; mJ mwpthyak;

Gj;jfq;fs; gbg;gjw;fhd Xh; ,lk; E}yfk;. Xt;nthU E}yfj;jpYk; xU E}yfg; gzpahsh; ,Ug;ghh;. E}yfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; midj;Jg; Gj;jfq;fisAk; mth; Kiwahf guhkhpg;ghh;. E}yfj;jpy; jkpo; Mq;fpyj;jpy; fijg; Gj;jfq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. mwptpay;, nghUshjhuk;, tzpfk; njhlh;ghd Gj;jfq;fSk; mq;F ,Uf;Fk;. jkpopYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; ntspahFk; nra;jpj;jhs;fSk; gj;jphpiffSk; ,Uf;Fk;. mikjpahf mq;F cl;fhh;e;J ehk; mtw;iwg; gbf;fyhk;. mikjpahg; gbg;gjw;fhd ,lk; mJ. E}yfj;jpy; ,Ue;J Gj;jfq;fis ,uty; thq;fpf; nfhz;L ,uz;L thuq;fs; tPl;by; itj;Jk; gbf;fyhk;. E}yfk; midtUf;Fk; gad;juf; $baJ.

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35.M. fPo;f;fhZk; Mq;fpyg; gonkhopfSf;F ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopfis vOJf ( 2 kjpg;ngz;fs; )

1. Health is wealth

Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk;

2. Too much of anything is good for nothing

msTf;F kpQ;rpdhy; mKjKk; eQ;R

3. No pain no gain

ciog;gpd;wp Cjpak; ,y;iy

4. Haste makes waste

gjwhj fhhpak; rpjwhJ

5. Knowledge is power

mwpNt Mw;wy;

6. Charity begins at home

jdf;F kpQ;rpNa jhdKk; jUkKk;

7. Covert all lose all

Nguhir ngUel;lk;

8. Diamonds cut diamonds

Ks;is Ks;shy; vL

9. East or west, home is the best

vyp tisahdhYk; jdp tisNa rpwe;jJ.

10. Empty vessels make the greatest sound

Fiw Flk; $j;jhLk;

11. Money makes many things

gzk; gj;Jk; nra;Ak;

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12. Eagle don‟t catch flies

Gyp grpj;jhYk; Gy;iyj; jpd;dhJ

13. Old is gold

fhyk; nghd; Nghd;wJ

14. Prevention is better than cure

tUKd; fhg;gNj rpwe;jJ

15. Slow and steady wins the race

Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk;.

16. First deserve, then desire

Kltd; nfhk;Gj; NjDf;F Mirg;glyhkh ?

17. Little strokes fell great oaks

mbNky; mb mbj;jhy; mk;kpAk; efUk;

18. Tit for tat

ahidf;Fk; ghidf;Fk; rhp

19. Work is worship

nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk;

20. Time is gold

fhyk; nghd; Nghd;wJ.

21. Birds of the same feather flock together

,dk; ,dj;NjhL NrUk;

22. Every cock will crow upon his own dunghill

tPl;by; vyp ntspapy; Gyp

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23. Failure is the stepping stone to success

Njhy;tpNa ntw;wpf;F mbg;gil

24. Art is long and life is short

fy;tp fiuapy fw;gth; ehs; rpy

25. Look before you leap

Mok; njhpahky; fhiytplhNj

26. Man proposes, God dispose

ehk; xd;W epidf;f nja;tk; xd;W epidf;Fk;

27. Strike the rod while it is hot

fhw;Ws;sNghNj J}w;wpf; nfhs;

28. Familiarity breeds contempt

gofg; gofg; ghYk; Gspf;Fk;

29. The miles of god grind slow but sure

murd; md;W nfhy;thd; nja;tk; epd;W nfhy;Yk;

30. The face is the index of the mind

mfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njhpAk;

31. All that glitter is not gold

kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y

32. Art is long but life is short

fy;tp fiuapy fw;gth; ehs; rpy

33. Barking dog seldom bite

Fiuf;fpd;w eha; fbf;fhJ

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34. Even a pin is good for something

rpWJUk;Gk; gy; Fj;j cjTk;

35. Take time by the forelock

fhyj;Nj flikiar; nra;

36. A friend in need is a friend indeed

caph; nfhLg;ghd; Njhod;

37. Self help is the best help

jd; ifNa jdf;F cjtp

38. Efforts never fail

Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk;

39. Live and let live

thO, thotpL

40. Think everybody alike

cd;idg; Nghy; gpwiuAk; Nerp

41. Manners make the man

xOf;fk; cah;T jUk;

42. All is well that ends well

ey;y njhlf;fk; ey;y Kbitj; jUk;

43. Misfortunes never come single

gl;lfhypNy gLk; nfl;l FbNa nfLk;

44. Do well what you have to do

nra;td jpUe;jr; nra;

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45. Every tide has its ebb

Vw;wk; cz;lhdhy; ,wf;fk; cz;L

46. Small rudders guide great ships

rpW JUk;Gk; gy; Fj;j cjTk;

47. You must walk before run

rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gL

48. Distance lends enchantment to the view

,f;fiuf;F mf;fiu gr;ir

49. Measure is a treasure

msTf;F kpQ;rpdhy; mKjKk; eQ;R

50. Make hay while the Sun shines

fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf; nfhs;

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1. fPo;f;fhZk; jiyg;gpy; vl;L thpfSf;Ff; Fiwahky; ftpij xd;W vOJf

1. gs;sp

gs;sp vd;Dk; $lk; - ek;

gz;ig cah;j;Jk; md;whlk;

rpiyaha; ek;ikr; nrJf;Fk; - ey;y

fiyaha; ek;ikg; GJf;Fk;

tpdh Nfl;Fk; Qhdk; - mq;F

tpiliaf; nfhLf;ff; NjhZk;

Ntw;Wik mfw;Wk; ge;jk; - ek;

xw;Wik xd;Nw nrhe;jk;

2. kio

itaj;ij thoitg;ghs;

thl;lj;ijg; Nghf;fpLths;

Copahfp xWj;jpLths;

cd;kj;jk; fhl;bLths;

jhahAk; fdpe;Jepw;ghs;

jdjhdpak; Ve;jpepw;ghs;

jhpj;jpuk; tpul;bLths;

epfnuhd;Wk; ,y;yhjhs;

mtisj; jiyjho;e;J tzq;fpLNthk; !

mts; fUizahNy Xq;fpLNthk; !

tpdh vz; : 36 - 5 kjpg;ngz;fs;

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3. fly;

mlq;fhj kdk;NghNy MbLk; flNy

Nahfpah; cs;sk;NghNy xLq;fpLk; eLNt

vz;zpyh caph;fSf;Fk; tho;tspf;Fk; jpdNk

nfhe;jspj;J nfhf;fhpf;Fk; rpy jpdNk

ifiaePl;b fiuiaj; jOTk; xUfzNk

ntl;fg;gl;L tpyfpXLk; kWfzNk

fiuapy; mkh;e;J ftpij Ma;tJk; RfNk

fyj;jpy;Vwp fliy urpg;gJk; RfNk

4. Kaw;rp

Kaw;rpapNy cah;e;J epd;Nwhh;

,fo;r;rp vd;Wk; mile;jjpy;iy

Kaw;rp nfhz;l kdpjiuj;jhk;

KOkdpjh; vd;gh; rhd;Nwhh;

Kaw;rp kl;Lk; ,Ue;Jtpl;lhy;

tpz;izAk; ehk; nty;yyhk;

kz;izAk; ehk; Msyhk;

fijfspy; vd;Wk; thoyhk;

fhtpaq;fshf ehk; Mfyhk;

Kaw;rpNahNl tho;e;jpLNthk; !

KOikg; ngw;Nw Xq;fpLNthk; !

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5. Foe;ij

$l;LwthNy tpise;jjpe;j nfhs;is ,d;gk;

nfhQ;rp kfpo;e;jhNyh njhiyAk; Jd;gk;

Ky;iyr; rphpg;Gf; fz;lhy;

cs;sk; nfhs;isg; NghFk;

jpj;jpf;Fk; koiy Nfl;lhy;

fs;skdKk; fspe;J tpLk;

Foe;ijAk; nja;tKk;

nfhz;lhLk; ,lj;jpnyd;ghh;

NgWfspy; ngUk;NgW Foe;ijg;NgW

tPLNgW Ntz;bdhYk;

Ntz;Lk; ,e;j koiyg;NgW

koiyg; NgW ngw;NwhNu

kq;fhj NgW ilNahh;.

6. el;G

Gdpjkhd cwTfspNy cz;ikahdJ

kdpjh;fspd; kdjpNy nkd;ikahdJ

jdpkdpjdha; tho;e;jjhy; tho;tpy;thl;lk;

mzpjpuz;L fpilj;jNj ez;gh;$l;lk; !

ehnsy;yhk; ez;gDlNd fopAk;

ftiynay;yhk; fhybapy; xopAk;

Fk;gpLk; nja;tk;Nghy; ehbr;nrd;why;

$g;gpl;l FuYf;Nf XbtUthd; !

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37. fPo;f;fhZk; ghlypd; jpuz;l fUj;ij vOjp> mg;ghlypy;

mike;Js;s Vw;Gila eaq;fis VNjDk; Ie;jpid vLj;njOJf

ghiytdk; Nrhiytd khf Ntz;Lk;

gRq;fpspfs; mq;fpUe;J ghl Ntz;Lk;

rhiyfspw; gynjhopYk; ngUf Ntz;Lk;

rigfspNy jkpnoOe;J Koq;f Ntz;Lk;

rPiycil fjUilaha;j; jpfo Ntz;Lk;

Njrgf;jp nropj;Njhq;fp tsu Ntz;Lk;

Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk; xopa Ntz;Lk;

ntw;wpapd;Nky; ntw;wp vkf;nfa;j Ntz;Lk;

1. jpuz;l fUj;J

ghiytdk; Nrhiytdkhf khw Ntz;Lk;. mr;Nrhiyfspy; gRq;fpspfs; ghlNtz;Lk;. rhiyfspy; gy njhopYk; ngUf Ntz;Lk;. mwpQh; $Lk; ,lq;fspy; jkpopNyNa Ngr Ntz;Lk;. midtUk; fjiu cLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; Njrgf;jp tsuNtz;Lk;. Ntiyapy;yh jpz;lhl;lk; xope;J ek; ehl;Lf;F ntw;wp Nky; ntw;wp fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ftpkzp $Wfpwhh;.

2. nghUs; eak; :

ghiytdk; NrhiytdkhfTk;> Nrhiyfspy; gRq;fpspfs; ghlNtz;Lk;. Cnuq;Fk; njhopy; ngUf Ntz;Lk;. vy;yhUk; jkpo; Ngr Ntz;Lk;. fjiu cLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Njrgf;jp tsu Ntz;Lk;. Ntiyapy;yh jpz;lhl;lk; xope;J ek;ehL ntw;wpNky; ntw;wp Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ftpkzp Mirg;gLfpwhh;.

tpdh vz; : 37 – 5 kjpg;ngz;fs;

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72

3. re;j eak; :

,g;ghly; ,irNahLg; ghLtjw;F Vw;whw;Nghy; mike;Js;sJ.

4. Nkhid eak; :

,g;ghlypy; mbNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp te;Js;sJ.

ghiytdk;> gRq;fpspfs;

rhiyfspy;> rigfspNy

5. vJif eak; :

,g;ghlypy; mbNjhWk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp te;Js;sJ.

ghiytdk;> rhiyfspw;

rPiy> Ntiyapy;yhj;

6. ,iaG eak; :

,g;ghlypy; mbNjhWk; ,WjprPh; xd;wp te;Js;sJ.

Ntz;Lk;> Ntz;Lk;.

Fatdpd; if tz;zk; ghidapNy

Gytdpd; if tz;zk; NkhidapNy

ehl;bw;F fz;fs; kq;if

ghl;bw;F fz;fs; vJif

ahidf;F moF je;jk;

ghl;Lf;F moF re;jk;

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73

38. gbtk; epug;Gjy; :

ngah; epug;Gk; ,lj;jpy; ckJ gjpT vz;iz kl;Lk; vOJf


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74

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75

1. fPo;f;fhZk; tho;tpay; R+oiyg; gbj;J mJ Fwpj;j tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f

1. jd;idawpjy; : gf;f vz; : 30

ePq;fs; ahopdpahf ,Ue;jhy; vd;d nra;tPh;fs; ? rpe;jid nra;f

ehd; ahopdpahf ,Ue;jhy; Nghl;bapy; fz;bg;ghf gq;nfLj;Jf; nfhs;Ntd;.

vd; Mrphpahplk; nrd;W vd; mr;rj;ijf;$wp> njspT ngWNtd;.

mth; topfhl;Ljypd;gb ele;J Nghl;bapy; ntw;wpAk; ngWNtd;.

2. kWj;jy; jpwd; : gf;f vz; : 55

ngw;Nwhh; khwidg; gw;wp epidg;gJ rhpah ?

ngw;Nwhh; khwidg; gw;wp epidg;gJ rhp

ehk; vg;gbg;gl;lth;fNshL el;Gf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; ?

ehk; xOf;fKs;s ez;gh;fSld; el;Gf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

,r;R+oypy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba tho;tpay; jpwd; ahJ ?

njspthd vz;zk;

cly; eyj;jpw;Fj; jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; Gifgpbj;jy; Kjyhd

nray;fspy; <Lgl cq;fs; ez;gh;fs; cq;fis miof;fpwhh;fs;.

mg;NghJ ePq;fs; vt;thW ele;J nfhs;tPh;fs; ?

vdf;F ,JNghd;w nray;fspy; tpUg;gk; fpilahJ vd;W

nkd;ikahf kWj;J tpLNtd;.

tpdh vz; : 39 (m ) kw;Wk; 39 ( M ) - 3 + 2 = 5 kjpg;ngz;fs;

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76

3. gpwh; epiyapy; jd;id itj;Jg; ghh;j;jy; : gf;f vz; : 84

khw;Wj; jpwdhshplk; ePq;fs; vg;gb ele;J nfhs;tPh;fs; ?

khw;Wj; jpwdhspfspd; kdk; Gz;glhj tifapy;>

mth;fsplk; md;Gld; ele;J nfhs;Ntd;.

khw;Wj;jpwdhshpd; epiyia vz;zpr; rpe;jid nra;Aq;fs;

khw;Wj; jpwdhshpd; md;whl nray;fs; fbdkhdit.

mth;fSf;F ehk; vt;tifapyhtJ cjt Ntz;Lk;.

4. KbntLf;Fk; jpwd; : gf;f vz; : 102

,e;epiyapy; Njtp vj;jifa KbntLg;ghs; ?

ngw;NwhUf;F vg;gbahtJ gbg;gpd; mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jf; $wp

Ghpa itj;J gbg;igj; njhlUths;.

cq;fSf;F ,g;gb xU epiy Vw;gl;lhy;> ePq;fs; vg;gbj; jPh;T

fhz;gPh;fs; ?

jpUkzk; nra;tjw;F ,J chpa taJ ,y;iy vd;W

Mrphpah; %yk; ngw;NwhUf;F Ghpa itg;Ngd;. gbg;igj; njhlu

top nra;Ntd;.

5. kdntOr;rpfis vjph;nfhs;Sk; jpwd; : gf;f vz; : 125

,e;epiyapy; fjputd;> jd; kdntOr;rpfis vt;thW

fl;Lg;gLj;Jthd ?

,e;epiyapy; fjputd; jd; FLk;g epiyia epidj;Jg;

ghh;j;J> jdf;F gbg;Gjhd; Kf;fpak; vd;W epidj;J jd;

kdntOr;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jthd;.

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77

fjputd; epiyapy; ePq;fs; ,Ue;jhy; vd;d nra;tPh;fs; ?

vdf;F cly;eykpy;iy vd;W $wp nkd;ikahf

kWj;JtpLNtd;.

6. rpwg;ghfj; njhlh;G nfhs;Sk; jpwd; : gf;f vz; : 146

kjpaofd; jd; ngw;Nwhiu vt;thW rk;kjpf;f itg;ghd; ?

jpiug;glj;Jiw ,d;W> njhopy; El;gj;jpYk;> nghUshjhu

mbg;gilapYk;> r%fj; jFjpapYk; Kd;dpiy tfpf;fpwJ.

,t;Tz;ikia Mrphpah; %yk; ngw;NwhUf;F $wp

jpiug;glj;Jiwapy; Nru rk;kjpf;f itg;ghd;.

7. rpf;fYf;Fj; jPh;T fhzy; : gf;f vz; : 171

ghz;bad;> jd; rpf;fYf;F vg;gbj; jPh;T fhz;ghd; ?

ghz;bad; jd; jiyikahrphpahplk; nrd;W jd;

epiyikiaf; $wp> gs;spapNyNa eilngWk; rpwg;G

tFg;Gfspy; fye;J nfhs;thd;.

jd; je;ijaplk; jd; epiyikiag; Ghpa itf;FkhW

jiyikahrphpaiu Ntz;bf; nfhs;thd;.

ePq;fs; ghz;badhf ,Ue;jhy; vd;d nra;tPh;fs; ?

ePq;fs; nra;tJ gpbf;ftpy;iy vd;W NeubahfNt mthplk;

$wptpl;L> ele;jtw;iw tPl;bYk; nrhy;yptpLNtd;.

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78

8. kd mOj;jq;fis vjph;nfhs;Sk; jpwd; : gf;f vz; : 200

,yf;fpah jdf;Nfw;gl;l kd mOj;jj;ij vt;thW vjph;nfhs;ths; ?

kUj;Jtkidapy; gLf;ifaha; cs;s jhapd; cly;eyj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl ,yf;fpah jdJ Jd;gj;ij kiwj;J kd mOj;jj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jths;.

,yf;fpahthf> ePq;fs; xU epkplk; fw;gid nra;Aq;fs;

vdf;F fy;tpapy; gpd;dilT Vw;gl;lhYk;> vd; jha;f;F gzptpil nra;Ak; tha;g;ghf fUjp jhAld; ,Ug;Ngd;.

9. $h;rpe;jidj; jpwd; : gf;f vz; : 227

me;jr; R+o;epiyiag; G+q;Foyp vt;thW vjph;nfhs;ths; ?

ehis vdf;Fg; gs;spapy; Njh;T cs;sJ. mjw;fhf gbf;f Ntz;Lk; vdg; gf;Ftkha;g; G+q;Foyp $wpapUg;ghs;.

ePq;fs; G+q;Foypahf ,Ue;jhy; vd;d nra;tPh;fs; ?

mg;gh tUtjw;F NeukhFk;. mth; te;jgpwF nry;Ngrpapy; njhlh;G nfhz;L tpl;L thUq;fs; vd;Ngd;.

10. xUtNuhL xUth; el;ghfg; goFk; jpwd; : gf;f vz; : 245

,th;fspy; ahiug; Nghy; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ ?

jkpouridg; Nghy; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ.

jd;dplk; midtUk; neUq;fpg; goFtjw;F vopyd; vd;d nra;a

Ntz;Lk; vd;W eP epidf;fpwha; ?

vopyd; jhdhfr; nrd;W NgrpLk; gof;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhy; midtUk; neUq;fpg; goFth;.

cq;fSf;F ez;gh;fs; cz;lh ? vj;jidNgh;?

neUf;fkhdth; ,Uth; kl;Lk; ez;gh;fs; Mth;.

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79


1. FbePh; trjp Ntz;b efuhl;rp MizaUf;F tpz;zg;gk;

mDg;Geh;

Ch; nghJkf;fs;,

KUf;fk;gl;L,

jpUj;jzp.

ngWeh;

efuhl;rp Mizah;,

jpUj;jzp efuhl;rp,

jpUj;jzp.

Iah!

nghUs; : FbePh; trjp Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy; njhlh;ghf

tzf;fk;. vq;fs; Ch; KUf;fk;gl;L. ,t;T+hpy; %thapuk; kf;fs; tho;fpNwhk;. vq;fs; Chpy; FbePh; trjp ,y;yhikahy; ,uz;L fp.kP. nrd;W FbePh; gpbj;J tUfpNwhk;. vq;fs; Chpy; cs;s fpzWfspy; jz;zPh; Fiwe;J tpl;lgbahYk; Fsq;fspy; cs;s FbePh; Rfhjhukpd;wp ,Ug;gjhYk; kpfTk; my;yy;gLfpNwhk;.vq;fs; gFjpf;F cldbahf FbePh; trjp nra;J je;J vq;fs; Jahpidj; Jilf;Fk;gb gzpTld; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwhk;.

ed;wp

,g;gbf;F

Ch; nghJkf;fs;

ciwNky; Kfthp

ngWeh;

cah;jpU. efuhl;rp Mizah;,

jpUj;jzp efuhl;rp,

jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;.

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80

2. gj;jhk; tFg;Gg; nghJj; Njh;tpy; Kjy; kjpg;ngz; ngw;w cd; ez;gidg; ghuhl;bf; fbjk; tiuf

02.10.2012,

jpUj;jzp.

ghrKs;s ez;gDf;F!

,q;F ehd;, vd; ngw;NwhUld; eykhf ,Uf;fpNwd;. mq;F

ePAk;, cd; ngw;NwhUk; eyKld; tho ,iwtidg; gpuhh;j;jpf;fpNwd;.

New;W ntspte;j gj;jphpiffs; %ykhfTk; njhiyf;fhl;rp

%ykhfTk; cd; ,khya ntw;wpia mwpe;J ngUkpjk; mile;Njd;.

fle;j gj;jhk; tFg;G nghJj; Njh;tpy; khepyj;NjNa Kjy;

kjpg;ngz; ngw;W cd; ,yl;rpaj;ij eP njhl;L tpl;lha;. jkpo;ehNl

cd;idg; ghuhl;LfpwJ. tUk; fy;tpahz;L Kjy; cd;Dila

gbg;Gg; nryit jkpof muR Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sijf; Fwpj;J

Mse;jkile;Njd;.

eP ,g;nghOJ ngw;Ws;s ntw;wp NkYk; NkYk; rpfuq;fisj;

njhl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vd;Dila tpUg;gk; kl;Lky;y; jkpo;ehl;L

kf;fspd; tpUg;gKk; mJjhd;. ntw;wp tpohtd;W eP jq;fg; gjf;fk;

thq;fg; Nghtij fhz ehd; vd; ngw;NwhUld; Nehpy; te;J

tho;j;JfpNwd;.

tho;f! tsh;f!

cd; md;G ez;gd;

fgpyd;

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81

3. NgUe;J trjp Ntz;b Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fof Nkyhz;ik ,af;FeUf;Ff; $l;L tpz;zg;gk; tiuf

mDg;Geh; Ch; nghJkf;fs;, KUf;fk;gl;L,

jpUj;jzp. ngWeh;

Nkyhz;ik ,af;Feh;, Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fofk;, fhQ;rpGuk;.

Iah!

nghUs; : NgUe;J trjp Vw;gJj;Jjy; njhlh;ghf

tzf;fk;.

KUf;fk;gl;L vd;w gFjpapy; ehq;fs; Vwj;jho %thapuk;

kf;fs; trpf;fpd;Nwhk;. ehq;fs; trpf;Fk; gFjp efuj;ij tpl;L

5.fp.kP. njhiytpy; cs;slq;fp ,Uf;fpwJ. vq;fs; gFjpapy; NgUe;J

trjp fpilahJ. ehq;fs; vq;fs; fpuhkj;jpypUe;J 3 fp.kP. ele;J

te;J FWf;F rhiyapy; te;J NgUe;Jfisg; gpbf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.

,jdhy; gs;sp nry;Yk; khzth;fSk;> Kjpath;fSk;>

fh;g;gpzpg; ngz;fSk; kpfTk; rpukg;gLfpd;wdh;. vdNt jia $h;e;J

vq;fs; fpuhkj;jpw;F jdpahf NgUe;J trjp nra;J jUk;gb

gzptd;Gld; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwhk;. tpiutpy; Mtd nra;tPh;fs; vd

ek;GfpNwhk;.

ed;wp ,g;gbf;F

KUf;fk;gl;L Ch; nghJkf;fs;

ciwNky; Kfthp ngWeh;

Nkyhz;ik ,af;Feh;, Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fofk;, fhQ;rpGuk;.

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82

4. eP fz;L fspj;j ,lk; Fwpj;J cd; ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf

25.05.2012

KUf;fk;gl;L

md;gpw;Fhpa ez;gDf;F

tzf;fk;. ahtUk; eyk; cd; eyKk; cwtpdh; eyKk; mwpa Mty;.

New;W Kd;jpdk; jQ;rhT+hpYs;s muz;kisf;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. mjidg; gw;wp ,f;fbjj;jpy; njhptpf;f tpUk;GfpNwd;. jQ;irapd; rpwg;gpw;F muz;kidAk; Kf;fpaf; fhuzk;. muz;kidapd; cs;Ns mf;fhy fiyg;nghUl;fs; guhkhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ru];tjp k`hy; Gj;jf epiyaj;jpd; gy;NtW VLfs;> gy;NtW fhy E}y;fs;> mUk;ngUk; nry;tq;fs; E}w;fis Nrh;j;J itj;j ruNgh[p kd;dh; ghuhl;Lf;Fhpath;.

muz;kidr; Rth;fspy; tiuag;gl;l Xtpaq;fs; fl;Lkhdg; gzpfs; rpwg;gpw;Fhpad. khb xd;wpy; itf;fg;gl;l jpkpq;fyj;jpd; vYk;Gf; $l;ilg; ghh;j;J mjprapj;Njd;.

Nfhil tpLKiwapy; eP te;jhy; ehk; kPz;Lk; jQ;rhT+h; nrd;W muz;kidiar; Rw;wpg; ghh;f;fyhk;.

,g;gbf;F

md;Gs;s ez;gd;

Nuh\d;

ciwNky; Kfthp

ngWeh;

tPughujp

53 fhe;jp NuhL

muf;Nfhzk;.

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83

5. Rw;Wyh nry;y mDkjp Ntz;bj; je;ijf;Ff; fbjk;

25.02.2013

KUf;fk;gl;L

md;Gs;s je;ij mth;fSf;F

tzf;fk;. ,q;F ehDk; vdJ ez;gh;fSk; eyk;. ,JNghy; mq;F midthpd; eykwpa Mty;.

ehd; ,q;F ey;y Kiwapy; gbj;J tUfpNwd;. ele;J Kbe;j miuahz;Lj; Njh;tpy; ey;y kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw;Ws;Nsd;. tUk; Mz;L ,Wjpj; Njh;tpYk; tFg;gpy; Kjy; kjpg;ngz; ngw Kad;W tUfpNwd;.

vq;fs; gs;spapypUe;J Nfhit> Nkl;Lg;ghisak;> Cl;b> nfhilf;fhdy;> kJiu> fd;dpahFkhp Kjypa ,lq;fSf;Fr; Rw;Wyh nrd;Wtu Vw;ghL nra;Js;sdh;. Rw;Wyh nry;y Mapuk; &gha; juNtz;Lk; vd;W mwptpj;Js;sdh;.

ehDk; ,r;Rw;Wyhtpy; gq;F ngw ,irT je;Js;Nsd;. Mjyhy; mjpy; fye;Jnfhs;s mDkjp Ntz;LtJld; nrytpw;F Ntz;ba gzj;ijAk; mDg;gp itf;f Ntz;LfpNwd;.

,g;gbf;F

jq;fs; md;G kfd;

Nuh\d;

ciwNky; Kfthp

ngWeh;

tPughujp

53 fhe;jp NuhL

muf;Nfhzk;.

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84

6. khw;Wr; rhd;wpjo; Nfhhpj; jiyik MrphpaUf;F fbjk;

mDg;Geh; Nuh\d;;, gj;jhk; tFg;G

muR cah;epiyg; gs;sp KUf;fk;gl;L,

ngWeh;

cah;jpU jiyik Mrphpah; mth;fs;, muR cah;epiyg; gs;sp KUf;fk;gl;L,

Iah!

nghUs; : khw;Wr; rhd;wpjo; Ntz;b tpz;zg;gk;

tzf;fk;. ehd; ,g;gs;spapy; fle;j Mz;L gj;jhk; tFg;G

gbj;Njd;. ele;J Kbe;j nghJj; Njh;tpy; 450 – f;F Nky;

kjpg;ngz; ngw;W Njh;r;rp ngw;Ws;Nsd;. ehd; 11Mk; tFg;G

gbg;igj; njhlu vdJ kjpg;ngz; gl;bay; kw;Wk; khw;Wr; rhd;wpjo;

toq;Fk;gb gzpTld; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

,g;gbf;F

gzpthd khztd;

Nuh\d;

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85

7. rhiy trjp Ntz;b efuhl;rp MizaUf;F tpz;zg;gk; vOJf

mDg;Geh;

Ch; nghJkf;fs;>

KUf;fk;gl;L>

jpUj;jzp.

ngWeh;

efuhl;rp Mizah;>

jpUj;jzp efuhl;rp>

jpUj;jzp.

Iah!

nghUs; : rhiy trjp Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy; njhlh;ghf

tzf;fk;. ehq;fs; trpj;JtUk; gFjp jpUj;jzp efhpypUe;J

rw;W njhiytpy; cs;sJ. vq;fs; gFjpapypUe;J Kf;fpa

re;jpg;Gfs; tiu cs;s rhiyfs; kpfTk; Nkhrkhd epiyapy;

gOjile;J cs;sJ. ,jdhy; mbf;fb tpgj;Jfs; eilngWfpd;wd.

khzth;fshfpa ehq;fSk; kUj;Jtkid nry;Yk; NehahspfSk;

mjpfk; mtjpg;gLfpNwhk;. vdNt vq;fs; Jd;gk; jPUk; tifapy;

rhiyfis rPuikj;Jj; jUkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwhk;.

ed;wp ,g;gbf;F

Ch; nghJkf;fs;

ciwNky; Kfthp

ngWeh;

cah;jpU. efuhl;rp Mizah;, jpUj;jzp efuhl;rp, jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;.

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86

8. njUtpsf;F trjp Ntz;b efuhl;rp MizaUf;F

tpz;zg;gk; vOJf

mDg;Geh; Ch; nghJkf;fs;, KUf;fk;gl;L, jpUj;jzp.

ngWeh; efuhl;rp Mizah;, jpUj;jzp efuhl;rp, jpUj;jzp.

Iah!

nghUs; : njUtpsf;F trjp Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy; njhlh;ghf

tzf;fk;. Vq;fs; njUtpy; trpf;Fk; kf;fs; njU tpsf;F

trjp ,y;yhky; kpfTk; rpukg;gLfpNwhk;. efu vy;iyapd; filrpapy;

vq;fs; njUthdJ mike;Js;sjhy; NgUe;J epWj;jj;jpw;Fr; nry;y

Ntz;Lkhdhy; $l ,Uspy; nry;y Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ.

NkYk; ,q;F mbf;fb jpUl;Lfs; eilngWfpd;wd. mJTk;

rhiyapy; topg;gwpfs; kpFjpahf cs;sd. tpsf;Ffs; ,y;yhjNj

,jw;Ff; fhuzk;. vdNt vq;fs; Jd;gk; jPUk; tifapy;

njUtpsf;Ffis rPuikj;Jj; jUkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwhk;.

ed;wp

,g;gbf;F

Ch; nghJkf;fs;

ciwNky; Kfthp

ngWeh;

cah;jpU. efuhl;rp Mizah;,

jpUj;jzp efuhl;rp,

jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;.

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87

9. Ntiy Ntz;b tpz;zg;gk;

mDg;Geh; Nfh. Nuh\d;;, vz;: 42 n[aghujp efh;,

KUf;fk;gl;L, jpUj;jzp.

ngWeh; cah;jpU. E}yfh; mth;fs;, jpUts;Sh; .

Iah!

nghUs; : E}yf cjtpahsh; Ntiy Ntz;b tpz;zg;gk;

tzf;fk;. jq;fs; E}yfj;jpy; E}yf cjtpahsh; gzpf;F

jFjp tha;e;jth;fs; Njitnad tpsk;guk; nfhLj;jpUe;jPh;fs;.

gj;jhk; tFg;G Kbj;Js;s vdf;F> me;j Ntiy tha;g;gpidf;

nfhLj;jhy; flik jtwhky; Ntiy nra;Ntd; vd;W

cWjpaspf;fpNwd;.

ed;wp

,g;gbf;F

jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s

Nfh. Nuh\d;;,

ciwNky; Kfthp

ngWeh;

cah;jpU. E}yfh;,

jpUts;Sh;

gpd; ,izg;G : jd; tpguf; Fwpg;G

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88

jd; tpguf; Fwpg;G

ngah; : Nuh\d;

gpwe;j Njjp : 20.07.1999

taJ : 14

ghypdk; : Mz;

je;ijapd; ngah; : Nfh. ntq;fNlrd;

Kfthp : vz;: 42 n[aghujp efh;,

KUf;fk;gl;L,

jpUj;jzp.

gj;jhk; tFg;gpy;

ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fs; : 495/500

jha;nkhop : jkpo;

gapd;w nkhopfs; : jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;

jl;lr;R : jkpo;> Mq;fpyk

fzpdp : MS word, Excel, Tally,

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89

10. E}yf trjp Ntz;b tpz;zg;gk;

mDg;Geh;

Ch; nghJkf;fs;,

KUf;fk;gl;L,

jpUj;jzp.

ngWeh;

,af;Feh;,

nghJ E}yfj; Jiw,

nrd;id - 600 002

Iah!

nghUs; : E}yfk; mikj;Jj; ju Ntz;Ljy; rhh;G

tzf;fk;. Vq;fs; Ch; KUf;fk;gl;L. ,t;T+hpy; %thapuk; kf;fs; tho;fpNwhk;. Ie;E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gbj;j ,isQh;fs; cs;Nshk;. md;whlk; nra;jpfis mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;> nghJ mwpitg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;sTk;> gaDs;s tifapy; nghOijf; fopf;fTk;> E}yfk; xd;iw vq;fs; Chpy; mikj;Jj;ju Mtd nra;AkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwhk;.

ed;wp

,g;gbf;F

jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s

KUf;fk;gl;L

Ch; nghJkf;fs;

ciwNky; Kfthp

ngWeh;

,af;Feh;>

nghJ E}yfj; Jiw >

jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;.

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90

1. rpf;fdKk; rpWNrkpg;Gk;

Kd;Diu :

xUtd; jd; tho;tpw;F Njitahd msT kl;LNk nghUisr;

nrytopj;J NtW VJk; tPz; nryT nra;ahky; thOk; KiwNa

rpf;fd tho;T vdyhk;. mijg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

rpf;fd tho;T :

fhe;jpabfs; gy;Jyf;Fk; Ntg;gq;Fr;rpiaf;$l rpf;fdkhfg;

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;. rpf;fdj;jpd; nghUl;L jd;

Jzpfisf;$l jhNk ryit nra;J nfhz;lhh;. Njitf;F Nky;

nghUs;fis itj;jpUg;gtd; jpUld; Mthd; vd;W fhkuhrh;

$Wthh;. vdNt rpf;fdkhf tho Ntz;Lk;.

rpf;fdj;ij filgpbf;Fk; Kiw :

md;whl nryTfis xU Fwpg;Ngl;by; vOjp itf;fNtz;Lk;.

Khj Kbtpy; mijg; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ Njitapy;yhj nryTfis

Fiwj;J> kpd;rhuk;> jz;zPh;> rikay;> vhpthA Nghd;wtw;wpy;

rpf;fdj;ij filgpbj;jhy; nghUshjhuk; caUk;> Nrkpg;G epjpAk;

caUk;.

Nrkpg;gpd; mtrpak; :

vWk;Gfs; Nrkpf;fpd;wd. NjdPf;fs; Nrkpf;fpd;wd. mijg;

Nghy kdpjDk; Nrkpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njit tUk;NghJ nra;tjwpahJ

mtjpg;gLtij tpl Kd;$l;bNa Nrkpj;J itg;gJ ey;yJ. kio

ePiu mizf;fl;b Nrkpj;J itj;J tha;f;fhypy; gha;r;rp gaph;fis

nropg;gila nra;tijg;Nghy Nrkpg;Gk; mtrpak;

tpdh vz; : 41 – 10 kjpg;ngz;fs;

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91

Nrkpg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; :

gs;spfspy; rQ;rhapfh vd;w jpl;lj;jpd; %yk;

khzth;fspilNa Nrkpf;Fk; gof;fj;ij tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

,Jkl;Lky;yhky; mQ;ryfj;jpy; khjr; Nrkpg;Gj; jpl;lk;> Vohz;Lj;

Njrpa Nrkpg;Gj; jpl;lk;> ghJfhg;Gr; Nrkpg;Gj; jpl;lk;> KJikfhy

Nrkpg;Gj; jpl;lk; Nghd;w jpl;lq;fs; cs;sd. NkYk; tq;fpfs;>

vy;.I.rp> $l;LwT Nghd;w epWtdq;fspy; Nrkpf;fyhk;.

KbTiu :

rpf;fdkhf tho;e;J Nrkpg;gjhy; ePz;l fhy Njitfs;>

vjph;ghuhj Njitfs;> cah; fy;tp> jpUkzk; Nghd;w nryTfis

rkhspf;f Nrkpg;Nghk;! rpf;fdkha; tho;Nthk;!

2. kio ePh; Nrfhpg;G

Kd;Diu :

“ ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyfk;” vd;ghh; ts;Sth;.

“ tpRk;gpd; Jsp tPopd; my;yhy; khw;wq;Nf

gRk;Gy; jiyfhz;g jhpJ”

- vd;w thd; rpwg;Ng ekJ itafj;jpd; tsj;Jf;F mbg;gil.

MWfs;> Vhpfs;> Fsk; Fl;ilfspy; jz;zPh; Njq;fpdhy;jhd;

epyj;jb ePh;g; ngUFk;. epyj;jb ePiu ek;gpNa ,d;W vz;zw;w

njhopw;rhiyfs; ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd vd;gNj epjh;rdkhd

cz;ik.

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92

ePh; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;glf; fhuzq;fs; :

Vhpfs;> Fsq;fs;> tPLfs; fl;Ljy;> njhopw;rhiyfs;

mikj;jy;> tpisepyq;fis tPl;L kidfshf;Fjy;> fhLfis

mopj;jy; Nghd;w kdpjdpd; mopTr; nray;fshNyNa kio ngha;j;J

kz; twz;LtPLfpwJ.

khjk; Kk;khhp nghope;j fhyk; Ngha;> tUlk; Kk;khhp nghopahjh ?

vd Vq;Fk; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ehk; ,Uf;fpNwhk;.

kioePiur; Nrfhpf;f topfs; :

ePiur; Nrkpf;f gytopfs; cz;L. Vhp Fsq;fis ghJfhj;jy;>

MWfspd; FWf;Nf mizfisf; fl;b ePiur; Nrkpj;J itj;jy;

Nghd;w Nrkpg;Gj; jpl;lq;fSld; tPLfs;> mYtyfq;fs;>

njhopw;rhiyfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; nkhl;il khbapy; tpOk; kioePh;>

jpwe;jntsp my;yJ tPl;ilr;Rw;wp Njq;Fk; kioePiu fpzw;Wf;Fs;

nrYj;jp Nrkpf;fyhk;.

jz;zPh; rhpe;J nry;Yk; topapy; tisTNkL> nrt;tfg; ngl;b NkL>

V tbtNkL Kjypad mikj;J epyj;jb ePh;tsj;ijg; ngUf;fyhk;.

kuk; tsh;g;Nghk;! kio ngWNthk;!

kioiag; nga;tpf;Fk; ,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjd; %yk;>

tsq;fis cUthf;Ftjd; %yKk; ePh; tsj;ij ngUf;fyhk;.

kuq;fs; vy;yh khRf;fisAk; fl;LgLj;jpr; Rw;Wr;R+oy;

ghJfhg;igAk; khRf;fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; toq;f ty;yit. ,iwtd;

kd;gijf;F mspj;Js;s tuq;fs; kuq;fshFk;. ,jid ed;Fzh;e;J

kuk; tsh;g;Nghk;. kionahL kw;w gad;fisAk; ngWNthk;.

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93

KbTiu :

,d;iwa kuf;fd;W> ehisa re;jjpapd; tho;Tf;F ed;W.

vdNt kuf;fd;W eLNthk;. kuk; tsh;g;Nghk;. kio ngWNthk;. ePiu

Nrkpg;Nghk;. epk;kjpaha; tho;Nthk;.

3. md;whl tho;tpy; mwptpay;

Kd;Diu :

Xt;nthU ehSk; xt;nthU tpehbAk; ek; tho;NthL gpd;dpg;

gpize;Jtpl;l xd;Wjhd; mwptpay;. mwptpay; ,y;yhky; ek;khy;

tho KbahJ vd;w R+o;epiyf;F te;Jtpl;l fhykpJ. mwptpay;

gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd mjpraq;fisg; gilj;Jf; nfhz;Nl

,Uf;fpwJ. mijg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

kpd;rhuk; :

mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;nfy;yhk; Kd;Ndhb vd

kpd;rhuj;ijf; $wyhk;. jhk]; My;th vbrdhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l

kpd;rhuk; ,y;iynad;why; ,d;iwa cyfpy; vJTkpy;iy. fzpdp

Kjy; ifg;Ngrp tiu kpd;rhuk; ,y;iynad;why; ,aq;fhJ.

njhiyj;njhlh;G rhjdq;fs; :

rkPgfhykhf cyfpy; njhiyj; njhlh;G rhjdq;fspd;

vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf cs;sd. thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp>

fzpg;nghwp vdj; njhlq;fp ,izajsk; vd cyfk; KOtJk; xU

rpW fpuhkk; Nghy; RUq;fptpl;lJ.

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94

tpz;ntspr; rhjidfs; :

epytpidf; fhl;b NrhW}l;ba fhyk; Ngha; kdpjd; epytpy;

fhy; gjpj;J rhjid Ghpe;J tpl;lhd;. epyNthL epWj;jpf;

nfhs;shky; midj;Jf; Nfhs;fisAk; Muha;e;J tUfpwJ

,d;iwa mwptpay; cyfk;. thd;ntspapy; cs;s nraw;iff;

Nfhs;fspd; Jizahy; epyj;jpYk;> ePhpYk; kiwe;J fplf;Fk;

ePh;tsk;> vz;nza; tsk;> fdpk tsk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fz;lwpa

KbfpwJ.

gad;fs; :

Mfhak;> epyk;> ePh; ,tw;wpy; nry;Yk; Nghf;Ftuj;J

rhjdq;fspdhy; md;whl gazk; vspjhfptpl;lJ. kdpjdpd; ,jak;

,aq;Fk; jd;ikiaf; fz;Kd; fhl;Lk; fUtpapypUe;J nraw;if

cWg;Gfs; tiu gy;NtW fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; kdpj rKjhaj;jpw;F

ed;ikia mspf;fpwJ.

KbTiu :

mwptpaypd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; gy ed;ikfis tpistpg;gJ

NghyNt rpy Neuq;fspy; jPikfisAk; tpistpf;fpd;wd.

,e;epiyia khw;wp Mf;fg;G+h;tkhd nray;fSf;F kl;Lk; mwptpay;

fz;Lgpbg;Gfis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W cWjp nfhs;Nthk;.

4. ghujpahh;

Kd;Diu :

,e;jpa kf;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F mbikg;gl;L tho;e;j

fhyj;jpy; ‘mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy’ vdg; ghb kf;fspilNa

Rje;jpu czh;it Vw;gLj;jpath; ghujpahh;. mtiug; gw;wp

,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

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95

gpwg;G :

ghujpahh; vl;ilaGuj;jpy; 11.12.1882 ,y; rpd;drhkp IaUf;Fk;

,yf;Fkp mk;ikahUf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngah;

Rg;gpukzpad;.

,sikapy; Gyik :

ghujp jd;Dila 16Mk; tajpNyNa vl;ilaGuk; muritapy;

ftpijghb ghujp vd;Dk; gl;lj;ijg; ngw;whh;. Ghujp vd;gjw;F

fiykfs; vd;W nghUshFk;.

ehl;Lg;gw;W :

ghujj; jhapd; mbikj;jisfisj; jfh;j;njwpa nts;isg;

guq;fpah; tpopfspy; tPuf; ftpijfs; vd;Dk; tpuy;fis tpl;L

Ml;bath; ek; ghujpahh;.

“xspgilj;j fz;zpdha; th th th

cWjp nfhz;l neQ;rpdha; th th th”

- vdg; ghb ,isQh;fis tPWnfhz;L vor; nra;jhh;.

Rje;jpuk; fpilg;gjw;F Kd;djhfNt>

“MLNthNk gs;Sg; ghLNthNk

Mde;j Rje;jpuk; mile;Jtpl; Nlhnkd;W”

- vdg; ghbdhh;. Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l tPuh;fs; NkilfspYk;>

tPjpfspYk; ,tUilag; ghly;fisNa ghbdh;.

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96

nkhopg; gw;W :

nre;jkpo; ehnlDk; NghjpdpNy

,d;gj; Njd; te;J ghAJ fhjpdpNy

- vd;W ghbaJkl;Lky;y

NrkKw Ntz;Lnkdpy; njUnty;yhk;

jkpo; Kof;fk; nropf;fr; nra;tPh;

- vd;W Mizapl;lhh;.

r%fg; gw;W :

jdpnahU kdpjDf;F cztpy;iy vdpy;

,e;j rfj;jpid mopj;jpLNthk;.

- vd;w r%fr; rpe;jid mthplk; ,Ue;jJ.

xUikg;ghL :

rpe;J ejpapy; Nruehl;Lg; ngz;fSld; Re;juj; njYq;fpdpy;

ghly; ,irf;f tpUk;gpdhh;. ‘tq;fj;jpy; XbtUk; ePhpd; kpifahy;

ikaj;J ehLfspy; gaph; nra;FNthk;’ vd;W fdT fz;lhh;.

KbTiu :

tskhd> typikahd ghujj;jpw;F Njitahd rpwe;j topfs;

ahTk; mtUila ghlypy; cs;sd. mijg; gpd;gw;wp mth; fzl

fdit edthf;FNthk;.

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97

5. Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+oy;

Kd;Diu :

Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk; vd;wdh; ek; Kd;Ndhh;.

cyNfhh; midtUk; eykha; thor; Rw;Wr; R+oy; khRwhJ ,Uj;jy;

mtrpakhFk;. mjidg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;baJ ekJ midthpd;

flikahFk;. mjidg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

khRf;fl;Lg;ghL:

czTg; nghUs; cw;gj;jpapy;> Ntjpapay; nghUs;fspd;

Mjpf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;if cug; gad;ghL

Ntshz;ikapy; Njit. fhw;whiyfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

fl;Lg;ghlw;w tho;f;if Rw;Wr; R+oiyg; ghjpf;fpwJ.

,aw;ifia mopj;jy; :

Kd;G kiyg;gFjpfspYk;> flw;fiu Xuq;fspYk;>

rkntspfspYk; fhLfs; kpFe;J ,Ue;jd. kf;fs; tpwFf;fhfTk;

tPLfl;lTk; kuq;fis ntl;lj; njhlq;fpa gpwF fhLfs; mope;J

tUfpd;wd.

fhw;W khR

kf;fspd; Njitia epiwTnra;a Miyfs;

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Miyfspd; Gif Nghf;fpfshy; fhpj;Jfs;>

er;Rg;nghUs;> J}R Kjypad fhw;wpy; fyf;fg;gl;L ,aw;ifahd

fhw;W khRgLfpwJ.

er;Rg;Gif :

cuk; kw;Wk; G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;J jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiy>

mZ ciyfs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ntsptUk; er;Rf;fhw;Wg; Gif>

er;Rf; fjph;fs; Rw;Wg;Gwj;ij khRgLj;Jfpd;wd.

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98

tz;bfspd; ngUf;fj;jhy; Bry; kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypag; Gif

caph;fhw;wpy; eQ;ir fyf;fpwJ.

ePh; khR :

njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;Jk; tPLfspypUe;Jk; ntspNaw;wg;gLk;

fopT ePh; FbePhpy; fyg;gjhYk; tpis epyq;fSf;Fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,urhad cuq;fs; kiof;fhyq;fspy; mbj;Jr;

nry;yg;gl;L ePhpy; fyg;gjhYk;> fopTePh; Njq;fp epyj;jb ePhpy;

fyg;gjhYk; ePh; khR milfpd;wJ.

xypkhR :

kdpjDila fhJfs; 120 nlrpgy; msT tiuapyhd

xypapidj; jhq;f ty;yjhf cs;sJ. xypngUf;fp> Nkhl;lhh;

thfdq;fs;> tpkhdk;> uhf;nfl; Nghd;witfshy; vof;$ba rg;jq;fs;

xypia khRgLj;Jk; fhuzpfshf cs;sd.

fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; topfs; :

Rw;Wr;R+oy; ghJfhg;gpy; kuq;fs; nghpJk; gad;gLfpd;wd.

fhLfis cUthf;fp caphpdq;fisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Rw;Wg;Gwj;ij

ghJfhf;Fk; topKiwfis tpsf;fpf; $wp gad;gLj;j nra;a

Ntz;Lk;.

KbTiu :

Rw;Wg;Gwj;ij ghJfhj;J Nehapd;wp thOk; topKiwfis

ehisa jiyKiwf;F fw;Wf; nfhLg;gJ ekJ flikahFk;.

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