Group 1 SummaryKarl Popper argued that the scientific method that has been applied in the natural scienceswere just the same as what has to be used in social sciences. According to him, the scientificmethod which was used in both have certain factors that deviate one from another which causedproblemsbetweenthetwo. hesefactorsincludethegoal ofbothsciences, thelogicofthescientific method, the objects used in scientific in!uiry, and the value of objectivity "which wasthe main problem because natural sciences claim that it is more objective#. $e argued that themethodusedinsocial sciences was noless thanthemethodinnatural sciences%that thedifferences were insignificant and social science should be accepted the same way the naturalsciences was. &atural sciences create theories which were usually gained through trial'and'errorand verified by systematic criticisms while, according to Popper, the social sciences( theoriestendtobediversebecauseithasmanyperspectivesorpointofview,andit dependsonthesituation "not all societies are the same#. he last argument%the objectivity%was debun)ed byPopper by saying that it has nothing to do with the biases and impartiality of an individual butrather thecooperationbetweenscientists. *rian+ay, ontheother hand, argues that socialscience(stheories werenot timeless but rather dynamic or ever changing. Social sciences,according to him, also have different subdivisions which made it very diverse. ,ne theory mightbeappliedtoonedivisionbut cannot beappliedtoanother. PragmatismbyPatric)*aertdenounced -ichard -orty(s neo'pragmatism wherein -orty claims that the past was the )ey tothe future. -ortyargued that historywas closed and tend to be fi.ed and cited /ar.(s0ommunist /anifesto as an e.ample. *aert, on the other hand, argued that /ar.(s said 1hefuture is not closed but made by people.2 he grammar of social sciences, by $ans 3etterberg,focuses on the use of 4mic and 4tic tools in conducting social science research%wherein emicsentences refers to the people(s interpretation of things and events in the world he lives in whileetic sentences refers to an observers( more comprehensive interpretation. Group 5 Summaryhe Social Sciences 6 0ausation and /ethods7According to $empel and ,ppenheim "189:#, 0ausation in social sciences is plural insteadof singular "or ;nitarian# because it had a diverse research design. +irst reason was the differentsituations and events made the social sciences diverse and, thus, must have fle.ibility. Secondwould be the level or value of credibility of the individuals or groups included in the research.hird would be the different properties or nature of arguments and problems being solved in theresearch.+ourth, there were many criteria to which the researcher must base in choosing themethods. ones, researchers often failto be naturalistic due to different factors that hinder the 1perfect2 interpretation of theinformation that was given by the researched. Some of the reasons were differences in languages,differences in culture, and generally the differences in perspectives. hough he pointed out thatthe fault was to be given to the researcher, he also said that the researched often fail too. &ot allpeople, specifically the indigenous, due to lac) of education and literacy, e.press what they meanto. ones was trying to say that researchers need to consider the nonverbalcommunication besides the verbal.$arold Kincaid(s Formal Rationality and its pernicious effects on the Social Sciences impliesthat +ormal -ationality was detrimental to Social Sciences because it fails to show or rejects the social reality. +ormal rationality was more of empirical rather than logical to the society. Group 9 Summary>ulian-eiss(Doweneedmechanisms?verifies theneedfor social sciences tousethemechanisms ininterpretingsocial phenomenon. 1/echanism2is definedas thestructureorprocess in which the phenomenon has undergone in order to ta)e place. his is crucial to create asystemthat will either prevent "if thephenomenonwas detrimental# or recreate"if it wasbenefiting#, ma)e correct predictions, and accurate definitions. $owever, mechanisms do notalways create effective results, but then again, there are other alternative social tools that willhelp in one(s social research. ?iego -ios( Mechanistic Model in Social Sciences points out that the /echanistic /odel wasbetter than raditional /odel. raditional model involves preset methods and generali@ation ofvariables "oftenusedin!uantitativeresearchmethods# whilemechanisticmodel was morefle.ible and depends on the situation and more subjective and shows the social reality.Advantagesof/echanisticmodelincludefeelingthatweunderstandthoroughlyaneventAittendtobemorestableA describesnot onlyinasuperficial level but alsoinitsunderlyingstructure by isolating basic rules of organi@ationA and it isthrifty and simple, postulating veryfew elements for large scale, comple. phenomena.Arthur Stinchcombe believes that mechanisms in social sciences should be theori@ed. hesemechanismsareeasilyverifiableduetoitspractical nature.