SUBPHYLUM SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODAHEXAPODA

INCLUDES ALL INSECTSINCLUDES ALL INSECTS

CLASS INSECTACLASS INSECTA

Entomology• THE STUDY OF INSECTS AND

THEIR NEAR RELATIVES • Entomologists classify insects

into more than 25 orders based on characteristics such as:–Structure of mouthparts–Number of wings–Type of development

What You Should Know What You Should Know About Insects …About Insects …

Taxonomy•Kingdom – Animalia•Phylum – Arthropoda

•Class - Insecta

Insects Are Insects Are ArthropodsArthropods

• Insects are the largest group of Arthropods

• Jointed appendages (bendable)• Segmented bodies• Exoskeleton of Chitin that

must be molted to grow• Related to spiders, ticks,

scorpions, millipedes, crustaceans

MAIN CHARACTERISTICSMAIN CHARACTERISTICS

•Three body regions – head, thorax, and abdomen

•One pair antenna (head)•Six legs or 3 pairs (thorax)•One-two pairs of wings

(thorax)

Count the Legs!Count the Legs!

There are ALWAYS SIXSIX legs, and they are attached to the THORAXTHORAX

AntennaAntenna• One Pair on head• Jointed• Sensory (smell)• Called “feelers”• Filiform most

common shape (segments = size)

• May be modified

FILIFORM

Antenna Modifications

Wings or No WingsWings or No Wings•Most adults have

2 pairs•Called forewings

and hindwings•Some insects are

wingless (silverfish, fleas, some termites and ants)

More on WingsMore on WingsA network of Veins strengthens

wings

MEMBRANEOUS (clear) MEMBRANEOUS (clear) WINGSWINGS

Some Wings Are Covered With Powdery Scales

BUTTERFLIES & MOTHSBUTTERFLIES & MOTHS

Wings May Be ModifiedWings May Be Modified• Order Diptera

(flies)• 2nd pair of

wings modified into HALTERES

• Used for balance

• Makes flies hard to catch!

Beetle WingsBeetle Wings

• Hard Forewing called Elytra• Meet in straight line down the abdomen• Membranous hindwings folded underneath (flight)

ELYTRA

CIRCLECIRCLE THE INSECTSTHE INSECTS

Class Insecta Review ?s Set #1 Class Insecta Review ?s Set #1 • 1. Id the 3 body regions of insects. • 2. What is the most common shape of antenna?

Sketch. • 3. Define entomology. • 4. What characteristics are used to classify

insects into orders?• 5. What is the function of antennae?• 6. What are the modified wings that provide

balance for flies?• 7. How many LEGS are found on insects? Pairs?• 8. Id & describe the 2 types of wings on a beetle

and sketch a pic. • 9. How many insect orders are identified?• 10. Sketch the 3 body regions of an insect &

label.

INSECT ORDERSINSECT ORDERS

INSECTS WITH WINGSINSECTS WITH WINGS

Why Can’t I Call All of Why Can’t I Call All of Them Bugs?Them Bugs?

• EVERY BUG EVERY BUG is an insect, but NOT ALL NOT ALL INSECTSINSECTS are bugs!

• True BUGS are in the Order HEMIPTERAHEMIPTERA

• Posterior thorax is Posterior thorax is triangulartriangular; called ; called SCUTELLUMSCUTELLUM

• Last 3Last 3rdrd of wing CLEAR of wing CLEAR• http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=WfKCcSPCOQo

Which of these are Which of these are BUGS?BUGS?

ALLALL

More Hemipterans

Assassin Assassin BugBug

Giant Giant Water BugWater Bug Leaf HopperLeaf Hopper

Water BoatmanWater Boatman

ColeopteraColeoptera• Called beetlesbeetles• Tough exoskeletonexoskeleton• Forewings called ElytraElytra•Fly with membranous hindwings•Larva called grubs Rhinoceros Rhinoceros

beetlebeetle

Cucumber Cucumber beetlebeetle

Ladybird beetleLadybird beetle

Ephemeroptera• Called MayfliesMayflies• Juveniles are

aquaticaquatic; called naiadsnaiads

• Adults found near Adults found near water & water & don’t feeddon’t feed

• Adults reproduce & Adults reproduce & die in 24 hoursdie in 24 hours

• SoftSoft bodies with 2 bodies with 2 long long CeriCeri (tail (tail fibers)fibers)

ADULT

NAIAD

Diptera• Contains

mosquitoesmosquitoes & fliesflies

• One pair One pair functional wings

• Club-shaped haltereshalteres for balance

• Bodies often hairy hairy insulation / insulation / sssensorysensory

Green Bottle Green Bottle flyfly

Hover FlyHover Fly

Fruit Fly

Aedes MosquitoAedes Mosquito

Dermaptera• Called earwigsearwigs• Long, flatflat bodies• ForcepsForceps (pincers)

on end of abdomen

• Short, hard Short, hard forewings forewings (membranous wings folded underneath

• Large jaws (mandiblesmandibles) on head

EARWIG EATING EARWIG EATING CATERPILLARCATERPILLAR

PINCERS

Orthoptera• Grasshoppers, Grasshoppers,

locusts, crickets, locusts, crickets, katydidskatydids

• Very longlong bodies• Rear legs modified

for jumpingjumping• Females with egg

laying tube (ovipositor on end of abdomen)

• Often communicate with chirping sounds

Lepidoptera• Moths, butterflies, & Moths, butterflies, &

skippersskippers• SiphoningSiphoning mouthparts

coiled under head• Powdery scales Powdery scales on

wings• Butterflies fold wings

flatflat above body at rest

• MothsMoths are night activenight active• Important plant

pollinators

Neuroptera• LacewingsLacewings• Net veined Net veined

wings• Small, delicate

insects• Long antennaLong antenna• Predators on

other insects• May feed on

nectar• Females lay eggs suspended in

the air by individual strands of silk

• Predators do not see the eggs because of their suspension

Thysanoptera• ThripsThrips• Two pairs of fringed wingsfringed wings• Feed on plant sapplant sap

Isoptera• TermitesTermites• Live in coloniescolonies• Feed on woodwood• Soft bodies Soft bodies &

short antenna• CastesCastes –

workers, soldiers, kings, and queen

Mecoptera• Scorpion fliesScorpion flies• Last abdominal abdominal

segments curved segments curved like scorpion

• Two pairs of narrow wingsnarrow wings

• Head elongated into a beak beak (rostrum)(rostrum)

• LongLong antenna

Homoptera

• Cicadas, leaf Cicadas, leaf hoppers, hoppers, wingless aphidswingless aphids

• If wings present, held roof like roof like over body & membranousmembranous

• Piercing-suckingPiercing-sucking mouthparts

Aphids

Cicada

Leafhopper

Odonata• Dragonflies & Dragonflies &

damselfliesdamselflies• DragonfliesDragonflies hold

clear wings spread perpendicularperpendicular to body at rest

• DamselfliesDamselflies hold clear wings together over together over abdomenabdomen

Plecoptera

• StonefliesStoneflies• Aquatic Aquatic

nymphsnymphs• Aerial adultsadults

are short livedshort lived• Make

drumming drumming sound sound to find mates

Hymenoptera

• Bees, ants, Bees, ants, waspswasps

• Narrow waiNarrow waist connects thorax & abdomen

• Abdomen Abdomen curved curved downward

• May have stingerstinger on end of abdomen

Carpenter bee

Red ant

Yellow jacket

Blattodea

• Cockroaches (active pests) • American cockroach-common & largest

# species • Actually not native to America• Brought over on shipping vessels

Phasmida • Stick & leaf insects

• Walking sticks – common

• Very camouflaged• With and without wings • Generally nocturnal• Feed on shrubs and

trees • Stick insects – world

wide (warm) • Leaf insects- rare

(Australia)

Mantodea • Praying mantis• Named for

“praying resemblance”

• Preys on insects • Many species

will stand tall & spread forelegs and fan out wings to appear larger when threatened

Insecta Review ?s set #2 • 11. What 2 characteristics signify a TRUE bug? What order

are true bugs? • 12. Differentiate the life span of a juvenile mayfly and

that of an adult. Order?• 13. Why is the Rhinoceros Beetle unique?• 14. How are Lepidopterans important to plants?• 15. What is unique about the 2nd pair of wings on a fly?

Order?• 16. What advantage do lacewings have for egg laying?

Order?• 17. Identify the 4 castes of termites. Order?• 18. Describe the head of a scorpion fly. Order?• 19. Differentiate the wings of a dragonfly and a damselfly.

Order?• 20. How are the wings of a cicada held? Order?

INSECT ORDERSINSECT ORDERS

WINGLESS INSECTSWINGLESS INSECTS

ThysanuraThysanura• Called Silverfish• Found around

houses or outside under stones or wood

• Fast runners• Damage books• Secretive and

active at night. • Flat, long bodies• Long antennae• Three, long, tail like

appendages

SiphonapteraSiphonaptera

• FleasFleas• EctoparasitesEctoparasites• Bodies

laterally compressed

• Enlarged hind hind jumping legsjumping legs

• Very short antenna

http://http://www.youtube.www.youtube.com/watch?com/watch?v=9fzb16Bl1Dv=9fzb16Bl1Dkk

Collembola• Called springtailsspringtails• Small & soft

bodied• FurculaFurcula (jumping

mechanism) on abdomen

• Furcula folds folds under the body under the body at rest

• Found in decaying decaying plant materialplant material

Anoplura• Sucking liceSucking lice• Singular = louse Singular = louse • ParasitesParasites of mammals• Very smallsmall• HeadHead and body licebody lice

are examples• Attracted to

children’s fine hair• Carry disease• Slow moving • Suck blood & have

mouth parts specifically for that function

• There are specific species of human lice

Mallophaga• Biting liceBiting lice• External parasites

on birds & mammalsbirds & mammals• Broad head Broad head &

flattened body• Feed on dead skin,

feathers, and fur• Move quickly • Mouth parts

specifically for chewing

MetamorphosisMetamorphosis

CHANGE IN FORM FROM EGG TO ADULTCHANGE IN FORM FROM EGG TO ADULT

IncompleteINCOMPLETEINCOMPLETE

METAMORPHOSIMETAMORPHOSISS

Insects change shape gradually!

CompleteCompleteMetamorphosisMetamorphosis

Four stages that all look

different

Amorphic InsectsAmorphic Insects

SpringtailsSpringtailsSilverfishSilverfish

Insects with Insects with CompleteComplete MetamorphosisMetamorphosis

• ColeopteraColeoptera (beetles)• HymenopteraHymenoptera (bees,

ants, wasps)• DipteraDiptera (flies)

LepidopteraLepidoptera (butterflies)

EGG EGG LARVA LARVA PUPA PUPA ADULT ADULT

Insects with Insects with IncompleteIncomplete MetamorphosisMetamorphosis

• SiphonapteraSiphonaptera (fleas)• IsopteraIsoptera (termites)• OrthopteraOrthoptera

(grasshoppers & crickets)

• HemipteraHemiptera (true bugs)• HomopteraHomoptera (cicadas &

hoppers)

EGG EGG NYMPH NYMPH ADULT ADULT

Wings NOT fully

developed

Hornet cooked by bees

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6m40W1s0Wc&feature=related

FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY

• the application and study of insect and other arthropod biology to criminal matters

• primarily associated with death investigations

• however it may also be used to:– detect drugs and poisons– determine the location

of an incident– the length of a period of

neglect in the elderly or children

– the presence and time of the infliction of wounds

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2YNmdPNG_A&feature=results_video&playnext=1&list=PLBF49F173D4A67E05