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Sustainable land use against the background of a growing wind power industry
International Conference “Impact Assessment of Land Use Changes”, Berlin, April 8, 2008
Foto: Sönke Morsch, http://www.fotonatur.de/
Dr. Jan Monsees, Department of Economics
Page 2
Outline
Wind power at the heart of conflicting policy objectives
The research project
The study area
Spacing requirements and land consumption
The potential of Re-Powering
Conclusion and outlook
Page 3
Windkraftnutzung
Wind Power
Exhaustibility of Fossil FuelsOligopolistic Oil/Gas Markets
CO2 EmissionsGlobal Warming
posi
tive
Sustainable Climateand Energy Policies
Land ConsumptionNatural Scenery
Nature Conservation(Birds, Bats)
negative
SustainableLand Use
Conflicting policy objectives
Page 4
Research project „Sustainable land use againstthe backdrop of conflicting environmental policyobjectives as illustrated by wind power production“
Funding institution: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research Research program “fona”, funding priority “Economic Sciences for Sustainability”
Project executing organization: DLR German Aerospace Center, Bonn
Duration: February 2007 – January 2010
2 Research partners: Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig 4 Departments: Economics (Lead), Ecological Modelling, Environmental and Planning Law, Environmental Informatics Technical University Berlin, Chair in Environmental and Land Economics
2 subcontractors
6 accompanying partners from administrative bodies, planning offices, industry associations and NGOs
Page 5
Research objectives
Development of an ecological-economic modelling tool in order to support empirically well-founded decisions regarding site selection for wind turbines
Quantification of negative externalities of wind power production by means of willingness to pay surveys and analysis
Assessment of the influence of alternative placement of wind turbinesin the landscape on the individual preferences for wind power
Contribution to the assessment of environmental and planning legislationand legal practice regarding the designation of land for wind turbines
Recommendations regarding optimization of site selection for wind turbines in two German regions: Western Saxony and Northern Hesse
Page 6
EEM – Ecological-economic modelling UFZ Leipzig - ECON/OESA
CE – Choice experiment TU Berlin and subcontractor USUMA
Analysis of environmental and planning legislation and legal practice UFZ-UPR
GIS and MULBO UFZ-OESA/ECON and subcontractor OLANIS
VisLab – Visualisation technology UFZ-CES with ECON/OESA and TUB
Research methods
Page 7
The study area Western SaxonyStatus: 31.12.2007
222 Wind turbines
235 MW installed capacity
occupying 0.25 % of surface
producing 400 GWh electric current
approx. 3 % of power consumption
avoiding 340,000 tons CO2
Sources: LfUG, RPV, TUM, UFZ
Wind turbine (Status: 2006)
Planning region
County
Autobahn
Bundesstrasse (A-road)
Legend
Chart: LfUG Saxony 2006
Page 8
Study area Western Saxony
Distribution of wind energybased on the energeticallyweighted frequency distributionof wind speed and direction
kW in 80 m charted elevation
Source: DWD 2007
Chart: M. Eichhorn/UFZ 2007
Wind potential in Western Saxony
Page 9
Regulation of wind turbine installation
Wind turbine installation is governed through building and planning laws
Immission control standards (e.g., noise, shadow cast) to be observed
Nature conservation and landscape protection requirements to be observed
Several German Bundeslaender recommend height limits and spacingrequirements which go beyond these standard provisions
Regional planning bodies designate privileged zones for wind parks
Municipalities sometimes set additional limits regarding heights
Page 10
Spacing requirements„Regional Plan“ of Western Saxony requires a minimum area of 10 ha for a privileged wind park and a 5 km outward buffer area
No wind turbines allowed in nature reserves, landscape protection areas, forests, heathlands …
Buffer areas to forests, roadways, rail tracks, pipelines, excavation sites
Up to 750 m spacing towards residential areas: max. height 100 m
Within 750 m – 1,000 m: minimum distance 10x turbine‘s hub height
Result: allowed total wind turbine heights vary with spacing towardsresidential areas
1,000 m spacing minimum for today‘s common turbines(total heights: 120 m / 150 m)
Page 11
Impact of spacing requirements on site selectionat the regional level
Legend
Chart: M. Eichhorn/UFZ 2008
Study area Western Saxony
Open land at different spacing requirements
Residential areas
Other excluded areas(forests, heathlands, etc.)
Privileged wind park zone
Page 12
Example: Ottendorf municipality,County Stade, Lower Saxony
Privileged zone for wind turbines
at 500 m spacing toward residential areas
at 1,000 m spacing toward residential areas
Cutback of privileged zone: 65.5 %
Source: Rehfeldt and Wallasch /Deutsche WindGuard 2005
Impact of spacing requirements on site selectionat the local level
Page 13
The importance of valid calculation methods
Given the scarcity of land and the rivalry of different land uses –different calculation methods of land consumption are coming to the fore
While the land actually covered by the foundation, access roads etc. is rather small– the total area exhausted is far-reaching due to the visual impact on the landscape
However, generally accepted methods of calculation do not exist as yet –estimates in the literature vary considerably, leaving ample scope for interpretation
Wizelius (2007): 0.018 – 0.49 ha/MW (studies conducted in the UK)
Schmitt et al. (2006): 0.1 ha/MW foundation, including auxiliaries (minimum) 0.6 ha/MW circular area underneath the rotor blades)6 ha/MW toppling distance circular area18 ha/MW virtual wind park method (max. spatial strain)
Jansen et al. (2005): 7 ha/MW on average (study conducted in Germany) 5 ha/MW by means of repowering
Page 14
Height effect on energy yields –the counterproductivity of turbine height limits
Comparison of energy yieldsof a 2 MW wind turbineat a hinterland sitefor 3 different hub heights:85 / 108 / 138 m and respective wind speeds31% yield increase withoutadditional land consumptionSource: Jan Eden /Bremer Landesbank 2007
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
HH 85 m HH 108 m HH 138 m
5249 MWh
5947 MWh
6886 MWh
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
4000
8
7.2 m/s
7.7 m/s
6.7 m/s
Energy yieldin MWh
Wind speedin m/s
Page 15
Technological progress in wind power industry
Performanceenhancementof wind turbines
In 20 years:+ Hub height 300 % + Capacity 5,000 % + Yield 10,000 %
In 25 years:+ Hub height 400 % + Capacity 16,700 % + Yield 48,500 %
Source: BWE 2007
Page 16
Re-Powering – utilizing technological progress
Replacement of old turbines by state-of-the-art turbines
Fewer wind turbines generate the same energy yield (min.: less than half)
Higher wind energy yields from the same area of land (factor 2.2 – 4.3)
Result: Less land consumption
Intelligent placement: Concentration lessens the strain on the landscape
Re-allocation of turbines from less suitable to more suitable sites
Modern turbines rotate much slower, thus reducing inconveniences for humans
Increased efficiency lower production costs cheaper CO2-reduction
Page 17
Before
After
The potential of repowering: before and after
Windpark Hemme(Mecklenburg-Wes-tern Pomerania)
Source: BWE 2007
Page 18
Conclusion and outlookWind power technology has made impressive progress in the last 25 years
Today wind power is an effective instrument to cut down CO2 emissions
Adverse effects of wind power can be reduced through repowering
However, repowering is blocked to a considerable degree by the land useregulations operative at present
Height limits and spacing requirements beyond immission control standardsresult in the loss of a large economic potential for wind power
Further research into the development of valid calculation methodsfor land consumption and visual impact of wind turbines
Matching of individual preferences for alternative siting and configurationof wind parks with regional wind potential by means of EEM
Page 19
T h a n k y o u
f o r y o u r
A t t e n t i o n
Contact: [email protected]
[email protected] (project leader)