STUDIES ON THE EFFEC OTF CERTAI COMBINATIONN S OF … · 2018. 1. 4. · ahif itn fajJin sit-:g WjtS } also noticed iiov/avi.?r. in th jire.oncce of brasuica, j tha e fecundity, feedin

STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN COMBINATIONS OF STUNL ROOT KNOT AND RENIFORM NEMATODES

ON CAULIFLOWER, BRINJAL AND TOMATO.

A B S T R A C T

THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE ALIG XRH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN B O T A N Y

By

RASHID MASOOD KHAN

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY,

ALIGARH Nov. 1981

A A ^ l X J U L O .

1 . t(5mato seedlings w«r» inoculated with MBloidoovng

im.lânltA o r IWyj^JHshUUM. r e n l f o j ^ ^ with four d i f f e r e n t

populationst i t was observed t h a t with an i n c r e a s « i n

i n i t i a l pofxilation t h e r e v ras an Incraasa i n f i n a l fiopula-

t i o n of the t m nmnatodas. s i m i l a r increaso was observed

on eggplant. Although increase i n ,iOi^lation of

Tvlgnchoriivnchus bF^^ÎCaft, was also observed on both

plants however i t was not as hiqh as i n the case of othf«r

two ntifi.1d(tO«l9£i •

2 . Jn caul i f lower , on the other hand, several fold Irwraase

An X. brass icae Was observed but not t h a t of renifprmis

or ii. iDfiSaolM*

3 . In concomitant inoculat ion of tomato and eggplant seedl ings ,

the copulation of both th® iwmatodes v i i . , ineoonlta and

renlfoHBlg was reduced. The reduction i n th® population

of foiraer was aore than the l a t e r , iteduction i n dry weight

of plants was as high as with the high inoculum l e v e l of

nematodes in s ingle inoculat ion t e a t .

4 . In H. reniforvAt and X* brassicaa combination on tomato and

eggplant the >opulation of the l a t e r was adversely affec ted

while that of former remained the same, un c a u l i f l o w a r , on

the other hand the population of X* brassleae remain unaffecte

and of Ji. reduced.

5 , In J , ^neoatilta and brasalcae combination, the pomila-

t i o n of both the nviiftatod^s was redoced on tomato arKi

egcjplant, whrtreas on cauliflowrfr the posxilation of

i * bras sic.aa. rt'jji.-dned unaffrfctei and t h a t of incognita

was

In sequential inoculat ion t e s t s of J . Incoantta

li* g^ralfgr'4„g.i g^nilagaiff, - I * kcaasuULai i * "»

I * ^nd J . ii* * I . toggle

an the population i n a l l th«i cjnbin.ttion was

reûcad, Advyjrs© a f f e c t wegy laor© jronounccU on mÊiatoci©

vdth wJiich th© aatrdlinîs ivare inoculated l a s t .

whan saudlings of taraato and Q jgplant qvtsun i n s o i l amaniud

with na&mt c a s t o r t yjraund-mit cakss , thimet and f e r t i l i z e r

and l a t j r inoculated vdth liyrofinita - H. ranifogmisi

ii« X* juedsMstiS.; ItOCOTnilfa - brassicao?

M* I n m a a i a ^ * ygr^fffiadg - I * teific,^ combinations

tha ix»puiation of a l l the threff nematodes was redticad i n

a l l the amencfcaants. rtdvarse ©ffact of o i l cakes was g r e a t e r

on than ii. j w n l f w l g o r I . farasal&aft* IHe dr^

weight of alants a lso increased i n coni Carlson t o plants

qxxMn in unm^nded s o i l .

8 . Cone omit ant inoculat ions adversely af fec ted the penetration

of larvas and iE»nature females of ineonnita and

g , rh» penetration of intnatura ftsmaXafi of M. rgnlfnrnils was

not .jrvsverjtsJ in tha jraaanct* uf brassicaa,ii

penatration of J . i n o q . i i t a was raducRd,

iO. in CQncoTTiitant inoculation t a s t of incarynita. R^reniformls

<an<J penetration of bol-h d* incognita ani

g 'iTifor^nis. was raJucad.

iX, In concomitant inocul j t ion of ^ ^ ii* r^nlfor^ls,

•n t a a a t o , the 3iza uf ft*? lala, the riu. ibur of fc idli? v«as

raiucv^d. Alia fdCundU.ty uf r>iiAforchis a lso naducsJ.

.vioreovor, tha charact j r iî t ic seiiiilunar tippejrjnce c f qinjit

calisv;aQ not obiiarveJ. i»iight ahif t i n fajJing sit-:} WjS

also noticed. iiov/avi.?r, in the jire.onccj of brasuicae tha

fecundity, feeding s i t a .jnti charact j r i s t i c sw^dlunar

arranno'Tifjnts of aiant v as not. disturbed.

12, In inqootTit3 T, brassicaî cotnMnation, thr» dGVolopvisnt

of Of nit a W 3S ialdyeKi aa a number of fourth st jqe

larvae and evan mdlias ware observed,

13. When tht? tomato saedlirKis were inoculated with tha ;«iiûrG

of tha three nt^natovies, adverse affec t an the davalopment

of root-knot and rani form neiatod® was obsorvad. tia niforw

nematode failed t o produce char<3ct-rist lc qlant c a l l s .

There was a tendancy for production of giant c a l l s in

c o r t i c a l region.

>4

14, In concomitant inoculation, there was ci tc^ndifncy fov

oroJuction of mora male a , Hiqb«?st numb-jr of rn.ilf

noted whara o i l cakas wara employed,

15, iVhen eq p a s s e s of irôgjiita m-rfi alX&êd to htitch in

.araaes-Ka of r>miforiii.5 / £,. brasslcaa, or in Wc^tar in

which e i ther of th ^ above neincrtoie has b«en sus.Tîndsd f o r

tifCQnty four hours, l a r v a l hatch vv s consiierably reduced.

STUDIES Oiy THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN COMBINATIONS OF STUNT, ROOT-KNOT AND RENIFORM NEMATODES

ON CAULIFLOWER, BRINJAL AND TOMATO.

THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN B O T A N Y

By

RASHID MASOOD KHAM

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY,

ALIGARH Nov. 1981

T2324

i f IV . f y .S//

/U-iiiMJW UNIVcHoITY, .U^GAiiH - 202001 ( I ) ,

Ja t«d I Nov. 1981,

This 3.S t a c e r t i f y that '''ir. ifashid ^ .isoO'J i fian fids

worked in t h i s cieaartm^nt as a U»se.srch .scholar undar ray

su pervision and i|uidanciJ. llis vvork on tho "studies on the

e f f e c t of Cf?rt3in c'^mbinations of s tunt , root -knot md r»ni-»

form n«wJdtod« on caulif lower irinjaii an i torn sto" i s u ito date?

anci a r i g i n a l . Hfs i s allowai t o suissilt h i s t h a a l s f a r ths

considaration of the awanJ of the Jagree of Joctor of

losoF^y •

I /

(aSaAiT M, KHHN/ (/<4inn.)

F, j F , a , o , X , ;F,N,A, Professor of 3otarry,

IhQ authojp i s highly indabted t o J ^ f e s s o r Abrar 4. i\han

(.>1inn» J, F.N.i*, and take tha opportunity t o express his

aincara thanks with doap sariua of qratitud® f o r his viqi lant

.iuidanca, construct iva suqciastions throughout th« coursa of

these invaatigations arKi th^ help rendered i n preparation of

tha manusc^^t without vMch i t would hav« not been possible,

liis love dnd affect ion has al\ways been a source of inspi ra t ion .

Jirwara thanks aire also due t o sJr. .4, H<ijid Khan v/hase

help and encoura^jHraent w&r@ highly invaluable.

Htj i s a l so deeply qra ts ful t o /ôfessor îaKana,

Head uf xh'i .isjii irt fl iint of .Jotany for h i s inborn Qanerosity, c r i -

t i c a l sugjestians and for providing laboratory f d C i l i t i 0 s f o r

carrying out the so studies .

si near© thanks are also da© t o J r . M.F.

J r , Xrshad '" ahmood. ûltanul Haq, i^r. ;ihabbir Ashraf,

Mr. Zakiuddin, -^r. Htfhanur Hehman, Ar. Akhtar Heseeb and othf?r

colldfgues and friends including Mr. < >azi Javed Ahmad, the

ty>:>ist) Mr. lahulam ûjtaba and tdr. Q.H. Ansarif the l i to tograêrs

for t h e i r help in coia J let ion of the radnuscript.

The finaJTOial assis tance arovidad by Council of ^ i a n t i f i c

and Industrial rtasearch i s also grataful ly acknowladged.

I . ZfO'iluJUGriON iiiiVX W iJF LXTît/O'a.ia . . . . I

IX. i4aTHOJt» 20

{ i ^ Inoculation of tomato c v . marr^Xobe

29

( l i ) Inoculation of eiq al^nt c v . ;>usa purpla long swadiiJig with i^gloiaonvr^ inc oanlta. ^tvl^nehulua rafl^ftfCTli^ and TYl?nghQtV. rhvnchus bras s ic ae alone ani i n liff^^rertt comM nations. «* . * • * . . 37

( i i i ) Inoculation of cauliflo&êr c v . early snowijall seadlings with Aaloidoovna laMgiaytii* 'MvltnchtfJ^Wi r^ntforrBlff

*Yl«nchîrhYmfnU,a brassIcao alone and in different combinations 46

( ivJ c f f a c t of s inqla , concomitant and sequan-t i a l inoculations of eqqplant soedlings with iatY^l^nchy^tfg

fflaaia and tyA^ ichffighYnc^yff yxatiicfli

(v ) iiffact of sinqla and concomitant irKkculations on tcâto 8a<»dlinqs

irown in amanJaJ s o i l 63

( v i ) ciffect of sin<iil9 and concoiaitant inoculations on tf^qplant sâdlings qrown in amondod soi 1 80

(v i i ) a f fac t of concomitant inoculation of toiaato S99JlinQS on ponotration 91

( v i i i ^ afftfct of concoiaitant Inoculation of eggplant seedlings on penetration •• 98

-c'aflO

(ix^ Histopathology of tomato m o t s rasultlng froffl %lnqlfi and concomitant i n f a c t i o n •• 104

( x ) ttff€ct of concomitant infec t ion on facundity of Incoqnilfi and •MyAftosnyAm •

( x l ) Hatching i l 3

IV. ij I a C u .J a i sj 119

M, ii a F u ii J iv U u a 129

xwrHJJUcrxuN JF U T J ivrifm

i^lants roots are cunstantiy ax >033i t o blot ic as well

as dOiotic fac tors , i i a t i c f^jct ara inciuJa rayriads of dLcro-

org^nisms which irtfiabit s a i l , Th<?se raicroorriinisms (Jav«?lo >

various Kinis of intorraldt ianshi ^ amom tho isslves as ivtJll as

v/ith hlih fr slants. Thi y may be beaef ic ia l or deleterious,

/ccorjirh? t o . takman and Harrjr th« r'^'iatianshicomi

•ith«r fje c>coiaqical or syrj,bIotic. Tlje fijra-'r can '.?ith''-r be

n a u t r a i i s t i c , ant ibiot ic or ayn-^riiitic ind tho l a t t p r can -je

eith Jr neutral , nutuaii s t l c or .mt a 3 ini a t i c .

/Uthauuh ill Jilt Mr a s i t i c nfj';!.3ta'ias aiona ara ca ' ja la of

Cdusinq sev ra J issase syiaptoms, howavir, i t tha jrss. aca of

oth r;r -ivjii fiiicroorqani;:! na iaadga at time Of?coma« devest at iaq,

Funqal ni?':iato le int rac t ion v, ,3 re )ortei f a r tho f i r s t time by

Atkinson {ifa92j, in which he founi that cotton slants infected

by root~knot na.natoJe anhancecl the savari ty of fusari Jm wilt in

cot ton, iactf^ridl dnd niMUtodfs, virus and nanatodo, neniatode

and nenatoi® int>?rralation8hioa wero rs Hjrtad for th > f i r s t time

by (i9Ui.), Hawitt a l ( 1 9 5 8 ; , uhapmn itoss

(1959) res >ectivaly. Iha l i t rature on t h i s as loct of n«-iiatology

has bosjn reviewod by rJitchfar ( i963 , 1965, 1978;? ôwell (1963,

1971 a ,b, 1979) ; - t i l l er (1965 j, v.eischir ( i 9 6 8 ; , irozeski (1970 ; ,

3er:)6aon (1972 J, Hirano ( i ''75). ^^tch >r (1965) while reviewing

th© infoiraaition regarding the i n t e r a c t i o n batwei'n ularit l a r a s i t i c

narnatodes and othi?r jathoqans has suq,jested s i x diffsrerrt

iriQchanisias»

t : r l a l w i l t of jlarrts (Lucas J.954; Uixridn 1 9 6 4 ) .

gstablishfiiaTtt oncQ i n cant act with the for

iteUillM, (-^toinbuch, ±79 Uhitwood, 1935? i M s t i m J ^ ^ m

ialag At a nasof f , 1925) and of f^gyy llQbafft tay yr l^jSitiCl.

(l.'utchinsonj iurtiay ^ {Carne, i 9 2 6 j VjsuJeva Hi-i'V-arani

19521 Uu;jta ami ^ a r u i , 196B) and < tiij Ivji-ai ioi dea fra-iari aQ

(iUtztiuabosa) of f jscâns, C l i l f a r d j Jaws on

( i ^ t c h . r and Cross, 195^1 l t c h : ? r , 1 9 6 3 h

QstabHahment unless introduced balow the e ddairoia f o r

example Xi.Cinema iridex Cobb, 1913 f o r viii® farv l e a f virus

(Hewitt 1 9 5 8 ) , fffffho^Pr^S, Qhl^^^f 1957 f o r

tobacco r a t t l © v i r u s , (Walkinshaw g t , 1961) and Lonnidgrua

ft^ftiqatua 4«n (Harrison fllî., 1961) for toraato black rinq virus.

( 4 ) .êmatod^s as providers of i n f e c t i o n necrt:>tic courts f o r

exam )1®, Pratvlenchus )Qnatrans (Coijb, 1913) F i l i >jav and Stekhoven

1941 i n root ro t of êach ( iountain and iâtrick, 1959) and wil t

of egg plant (fountain and <4ckeen, 1 9 6 2 ) .

3

( 5 ) as qoc^fêrs of substrates t - f a r e x ^ p l a , root*

knot nora<3todt? and coaulex in cot ton (>1iriton and yintoa»

melavlQaft ia faaajLCQAfl oQf^ a a l a a l and

incognita (Kofaid and ^Mt®, i 9 i 9 j Chitwood, 1949

codiJlax in tQr7j,jtQ roots (.ôlden and \faii GunJy, 1972), Ifeterodera

p,;ycl,nÂ Xchinohe, 1962 and Pii . adim » >• GomAsx i n soybaan

(iioss, 1965) .

foroxarniie

i n root-Knot and F>js. gltaa. s;». complex i n ccjtton (At^dnsont iB 2 ) ,

; - 4 g s u a C -fcUjiioohi ja-isîa jfiJ iSMlmshm

(ruihn, JUB57), FiU.^QV 1936 i n lidXt r^mlstant v a r i ^ y

of a l f a l f a (Haton and Hanna, 1967),

Th«3 KJ JUlatiqn dynafoics of namdtodas i s qavcrned bcrt.h

biot ic and abiot ic f a c t o r s (»*all«cei 1963* 19731 forton, 1 9 7 8 ) ,

ijut of the diff«rertt b i a t i c fac tors the role of )r9daci0U8

nematodes such as loncntshua a i, Bastiant 1866 j qinlQciaster sp,

^chultz* i857 j in reducing oojxilation of >1 j it p a r a s i t i c nefBatodas

has b«en wall estabUshad (Coba, 1918, 1920; >atain^r and Helnly,

1922* Thorn®, 1927) , asa&r (1963) , while working with predacious

nematod®» obs<»rv&d th .t c^^rtain s oeciea of plant :>arasitic

nematodes like Hoololaimus Jaday, 190Q;

3ft.l.an9JiflifB«a lonaioaudatua Hau, 1952; and QriLgftn^^ aflii.te, S

Taylor, 1931, wer<s r e s i s t a n t t o jredation while vteloidodaga

,Uftrt<^tnajLat chitwood, » aar»on and Esser , 1956? âtvlenchus

agnftranff* xuiaus. Allan and Jensen, 1951 ; .âratYifnghui

curvl ta tua v . d . Und, 1938 and .telolJonyne sp, ware s u s c a o t i b l e ,

Joosal is and .4ankau (^965) reported t h a t poriulation of Tbornia so ,

ijTcreasQd i n Jrasanca of Tvlanchulus samloa net rang Cobb, 1913,

without i l l e f f e c t on tha h o s t . They, howssver, f a i l e d t o

dîrmlna the ootimal conditions for predatian, -several spcjcies

of ^»ainura Fuchs, 193i hava been ra Jurted t o feed on /icihaJ^Qnehiis

tiaatian, 1965 j /4 anenchoidas r:)ari9tirei8 (tJastlan, 1865)

*it3in(ir, 1932; A'.Ayle^pchus s 3 . , J i tvlenchua J i a ^ ^ i and

flaterodara t r i f o l i i Uoffdzt, (l.achl.-3r, 19631 Hachlsr and Taylor ,

1966^,

<Uthough i t i s wall establishad t h a t i n the rhizosrtjere

of slants a v a r i e t y of plant Paras i t i c nenatodas are found vdth a

considr?rai3lQ ovarlaiping of ho3t rjiTfa (utostanbrink, 1 9 6 6 ) ,

h the asêctii dealinti with t h a i r a c o l o g i c a l relationship^

rtJtiainad unaxalorad. C r e i i t t o i n t i t i a t e work on t h i s as >act

qoas t o Chaprnan ( 1 9 5 9 ) , who ra JortaJ t h a t on inoculat ion of

red c l o v a r and a l f a l f a root® with a mixture of oenetrana

and Tvlenchorhvnchus flUCyjai. Fieldinq, 1956, Jlant qrowth

remained almost tha same as on inoculatinq with e i t h e r of the

two alone. Howavdr, i n mixed inoculat ion the tx>3Ulation of

X* i^ ' rtini was reduced, .4alek and Jenkins (1964) studied t h a t

i n some combinations of MaloidQavtia hapla Ohitwood, 1949,

SMPr aXm ^nd T. p h j i s t l a resul ted i n decrease

i n the pojulation of n<jmatodes. .îlltsr and vdrheim (1968)

ra w r t a i th jt whan tobacco was inoculated with Heteroderf)

5

tafaacupi Lowns and Lcmhs, i.934; <^ratvlenchus aeriotfany and

Tvlanehorhvnchua s p , , t h a i n f e c t i o n aeil s u w i v a l of a l l the

t h r e e namatodas was r s Juced . i^rton (1969) found t h a t about

twice Xlsjiittetna aBericaniia Gobb^ 1913 spacimaTowers nresenft In

tha absence of t-ÎoidotiynQ fta;?la than I n I t s irasance i n

a l f a l f a f i e l d s , iiikora ^ (^972) r.? ôrtai t h a t combination

of feloidlotivne fiaasi Franklin and T, on c r s a dnq b Jrit

grass resulted i n Irihibition of t h e po^julatian of the forner ,

ififhereas t h s popul j t i o n of aori. and -jenetrtjns. rersialnad

unaffected i n a l l tha c saibiii-jtlons. Toborjimanz (19T3)

stutiiad the oufiibimd a f f a c t at li-fyfltvlenchus rrdnvu^, and

Allen, X9S3, Tvl3iTChDghvnchua ^^bius (iJuliscJii, IST?) F i l l i jev,

1936, and lacroaasthonlA c u i v a t a an j^mitMs. carvo ^ l l u s

d ' alpimjB and obs irvcji t h a t jo j u l a t i o n of rnitwus was

raducad on i)oth plants i n tha presence of oofxilation

of d* on i n the presence of P. t^jlTYm*

on a . carvQahvllus and ^n f>r<»sence of both T.

and a^nyus. aird aJt J i i . (l >74) ro >ort®d that under f i e l d

conditions {jQfifJ.gj.fljif vta, CgiimBl>U& IflCaaniU s igf i i f i cant ly

i r t i ibi ted th® poiuldtion of conccaraitaot S;>5cie» on c o t t o n .

Population a.uild ua of H. indleug was retarded i n presence of

ineoanita on tomato r o o t s (Hasan and Alara, 1 9 7 5 ) , vtlllar

and 4elntyre (1975 ) , iSclntyre and ^ l l o r (1976) reported that

Tvl«fichQjFhvnehu« c lavtont i i ta iner , prevontad the entry of

^flitYdLfnghtta penetrans i n tobacco roots both in ^rior and

18

simultanaous inoouliitions. iiimllarly the ra iroduotion of

iavanlca (TreufaJ Chltwood, i 9 4 9 , Was inhibited on tomato

i n the presence of -âtvlenchus acrgbnagi. ut®in®r, 19451

I * f h r t s t i f l and Hemicvclioohora aiTgnayia Haski, i 9 5 8 (Van uundy

and iCrikpjtrick, i 9 7 5 ) . jRliochat Sk Ml* U ' M ) re )ort©d theft

mixture of aCiliim and iSMim, ^"hiirn© and

All<in» i950» caused g r o a t a r reduction i n qroswth than f i t h ^ r

alone and t h e .KJiîlation of was reduced i n presence

of vulnus. i M l a and Aiejendro (1976) r e jorted t h a t i n

simultaneous inoculat ions of yan with |fe^ratvlanchus c o f f e a e

{iAmmt 1908) F i l i p . & u t e c k . , i94A» and ûtellonema, bravdis

( S t a i . ii t o Hew, i 9 3 3 i Andr.t i 9 5 8 , the J0:iul,iti0n of l a t t e r

was reduced and i l l e f f e c t on garosvth was a l s o not iced. Yang

e l (1976) reported an i t i t a r a c t i o n of J . i n e a a n i t a .

d. Jroiôic^ûdat^l and iJ.. aaleatua Gobb and absQXVBd t h a t f i n a l

pajTulation of incoonit i and aaleatus was r e luced i n

concoodtanit i n f e c t i o n , iianto and dolander (1977) re xjrted

that ^^rooosthonia Loof and Oe Urisse

decreased the areproduction of ji. ha^la on graê. The presence

of c r t g g n m a i t o . 9sm%m Haski, X958, HqalgAaUffly, tîattgMi

and rvlenehorhynehua s o . reduced the s e v e r i t y of root-knot

on b r i n j a l (^ is ra and Uas, i 9 7 7 i j H. eoluiabua ^ e r , on soybean

(Fortnura and l.ewl8, 1978 h i , vulaarln Uîadhvava a l j l . , 1972,

on .^ffnnlLiltyiB t v iioides (Vaishnav and o e t h i , 1978)2 tey,iiffiff.aS

a i d d i q i , 1961, on tomato (Khan fil jyL»t 1 9 7 8 ) ; Par at r ich odorua

7

^ n o r and aarl on craeptnq iMint grass ( ^ k o r a ai , .»X979) .

Un the other hand, Incognita suppressed th® ix>pulatlon of

brachvurtan ( i i t a i n e r ) Andrag OH c o t t o n and eolumfautt su »p-.

rassed tha laojaaldtion of J , Inco^jtUta (ichmidt and Ji-evds, i 9 B i ) ,

The r e s u l t s iwrtainlng t o i n t e r a c t i o n of t n o endo*-

p a r a s l t e s are rc^viavsed belcmt

Hoss (i959» 1964) r e lortaJ th,it the jo-Hilation of

ineoani ta was sU!>prs8S9d by H, alvelrw^ on soybean «)her©as

E* lîrc'iely remain unaffaqtad ^tyofar^^tA but r o o t -

knot najsidtodo vxaûlation c u r t a i l e d t h a •irodaction o f c y s t

noraetodo i n ©arly i>a3 t of 8€?ason, hossevsrîn the l a t e r i>art

of season the jopulatlon of cyst namatode tâs highar i n ,:)lots

containing ooth naaiataies than c y s t mmiatoda a Ion®, fiuerout

(1968) reported t h a t i n new ^Jlantation of :3in©-appl®,

Insftqûirfl dominant over faraBhYmaUg, C^ôdfrey,

1929) F i l i o j a v and ;itafc. 1941, while i n old plantation

braehvurus was dominant, f i l l e r (197Q) while studyinq the

i n t e r a c t i o n of H^-^^gy^^ga ii* .agflgtxina, o" tobacco

observed that at l U r a t i o , the rôpulation of former increased

only at moderate r a t e and at f a s t e r r a t e v4ien i t s fKipulation

was high. In the former case the pO!:HJlation of penetrans

was reduced and i n the l a t t e r case aenetrans was comoletely

eliminated, /«iiosu and Taylor (1974) r a x i r t e d t h a t at moderate

Inoculum iovsl of p»ngtrans and 4 , Incognita on rad c lovar ,

th© fX»puiation of pangtrdins was r^Jucsd, hotoevsr» at hinher

inoculum density of ijenirtrî^^ tail f irmation was'ra ducad.

uatoras ( i 9 7 1 j , i^storas and a>en (1972) stuiied tho Interact ion

ijetwean Qg^chvurus and 4 , incQordt.^ on toraa?t:o arid obsarvad

Inhiiiition In ra >roducti jn of aoth iiGoidtodas, Taj rmy and

Cha raan (1972) observed the riiduction i n ;3Qnetration of

ii* iqcQinit^ m r«d c lover an-l a l f a l f a i n ths aros -.ica of hiqti

i30,3Ulation of penetrans. Chapman afvd Turner 1979)

afiiixjrted thiit tha iiresanc® of ha on red clovisr advarssly

aff£Jcti;J t h e fticundity of jjgjJElXstia* Frucb-iun and Clid-mn

(1972)^ on tho othv^r. hanJôasawad t h a t v4-ten rad c lover ^ as

inoculatad v^lth i.?Q/' atrans and H* the invasiveniss

of aith r r@i?5air^naffacted, (lay and iiird (1973) reaorted

that prior inoculation of tofodto vdth ineoqinit}^ su ^pressed

ii» brachvurua, hc»^9Vart no such i l l e f f e c t was notlc«d on

a l f a l f a and tobacco. Weischar (1974) re >orted that on tobacco

leaves th® population of d^tâei was reduced in the aras^nce

of A.jhalenchQidgs ritzemabosi (ochwartz) ^tainor, 1932, howover^

on steam and p9tiol« ths population of rltzmnabQai v.-na

enhanced where i t does not develop normally, J a t a l a and

Jensen (1972, 1976) inoculated ji, vulmarls vdth a mixture of

haSiXJL and Heterodera schaeht^ .*chsildt, 1871, and observed

that when l a t e r preceded h^pl^. a marked reduction in galling

occurred! when foiraer preceded the l a t s r a five fold increase

n

i n c y s t fonaation occurred, hmvavert on inoculating aimulta-

naousiy no s i g M f i c a n t chango i n xipulation of s l t h r of the

namatodn was recorded, ârraa and iâtbi (1976) noted t h a t i n

cancomitanft inocula t ion of coirfjea with Hotanadgra calan;! Coshyt

1967 and incocini t^. the sjopulation of both tha iwmataJgs was

auripressed* »jdLiidlar r e s u l t s war© obtainad by .J*i3annon e t (bI.

( i 9 7 6 ) on inocuXuînci ciiarua with a tnixtura of iiadoaholu^

(Cobij, 1893) l-b.jrm, 1949 and .-^drt^vl^riehus coffga^y.

ujdff in (1976) th :t simultaneous inocula t ion of

"i^vada", iîth g , d^psa^l and .4, ha jla^ f a i l e d t o break the

a!^sista}Tc@ of ^"rs-or inocula t ion of " / s m a l " aead-

lings with ^J, tH ysacL increased the qal l ing of haala and

pr ior inoculat ion of "Lahonton" with imsrâsed i t s

susce J t i b i l i t y t o djlosacf. îmjh ( 1 9 7 6 ) observed th.it in

inixad i n f a c t l o n of Hotvlenchulus yanifoisnia Lin. u l i v . , 1940

and îQidoovno jnsgflnitfl on soybean th® populîon of th® former

was mora adv«rsaly -affected, Th© po Julatlon of H* raniforgda

ndl Tvl®nchulua aeml x»netrana was reducffd i n aiixdd i n f e s t a t i o n s

on graê vin® (Taha and aul tan , 1 9 7 7 ) . Khair and Osman (1977)

reported th at i n mixed i n f e c t i o n of H* renlfarmis and

M. incognita on tomato, the |)opulation of 4 , incognita

declined* The population of both J . incogni ta and g , sgjaiXoBBiA

was reduced i n mixed i n f e c t i o n on tcwiato (Khan flX,, 1979 )•

Martin (1978) re jortod th it root-knot nematode reduced the

1 0

3opulation of ir*rdtvlenehus oonatrang on potato , Balakhina

r&poxt&d an in ters ;>ac i f i c antagonism b©tw«sn Aohglenchua

M S i m , âstian 1B63 and Arjielanchoidâ 3rforonhil^« F r a i ^ U n ,

i957 on wheat, whsre aatiroohllus v as th® dcjiainant s p e c i e s .

t i r i f f in and J d r l i n g (1964) suggested t h a t apiea^jcanua

h ^ a suppmsslng e f f e c t on Grlconemoldes xenQolex iUskl , i'352

i n ornamental spruca nursaxiea . Johnson and i^sbam (1^68)

rejjozted t h a t population of X* clarytonl was r e iuced i n th®

presence of e h r i s t i e on a l l v a r i e t i e s of corn exce pt "Tahua

Ha:ii" and "iiyn** wh-?reas t h a t of i . c h r i s t i ^ on ^Tehua Hop!'*.

Johnson (1-169, 1970) s t u d i e J the intciract ion of C^CQngmo^dQa

mm}m» a a i l l D l * A* on s i x

v a z i e t i e s of bent grass and noted a jre iuction i n f i n a l po-au-

l a t l o n of a l l the thz®® nticiatadas and out of thefs the io>uiatlan

of lonateaudatus was l e a s t a f f e c t o d , Hof ir'eduction of both

the noniatoda was r^ducad i n concaraitant inoculat ion of

jYA^fflihqghYnchtfg mLiua. i9S5 and M?UcflWknfihtfff,

leicêohaiua on wheat (Smolik, H. aa laatus i n ^sresanca

of I . lonoieaudatus on cot ton (Yang , fil d i . , 1976)1

âgflt^Yltnchua, wrolffgl^Mi i n px«sance of figlggnwBgiafi ilffliUa.

(Cobb, 1918) Chitwood 1949 and HffUcatYl^nghtfg ggyy^Qgfffaua^Mg

(iAc Owaloy and Chapman, 1976)? i . . c lavtoni S t e i n a r 1957 and

U* ewtn^ttm Dass 1966 on r i c a (i^raaad and Rao, 1 9 7 7 ) and

X* dubiug fhome 1949 suopressad prgnatus on f i v e v a r l a t i a s

of tomato (Krishnappa and ^ a s a d , 1 9 7 9 ) .

1 1

Thus f a r limited araount of worfc has baen carr ied out on

tha i n t e r a c t i o n bo tweon diffarant specins of same genua, ttnjt

and ;»trlch Harajcl t^postsd an irrtragtjmjric dotainanc® of

one sfmci@s of MX9tt49Wm, w « r another. i^n^tgan?

tended t o reduce th® population of alleni^ on soybean (F&rrls

^ Al ' t 1967) . Chapman (1966) reported th^jt ndxed i n f e c t i o n

of id* inegonita, and hôla on tOTato, 9Q» fafnalas of

ineoaMtai matured at modarata tsmpsratui®, howevert at

m l a t l v e l y low tsmKratura females of Ji* i^ncoanlt.ai taaturad,

Kinloch and /illsn (1972) also rerjorted the pradOTinanc® of

i . iMa^^SJ 0V -3P 4 . liaaM* /iccorviing t o s L Ml* (l 'J76)

nsi thar J . f necKinita nor J . lavanica caused reduction i n qrosifth

of tobacco c u l t i v a r ®i*J 95** and "Hicks**, howevar, mixed i n f e c -

t ion brought abtiut s ignif icant reduction i n plant s i z e , Sinqls

and jo int i n f e c t i o n , on th@ oth r hand, stimulates tha grsjwth

of "aurlay tobacco KY 9 " .

J a t a i a and Jansan (1976) whan inoculated 3<ita vulaar is

with Sa) larva« of i . ha jla or 500 larvae of Sfitlightli

in ona treatment and in another SOU larvae at two int rvals of

a i t h a r of the nasuatode, the s e l f int^ rac t ion resulted in an

increase in the ^Kipulation of both nematodes.

There are also instances where coinhabitant i n f e c t i o n ,

had resulted in an im:rease in the population of one or the

other nematodes. 3ird and Jonkins (1964) reported that vrfien

12

crane berry roots v\ara incx:uiated simuitanaously with

M I U Thorns, X95S and pgiggHTOQiafS,

thor^ Was an incraaso i n oopulation of t h e foimar, Johnson and

^ lusba»Jm ( i 9 6 e j ra xirted thart poijulation of ^ratvlenchua z«ae

was g r a a t a r on some corn v a r i e t i e s i n coaMnation with

rrlchodorua chr^st^^ than aXon«. Jut population of X«

increased on a l l var i t J t ias excast "Tahua Moiii", ^^cordinq t o

Johnson and (1970J tnixsd inocula t ion of ^ incognita,

and ii. ftrt^hvurus r«sultad i n siiqnificant incri?ase in the

population of the l a t t e r on r u s i s t a n t tobacco v a r i e t y , aikora

£ t (1972) rojorttî t h a t tha xjpulation of i* iignatr-ans, was

incraasad i n preaerKJO of J , yâs^ on grass• J i m i l a r

iiKJraasa i n the population of brdchvurus Vi<a3 obtained on

c o t t a n whf n i t v- fas inoculated e i t h a r vîth iiTCtxinita or

arenaria (uay and i i r i , 1 9 7 3 T o b a r j i r a n a z <1973) re lortad

t h a t on aloinuî the raproJuction of âcroaasthonia c u r v a t a .

âaki, 1952 was t?nhanca»d i n pr«sffnce of mlnyua. Yam a l * t

(1976 j reported t h a t i n coixoraitant i n f e c t i o n of H. aalaatua. (3nd

A* lonolcaudatus. the population of l a t t e r incraased , oanto and

iolandar (1977) re jortad that oofsulation of Macroijosthonia xenoalex

increased i n presanca of ii . haala on grape, Valshnav and iiethi

(1978) observaJ an increase i n f i n a l population of Tvlaneh ir^vfichus

vulaarla in prasance of M* JLncgflnild ^n tXShflliiflLI..

^hmidt and Lawis ( I 9 8 i ) ra!:K>rted that t h e population of

Jeutallonama brachvurun ( ^ t a i n e r ) Andrassy, increased i n the

presence of U* columbua on c o t t o n .

1 . 1

aome useful informations have b«@n otrtained by a nwber

of wozkers i n complexos involving throe nematode s p e c i e s .

Johnson and :\i&beium U96G) observed t h a t tho presence af

I . fihrtstâ and H. f^l.tot^ftXA on soybean reduced th» iwpulation

of brachvurug. howevaXt on c e r t a i n v a r i a t i o s the population

ii* <4^hvst«ra was reduced. Johnson and iiisbaura (1970)

worked vdth thrac» species corabinatian v i z . t incoardt^ .

«3(nd P. ^y^chtûrufi on four vari<?ti0S of tobacco and

observed t h a t popylotion of brachvurus was do;3r»ss0d i n

thr»Q species combination on su»c®jjtibls v a r i e t i e s l ike •^fTlcks"

and 2326" and also on r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t y "iC 9 5 " . iimosu and

Taylor (1974) r«s)ortad an i n t e r a c t i o n bwtwean M. haol,^^

o«n«trans and J,, ôri on r a i c l o v e r and found t h a t po!3ula-»

t i o n of ii. pgnatrans and X* agri was s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduced i n

thr»® spftcias combination, Th« dry weight of t o o and roots

was also rsduci^^J s i i r d f l c a n t l y , Toberjimnax S l a l « * ( l 9 7 7 )

worked with a combintftion of Pratvlenchua s p . , iâratvlgnchus s p . ,

lYlfnBhOghYfWhtff 8tfACdtU8» s p . , Hgtarodey^ s p . ,

grt^ffMPfl ap. and Hgrnicvelioai^qy^ sp. on ixmiSL tetwtrum. Hprtttya

m s U i m * i * miimuLt and franKana cqgygfrpfj ^^d found t h a t

M s f f n t a a and Hf^fivcUgph^ra dlsaaoear^d from s o i l .

Tho isiportane* of nomaticidas and organic amanctoents f o r

th« control of plant p a r a s i t i c nematodas need not t o b«

amiâsixed. The l i t e r a t u r e pt^rtaininy t o th<9se aspects has

1 4

been reviewttd isy Oostantirink, (1960) ; oingh and Îtaramaidh

(1970, 1973)J Khan ( l 9 7 l ) and Van aerkura and Hoestra (1979) .

iJropkin ( i95S , 1969)» Fielding(l959 J» îr thorst

(1961a) Krusberq (1963 ) , fountain (I96&)t (1974, 1979)»

iando (1971, 1975) , Baldwin (1978) hav» revlevswd the Utaratur©

on host sarasit© relat ionship of diffor©nt plant nar»isitic

nraatodos.

incoanita i s an andopara»it» and th® vahole 11 f® eye la

exca i t r'r®r>«wa8itic s®cond stag® larv<i» I s ccxaplated within

r o o t , aônd stage noruially ontar i n host t i s s u e through

apical L'i »risteia (ifeaisc, 1910) . 3ut i t a l so mvjy antor throuqh

more mature t i s s u a (Chris t ie , 1 9 3 6 ) . Th© larvae move idthin

c o r t i c a l tissuQ both i n t r a and i n t e r c s l l u l a r l y felthout causing

any daauga t o root t i s s u e s (Chris t ie , 1936f Uroiskin and Jalson,

1960) . The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c feature of t h i s nematode i s the f o r -

mation of îant c « l i or syncytia near th« head rc»gion. vJropkin

and Joone (1966) sugsestei that telaiioîvne s h a s two dis t inc t

s f f a c t on hos t : ( a ) syncytia develop f raa the c a l l s Which ar« in

incor;7orat9d as a r^^sult of c o l l wall dissolut ion! (b) c o l l s

of Mrlcycls show hypertrophy and hyperplasia, stimulus for

hypertrophy and hyperplasia reaches several hundred c e l l s in

the v i c i n i t y of nemitode head and thus g a l l formation occurs

1 r-

withln 24 hours a f t a r penetration of iarvao. with reqard t o

fcMcaaiiion of syncytiina Uiff^srsnt opinions have i»een forwardod.

^ n c y t i s davsiop usuaiiy i n th«? xylaas paxemhyma mav th» hâd

region of famale Xtirvaa e i ther due t o dissoiution of c e l l la/all

(Kostoff and isUindall» i930j ( b r i s t l e , XV36; usvsrn and ^petoh,

19(A) i or du« t o snlargîaont of sinqlia c e l l {Ffuaoq and laqqentl,

i.96 Uj or both J isaoiut ion of c e l l wail an-i Qnlara<9m 'it

of sinrjlQ c a l l ( i i r i , 1972, 1973 ) . îdJiqui I t (X974)

pMla tjorldnq with ^ nc oanita . on âenarâ la uc ant ha

m iort«d th'^t n^ iaatad© a f t e r gaintno «intry i n t o r o o t s , solect.ed

faedin'^ nita in fihloansi. .iianrt c « l l s havlrvj 2-.JL5 nuclei*

Clustar of ilant c a l l s surroundttd by a larga mjmbr»r of abnormal

xylmti» Tha elamerrts of reaction xylam .3oss»ssed no defini te

shapt? and sizo thay ware iianerally narrower and smallfiir in

dimansion as cociparad t ; normal onâa. itoy (1976^ rsportai^^*'^

g g ^ n i c o l ^ f0«?ds on s t s l a r rat ions of roots of r i c e plant ,

iiiant c e l l foraation occurred in vascular parenchyma, ^ o l i -

feratad abnormal xylam elements; also present. Khan and

Tiaqi ( I977i studied th® isolated giant c a l l s and reported that

qiant c a l l s ware having the appendages of various s i s e . Nuclei

are usually crowded i n th® haustoria liko a )^}enda9es,

ah at nag ar ijJi. i l l . (1979) also reported thft giant c e l l s having

haustoria liko appendages, .^jrfaal xylem was c y l i n d r i c a l and

wider having jsits arranged i n r e t i c u l a t e pattern, wh«)reas

aOnojRBal xylum vessel was rounded or c h i s e l shaped.

I G

i>tudi»s on abnormal histology caused by ranlfornda

rsvaaled that fomale remain partly tmbedded In the r o o t ,

Unford and ul lvîra (X940> observed that the feiaales were

part ly or ant i ra ly embedded in the cortex of cowpea r o o t ,

Peacock (1956) observed only necrosis around the nematode head

and h y p e r t r o j ^ o r break dcn /n of the c e l l s was not observe

3irchfi®ld (1962 j found no evidence of fe -iiir^g on eoldermal o r

c o r t i c a l t i s s u e but obs»rv0«i the females feeding on pholem

c e l l s , ^ n c e thare are number of publications on a v a r i e t y

of hosts where i t has been firmly established that faedinq s i t e

of renifoxsi n?»matode i s not cor tex but eith ar eadodeirais,

p j r icycle or phloeta. Further t h i s naraatode was capable of

causing of h y p e r t r o g i a n t c e l l s contairing e i t h e r on* or

more than one nuclei (Nath ^ 1969» 19761 Ha bios ©t

1970, i97Sj H r c h f l « l d , 1972j Oteifa and oalem, 1972| Jivakuniar

and ^ s h a d r i , 19721 Cohn, 1973, 19761 Heald, , 1975* Hazak

and svans, 1976f Jon®» and Jropkin, 1975| Yik and Birchfield,

1979 i* chain of events has claimed for another

species of ^ W l f UghuiUSt, namely fflflgr9^9ffat,18 (Coh 1976,

Cohn and /4ordechai, 1977) , In most of the cases i t has been

observed that uniser ia te j s r i c y c l e layer adjacent t o the erido-

ddmis responded t o infec t ion and became hypertroFîied curved

sheet comprising 7 - 1 3 c e l l s ,

Fmdlni laechanlsai of different s >ecies of Tvltfnchorhvnchus

has b9®n studied. Heynolds and tivans (1953) reported that

1 7

dubiu^ feeds on eodLd irtBal t l s s u a , tfrfioreas Krusii rg (1959)

observed t h a t X, c lavtoni fed on a si dermal c e l l i n the region

of root <»lonqation and root h a i r s and namatodes were found t o

ba CQiapXetely eml>€»ddad i n root cap c e l l s and w&rQ not prdsont

i n o lder r o o t s . Similar claims hav© baen mad© by ivyss ( 1 9 7 3 ) ,

iaiddiqui ( 1 9 6 9 ) observad t h a t by and lartj® X,* byassicae, f«d on

epidarmal t i s s u e but i n cor t tdn cases neojatodes were observed

in c o r t i c a l t i s s u e and a t e l a r region .

Thus f a r considerable work on feedinc} and resul t ing

changes on host t i s s u e by indivi Jual nfcsmatodea has be-m c a r r i e d

out , Howavar, information on changes resul t ing from concOTfdtant

i n f e c t i o n are very meagre.

.ânkau and Unford ( i 9 6 0 ) obs^rvad the formation of

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c patholoqical t i s s u e of ii. t y i f o l i j . and âala

on red c l o v e r even i n concomitant i n f e c t i o n . tJteifa and Qsman

(1974) observed t h a t when ii. renifornds and J , incognita ware

present at the sdme i n f e c t i o n s i t e , the development of l a t t e r

Was inhibi ted by former, according t o J a t a l a and Jensen ( 1 9 7 6 ) ,

inoculat ion of M f l tUl^flrtS with a mixture of i , haola and

H, achacht i i i t was observed t h a t when feedirej s i t e of two

species was c l o s e enough each nematode produced i t s d i s t i n c t i v e

and char acta r i s t i c changes i n the i n f e c t e d t i s s u e . S imilar

claims were made by Taha and Kassab (1979) when they inoculated

X l a M aintnsl^ with a* yer^foCTli and locflaDili..

1 8

From th« foregoing i t i s c l e a r t h a t som® useful work

has bean c a r r i e d out on changes occurring in namatode pornilation

r»3iulting frtwj inoculation of two or wore nematoda, hommver,

thus f a r no c l o a r picture has eiattrged as t o how thsss assoc ia -

t ions influeiice tha population. Further very l i t t l e work has

baen Carried out i n India and oth^r v/arniar regions of the world,

Thar^fore, a t t w ; i t s have bean mado t o study th& foXloiwing!

I . Inoculation of tomato c v . niarglobei cfgq slant c v . pass

purpl.0 long and cauliflow^^r c v . a-irly snowball with |.|icoQnita.

d* y^^n^formis. tind i . or.^ssicag singly and i n combination as

given In Table'a*and t o doterifdnQ chaJiges i n jjopulatian, djcy

weightt s&x r a t i o and root-knot index.

XX. CksncoRdtarit and aoquential inoculat ion of agqolarrt c v . riusa

fjurple lonq se»alings with E . r&nifonai^ and

braatieatt as givan in table 'b 'and t o d«terfflin« changes i n

population, dry weight, s«x r a t i o and root-knot indox.

111 . Inoculation of tomato c v . mdirglobe seadlings grown i n

una»flended s o i l , and s o i l <ând«d with inorganic f o r t i l i z a r * ne»8it

c a s t o r ground-nut cakes and thimat with the thr«»o nematodas

alono and i n combination as giv«n i n t a b l e ' c ' a n d t o detamdne

changos in population, dry weight, sex r a t i o and root-knot index.

XV, Inoculation of aggplant cv , pusa purple long seedlings

grown in unamended s o i l and s o i l amended with inorg<^nie f e r t i l i z e r ,

1 9

ne^ra* c a s t o r , grounii-rwt and thiraot vdth the three

nâtodas alone and i n conblnation as given i n table c and t o

det<ax(nine changes i n population, drjr weight, sex r a t i o and

root-knot index.

V« Inoculation of tomato c v . niarglot3e seedlings grotsrn i n

wicropots with the neciatoies ilon® aiid i n combinations as

yiven i n t.iblQ'd'ferU to d&t^mlm the a f f e c t on nematode pene-

t r a t i o n .

VI, Incwulation of eggalant c v . i*isa Hinla long set*dlinqs

qrown i n micirtj 'ots îth the thra? n^matoUas alone and in cori-

iairiationsas qiv#ii i n table 'd 'and t o dstwrmints the offec t on

OfBaatod© janatrîtion,

VII . Mstoaatholoqical chaaffas result ing i n tottjato roots by

inocul itinq tham with ^ ineoanlta., Ji, renifowai^ and

X* braasicae singly and i n combination.

VIII , Effect of concomitant infliction on fecundity of

Ji* and yenlffttUui*

IX . ftffect of presence off g , iranifgmii brassleâ alone

and t h « i r mixture on hatching of incogni ta .

mj McTHJgdi

2 0

Thraa Rumstocies v i a . , laloiioavnQ 1 tic.k^riita (iCofoii and

white Chitwood, 1949, f^ptvltir^cfû lu^ y^r^form!s Unford

and uliVQira JL94U and I v l a rysh orhv sichu^ bras si ca^ a l J Jioui i '6JL

v.-ere selected as t»28t nematodes and t h r e s va-âtable cr-a JS v i z , 9

timato to^PVÎsliPMa Cv. larqloba)! eq mlant

(^la.nura CTQlonggn^ U n n . Ov, i'usa .)ur:7le long) and c a u ' i f lower

(JCJaM&i SL^MS&m v a r . tiotryt^,^ U n a . c v . ^ o w b a l l ) used

<i5i t e s t plant?.

The iaticuiuiu of th« aisava thvoa neinatodss I'Jtis rvdaed

as jlvan b£?lowJ

J . j-ncjaiilt^t a s ingia aggmass af J . obtained fran

i n f «cteJ r a o t s vvas aurf aco a t a r i l i z e d i n Xii^J solution ^ t r h l -

§aw f ive minutt^s and washed t h r i c a in s t j r iUzed d i s t i l l -

ed water. The ogg mass was thsn allowed t o hatch in s t e r i l i z s d

d i s t i l l e d vvator. Tomato seedlings raised in autoclavsd s o i l

were inoculated vdth larva® thus obtainod.

renifortaiat imnjature fc' ialea of roiiiformis ware obtained

from the haavily infested f i e l d . Later the seedlings of tomato

plant (jrown i n autoclaved s a i l were inoculatad f o r maintaining

the cul ture of r^niforrn neraatode.

2 1

X « bPaasieaf < f o r ra is ing the pur® GUltmrs^ tha 8Q 3>dHinc|8 o f

Cauliflower wore inoculated with a sing la qravid fa.nala.

Throughout the studies tha progeny of c u l t u r e s maiotainffd

on tixnato jnd cau.llflowar i n jats x ian used,

^ââtadas from s o i l wax^ i s o l a t a d Ijy using iost.îsbrink's

e l u t x i d t a r and i3aejcraann*8 funnel ami it tm roattsj ay warinqi

ijlendsr (atfjmarding, J . Uountin'. was Jan© with the of

Couitting dish (ûth3y» 1 9 7 0 K

The )i3n af if.'ork daal ini with concmdtdfit inocula t ion

s tudies o f t h e threo nanestoies on throo host plants i s givon

as ^Qlmti

Table i

I" inc'i'giTit.a li. K8i3L£azBidLa. L ' ^raaalcai .

100

- -

900 •

lOOO -

100 -

- 3 0 0 «M»

- 900 -

1000

2 2

Tabloe (ContdJ

.Jumaar of a jQciraans inoculafted

4, incoanita a . r^nifopTiis^ bras s i c ae

X90 « - 50-)

m» •• 9QQ

m iODO

mj iDO -

ioo 901 ••

5UJ 50 )

9QJ ioa LOO 9 0 )

- 5CX> 500

90i.J mt JUX3

IDO m TO

500 • I B 500

33 3 333 333

For studying tho i f fec t of sanaentlal Inoculation t e s t

on the nematode pojxjlation, of two or thraa nematodes the

following scheme was oinJloyadl

2 3

Tablo

Inoculation Ajiaber of s jejcitaens inoculaited ;^multaneou8/

days prior M* i i g w o l t a 11* ygnlifWills ! •

JLOJO

Kxn

^muXt.ineous

i5 days r^rior

i ^ t . 15 days pr ior

500

SOQ

500

5QJ

500

SOP

îmult sneoua

Hot, 15 dijys prior

Tyl . 15 days prior

500

501

500

500

500

50T

oirauXatnôus

Mai, 15 days pr ior

Tyl. 15 dfiys prior

5 0 1

500

500

500

500

50^1

^raultanôus 333

Mel, 15 days prior 333

Hot. 15 days prior 333

Tyl. 15 days p r i o r 333

Mai & Hot. 15 days prior 333

« o t . & Tyl .15 days prior 333

Mol, & Tyl ,15 days prior 333

333

333

333

333

333

333

333

333

333

333

333

333

333

333

M«i, » ifTgoanilii; Rot. m g , ranifomdai Tyl. a X>

2 4

êaJllngs of th@ t e s t aXants wez^ raised in autocXavtd

s o i l t ransferrad t o 6" c l a y jjots, Ttvanty four hours aft r trans-

plariiatdon 2<-3* deaa holas we a made around the roots of oach

seedlings. Tha calouXat»d mimbrir of namatodles aith alone or

i n coraiJination were pAppoted i n t o holas iucj around the r o o t s .

'Latcjr tha holes ware plugnad and seedlings sparsely wat??red.

Thercj wora f ive r e p l i c a t e s f o r each treatment . The exaarinjents

war© terrainated days a f t a r inoculat ion, i'lants vmv& c a r e -

ful ly uprooted« tho roots ware washed in slosn? runrdng

The excess of water was r ^niovad Ijy placinq tha Jlants on

biottin^3 pap'^r. Tho dxy ivoight of :?XarTts w-.is deti^rminad i n

rj. tâta on root-knot indox of J . ^ncoanit^ v#a3 rc3cor«i@d

according t o seal© iro losad by Khan ( i 9 7 i ) , /fematodes

froni s o i l wer« i so la ted lay enjplcjying uostenbrink © l u t r i a t o r

and daarraann funnal and numiiar of each sp»clf?s recorded par

kg s o i l , ^'opulation from roots was dotaxniinfiid by macarl atlng

the whole root syatara in waring blender (stomerding, X96a) .

Coyntinfj was done with the halp of counting dish (Southeyt

X970).

For datezQiining the a f fec t of concoiaitant inoculation

on nemaftoda multiplicat ion whan seadlimjs waro raised in s o i l

amandod with neani* c a s t o r , ground-nut cakeât the r a t a of i gm

nitrogan par kg s o i l , inor}anie f e r t i l i z e r and thlmat ^ . 0 2 gm

activa ingradiants par kg s o i l } . The oiX cakes were added X5

2 5

days p r i o r t o inoculat ion , and inorganic f e r t i l i z e r and thimat

were added ono day p r i o r t o inoqulat ion, Tha schoiae of inocu-

l a t i o n i s cjiVGn as bsiofe?;

Table c <

i-imiber of s,)ecimam» io jcuZateJ

I * teas,fig,ag,

5CX) JDiXi

5C).)

500 i o a j

500 333 1000

iOiJ 5CK3 5Qv)

IXXX)

SOJ

333

333 l o a j

333

5 0 1 lOQl

50^ mm

500 1000

5 0 1

333 looo

333

39

For stufiying tha e f f e c t of concomitant inoculation on

penetration, 15 days old seeJlinijs ware? t rdusfanrsi t o odcro-

pots containing s t r i l izeiJ SdiKJ, To such fjots caa ) la te . Long-

i^hton nutrient solution was addeJ VstianaV' r naed©'^, Tba scheme

of inoculation i s given as beXo^t

TaJjie d i

500

iDOO <m

500 «•>

100 n

5 0 ) 333

10 X) «•»

333

i'Ajmbsir of s;:)0cimans incwulatad

ii* g^^fUfarmla,

sua

lOUO 50 J 500

1000 mm

s>oo

333

tm

1000

333

50Q

10 )• 500

380

loeo 580

m

333

1000 333

'Giants from each treatmetit waro uprooted. The roots were

stained in lactoi^fienol-acid fuschin s t a i n (4c 30th et a l . ,

i 9 4 l ) and i a t s r each raot system was j>artially dissected and

nuttaber of larvae/inxnatura females enters J a f t a r 12 , 2 4 , 4 8 , 72

arKi 168 hrs of inoculaticjn ware countad. There f ee r e p l i -

c a t e s for each treatment.

For studies dealing with the histopathology of infactsd

r o o t s , iS days old ss^fdlings ware tra;isplaiift«d i n micro lots

containing autc^lavad s o i l . The scht>njo f o r inoculation i s qivan

as balowi

Table e *

MmihQT of sp©clBi»ns in£«:ulat©d

333

333

« • 333

333 3 i 3

333 333

333 « 333

333 333 333

2 8

war& uprooted four weeks a f t e r inoculation*

roots were washed and amali pieces of roots wora cut and fixed

i n F . A . / u and dahydrataciby T.iJ.A. s e r i e s and emoeddwd vmith

paraffin wax and the sect ions were cut at by rotary micro-

tome CJ'ohanson,i94J).

For deteimining tha fecundity of root-knot and renifoxin

nematodes t ten ©cjqmaases of equal s i s e ware selected f r o s each

o f the above treatment and each eggraass ^ms kept i n 2 pi^rcent

sodium hypochlorite solution. «ggs i n each egcTwiass w<?re counted

and mean was determined.

In order t o detoitaine the e f f e c t of ii. r9nifogHij.f and

and X* braasieae on the hatching of 4 . ^lyogr^t^g larvae* the

following schama was employed.

Table ^ t

of specimem

i * l»ncgqnitfl a* ^ffaasigag,,

Nematode aliquote (ft, penifQJtnia / I * braaaieaeJ .

5 eggoiass

» do «

- do «.

- do -do -

. do .

500

SOI

50Q

303

renifoimis)

(I* SEaaal&asL)

(a* jrynliQimli & L toialttflf ^

2 0

incognita* I * r^nifonAa ^nd x* fergaa^lctaft i|3,orw and

^Îfg^Qnl (âbia « u figs. uio)t

i(hm tomato s e e i l i r ^ s wera inoculdted with iOO, 5CX),

9CXJ o r iOOu) ljrv.jo of J . incogni ta , the .aopulation 6a days

a f t a r Inoculat ion was 4 8 2 , 1928, 2148 and 350 J res:30Ctlv®ly,

The plant waifjht was B , 6 , 3 , 8 8 , 4,IB 'ind 2 . 9 g r©s a c t i v e l y as

against 1 2 , 0 g of urdncwulated >lant and mala/faraalo r a t i o was

. 0 7 / 1 , 0 . 2 2 / 1 , 0 . 2 8 / 1 and 0 . 3 0 / 1 r e s j e c t i v e l y . For corres.bond-

ing inoculum lave Is root-knot indox was 2 . 0 , 2 . 7 , 3 . 0 , 3 , 0

r0S jectivQly.

Un inocula t ion ^Lth 100, SO J, 900 or lOOJ immature

fwnalas of Ji. renifaHiiia t h e Jopulation 60 days a f t a r i n o c u l a -

t i o n was 650 , 1773, 2735 and 376B r e s p e c t i v e l y . The plant

waight for t h a c o r r e s jonding inocuiuBn l e v a l s was 5 . 1 1 , 3 . 8 0 ,

3 . 6 0 , 3 , 6 0 r e s p o c t i v e l y : raale/fmaale r a t i o was 0 . 4 3 / 1 , 0 . 5 B / 1 ,

0,61/1, 0 , 6 8 / 1 ros aoct ivoly .

On inocula t ion with 10 3, 5 0 ) , 900 or 1000 specimens of

I * iaraasicaa th# f i n a l po ,3ulation was 2 0 4 , 1196, U 1 5 and 1696

r9s ;>«ctively. The plant weight f o r c o r r e s sonding inoculim

l e v e l s was 1 0 . 8 J , 9 , 8 0 , 7 , 0 ) , 8 , 0 0 g r o s a c t i v e l y { taale/famale

r a t i o was 0 . 1 4 / 1 , 0 . 2 5 / 1 , 0 . 2 7 / 1 , 0 . 3 3 / 1 r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Fiq. i , 2 & 3s Growth of tomato c v . Marqlobe vi an inoculated

v^th and Iffit yj nchyAtfa

renlformes alons anvi with thv mixture of the

two.

3 1

F I G

F I G . 2

F I G . 3

Fig. 4, 5 & 6 t Qromth of tomato cv . Marglobe M en inoculatod

bra««ica« alone and with the mixture of thd

two.

3 2

F I G . 4

F I G . 5

F I G . 6

Figs, 7 , 8 & 9 t Growth of tomato c v . Marglobe wh«n inoculated

vvith /^loidoQviw 4 new nit i and lytsnchoyhYmhMi

byaa^êae alone and with th« mixture of th«

two.

F I G , 7

r-Ki

50

F I G . 6

F I G . 9

Fig. JLOJ! Growth of tomato c v . Margiolie when Inoculatod with

ItifiaaolM.

and IvlanchQrhvnchus ||ra§,slfiat. alon® and with the

caixture of th« t h r » » .

3 1

3 5

How9v«irt vMhon tondto stttfdlinga w«ro inoculat«d simul-

tarwously with tho mixture of ^ i^rônnlta and i^r^fani^K

In th« r a t i o 900 4 • JU) >B, the fiopulation of the foxiB«r waa

762 as against 2148 and t h a t of l a t t e r was 275 as against 650

when inoculatad singly. With 90QH * lOJM, the xj >uiation of

tha faxm^r was 1410 as a jdirist 2735 and tha l a t t e r was 197 as

a jainst 482 when inoculated sincily, hith 500 4 • SUDH r a t i o

the iJopulation of fona»^r was 677 as against 1928 and of l a t t e r

was 1348 as against 1773 whan inoculated s ingly . The plant

weicjht for the corras iondlr^ treatments was 4»80, 4 . 2 3 , 6,DO g

res . jactivelyi njala/f«nal« r a t i o of jl. i i y w a s 0 , 4 5 / 1 ,

1 . 0 / 1 , 0 . 6 2 / 1 res jectively and of Ji. ^nifogiî^s, was 1 . 2 0 / i ,

0 . 8 9 / 1 , 0 . 9 9 / 1 respect ively ar*J the root-knot ind@K was 2 . 3 0 ,

i . o u , 1 . 9 a r^s-Hjctively.

Whan t«»a,ito seedlings were inoculated with the mixturo

of il. jTffn fgffiri..? and i . ^fiigflfiaff i n th^ r a t i o 90M • 10 IT the

oocAjlation of |i. ranifonats was 2673 as against 2735j tha

pomildtion of brdssicdiw was 92 as against 204 when inoculated

singly, with 900T JjOOft, th® population of foraer was 666 as

against 1115 and of the l a t t e r was 6J2 as against 650 wh@n

inoculated singlyi with 500a • 500T, the jjopulation of the

former was 1598 as against 1773 and of the l a t t e r was 321 aa

against 1196 when inoculated singly. The >lant weight for

corres;^K>nding treatments was 4 . 5 , 4 . 3 and 3 . 6 g res lectively

and Rtale/female r a t i o of H. reniforrais was 0 . ^ / 1 , 0 , 4 8 / 1 and

o G

0 . 5 8 / 1 and that of brassicae O . l B / i , 0 . 2 6 / i and 0 , 2 6 / 1

respec t ive ly .

un inoculation with 900 and iOQ, incoonita and

X* the ôoulation of th < form'r ivas 1804 as aa.iinst

2148 and of tha l a t t e r was 183 as aqainst 204 wh@n incwulated

singly, uith 90i/r lOJM tha X)3uldtion of tho fom^'r was

1134 as aqainst 1115 and the population of tha l a t t e r was 283

as against 4B2 when inoculated ainrily, uith 5 0 J 4 5051 r a t i o ,

the tJOiJulatian of tha former vvas 1358 as arjainst 1928 and th©

rjo'TUlation of tha l a t t e r was 11X30 as ag i n s t 1196 whan inocu-

l a t a d s ingly . Tha ;>lant weight f o r tho c^rras-Jondinn t raa tnants

was 3,60, 8 . 4 0 , 7 . 7 0 g res lect ivaly c ials / fenale r a t i o of

iA* InCQQ'lâ Was 0 . 4 0 / 1 , 0 . 6 8 / 1 , 0 . 4 7 / 1 and of I . brassicas,

was 0 , 1 6 / 1 , 0 , 2 8 / 1 , 0 , 2 4 / 1 respec t ive ly . The root-knot index

was 2 , 5 , 1 , 8 , 2 , 0 resi ject ivaly .

Whan seedlings were inoculated with the mixture of the

three nematodes (333 saecimensof eachi the t o t a l ;X)i>uiation was

2689, out of which the oojulation of i^, inccKuiita was 905 ,

H, retiifoistiis was 1155 and X, oraaslcae was 629, The plant

waic^ht was 7 . 5 qii male/female r a t i o of incognita was 1 . 4 / 1 ,

of H. RîUlVnjLa was i . 2 0 / l and of T. t faSSiCtilff was 0 . 2 4 / 1 ,

The root-knot index was reduced and w is 1 . 2 0 .

From the data given here i t can be concluded that the

population incrtâse of both endoârasite was adv^ rse ly affected

3 7

when prasent toqether* hoMOVert tho reduction was taoro i n case

of ,4.nC9 ntta, than a. in raniforra-atunt neraatod®

comfadnjftion tha population of tho form^^r rcnaained unaffectod

while that of Xafttert was roducad. In case of incoanlti^ and

X* bgaaaleae conibination, although th© tsoaulation se-ajned t o be

raiucsd at alX ccâbinationa but at hiqher incKulum iovai of both

tho n&matodas the raduction was not s i g n i f i c a n t . Th^rs was a

tendancy towards the [iroduction of mora malas i n a l l above

treatments. This tand&ncy was mora ironouncml i n ^^

and a» as eawparad t o I . brflg^jgj^*

d' JUmaafllMi H* toaalifida mA I n SLSffli IMyLans (Table « 2 j Fiqa. l jU20)»

aiigplant seedlings wara inoculatad with iOU, 900 ,

9 0 J and IQOO larva® of J . inconnit^. the population 60 days

a f t e r inoculation was 1968, 7022 , 7241 and 8670 r e s p e c t ! v a l y .

The plant weight was 4 . 0 , 1 . 7 7 , 2 . 8 7 and 1 . 2 3 g respect ively as

against 8 . 0 9 of uninoculated plants ; male/feoiale r a t i o was

O .oa/1, 0 . 2 4 / 1 , 0 . 2 6 / 1 , 0 . 3 2 / 1 r e s p e c t i v e l y . The root-knot

index for the corres xinding inoculum levels was 1 . 5 , 2 . 4 , 2 . 8 , 3,C

respect ively .

On inoculation with 100, 500, 900 and 1000 immature

females of ranlfomiis the f i n a l population was 788, 1264, 1994

Fiqs, JL1,12 ii 13« Hoot» of aggplant cv . ^Ba i\ir jla Long

vvhf?n inoc datad with inc jonl t^ . and

ii* y^niforniig aloiia and with the mixtura of

the? titfo*

58

FIGjl

FIG.IZ

FIG.I3

Figs. X4, jys & i 6 t Hoots of oggiilant cv . Purpl«» i*ong

wh«n inoculated with gfîUlglfflia

and with

tha mixture of the two.

FI6.I4

FI6.I5

FIG.I6

Figs. 17 ,18 & 191 Boots of sgqalamt e v . ^ s a

when lnocuiat«d with I^Mdftayng I n O T r ^ l t

and and

with tho oiixtura of tha two.

4 1

F I G J T

FI&I8

F I G J 9

Fig, 20i Hoots of egapXamt c v . i*u»a i\irpl« i-ong wh»n Inocu-

iatad with InfiffifiinAtJ*

and with the naixtur® of th® t h r w .

42

FIG.20

4 3

and 2062 r«Si>ectiv«ly. The Jlant weight for corras bonding

inoculum levels was 5.C]5» 4 . 4 , 3 . 9 g respectively and a a l e /

female r a t i o waa 0 , 3 i / i « 0,40/1, 0 . 5 0 / l t 0 . 5 0 / i r e s p ^ t i v e l y .

on inoculation with 10 J, 5(30, 900 and 1000 specimens of

X. braaaicae the f inal po.HJlation was 502 , 918 , 1086 and 1415

respect ively . The plant weight for corxespondir^ Inoeultmi levels

was 5 . 2 5 , 5 . 0 0 , 4 , 7 1 and 4«85 g resi>eQti\âlyi male/feiinale r a t i o

was 0 . 1 1 / i » ••14/1 , 0 . 3 1 / 1 , 0 . 3 6 / 1 respect ively .

Howevir, when seedlings were Inoculated with the miKture

of M. l-iyour^ta and ii. i^nifograis i n th© r a t i o 9 0 J i 10 7H,

the pomjlation of the f o m e r was 1966 as against 7241 and the

population of the l a t t e r was 643 as against 788 inoculated

8inr|ly. .dth 900H f- 1004, the population of the formar v as

1125 as against 1994 and the poi%ilation of the l a t t e r was 230

m against 1968 when inoculated singly, with 5014 • 500H.

combination, the po,:)ulatlon of the foxiaar was 1524 as against

7022 and the population of the l a t t e r was 773 as acjainst 1264

when inoculated s ingly . The ;olanit weight f o r the corresponding

inoculum levels was 4 . 1 2 , 4 . 5 5 and 4 . 7 0 g respectively^ male/

female r a t i o of J . incot^nitj^ was 1 . 1 1 / 1 , 1 . 2 0 / 1 , 0 . 6 8 / 1 respec-

t i v e l y and of a . ga»liforalis was 1 . 0 / 1 , 0 . 5 2 / 1 , 0 . 4 5 / 1

respectively ami root-knot index was 2 . 5 , 0 . 8 , and 1 . 8 respoc-

t i v e l y .

66

whan eggplant seedlings wera InocuiataJ with the mlKture

of a* and T. brasslcaa . In the r a t i o 90 H h- lOQT, th®

popul«ition of the foxraar was 1964 as against 1994 and the popu-

l a t i o n of th© l a t t a r was 53 as aqainst 502 vsfhen inoculatad

singly. <>n Inoculation with 90 JT * IQJU, the xjpulation of tha

former was 9 0 J as an .linst 1086 and the population of the l a t t e r

was 678 as againut 7tiG whon Inoculated ainrjly. »dth 50QH +• 50DT

mijcture, the ixipulation of th© former was 1233 as aqaimt 1264

and the population of the lat t i?r was 769 as against 918 wh«n

inoculateJ singly* The Jlant weiqht f o r corresoonlini corteo-

mitant inoculun l e v e l s was 4.6U, 5.U2 g raspnctivalyj

nials/fanalQ r a t i o of r9f4.fQy.4s. was 0 . 4 8 / 1 , • . 5 0 / 1 , 0 , 4 0 / 1

resaact ively and of X* ^rasaicaa was 0 . 1 2 / 1 , 0 . 2 4 / 1 , 0 . 1 5 / 1

ras lact ivaly.

Un inoculation with 9OJ 4.inconnita nd 100 T. bras s i c a® th®

population of the former was 6890 as against 7241 and tha popula-

t ion of the l a t t e r was 356 as ajâinst 502 whan inoculated s ingly .

Ulth 9OOT+IOOM, tho po Julation of th 2 foritjar was 1(J9B as against

1066 and the po lulation of the l a t t a r was 1781 as aqainst 1968 when

inoculated singly. With 500i4 4- 500T r a t i o , tha population of

the formar was 5944 as ag .iinst 7022 and the population of tha

latt '^r was 608 as against 918 whon inoculated singly, Tha plant

wai<3ht for corrasponding concomitant inoculum levels was 2 . 9 3 ,

3 , 2 0 , 3 . 8 5 g respect ively ; raale/fetnale r a t i o of ineoordta

4 5

was 0 . 4 8 / 1 , 0 . 4 2 / i , 0 . 4 8 / i and of X* brâsicati was 0 . 1 3 / 1 ,

0 . 2 6 / l | 0 . 1 6 / 1 ms^metivoly and root-knot Index was 2 . 4 , 1 . 0 ,

2 , 0 raspact lvely ,

ifihan th© saedilncis were inoculated with the raixtura of

thrae namatodes (with 333 s >aciai»nsof each) , the t o t a l pomjlation

was 1852, out of ivhich tha wpulatlon of J . incog nit a was 660,

oi was 680 and of I . 512 . The plarrt

woiijht was 4.JU) gf faala/femal^ r a t i o of ^neapn^ta was 0 . 9 0 / 1 ,

of a* gonlfqnais Was 1 . 4 9 / 1 and of I . was 0 . 2 4 / 1 and

root-knot indfix was 1«80.

Xt appears from th@ data presented here that in r o o t -

knot and rani form n^matod® combination th© po/xilation of both

the natnatodes was adversely affaeted. ^ had bean the tond0ncy

for production of males aqainst thos® treatments vêre sa^dlings

hav» b0»n inoculatcNi uith o i thar of the ntimatodessinqily. In

reniform-stunt mtmatode combination, on th» oth«r hand,

rwproAuction of th« l a t t a r was reduced and no adverse affact

was noted on th« population of tho forra»r. In root-knot—stunt

nematod* cgnbination, tha reproduction of th<$ former was

adversely affected at a l l conbination8,v«êr;»a8 the t>orj)ulation

of X* remained unaffected at hi<jh< r inoculum l e v e l .

In t h i s combination also male/feraale r a t i o was disturbed.

4 0

SIX* XngffmaUffin ,Qf c a y J i U m g cvt ÂUY. ^nwtoiXJL a f f ^ U m t

kUI i M* incvatUta* a* gyn^f^gmli iiosl I* Ugaiîcw aiaai

iihon cauXiflobver soedlings wera Inoculated with iOU, SO),

9CK:i and XOUO sp^clmensof ^rMsiianita. the f inal poixilation 60

dii/s a f t e r inoculation was 34 , 62 , i 0 2 , 2W reS; )0ct i /Bly . Th©

plant waiqht for the 6orr»s Jonding inoculum l0vt»ls was 6 . 7 0 ,

6 . 0 3 , 5 , 4 0 and 4 . 9 2 g res lectivaly as against 7 , 3 0 g of

uninoculated alantst male/fetmale r a t i o was 0«20/X, 0 , 2 9 / l , U . 3 4 / i

and 0 , 3 8 / 1 ras.jsctivoly and root-knot index was 0 , 0 1 , O.iO, 0 , 1 5

and 0 ,18 res * ic t ively ,

un inoculaftion with 100, SQJ, 9 0 J and 1000 immature

feaialas of ii, renifortniff. the f ina l population was 110, 521 ,

1040, 1045 respect ively . The plant weight for the corresponding

inoculum levels was 4 , 3 2 , 3 , 8 7 , 4 , 1 0 , 4 , 1 8 g r e s m c t i v e l y as

against 7 , 3 0 q of uninoculated plants ; nale/female r a t i o was

1 , 2 0 / 1 , 1 . 2 0 / 1 , i . 3 0 / 1 , 1 , 3 5 / 1 respect ively .

îth 100, 500, 90v3 and 1000 specimens of I* ^rassicae the

f inal population was 492, 1212 , 2996, 3386 respect ively . The

plant weight for the corresponding inoculiMi levels was 4 , 2 0 ,

3 . 0 5 , 1 ,58 , 1 .40 q respect ively ; inale/feniale r a t i o was 0 , 0 4 / 1 ,

0 . 1 0 / 1 , 0 . 1 5 / 1 , 0 . 1 7 / 1 respect ively .

However, vên the se«dlin<js were inoculated with the

Fig. 2 i , 22 & 231 tirotesth of cauilfiowor c v . ©arly snmvbali whsn

Inoculatad with toloidoavno incoanitdj and

l^tvlanchulua g^nif jrmis alom and vdth tha mixtuE®

of thd two.

71

FIG.21

FI&.22

F 10.23

Figs* 24 , 25 & 2 6 : Growth of cauliflower c v . &arly snoivball

whan inoculated with gfnjLtQMBlt

and TYlgnff^ jy^vnfihya and with

tha mixture of the two.

73

f i g . 2 4

j)

f i g . z s

f i g . 2 6

Figs .27 ,28 S. 291 Growth of cauliflow«r c v . «ariy snowball

wh«n inoculatad with %),i?l,f|,i9Y.nff inCMnlta and

Tvlanchorhvnchu^ braaaicaft alone and with th«

fflixtwre of th@ two.

75

f i g . 2 7

F I G . E 8

FIG.29

Fig. 30$ Growth of cauliflovwar c v . early snowball whon

inoculatdd with mi9l49SfYm lngM,nl.la» l^tY^^fWlttflM

renifaimig and îof^

with the mixture of the throe .

5 1

f i g . 3 0

5 2

olxturo of ii. ^ncoanit^ r»nifcanalb in the r a t i o 9CX}M >

lOJH tha population of tho formar was 88 as a<3ainst 102 and

th« (Population of the l a t t e r twas Xii. as against 110 nvhan inocu*

lated s ingly . With 90Uii ^ Wui,thQ {oojulartion of the former was

1014 as against 1040 and tha i>opuiation of the l a t t e r was 20 as

against 34 when inoculated s ingly , va.th 5 0 ) 4 SOJH, the

population of tha fomer was 46 as against 62 and the population

of tha l a t t e r was 515 as a laitist 521 wh@n inoculatoJ s ingly ,

'fhe plartt vmhiht for tha corras:sonding inoculum levals was 3 . 6 5 ,

3 , 1 0 and 3 , 5 8 g raspectivelyJ male/fetnale r a t i o of J , incaar^lta

was 1 . 3 8 / 1 , 1 . 3 0 / 1 , 1 , 4 0 / 1 and of was 1 . 5 0 / i ,

1 . 1 9 / l t 1 . 6 8 / 1 ros-jectively and root..knot index was 0 . 1 4 , 0 . 0 1 ,

0 . 1 0 raspdctivoly.

Wten soeJlings were inocul^teJ vdth th@ mixture of

a . ggntfOgariLa and X. Igaaaicaft, i n tha r a t i o 90 U IOJT, tha

population of th« forraor was 923 as against lOAO and th® !3opu-.

l a t ion of th« l a t t e r was 478 as against 492 whwn inoculated

s ingly . With 900T • lOOH coiiibination_,tha poiulation of th«

foxm&r was 3126 as against 2996 and tha po xilation of tho

l a t t e r was 30 as against 110 whan inoculated singly. iMith

50)H > SOOT, the population of the foxsner was 126 as against

521 and the population of the l a t t e r was 1236 as against 1212

when Inoculated singly. The plant weight for corres >onding

inoculun levels was 2 . 5 3 , 1 , 6 0 , 4 . 8 2 g respect ively ; male/

femala r a t i o of fi, rerdfogais was 1 . 0 / 1 , 3 . 0 / 1 , 2 . 5 / 1 respect -

ively and of I . brasaleae was O . O 8 / I , 0 , 0 5 / 1 , 0 . 1 6 / 1 ar©specti\mly.

5 3

^han s0«<ilings wer^ inocuiata<i t»;ith the mixture of

i . Ing.gKanila and l . with 9 l » 4 • iX) TT r a t i o , tho po xu-

I ^ i o n of th0 former was 31. as a9airtst i02 and th« population

o f thi9 l a t t e r was 494 ds a ja i . i s t 492 inocuiatfifd s i n g l y ,

with 90JT * 10u4 raftio, t h » poâulatian of tho forwmr was 2990

as aaain^t 2996 aiKi th® poaulation af th« l a t t a r v/m 28 as

against 3 4 wbsa incaculatad si-Tîly, îth 5Q ^ SajT, t h e

population of tha iormr was IS acjainst 62 and th© jo juiation

Dt th» l a t t a r was 1X96 js a j a i n s t 1212 when inoculatad sincily,

Tha 'Îditt wai:;|ht for th«i c o r r a s lo/idimi c o n c e i t ant irjocuXum

l e v e l s Was 5«2U, 3 , 5 5 anJ 3 #53 y r « s jectxveXyi m«3la/fa wie

r a t i o of ^neoîr^t^ was 1 . 4 6 / 1 * 1 .4&/1« 1 . 5 0 / 1 r e s Tectively and

of X* iarjssicâ was 0 . 0 6 / 4 , 0 . U 6 / 1 , O.Q7/ i rm Kjctivviy and r o o t -

knot ind«x was O.CB, 0,01, 0 . 0 2 r e s j s c t i v e l y .

When seadlintjs wora inocylated w ith th® miKture of

thr«^ n^rnartodes (333 s 3»cim®nsaach )^the t o t a l >0 3ulaiti0n was

1232 out of which th« -copulation of J . incognita was 3 2 , of

r»t^faxwia was 90 md of ^rdsaicdg was l U O . l"he a.int

waight was 2 . 5 0 Bial®/f«H9ai« r«»tio of ^ ^neoonita was 1 . 4 0 / 1 ,

of ii. jcanlfgflajii was 2.SC)/1 and of I . vvas a . 0 6 / l f

roat .knot indax was 0 . 1 2 .

Fron the r e s u l t s prasantsd above, i t i s obvious t h a t

d* ^neaanLtM could hardly r a traduce on e<ûliflower, Q,* rayiifomds

was j u s t able t o maintain i t s popul^^tion and reproduction of

X* t|yaa«icaa was ^?rolifie. The r ^ production of ineoonita and

80

ganjfonala waa reduced I n combination. Hor9,too, th© tendency

f o r xcodîction of more males was observed In case of ondoârasltes .

XV. l iffact of s i n g l e , eoncqmlt^nt and sfiQaantlal iitocuXationsof

X* bg^ssleae (Tables 4-»7i F i q s . 3 1 - 3 3 ) 1

Th@ r a s u l t s of th® iitturâction of nsiaatodas when inocu-

l a t a d conjoint ly or s e i u » n t l a l i y ara summarlaod below.

( a ) i . incogni ta - r^fnlfomis i .Jn inocul<^tion of ogfj alaitt

seedlings vdth 1C3Q0 larva® of J . Incot^nitt.^. th® population 6Q

days a f t a r in(»ulat£on was 1331 and «clth WCD Invnature fanales

of ij. ronlfornais i t vva» 1655 . In simultaneous Inoculat ion with

5 0 J SiJQcimensof each* the x>pulation achieved wm 613, out of

which t h e population of ^ " c a a i ^ t a was 192 and of r tniformis

Was 4 2 1 . the s e e i l i n y s w@ir® Inoculatad vdth root-knot

nematode 15 days ^srior t o raniforoi mmatod® (with 5CKJ s::^ci-:ien5

each it t h e population achieved was 614, out of viîch th®

.copulation of M- inCQtinlti and of a* ffftn^kigmig was 3 5 4 .

^ e n roots were inoculated, on the other hand, with H* f e n i f o m i ^

15 days p r i o r t o ^ ineoonita the t o t a l population was 483 , out

of which t h e population of ^ ineoanlta was 51 and of reniformis

Was 4 3 2 . itioth concomitant and sequential inoculations adversely

a f f e c t e d the plant weight. The tendency f o r production of more

males was noted i n a l l concomitant and sequontial inocula t ion tes ts

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Fig, 3 i J iirowth of ogciplarrt c v . pusa aurple long when inoculated

alono or th j i r mixture siraultanoously anJ sonuentially •

Fi j . 32i Growth of eq ji^lartt c v . pusa iûrala lonq whan inoculated

with ,r?n4ff?gr4g. ana

jyy.^^sic.fg alon© or t b a i r niixtura ai aultanaously and

aenuontially.

Fig, 331 urawth af agq dant c v . - usa purple lonrj whan inoculated

alone or t h a l r mixture simult jneously and s a n i s n t l a l l y .

500M+500R 500M+500R M INCOGNITA SIMULTANEOUS -nrULATED, ATION vc PRIOR reniformis INOCULATED

« 15 DAYSPRiOR

FIG. SI

fIG.32

_ 500M+500T SOOM'iSaE i S - i f ®

F1G.33

Fiqs, 34 & Growth of aggplant c v . pusa purpl® lonti when

inoculat&d v«ith jmCMfAU* %lY

j^rAfgir t f Iyl^n^?^9y^Yr^chu8 tosslsit aion®

or t h e i r mixture simultanAously and sequentially.

• B B 333M«33R+m T i33M+333R + 333T 333M+333R+333T TpmiSSlcaF lSniV r lOOOT I ^MSffiO'JS ; M incognita INOCU- RRENIFORMISINOC nPSTm S; niwcH » riOOOTJ INOCULATION • WFO15 DAYS PWR ' ULATED15 DAYS FTORJ 2 ^ ^

FIG.34

C O

F1G.35

G 1

and more were obsozved in tha nematodos with viîch s«9d«>

l ings mre inoculatod laiter» howevar, root-knot index was

reducod whan yanlfoyîa wa» inoculated pr ior t o i , incognita .

(lli ranifagmia - brasslcaot wh n saedlings weare inocuiatad

t4 th iaX3 imniaturo faiaalss of y- 'i-Aforrais or v4th lOUQ s locimen

of X* tarasslCfâ. the f i n a l iôijulation was 1880 and 1050

respsctiv»ly» In simultaneous inoculation (with 5iX) s KHsiraan

aach) tha .copulation was 1210, oat of viftiich tho population of

ii. JEHtUaDQla. was 841 and of iEiSSiiLa w is 369 . »»h®n

sdded A3 dtiys pHor t o ilEi&Siftii&tthe

pojMJiatian was out of which there were 870 s mciimna of

d* ^ r d formlm and 80 of bafassic.dQ. ivhan ss«iulings, on the

othv?r hand, ware inoculated with X» bras s i c aa f i r s t , tha copu-

la t ion V j3,907, out of which th^ iôpulation of ^ r^nlformla

^ ^ i * braaaicaa was 448 and 459 ras >®ctiV0ly, doth siisulta-

naoui and sequential inocula t iomsignif i cant ly raducad dry

weight, howwvar, thora was no difference betwaan the different

traditinants. Tha mala/faai^la r a t i o was not disturbed,

( c ) d ' Incognita - I . fhan seedlings wera inoculated

with iOUC) spaciraan of J , Incognita or X. bg.<s8tcae. the jopula-

t i o n was 1616 and 1025 rosoect ivaly . In simultanaous inoculation

tha population was 648, out of which the population of

ii' ineoanita and X« brassieae Was 336 and 312 rastêctlvaly.

G 2

VVhen seedlings inoculated with incognita f i r s t , t h e popu-

lat ion was 744, out of which thare were 4S J s pecimen of 4«if|eoQnita

and 294 of X« braasicaa . In ray?r3o s i t u a t i o n , on tha other hand,

the oo Hilation was 616, out of which th© ,>Oi3ulation of J ,

i,ncoanita was 280 and of I . was 336 . The dry woiqht

of the plants was signlficiintly reducad both i n simultaneous as

well as sequential inoculation?* Hoot-knot index as well as

iaale/femalf» r a t i o was influ^ncsd*

W 4* incognita • ^^nifopaâ - X . QSmsXSM.* seedlings

v/erci inoculatod with iOX) specimans o i t h » r of incognita or

roniforsnis or X* tog^ssicae alona, tha f i n a l po'julation 6D d ays

aft jr inoculation was 1350, 1789 ond 1142 r©s ^©ctivoly. In

siiûlt snaous inoculation v^th 333 s jecimens of 0<sch, tha t o t a l

copulation was 781 , out of v#tich the potjulation of inc(3qnita>

and X. iZOasjJUS. was 5 5 , 648 and 78 re3.:>@ctively.

when M- was added 15 days »rior t o ii. and

braaaieatt. th® t o t a l >0 x i i j t ion was 4 8 7 , out of Vslilch the

copulation of i^ncoonita. H. jCfflAfggiBli, and T. l^yagglCi? Was

201, 220 and 66 resxvct ivoly . when rgniforwis was added 15

days )r ior t o ji. incrwinlta and X* braaiiieâ. th« t o t a l lulation

was 1127, out >f v\hich the i30;*ilation of ineoonltfl. ^^.reniformis

and X. brasaicae was 49 , 1011 and 67 respect ively . However,

I . b r a a a l e ^ Was added 15 days w i o r t o i , infigqnita and

li* renlfonala^ tha t o t a l ^ôpulation was 1214, out of vyhich the

population of incog git a, gQtTjLf<?niti X* frffflialCiff, was

6 3

5 3 , 1026 and 135 r « s j ^ t l v o l y .

How0V»r,vên ^ncQanlta anJ ii, ranlformift was inoculated

simultaneously and brasaicae was addad 15 days l a t e r , the

t o t a l lopulation was 1163, out of i^liich the iw ûlation of

incQ^^nita. ^nd I . ferxa^s^ffaf, Wd® 4 7 , 1040 and

76 res^>ectivaly. when a* <jnd I , iMEiasifim were

inoculated sijraultaneously and J . Incocinita Has added l a t e r ,

the t o t a l population 1248, ;jut of which the poaulation of

d* f ncQiinit^, H. and ^^^ 5 0 , 1 BO and

l i e r e s K?ctiv<aly. «h«n inconnltd and iarassieae wejra addsd

aiinultaneously and JJ, r e n i f o r ^ s , 15 d ^ s l a t e r ^ t h e t o t d l loiula-

t i o n was 648 , out of which the poaulation of l .Tcoanlta.

ii- rar^formis and X. brassicde was IQB, 277 s -d 263 r e s J^ctlv^ly.

Tha dry weight of tha slants waS s i j n i f i c irrtXy reduced i n compa-

r ison t o uninoculati^d slants , Tho sex r a t i o was also disturbed

i n case of endio >arasitas, 4ore laal^s were oiassxved i n concomi-

tant as well as secuarrtial inocula t ion t e s t in com larison t o

treatments whera e i t h e r of the nematodeshas been inoculated

s i n g l y .

V. a f f e c t of Binale and concomitant inoculations on tomato

( a ) id. ineoanitfl « Ji. genjift^niitt (Table 8 { Fiq, 3 6 ) l Wh n tomato

seedlings grown i n unaraanded jutoclaved s o i l , w«re inoculated with

Fig, 361 uroivth of toirijto c v . nijrgloba aajJI inga qrjwn in iioil

auandad kith naam caka, on inocuiotlon m t h ^feloidociynQ

incognita and aotvlonchulus rani-forrfsis alona or t h o i r

:jiixture.

A sa Mended

U =3 Unamended.

50

45

C 5

FIG.36

95

5CX3 or JjOOO l^rva® of ineocifiita, th» oo^Hilation was 658 and

2543 respect!v«lyJ vdth 50D or 10 X) iraraature fataales of

ii* th0 ;Jopulation was 999 and 3338 r»Si>«ctiv»lyj

vd-th th» mixture of root-knot and reniforja nematod® (500 specimen

OdCh)» the jjosulation of root-knot and ranifor^ nera^todas wa8 4Q4

and 528 roselectively. Thus mixed inoculation brouciht about

raduction i n the po.julation of both th® n®aatod<ts» In s o i l

aiaend»i livith inorganic f e r t i l i a a r raduction in aoxilation occurred,

both i n 3in"|l0 and corwanitant inoculfitions,

Un inocuiiTfcina the soedlinis -jrjwn in s a i l arimndad with

mma cake at the r a t o of 1 g nitroyen/kr} s o i l stith or UXK)

larvae of |.ncoanita. the jjo HJlation um 66 , 28Q respectively?

th« corr®S'>onding figures for ii. rer^ form!s 153, 411 resrwc-

t i v e l y . In concomitant inoculation, the oopulation of

d* incognita was 62 and of y^rdformia was 153. Un inoculating

th^j seedlings grown i n s o i l awwndei »dth c a s t o r cak© the pooulation

of root-knot was 142 , 356 resiiectiv^lyj reniforra nematode was 401

and 8CX3 r»5 lectively and in laixed Inoctilation the population of

iJKffanlâ was 140 and that of r e n i f o r ^ s was 389. On

inoculating seedlinrjs grown in scrf.1 amended with groureinut cake

with 5 0 J or 1000 larv.ie of incognita, the population of root -

knot nematode was 287 and 302 res aectlvelyi with 50 3 or lOCX)

immature f«;âles of r«aiforni nensatoJe the population was 507

and 693 respect ively . When inoculated with the mixture of

two nematodes (500 each) the po>ulation of ^ incognita was 190

G 7

and of ij, rantfonaia was 3 9 6 , In s o i l dinendiid with thlm®t th«

population of i * incognita was 497 and 6X0 respect ivelyi

H* gonlformlft was 795 and 1074 respect ively and i n the milted

inoculation the population of root«.knot n^matodo was 334 and

r e n i f o m nanatode was 480•

On inocuiatiny th« sof^dlir^s jr-vm i n unamndsî s o i l ,

s o i l anior%t0d with inorgdnio f e r t i l i « @ r s , têtn, ca3tor» grouncimit

cakes and thimot with SO J larvao of Incoonit^, the male/faniale

r a t i o was 0 . 2 0 / 1 , 0 . 2 5 / 1 , 0 . 8 2 / 1 , 0 , 8 0 / 1 , 0 . 7 B / 1 and 0 . 7 0 / 1

respact ivalyi t h e corrasjondii^ on inoculation v /ith SO^

innaatura faaalaa of reiiifopiiia w^r© 0 . 5 4 / 1 , 0 . 6 0 / 1 , 0 , B 2 / 1 ,

O . B V i t 0 . 7 8 / 1 and 0 . 6 2 / 1 iraspijctlvolyj with lOJO larvae ff

incoqf^t^ t h a ujals/famale r a t i o for th@ corrfjs londing

treatments was 0 . 3 0 / 1 , 0 . 3 9 / 1 , 0 . 8 9 / 1 , 0 . 8 2 / 1 , 0 . 7 5 / 1 and J . 7 2 / 1

r e s o e c t i v e l y ; and with lOJO ifatiature fa ia l ss of yerTlforra^p, i t

was 0 . 6 8 / 1 , O.TD/l, l , 2 D / l t 1 . 1 5 / 1 , 1 . 1 0 / 1 and 0 . 7 4 / 1 res^wctively,

vJn inoculation with the mixtura of two neraatodas (50 J spoclmens

oach)^tha (nale/female r a t i o of f o r carrespondlng

treatments was 0 . 6 0 / 1 , 0 . 6 0 / 1 , 0 . 8 6 / 1 , 0 , 8 4 / 1 , 0 , 7 7 / 1 and 0 . 7 2 / 1

resiMctively and of H, renlforml« w«s 0 . 8 2 / 1 , 0 . 8 1 / 1 , 1 . 2 5 / 1 ,

1 . 2 0 / 1 , 1 . 1 0 / 1 and 0 ^ 7 / 1 respec t ive ly .

At both tha inoculum levels used and i n conccxnitant

inoculation tha dry waight of slants was adversely affec ted ,

Howavar, i n case where plarrts were grown i n s o i l araanded with

o i l cakes, tha dry weight of plants increased s i g n i f i c a n t l y .

C 8

Although tha dry weight also inereasevi i n c a s * of plants grown

i n s o i l amanded with thiraet or f a r t i l i a e r but i t was l e s s i n

comparison t o o i l cakes.

( b ) . I . yenifomia « X. ^SMniUm, (TaijXe 9 , F ig . 37,38):iifh0n tomato

seedlings vjrown in unevnended s o i l were InocuXêd with 'SfXi or

inmnatura femal»50f rentforrais. t h e population 60 days

af t r inoculation was 722 and 1286 rasat^ctively I with 50Q o r

iOOQ S3«ciman of I , braasieae th» population was 682 and X084

respect ively ; with the mixture of ri^nlfana and stunt-neraatode

(5CX) speciiaan each) , the population of ronifaroii nanatods was

622 und of stunt nnaatoda was 467 . -Slxed inoculation brought

about si^jnificant reduction i n tha i^fxilatian of stunt 'nematodo.

On inoculatlnn the seedlings gro^m i n s o i l blended with irjoraanic

f e r t i l i s e r , s imilar r e s u l t s war^ obtain'dt howevertthe population

in each treatment was l i t t l e lower than unamended s o i l .

On inoculatinej the seedlintjs grown in s o i l araerrded with

neeia cake with 500 or JUXJO iimsature females of reniformig.

the mraber of renifortais s jecimen i so la ted were 270 , 413

respect ively ; the corresponding figures f o r brassieay were

200 , 722 res- iect ively . In concomitant inoculat ion, the population

of ii. rfnifyffail was 279 and of I . tyra^.ajffdg 2 8 5 . material

diff0rences occurred vvhen t e s t s were made In s o i l amended with

c a s t o r and groundnut cakes. In s o i l aâended with thltaet the

population of ii. reniformis was 498 and 840 res wct ively and of

Fig , 37J Growth of tomato c v . marqlobd seai l inqs eirown i n s o i l

amended with nmm cako, on inoculat ion with ^totyl/nehuli^s

ygnlfgrraiff, l i s m k ^ m ox* t h e i r

mirbure,

A a ^wended

U a Unamanded

Fi j, 381 Hoots of torsjato CV. raarqlob* ? saeJlingo rirc^'n i n s o i l

aaendsd with mtsm caks , on inoculat ion v/ith HotvI^nichul^B

r e n i f o r ^ i anJ TyJ^^ncf-'prhvnchus aXona or t h ^ i r

mixturo.

7 0

SO'

45

FIG.37

f i g . 3 8

X* fryf^^caa was 510 and 789 r^siwctively and in mixed Inocula-

t i o n th« j>o;3ula(tion of roniforra ne«atod« w&s 432 and of stunrt

nesiatods was 301 .

Tha ^ a n J a e n t s infiuencad thw 5iial»/fanal«» r a t i o of both

tha nematodes. Un onoculating th® scj^dlings grown in unamondttd

s o i l , s o i l amondad *vdth inorganic f o r t i U z © r , neein, cas tor*

groundnut cakus and thimtrt vîth StM iwaatur© faraales of

ii* rgnlforrain. the m^le/femala r a t i o was 0 , 3 0 / 1 , 0 , 5 5 / 1 , 1 , 1 4 / 1 ,

0 , 9 7 / 1 , 0 , 7 9 / 1 and 0 , 6 3 / 1 res 5€fctiV0ly. The corras londing

figures f o r X* wara, 0 , 1 6 / 1 , 0 , 1 7 / 1 , 0 , 2 5 / 1 , 0 , 2 2 / 1 ,

0 , 2 1 / i and 0 , 2 0 / 1 ras âctively, i hon seedlinga ivere inoculatad

with 1030 spacitaons of e i t h e r of tho naaiatodej.^ an increase in

th® mal«/f0friala r . i t lo »K?as observed, the increase was mora in

case of 4 , |!^ni,fQrtnia i n a l l the treatments. In conccnaitant

inoculations with 5 0 J spacimej^ of oach, tho raale/faiaale r a t i o

of reniform nematode for corr«s Jondint-i troaftaients was 0 , ( ^ / 1 ,

0 . 7 0 / 1 , 1 , 2 2 / 1 , 1 . 0 5 / 1 , 0 , 8 1 / 1 , and 0 , 7 0 / 1 ras )ectiv«lys of

X. brassicaa was 0 , 1 8 / 1 , 0 , 1 8 / 1 , 0 , 2 8 / 1 , 0 , 2 4 / 1 , 0 , 2 5 / 1 and 0 . 2 2 / 1

r9sp«ct ively .

In a l l tho t roataants no«ai cak« was more a f fac t ive

follow«d by c a s t o r , (jroundnut, thimet and f e r t i l i s e r * Similarly,

the o i l cakes caused an increase in dry weight of plant in conpa-

rison t o the ilanta cjrawn in unamended s o i l .

7 2

( c J a . l n 9 9 g m i - i . (Table 10 , F i g . 3 9 ) 1 m&n tomato

seodlifKjs qirown In unaraendiodi s o i l were liioculate'i with 500 or

1000 larva® of 4 . Ineoainlta. the fK»pulation w B 836 , 2002

resaoctlvdlyj with 500 or 1000 soeciinan of brass lcaa . th«

population was 782 , 1257 respactiv^lyj with the raixtura of r o o t -

knot and stunt nomatode (with s i^sciinena each) , th® population

of root-knot nematoJe was 335 arhi of stunt nematode was 491 .

•^xed incK:ulti1:ion i^ruught about reduction i n the population of

iboth the minatode^. On inoculatin':} th» seedlings grown i n s o i l

amended viith Inoarrjanic f e r t i l i « i » r almost/^results were obtained,

howaver^the ijopailation at J i f f e r e o t inoculi»n l a v s l s was somewhat

low.

Un inoculating the seeiliniis grawn i n s o i l afn inded with

mm cake with 500 or lOOJ larvae of incog nit a . the t o t a l

number of |,ncoanit^ specimen isola ted were 156 and 457 resisec-

t i v e l y , tha corres Jondinq figures for 2.. braaaieae were 272 and 680

respect ively . In coneoraitant inoculation the x»pulation of

ineoanltq was 127 and of I . braasleae was 246, oirailar trend

was observed in c a s t o r and groundnut cakes. In s o i l amended with

thiroot, the ooiiulation of |f«Qanita was 474 and 614 respec-

t i v e l y and of T. brass icae 502 and 892 respect ively and i n the

mixed inoculation the population of root-knot nematode was 360

and the oofiulation of stunt nematod® was 3 8 5 .

In undEat nded s o i i , sioil amended with inorcjanic f e r t i l i i e r ,

neem, c a s t o r , groundnut cakesand thimet with 500 larvae of

Fl3» 39 (a b ) j lirofeth of toiaato c v , sadr globss qrofe/n i n a o i l

aTi^niaci with naea Cdka, un x .uculat ion with

dSMdaiiima i O S i i a i ^ byasslcaa

alona or t h n i r raixtura.

A a iênded

U ct Unanendod.

105

',0

4S

FIG. 39(a)

FIG.39(b)

106

tho male / fâXa r a t i o f o r corrosiôndlrK} ir tatraentt

Was 0 . i 5 / i , 0 . 1 6 / 1 , 0 . 8 0 / i , 0 . 7 0 / i , 0 . 6 8 / 1 and 0 . 6 0 / 1 r«s i»c t iv»ly ,

Th0 corresponding figures f o r X* brassleaa were 0 , 1 7 / 1 , 0 . 1 6 / 1 ,

0 , 2 2 / 1 , 0 . 2 1 / 1 , 0 . 2 1 / X and 0 . 2 2 / 1 res w c t i v a l y . When to®dlln(3»

were inoculatad with 1000 larvae of or lOCX) specimon

of T. bra«siCd« an increase i n maXeness Wds observed, ^hen

seadlinys wara inoculated with 10 XJ specimen consisting of 50 ^

speciman each of J . incoardta a \d b r a s s t h e aialo/female

r a t i o of root-knot nQfaatode for the correspondir^ troat?aents was

0 . 3 8 / 1 , 0 , 4 2 / 1 , 0 , 9 0 / 1 , 0 , 8 0 / 1 , 0 , 7 4 / 1 and Q , 6 9 / l respect ively

and of X. brassicae was 0 . 2 0 / 1 , 0 . 2 0 / 1 , 0 . 2 3 / 1 , 0 . 2 2 / 1 , U . 2 0 / 1

and 0 , 2 0 / i foop?ct5.vsly.

Asjendaants with o i l c . ^ e s brought about an ir^jrease in

tha dry weight of plants i n comparison t o unawended s o i , ard

a decrease in root-knot index was a lso observed.

incognita - a* - I * frgfligjCJff, (Table l l , F i g . 4 0 ) !

Sfth n t o ^ . t o q;eedlin<|s grown i n unamended scdl were inoculated

with 333 or lOOQ larvae of incognita , the population 60 days

af tor inoculation was B62 and 1516 r e s p e c t i v e l y ; with 333 o r 1000

inmature females of H. renlformis the population was 1286 and

2238 respect ively ; with 333 or 1000 Sfjecimen of X« brassicae the

population was 600 and 1380 res Elective ly and with the mixture of

ths three neaatodes at the r a t a of 333 s lecimen of each, the

population of root-knot nematode was 620, of reniformls was

Fig. 4 0 : Growth of tomato c v . m<]r9Xoj»o soedlllngis grown in s o l i

amendetJ with neem cak« on inoculation with i4s>loidQayne

l i o a a i i u a alono or t h e i r mixture. A SB vânded

U Unamended.

108

Fl G.40

109

1062 and of X* braaslca^ was 3 3 6 . r o /41xod inocula t ion brought

about a r®uuction i n t h » po 3Uiation of a i l th^ t h r « e n»»natodle«

but i t was more i n case of root-knot and stunt naraatod«$.

iidmilar retiuction was obtained whan seedlings wera qrcwn i n s o i l

aserêd with inorganic f«.*rtiiiz«»rs«

Un inoculatinri the aeadlings grown i n s o i l amended with

m m cake with 333 or 1000 larva® of J . imoanltat* the t o t a l

nu!Bb0r of J . incognita spociraen i s o l a t e d 120 and 250

r e s jsc t ivolyi the cor ros ôndinij fiiûres f o r yQnifQrTOi, ,

250 and 663 r0S;>ectiv0ly and f a r brîsaicao wer«f 261 and 500

ras .âctivoly. In concoraitjnt inoculat ion tho potwlation of

imf^nar,^,,^ 126» of 258 and of I . b r a s s ^ c a e

was 260 , ^similar r a s u l t s vrare obtainad i n treatments receivino

c a s t o r and groundnut cakos* "hen seedlings w r a grown i n s o i l

anaonded with thim»t and inoculated with 333 and 10 )0 larvao of

id* i n c a a n i t a the f i n a l population Was 216 and 773 rasp«ct iv©lyj

the c o r r a s jonding figures f o r li. r^niforrois were 360 and 960 r a s -

p s c t i v e l y and for i , br^salcaa wara 336 and 795 r©s l e c t i v a l y . In

tha mixture of thr«(} nematodes (333 specioien of each) th» po{Mjl«*>

t i o n of ill. ^ncotinlta Was 2 0 6 , of rgnifoymls was 336 and of

I - togfiffflf was 340 .

4ala/f0faal» r a t i o was profoundly influenced by di f ferent

t raatm^nts . On inoculatinq the s e t t l i n g s grown i n unândad s o i l ,

s o i l amsiKled with inorg<inio f@rtil iz«}r» ne»iB, c a s t o r , groundnut

cakes and thiraat with 333 larvae of i n c o g n i t a , the malt/f^raals

110

r a t i o was 0 . 1 5 / 1 , 0 . 2 0 / 1 , 0 . 9 0 / X , 0 . 8 8 / X , 0 . 8 0 / 1 and 0 . < » / l

r tspactiveXy. The eorr«sponding figures for raniformls w»re

0 . S 2 / 1 , 0 . 5 8 / 1 , 0 . 9 0 / i , 0 . 6 6 / 1 , 0 . 8 0 / 1 and 0 . 8 4 / 1 r»apoctively

and for i . b r a s B i c ^ wara 0 . 1 6 / 1 , 0 . 1 8 / i , 0 . 2 5 / J l , 0 . 2 5 / i ,

0 . 2 2 / i and 0 , 3 5 / i respcsctivaly. un increasing tha i n i t i a l

population from 333 t o lODO, an increase i n snaio/female

r a t i o was odserved. «ti<?n seodUn^s woro inoculated vdt.h 10JO

specimen consistinij of 333 siieciraen of bach nstaatod©, male/

female r a t i o of ii. |,ncoanit^ was 0 . 9 0 / 1 , 0 . 9 2 / 1 , 1 . 0 0 / 1 , 0 . 8 6 / 1 ,

0 . 8 0 / 1 and 0 . 6 8 / 1 res.}$.'ctivelyt of ii« renlfo«aia v»as J l . 2 / 1 ,

X . 1 0 / 1 , X . 3 2 / i , i . a S / X , X.XU/X dnd X.2S/X i^spsct ivsly and of

1 . arasaicao was 0 . 1 8 / X , Q . i 9 / X , 0 . 2 8 / X , 0 . 2 9 / X , 0 . 2 7 / X aiKl

Q . 4 V i respect ively .

Frcsn th® data given aJJOve as well as in e a r l i e r chapters

i t i s obvious thot i n c r e ^ e in inoculuro l e v e l , mixe 5 inoculation

and .saendin,! the s o i l with o i l cakes have pronsoted the production

of niora males.

In seedlinqs grown i n amende ' s o i l and inoculated sinqily

or i n the mixture, there has been an increase in root mass as

well as in t o t a l dry weiqht. lijespite t h i s very high reduction

i n population occurred presumbly because the t o x i c e f fec t of

decomposition oroducts of o i l - c a k e s .

111

dffact of single and eoneaialtant inoculatlorisof^ nanolant

losLaaiilSa • s:?iUfami>la. (Taw© 12^1 whan se©dunqa of erjiplant ijrawn In unaraendod s o i l wera inoculatdJ with 5 0 J o r

1000 Itirvaa of incognita , th® population was 691 and 1218

rQSpoctively; vdth 50J or l a X ) im nature females of ^^ rgnlfarsiis

the iôpulation was 874 and 1453 res oectivaly | with th# mixtur©

of iôt-knot and ranlfjxm naniatod® (with 5DJ speciraen tachJ , tha

population of root-knot neoijtoda was 380 and of roniform ne?matod»

was 573 • 4ixad incx:ulation thus ^rau^ht aijout r«JiM;tion in

po-Hilation of hath newatod©s» i n inocalatinrj tho scjedlinis nrawn

i n s o i l âaendai vdth inorganic fsrfei l izer reduction in oopulatlon

ttim obsorvQd,

Un inoouljtinci the sG«rdlings qr<»m in s o i l imanded vdth

mm cak® vdth 50Q or 10JO larvae of incamnlta. the number of

imônit^, s»cimf»n i s o l a t e d if as 148 and 318 respect ively , the

cor ras jondini figures f o r ii* rardfonaia ware 265 a.id 430 respec-

t i v e l y , In coix:o®itsint inoculation the population of l^neoonlta

was 144 and of remfanal^ was 229 • ^ni i la r trend was observed

i n s o i l t raated vdth c a s t o r and groundnut cake^. In s o i l amended

with thirnat the population of incoanit^ on inoculating with

5 0 ) or 10 specimen was 424 and 761 respectively and of

ii* r»nifa«ai« was 513 andlli^ rospectlvely and In the mixed

inoculation, the population of ineoanlta was 337 an<l of

a* geiUfOCTtla was 483 .

113

Xt apieairs from the data that the population of both th«

enioparasites was roducad s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n conccxDitant inocula-

t i o n t«.'st in comparison t o singla inoculation i n unamandted s o i l

anii s o i l ataendad with inornanic f « r t i l i « e r . whon seedlings war®

grown i n s o i l auandsd with o i l cake and incxsulatod with ona o r

\(i.lth th« itdxtur© of tiKJmatodes, a highly sigsiificdnt r«^diiction

i n tho poijuldtion of both tha n®n«itod«9 mas not^d, oath i n

sin-lie ani co-KSomitdnt inoculation tffsts.

an inocvilatinr? tht> samJlings grown i n unamended s o i l ,

s o i l araended vtith inorg*»nic f w r t i l i x a r t iw^ ,, c a s t o r , qroundnut

cakes ani thim^ t with 50U larVd® of incoatTit^ the laals/feraal©

r a t i o was 0 . 2 2 / 1 , 0 , 2 4 / l , 0 . 8 4 / 1 , 0 . 8 2 / 1 , 0 . 7 9 / 1 and 0 . 3 2 / 1

resp©ctiv©lyi of il. rani.fcflRaia iâs 0 . 4 2 / 1 , 0 . 4 8 / 1 , 0 . 9 2 / 1 , 0 . 7 5 / 1 ,

U . B l / 1 0 . 7 0 / 1 Tils j o c t i v o l y . ITie raaifi/fanidis r a t i o of both

the neui.jtoi0sim5rada9d i»ith the incrâso i n inoculura lev»l in

a l l the traatinants. In conccwdLtaot inoculdtions of both n®®a-

todds (with 5 0 ) spt»cira9n 0«achj tnale/fofaaltt r a t i o of root-knot

namatode was 0 . 4 8 / 1 , 0 . S 4 / 1 , 0 . 9 2 / 1 , 0 . 9 0 / 1 , 0 . 8 8 / 1 and 0 . 8 0 / 1

raspect ivalyj of Ji. roniformip was 0 . 6 6 / 1 , 0 . 6 6 / 1 , 1 . 3 3 / 1 , 1 . 3 0 / 1 ,

0 . 9 6 / 1 and 0 . 8 7 / 1 ro»p»ct iv»ly .

Tha dry w«i<3ht of plants grown in s o i l amended with o i l -

cakes was s iqnif icantly incr<»asad i n comparison t o plants qrown

i n unaoaanded s o i l both i n singla and concacoitant inoculation t«st£>.

ai iai larly tha root-knot indax was also reduced i n th» presonc®

of o i l cakos at a l l inoculum levels t e s t e d .

114

<i>> ii. rer^formla « I . ^mmlSSM (Tabid 1 3 w h e n «e«dUnq» of

agg alant qraun in unaoierKleci s o i l * ware Inoculat&d with 50^ op

AOOO iiamatur© f«râle8 of K. yenlformia the population 687

and 1389 respact ivalyj with 5DJ or iCWO speclmn of br^ssleaa

tha (lo'iulatlon tfuas 628 and 1102 Pdspectively f with the mixture

of rent form and stunt mimatode (5CKJ stjocimen of each) , th® nopu-

i a t i o n of renlform nmaatodo was 628 and th® !>o;>ulation of stunt

n<?ii2atodo was 484* Un incKiuiation of the seedlings grown in s o i l

araonded t?«ith inorganic f e r t i l i ^ a r , tha pofiuiation of both th®

nffiiiatodeswas r#duc@d both i n singlo and concoîitant inoculation

t£?sts»

Un inocula t inj t h e seedlinqa grown i n s o i l ara«»nded vdth

r: ara cake with 5 0 J or ICXX) iniaature femalss of i^r^fgrrai^,

t h e f i n a l population was 4X0 and 590 r e s p e c t i w l y j the corres»

ponding figures f o r X» bgassieae were 170 and 493 resp«?ctiv®ly.

In conconitant inoculation the |K}pulation of reniforwig and

X* Was almost t h e same as when seedlings were inoculated

s ingly . Ihe sarae trend was observed in seedlings grown in s o i l

amended with the remaining two o i l cakes ami thiraet,

un inoculating the seedlings grcflwn i n unaniedded s o i l ,

amended with inorganic f e r t i l i z e r , neem, castor,groundnut cakes

and thimat with 500 imraatura fenales of reniforrals. the male/

female r a t i o was 0 . 4 9 / 1 , 0 . 5 0 / 1 , 0 . 9 9 / 1 , 0 . 9 6 / 1 , 0 . 9 3 / 1 and

0 . 7 1 / 1 respect ively . Tho corres xjndinj figures f o r X. brassieae

116

were 0 . X 4 / 1 , 0 . J15 / I . 0 . 2 9 / X , 0 . 2 7 / i , 0 . 2 1 / 1 respect ively .

Vi/hen seatilinqs wara inoculated with 1CX)Q specimen of H«reniformia

X» braasicae an increase in ra^îo was recarded.

In conc(xiiitant inoculation with 500 specimen of a ^ h t the inal®/

feraale rcttio of r e n i f o n nematode f o r th© corres x>ndinq treatments

was 0 . 5 9 / 1 , 0 . 6 7 / 1 , 1 . 2 0 / 1 , 1 . 1 0 / 1 , 1 . 0 ) / l and 1 . 0 0 / 1 respectively^

of I . iiK^ssicae was 0 . 2 7 / 1 , 0 . 2 9 / 1 , 0 . 3 9 / 1 , 0 . 3 6 / 1 , 0 . 3 4 / 1 and

0 . 3 5 / 1 res x?cti / 9 ly .

u i l cafces brought adout a s ignif icant increase i n the dry

vêight of slants. i«era cake was laost a f f e c t i v e followed

c a s t o r and ground nut cake.

( c ) l a s a a i i M - 'I* ( table 14)1 whan Biq Uant.

seedlings gr jwn in unafaended s o i l ware inoculated vdth 501 or

100.3 l.=jrvae of incognita , the population was €98 and 1141

respect ively , with 5CD o r 1000 o;^Jcimen of T, braasieae^the

rxipulation was 706 and 1110 res a c t i v e l y j with the mixture of

root-knot and stunt nematode (with 500 sjêcitnen each) the

population of root-knot naniatode v is 320 and of stunt nmaatode

was 562 . jîxed inoculation thus brou4jht reduction in the

population of both the nematodes. On inoculatinq the seedlings

grown in s o i l amended 4«ith inorganic f a r t i l i i e r almost s imilar

resul t s were obtained, however, the population in different

treatments was low.

118

On incxsuXatinq th« saodJlrnis grown i n s o i l dtnand»d with

naaci cako with 50U or iCXX) larvae of ii* incoani t^ . tha population

o ' i n c o g n i t a was 248 and 403 r e s a c t i v e l y and of X* fara»&icae

was 4D4 and 567 r e s p e c t i v e l y . In concomitdnt inoculat ion the

ijopulation of 4 . incogni ta 228 and of X* bj^^sslcaf was 3 9 1 .

.iirailar trand i n population of both the neraarodes was oiiserved

when seadlinqa wara qrown i n s o i l amended with c a s t o r and qround-

nut c a k 0 § . In s o i l araiendad fdth th imat , the population of

d' incanni ta vms 348 ami OBO ras Ktctlv@ly and of T, brass icaa

was 5B2 and 919 r e s p e c t i v e l y . In raixod inoculat ion , the po;3Ula-

t i o n of iroot-kn'jt. namatoia was 519 and af stunt n«ma'o wa« 5 7 0 ,

un inoculat ing th ? 8QodUnf|S qriSin i n unaraendod s o i l ,

s o i l awjnd@d vvith i n o r janic f u r t i l i z « r , naajn.castor, groundnut

cakas and thimet «vith SOU larvae of 4 . incoardta . the male/

female r a t i o was 0 . 2 0 / 1 , U » 2 2 / l , 0 , 8 2 / 1 , 0 , 8 0 / 1 , 0 , 7 6 / 1 and 0 . 7 4 / 1

riispectivfeflyiand of i , brasuicae was 0 , 1 8 / 1 , U . I Q / I , 0 , 2 4 / 1 ,

0 , 2 2 / 1 , 0 , 2 2 / 1 and 0 , 1 9 / 1 res iQctively, Th^re was an increase i n

male/fifiadle r a t i o of 0 0 t h n«!uatod«fs when K>UO sp<icimfsna of each

neaaatode were used. In cancomitant inoculat ions with S<X3 specie

men of each nematode, the male / feuale r a t i o of incoor^ta wa»

0 , 4 5 / 1 , 0 , 4 8 / 1 , 0 , 8 8 / 1 , 0 . 8 6 / 1 , 0 , 8 0 / 1 and 0 , 7 6 / 1 r e s o a c t i v e l y

and of X , brass icae was 0 , 2 0 / 1 , 0 , 2 0 / 1 , 0 , 2 6 / 1 , 0 , 2 4 / 1 , 0 , 2 3 / 1

and 0 , 2 0 / 1 ras .oect ively ,

Ihe dry woi<|ht of plants was increased they were

Qrvjwn i n s o i l amended o i l cakes, iêndn^nt with inorqanic f e r t i -f\

119

U z ^ r and thimot also i^rouqht about an incroaso i n tho plant

w«ilht mxt lncr<»ase In t h i s was l e s s i n comparison t o

o i l oakas.

4* - - (Tabi® X5)t

vihcfn a.} jolant seadlin^js iruwn i n unasaended s a i l ani incKsulated

with 333 or iXXXJ larvae of ij^ânitajthe* population 60 days

iiftsr im)culation was 1^2 and 1430 respect ively i with 333 o r

1000 speciuian of Ji. ;rBnifQi?(Bl& the po|HJiation luas 1278 and 2070

respectively and vdth 333 or lOUO srieciman of bPtisai^c^g i t

was << 0 and 13W r«s jec t iva iy . saedlin is

inoculato't '.idth 333 sp'..?ciraens of e.^ch nemaT.ode^th© .Jcspulvition

of J . ingar^nl,;!;. wi, of ^ g^.r^jlfinpto ^^^ i iê and of

X* bf.ji3sica# 290 . ^n inocul,3tian of soedlin^s grown i n

s o i l asT.and id inorjanic f tar t i l i ier^the population of nema-

todes was z%r Jucad«

un inoculation of the wedlings jrown in s o i l araondod

with n«@iii cak0 with 333 or lOX) larva® of J , incoonita . th»

f inal population was 306 and 445 raspec t iva ly . The carrosponding

fiqur»s for ygnifoianis were 442 and 816 resp«ctlvdly and f o r

l|JPa«sieaa i t Was 310 and 932 res sectivaly and with the mixture

of thre<» nematodes th« )opulation of Jt* ineoonita was 292 , of

H* CTAfaimll was 416 and of I , jicaiaififli 275 . The s imi lar

trend of reviuction in ^ p u l a t i o n was observeci in case of s o i l

amended with thimot*population,of iryocifiita was 633 and 8 6 0 ;

90

of ffinlfMMll, was 579 and X12B and of 'I. brdfajCfff was 432

and iC350 rsspact ivelyi with the rolxturo of three neroatodos th«

population of lncftqni,t,|, was 368 , of H. was 593

and of T, ty^paaaic^y was 4 i 0 .

Thus frota thesa data i t a that tho populcition of

®ach nsnatoda increased vdth th® increase i n InocaXm level

whsrfâs i n concocdtant inoculation t©sta th® population of each

B vfcies was roduced. J . ^neoanlt^ was most adv rse ly affec ted ,

Mhi?n thQ S00dlirt«j» grown in amended s o i l and êre inoculatad

with th® thraa n©matodas a i t h « r singly or copcori ' . - iMy,

population of a l l tha thraa n*Ha.?tod03 was reduced.

un inoculatinvj th® seedlings gxmn i n unaraend^J s o i l ,

s o i l êndad vdth inorganic far t i l i jsar^ ttieen?, c a s t o r , qroundnut

cakes and thimet with 333 specimen th® ruale/female r a t i o of

incoonita was 0 . 2 ^ 1 , 0 , 2 6 / 1 ^ 0 , 8 4 / 1 , Q,82 /X . 0 . 8 0 / i and

0 , 2 8 / 1 respect ively , of iJ. aâflUfiJCSaU âs P . 5 0 / i , 0 . 6 0 / i , 0 . 9 8 / 1 ,

0 . 0 0 / 1 , Q . 8 0 / 1 and 0 . 7 6 / i respect ively and of X, brassicae was

0 . 1 5 / 1 , 0 , 1 8 / 1 , 0 . 2 2 / i , 0 .23/JL, 0 . 2 4 / i and 0 , 2 0 / 1 respect ively .

The male/female r a t i o of a l l the three nematodes increased with

the increase in inoculum level at a l l the treatments. In

concomitant inoculations of the three nematodes with 333

specimen each, male/female r a t i o of root-knot nematode wam

0 . 8 8 / 1 , 0 . 8 8 / 1 , 0 . 9 5 / 1 , 0 . 9 2 / 1 , 0 . 9 0 / 1 and 0 . 9 0 / 1 respect ively}

of ii. was 1 . 2 0 / 1 , 1 . 2 2 / 1 , 1 . 4 0 / 1 , 1 . 3 5 / 1 , 1 . 3 0 / 1 and

1 . 2 0 / 1 res pectively and of i . jim&lfiaS. was 0 . 1 7 / 1 , 0 . 2 2 / 1 ,

91

0 , 2 4 / 1 , 0 ,26/JL, 0 . 2 4 / i and 0 . 2 1 / 1 res >ectiv»ly. I t i s c l e a r

from the data .laraaanted here that mala/fajuale r a t i o of a l l th»

thr«d nematodos incxâsad both i n cor c omit ant inoculation t e s t

and in s o i l sanded tvith neeoit c a s t o r , qroundnut cakes and

thimot.

Tha dry iwaiqht of plants was a lso incraasad s i g n i f i c a n t l y

i n o i l caka omsndad s o i l . Tht? highast increase was obtained i n

nofinj cake, aimllarly tha root-knot index was a lso reduced in

o i l cake asnendsd s o i l .

d* pa op nit a «. t& rii f capral a tT ahla 1 6 ) I ivhiin two waek old

tomato se«^dlintjs grc»?n i n eutoclaved sand contained in micropots

and l a t o r inoculated with 500 larva© of J,, ^ficaanita. th® number

of larvae V( iich 3en®trated i n the root system 12, 2 4 , 48 , 72 and

168 hrs aft@r inoculation was 5 , 9 , 17 , 25 , nd 40 r®sj>ectiv®ly J

tha corres ponding figures on inoculation with 10X3 larvae ware

8 , 3 6 , 50 , 60 and 122 respect ively . Un inoculation of tomato

seedlings «dLth 500 imfflature females of Ji* rentformta tha number

of imnature females viîch entered the roots were 4 , 9 , 20 , 23 ,

and 4 5 ; 12 , 24 , 46 , 72 and 168 hrs a f t # r inoculation respec t ive ly ;

with 10X3 immature females the corresponding fiqures were 4 , 15 ,

16, 30 and 98 respect ively and with 500M + 501R, the number of

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root-knot n0t»«rtodo larvatt anterad the roots was X, 7, 3, 5 and 30

raspoct ivoiy ; and of gontforml^ 3 , XQ, 3 , 12 and 27

r®3âctively,

tioncomitant inoculation of tosiato SB&dllngs with the

fBixture of root»i:not and rcniform nematode adversely aff^ctod

th0 i)9iwtration of both the nmiiatodQS*

ÎlLISBilS. • Qgdssicaft (Tdblo 1 7 ) i safdlinqs ware

inoculat ed with 50J imnidtur® forâles of r^niforrqiB th® niraber

of itamaturo fmiales wîch laonetrated tha roots^ 12 , 24 , 4 8 , 72

and 168 hrs aft-^r inoculation was IQ, 15, 22, 25 and 39 respec-

t i v e l y } th@ corresponding figures on inoculation with 1 0 ) 0

iiBRiatur© famal&s ware 6 , 12, 2Q, 30 and 50 t@s a c t i v e l y .

£• brassicae failB-» t o penetrate th® roots si tan inoculated

singly and even i n the treatments where i t was inoculated v«ith

ii. ranifarmim. however, the mmb&r of a . was 10 , 12,

20, 24 and 35 r^'spactively.

I t i s concluded that t>g>.ta3ieae neither f a c i l i t a t e s nor

inhibits the entry of Ji. rani formi^ in roots ,

( c ) i . incognita - X. toiffsigat (Table 18)s Jn inoculating with

500 larvae of -i* inconnit^. the number of larvae penetrated 12,

24, 4 « , 72 and 168 hrs a f t e r inoculation was 6 , 2 , 10, 3 1 , and 82

res >ectivelyi the corresaonding figures on inoculation with 1000

larvae were 7 , 18» 13, 126 and 273 res êctively. Here

97

too X* brasslcae fcjlleJ t o xjnetrato when Inoculated! singly or

i n comiai nation *vith Incognita . Tho nusib-r of i neon nit a

larva© on inocuiatinq vîth the mixture vâre s innif icant ly reJuced

only 72 .and X68 hrs a f t ^ r inoculat ion. I t was 18 and 72. and

168 hrs a f t o r inoculation as against 31 and SZ v#ien inoculated

singly .

(ci^ id" incuoiTita - i . raniformia « T. brassicaa (lal>le 1 9 ) : i»hQn

tosaato ssej l imjs vâr.j incKiulataJ with 333 s i»cimen of /vf«j.ncoani,;td

tha numijer of laarvae penetrated, 12, 2 4 , 4B, 72 and 168 hrs

: i f t9r inoculation teas 7 , 6 , 9, 4j and 45 mspsctivoly; the

corros bonding fiqures I'dth lOJU larVuQ of ji, incuanita vvarg 11,

40 , 52 , ii9 and 135 ras JoctivQly, Jn inoculation with 333 s lec i -

man of raniformia tha nuint>ur of imrnatur© fosJialtis counted ^12,

24, 4t>, 72 and 168 hra a f t e r inoculation was 3 , 4 , 6 , 2 U and 30 and

with 1GCX3 spQCiacfn vvas 8 , 3L0, 35 , 42 and 112 raapect ively . ito

specimen of X« brasaicae vvas found in roots , nhon tha seadlinqs

were inoculated with the mixture of thr®e na;aatodes (333 s o e c i -

iuon aach) tha t o t a l number of incoaai ta or ii. renifoyfnis

spaciman that panatrated the iroots was f a r bolow as against

those t reatânts where roots wore inoculated with e i t h e r of the

two naaatodas singly.

From tha data present®J hare i t can be concluded that vân

endo j a r a s i t a n d one ecto parasite are prasent toqether tha

penetration of both i s re Jucad, The reduction in penetration

was more in case of aJ. iPffMPt^^ than ii. reniforiala.

98

V m • a f f e c t of caneomitant inoculdftion of maaolamt 8«edliryi«

on ptnfftffitjign*

( a ) i n g p g n i u « ii- K^njLffflgmil (Table 2 0 ) 1 m^n eqaplant

seedlings were Inoculated Alth 500 laxva« of Incoanitfl.

the number of 1 irvd® that pu.Tetrdited th» r o o t s , 12, 2 4 , 48 ,

72 and 168 hrs a f t o r inoculation was 5 , 6 , ID, 19 and 4 6

TOSijectlvely» The cori^s iondii^ figures on inoculation with

1000 larvae of J , inco'inita were 6 , 8 , 19, 22 and 5 0 restjoctively.

Un iiioculcition idth 501 immature faj-tialns of roniforraift. the

nu!!b{?r of irarfiafturi? fa lalas that jwrn^trdited th«? r o o t s , 12 , 2 4 ,

4 8 , 72 and 168 hrs aft;?r inacuXaftion was 3 , 6 , , l i , 2 0 and

raso^ctivolyi and with lOOU imraature fe lales the c arres ponil nq

f igures wara 4 , 6 , 2 1 , 24 and 52 res oact lvely . However, when the

seedlinjs war© inoculdted simultaneously with the miKture of

i . and a - ro'tifoMais (50U spacinen of each) , the

number of incaoinitj^ Irirvae penetrated 12 , 2 4 , 4 8 , 72 and

hrs a f t a r inoculation was 5 , 3 , 6 , 10 and 2B reapect ively

and the numb r of iraraature feiaalas of g , rerdformis was 4 , 5 ,

5 , 8 and 30 respect ively .

From the data presented i t i s concluded that in mixed

inoculation the root-knot rwmatode prevents the errfcry of

renifoxm nematode i n t o the roots and v i c e - v e r s a .

(b ; ii. renlfQimlfl - tigaiffiCfli (Table 21 > I li/hen etigplant

seedlings were inoculated with 500 ira^nature fetnales of

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gonlfoTmii|. th« numbar of immatura females that perMtrat^d

i n the root systeaîJZ, 24t 48 , 72 an*i 168 hrs a f t e r inoculation

was 4 , 6 , iO, i8 and 30 r e s lact ivaly j the corraspondinq fic|ur»8

on inoculdftlon with iOtX) inunature females v/are 4 , 7t i2» 22 and

44 respect ively , fiowaver, vs ien sa^Jdlinqs were inoculated

together with SOQ spaciraens aiWJh of ii* reniformis and

to»8l.,ff,iag,t the numijar of ifffi.idture fâal^^s of |i. gffnUffmli.

pen#trrjt«d^l2 , 2 4 , 4 8 , 72 and i6B hrs a f t e r inoculation was 5 ,

9 , 9 , 17 and 30 r e s MCtlvely.

(c> - ! • 2 2 ^ h a n seadlinqs of

egg )lant were inoculatad with 50D larvae of incoarîta« th®

nunjbar of larvae that penetrated, 12 , 2 4 , 48 , 72 and 168 hra

a f t e r inoculation was 2 , 5 , 8 , 15,and 35 r e s lec t lvelyj th@

correspondincj figures on inoculation with ICX)! larvdie were 5 ,

IQ, 12, 29 and 58 respect ively , X,* braaaieae f a i l e d t o

penetrdte tha roots i r r e s p e c t i v e of inoculum density. However,

when tha sewJlimjs were inoculated sinsultaneously with mixture

of J . Incognita and braaaicae vîth 50 J s jecimen of each, the

nuibar of ineoanit^ larvae penetrated in the root , 12 , 24 , 48 ,

72 and 168 hrs a f t e r inoculation was 1 , 2 , 6 , 9 and 24 respec-

t i v e l y . Thus presence of X» braasicae retards the entry of

root-krwt mwt.atode larvae ,

ifii d* Ineoardta - y^tUfQinaift * I' (Table 23^ On

inoculating eggjlant seadUntjs with 333 larvae of ii , l^môanlta.

1 0 4

th« number of larva® ;3an«trat«d,i2, 2 4 , 4 8 , 72 and i68 hr« a f t e r

inoculation was 4 , 5 , 9 , 1 2 and 25 ras wct ivoly j th« corrasoondlng

figurtJs on Inoculation with lOCJO Idrvao wear© 6 , 8 , 15 , 2? and

46 r»sp0Ctivaly, Îth 333 Hpacimen of r;onlfarmiB wera 4 , 6 ,

8 , 14 and 22 r a » p » c t i / 9 l y and thft c o r r a s jondinq fir|ur0s for

lOQJ ifflfiature fQjnales of H. yotiirfpiTOis war® 4 , 6 , 11 , 2 1 , and

42 resjaectivaly. brassic^^tt fa i l©J t o enter , Honfaver, wh n

th© saadlings inoculated with mixture of thrs© ne a a t ^ « s

with 333 s lecimen aach, tha t o t a l nurabir of 4 . incognita larva«

panatraftod at f iva i n t e r v a l s ware 35 as against 5 5 and of

Of rgntfortais was 40 as agaif^t 54 vân inoculat»d s ingly .

Thorefor©, i t i s c l a a r that in combination of the three naraa-

todos, the panatration i s reduced,

tfl, ttwaft ffi jreaMlUna . twa 9imX%

Th« changott result ing on i n o c u l a t i i ^ of see Jlings with

d* iOBftflnlît a* gtnllfQtwH or I . alon« or t h d i r

combination on th« dev»l0f3ffl»nt of f«n}ale, formation of qlant

c a l l s and anatomical changes in the root t i s s u e t h i r t y days

a f t e r inoculation are given bolowt

With 333 larvaa of ^ incognita al^n® th • farrsles w»r«

obaarv»<l with t h e i r haad in th® s t o l a r region and the raaln body

in the c o r t i c a l region. Hach fetaale contained large number of

Flqi, 4 i J Cross sac t ion of tomato c v . margloje root 30 days a f t e r

inoculat ion with incoanitd showint) giant

c a l l along the vascular bundle. 20Q),

JG a i i a n t c a l l j rC » i«jc ls i ; 4F =» /datura fa male

VJ Vascular bundio.

F i i . 42J Cross sec t ion of tomato c v , raarqlobe root 30 days a f t e r

inoculat ion v^dth ioloi io>.iyna ii-icoqnita. ^^ 2CX3).

a ;..i,itura fai i i ls j » dfjn mass.

Fig. 431 J i a n t c a l l of Llff.f-niMii,, . contjininq

l^rge nuRibar of noclai ( i i ) . (K TOO).

136

J -A-' ; > '

f i g . 41

• ' t • f,

FIG .42

FIG.43

Fig, 44» Gros8ss9Ction of tomato cv . marglobo root 72 hrs a f t e r

inoculation with Rotvlenchulua rttnifoiniia showing disso-

lution of c o l l wall of c o r t i c a l c « l l (C) n«ar head

region of nematodi® (RF.), (X 1630)

Fig. 49» Cross section of toaiato c v . <4argloba root 30 days a f t e r

inoculation with RotvluiTchuXus showing

kidney shaped f m a U (HF). (X 200)

N « Neck; r» « i 'er icyclaj « tgg ©ass.

Fig , 46 (a & b)» Vascular region of Fig, 45 aft high magnification

showing hyportroihied isericycle c e l l s arrarêd in

semilunar fashion (GCH. aL) . (X ^ 0 0 ) .

138

FIG.44

f i g . 4 5

FIG.46ta)

1 0 7

FIG.46Cb)

Flg8»47 & 48« Cross sect ion of tomato cv . marglobe root 30 days

a f t e r inoculation with th» laixture of ^XpjfitMYng

and ^tYA^fichuiya f?fUtqrfaia showing

t y p i c a l giant CdllsCoC) and faîale of J . incognita

(MF)j giant c e l l s of |i. r ^ m f o r a i s i n v iscular

raqion (UBH, and in c o r t i c a l region (<iGH, C)

and female of Ji. yaaifonais (HF) and absenco of

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c samilunar pattern of giant c a l l s of

Fig, 491 Vascular region of Fig, 47 at high»r oiaqnificatlon

showing giant c a l l s of M. incognita (GC) and of

H. raniformis (UC.H) containing nuclei (NC). 850 ) .

l o a

FIG.47

FIG. 49

Figs. SO & Cross section of tom&to c v . marglobe root

•rfien Inoculatad with <49lQidoavna incoofiita and

IfvlenchorhYnchua sHoMinq giant c o l l s

and fourth stag® femala larva® (liW) pro-.

sant s t a l a r and c o r t i c a l region. (X 130)

Fig. 521 Cross sect ion of tomato cv« Marglobe whan ino-

culated concoroitantly with incognita and

T« brassica^ showinq giant c e l l s (GC) and

mature female (<^F) with smaller numbor of eggs

iiM) and mala (eA), (X 150)

Fig. 53 i tsnlarged view of the root inoculated concomitantly

w^th •r^ntf^rffi.i rv Tvl^nchorhvfTchua

orasslc-ae showing hypertroaied pericycle (GCH)

in semilunar pattern (SL), (XitiOO).

1 0 9

FIG.

Fiq. 546! Cross soction of t(»)dto c v . '4ar9lob« lnoculat«d

simultaneously with /4«loi<ioQvne incooinita.

^r as s ic a* 30 days a f t a r inoculation showing niatur®

immatur* fenaalo of jfi. incognita (I/4F),fourth

stage raale larva (MlilV) and giant c e l l of

r^ÛfoifBii ^nd d' f m o g M t i , /absence of

semilunar arrangement of giant c e l l s of

reniforalis t o be noted. (X 2CX)),

- tF " ii. GCH a ^ a n t c e i l of li, renlfarrais ciC a Giant c e l l of jtmihrtUtft-

Fi j , 54} Gross s w t i o n of tomato cv . mar^jilobe root when

inoculation simultaneously with incoonita .

H. ret i iforais ana I , showinq the giant

c e l l s of J . and of feflifftgî.

(GCH). (X 2 0 0 ) . RF » H. sMlflCQlil*

Fig. 56i Cross sect ion of tomato cv . raarglobe root vA>en

inoculated simultaneously with j . ji,ncy^nita.

a . rQniforiOia and I . o r i ss icae showing pyramidal

shaded gidnt c e l l of rt. reiiifornis (iSCH),^)

in c o r t i c a l region. (X 200),

110

f i g . 5 4

f i g . 5 5 _GCR(PY)

F1G.56

I l l

eqqs (Figia.42* )• HOout 8-JL2 Qiant c e l l s w ro pr9S9nt»

i'Sajorlty of tham had disjmo cytoilasia howavert th«r« werof faw

which w«r'J mnpty, dach jiant c e l l containad i8»26 nuclei

(F ig . 4 3 ) ,

>dth 333 iimaturs5 fa nale® of 4 . renifarw^ls- kicinoy

ffijoaiws v ersj .aroiucad, Th» egqs w r® contJined i n

gîlatinous matrix , head of tha f^ idle reached UfJto 0ndo-

dermis and p x icyc l© r egion jjk 2CX-22 c d l l s und;?want cbaaqm

on iaoth sida of the mouth of fenala qivinq a semilunar apjâjw

anca giarrt c ^ l l appeared t o have ba sn

formed aithf r iay onlarq^'-^^rrt of sinqie c e l l or duo t o dissolu-

t i o n of c e i l wail of thtf adjvacant c o l l s , .formally each ^jiant

c a l l containf?d one nuoleus but there Bcm':i giarrt c a l l s

\Mhlch containad more than anu naclfsus^

Un inocuiat inj with bâsaieaa aloiia, m^crot,ic t i s s u e

d«valopod her® and thar» on th« o?jid«rml8 of the r o o t , howavsr,

larvae or adult nmaatodos ¥f&r» not oOsifrvod in tha r o o t s .

Inoculation of roots with isixture of root-knot and

reniforra neraatoda with 333 «^)ecirs#n of «ach rasultod in produc-

t i o n of r a l a t i v e l y small^^r farîalos containing raducad numbar of

aggs by tha former, ^ m i l a r l y tha nunib'>r and siza of giant c a l l

appaarad t o hava baan raiuKSod, Furth er aach giant c a l l con' ainad

raducad nunbar of nuclai ( 2 - 5 ) . ( F i 9 4 7 . 4 9 ) , In mixad inoculation

1 1 2

a group of giant e v i l s prootucad by r^niform n««matodlo did not

have c h a r a c t o r i s t l c semilunar appaaranc^t howavQr» each qiant

c o l l ytm almost of the sani^ s i s * as produced whon inoculatod

s i n g l y , i^raovart thera was a tend^»ncy for i^roductlon of giant

Ciills evan i n c o r t i c a l pare^nchyma ( F i g . 4 7 * ^ ) .

un inoculat ion with tho ifdjctura of raniforiîi^, and

X* i^rasB^cae with 333 specimen o f each no ?nat»rial change occu-

rred i n tha of f m a l m of the former. Tissu«» changes

rwsultin.j f ro ! rerdfogiais v -jra almost vdth

a . iffliMfqwAa ( a g . 5 3 ) .

•n inoculatinc) tha soQdlimjs with ineo<inlta and

x « toaaaicaa, tho giant c®l l produced w r e r e l a t i v e l y of smaller

s i s e * howavar. t h © i r mor?:Siology was almost tha samo as i n

c o n t r o l . Moroovert the prasenc« of s a v e r a l faurth s tago l a r v a s

and mature male i n c o r t i c a l and s t e l a r region wera noticed

{ F i g . 50u32j .

Inoculation with the t h r e e neniatixios resul ted i n the

production of sfoall^r female« and r e l a t i v e l y smaller giant c e l l s

having fewer nuclei i n each giant c o l l . Similarly the giant

c e l l s of il. reniforialg were produced i n c o r t i c a l and endodermal

region . Fourth s tage male larvae of ineoanita was associated

with degenerated c e l l i n the c o r t i c a l region. Female of

li* renifoTiitdp was r e l a t i v e l y smaller i n s i z e . A char act f*rii»tic

pyramidal sha » c e l l was observed i n the c o r t i c a l regiont formed

1 1 3

as a r e s u l t of dissolution of o d l i wall of 4 - 5 c n r t l c a l and 2

0ndodeiraai c e l l s (F ig . 5 4 - 5 6 ) ,

» f f » c t of concoHiitant 1 nfoction on tha fecundity of

4* ^ li- mlfsaBal i . *

I t i s c l o a r from the (TaHio 27) that on inoculatinq tho

tcffiiato setidlin^s with Sajspeciuen of inc jqni ta or vdth 333

sni^cimen of genifor^la alone the averaq® mirsibar of eqqs

j^cord<id aar femalff was 246 and 5 6 r e s isJctiVRly. Howevort vshon

th© seedlings were Inoculated with a mixture of two nematodes

(333 sjecirnen ©ach), tha average nuniber of eggs aach foniale

contained was raJucnJ and was iS5 arWl 44 of root-hnot and

raniform neiaatode raspec t iva ly . tho seedlings woro

inoculated with tho Piixtur«» of ii* renifogfais and brassieae

the averaga number of aîgs i'uix fsuala of reriifortii nematode was

60 and with the mixture of iQeffiUlUauarei^. kEasajUtfl&i th»

numbt r of eggs reccarded par female of incognita was 2CXD,

iîth the a ix ture of three nematodes the average number of eqgs

contained per female of iiTeonnita was 141 as against 246 and

of T-aniformia was 38 as against 56 vi en inoculated s ingly .

XI . tifltjBMjm*

Oat a as jiven in tables 24» 2S and 26 dotaonstyate that

hatching of root-knot nematode i s suppressed vthen eggmasses are

suspended in d i s t i l l e d water along with SOJ itnaature females of

1 1 4

Tabia No. 24t Larval hatch of as influeno<»d by the

presence of yanlfogBij.fi and watar i n iwhieh

geiiifoPBia hds been suspended f o r twenty four

hours•

Treatments Hatching a f t « r different I n t e r v a l s (hrs )

6 12 24 48 72

S l t i f l e d V l e ^ 60 78 iD9 260 528

ogq masses ^ ii* m l £ 2 S 2 L _ Dis t i l led water ^ . m l i s x E U * 29 33 74 202 326

11

laasses Water of nematode 34 43 105 255 387 suspension

L.S.U. at level 6 2 . 8 1 2 9 . 7 2 11 .99 13 .59 4 4 . 0 3

L.a.D, at l e v e l 104 .10 4 9 . 2 6 19 .87 2 2 . 5 4 7 2 . 9 7

iiach figure i s based on two exiêzioients with three r e p l i c a t e s each.

I l f ]

TabX& No, 25 i Larval hatch of incoQ^t^ 98 influenced lay

thd presence of X* pr&a&lcao and Water i n which

I.* brassicae has boon for ttmnty four

hours.

Traatm@nt8 6 IT 24 48 72

isgg masses U i s t i l l e d watar

18 27 39 8 i 152

ogg masses fafdllifiM »

Dis t i l led water 7 U 25 39 9 6

Hgg masses f* Water of nematode suspension

16 22 33 73 122

L.^.D. at level 1 3 . 8 4 2 . 6 1 3Q,6i 13 .84 1 3 . 8 4

L . S . a . at i ^ level 22 •96 4 . 3 3 5 0 . 5 4 2 2 . 9 3 2 2 . 8 3

liach figure i s based on two exoaximents with three r e o l i c a t e s each.

I I G

Tablo 261 £«arval hdtch of incognita as Influ^nc^d bff the

pJT&senco of a . and And

w«iter i n which they havo be&n suap»nda>J f o r twanty

four hours.

Treatrnants Hatching aft-^r diffarant i n t e r v a l s f h r s )

i 2 2 4 48 72

S l t i U e ^ w t t s r 64 8 4 X04 ^ S28

Hgg masses 1 R. SMliflXalE AA 29 i U 202

I« teagffipat» Uis t i l led watur

H99 aasses 4* wstar of nematode 25 39 69 i99 290 suspension

X'.^.P. <t level i 6 . 3 4 3 1 . 7 3 6 ,58 i3»89 6 0 . 3 6

L,S.U. at level 27 .06 32 .59 10«9i 2 2 . 9 5 100 .05

laach figure i s based on two experiments with three r e o l i c a t e s each

1 1 7

Table No, 271 Fecundity of S inceani ta and H.

influenced by concomitant inoculat ions .

Ini t ia l , inoculi^ iNto* of «qg» of of eggs of

' c " " 4 ' ' 'J'"' ••f am a l t .4b1. Hot, Tyl.

333 - 246

~ 3 : ^ - ~ 56

333 333 «* m 4 4

333 333 « 60

333 333 200

333 333 333 141 3 8 . 6

* MbI. m incoanitat W . » ' L* tefSiCfli

** Each figur«» represents the average nvmbex of ©gga per ten fenale*

118

renlfoxm naniatod® or in water i n icisature femalas wero

e a r l i e r susTondl^J for twanty four hours and l a t s r ramavad,

s imilar re -uct ion in hatchin':| «vas oijserved wh«?n aqior as»»» wore

kapt i n distiXl0d water along with stunrt rasmatode car in watar

i n tefhjch «tunt ns latoda has bean suspended, Hirjhest suppression

i n hatching was observed ss-hf n both ygnifanai^ and y .brasa icae

war® present toqather .

n n

In natura no ono kliid of organisms can l ive by i t s « l f ,

f t haa t o shar« tfidth others olth r throu jhout i t s l i f e cycXa or

a p.3rt of i t , ;icHaQ orgordsas a f f e c t oth.^r organisms iî l©

growing saparately Ijut c lose tOvisther, a>iii in s t i l l othf;rs th®

two orâiTism cl«vQlop certîin degree of orqanic union. In tho

f ia ld of phytonamatolociy ooth symoiotic and lacological r s l a -

tionship betwean naraatodes ami oth i r organisms aT& f a i r l y ccmaon.

Tho l i t ?ratura covarinj iiffafrent «ss;MCts has bean reviewed frc»n

time t o time (iâvsll, 1963, 1971 a & b| 1979} e t c h e r , 19^3,

1965, 1978, 4111 r , 1965| dergaason, 1972) .

jQSfiito tha fact that namcjtololists 3uch as Cobb (1914) ,

iljortw (i94B, 1957i , ^t(sim>r (1950) , uostenbrink g l a l . (1956) ,

Uostanbrlnk (1966) pointad out tha occurroiiCQ of a number of

genera of plant p. irasit ic n«;aatod#s and sav#r«il s i!»ci®s of the

saroe qenus In and around roots of cul t ivated plants , yat tha

studies on the intviraotion b«tW0©n diff«rent nematodes has

received l i t t l e a t tent ion , Cha xsian (lQ59)t ^ osa (i^>59) were

the f i r s t t o I n i t i a t e research on t h i s aspect of Hematology.

An atterapt has been made t o study the population, changes

i n sex r a t i o of mjiaatodes arnl dry weight of plant when 15 days

old seedlings ere inoculated with different ccmbination of

nematodes, besides e f f e c t of concocaitant inoculation on

1 2 0

ponetrirtîon and resul t ing hiBtc}r>athoXo(jlcaX ch ^ngsfi dev«lo.3ln9

In r o o t s h«vo been s tudied. In addition t o thase aspects th«

e f f e c t of conqmoit^ftt inoculat ion on aoedlings grown i n s o i l

a landed with o i l cakas has been s tudied .

iihen tomato c v . Aarjlobe and eg^jplant cv» i^sa r»urtjle

Lanci were inoculated with ^ LnCmnU^t or g^„n3i,fgml8

2U brassisea^ singly a savara l fa ld increaso i n t h e f i n a l

t i o n of root-knot and raniform n9«iatod« has occured i n tcraato,

eq i jlant and not on caul i f lower , ito auch inertias® i n

ôoulation of X* bras s i c ac observed (Tibles I and 2 ) . Un

caulif lower* on t h e other hand^such an increase i n po'Wilation

o f only X, braasicatt âs obsarved (Tabl© 3 i , lEtji-an^ incroas©

i n i n i t i a l po «J la t ian thara has baen a corrospondinc} increaso

i n the f i n a l population. Ûant daraaqa has been s i g n i f i c a n t on

tomato and ® j?] ilant by root-knot and reniforra neraatode and only

marginal by stunt neiaatoda. un cauliflowrort on the othar hand,

root-knot n«a>atodo has fa i lad t o mult iply ; reniforra nematode

has baen abls t o maintain i t s i n i t i a l inoculum l e v e l , while

X* has multiplied ârolifically* Heduction i n dry

weight has baen s i g n i f i c a n t as a r a s u l t of inoculat ion with

I* brasaicae and only marginal with InCftflnUfl and a«mtiL£2BalaL«

iân seedlings ware inoculated with mixture of root-knot

an<i renifana nataatode, t h e rx^pulation of both root-knot and

renifoxm nematode has bean considerably reduced i r r e s p e c t i v e of

the di f ferent r a t i o s of t h e two nematodes i n mixture (Table i 4 2 ) ,

121

Thtt present studltts add t o our knawl<»dga regarding

various explanartions that hav« baen advancod front time t o tinm

t o explain tha reduction i n ?}OpuIation of mmatode resulting

from concomitant inoculations (lioss* JL964; i^stores and Ch tn*

1972; Turner and Qia man, 1972| CJia ân and Tumar, 19751

:iingh, 1976 J ârma and »>0thi, 19761 i ^ a i r and iJsfaan, 1977) ,

th« v a r i a t i a s of tomato and ai?r! ilant usad in the ^rss©nt

atuiiias are highly sascfi stiblo t o doth root-knot and rcmifojm

n«ia«atode ani se^dliniis at the tiraa of inoculation had i3©en

f a i r l y youn^, th^refora, in canccBaitaJit inoculation the larva®

of root-knot and i®aaturQ fîaalw of r^^nifarra naniatod© tend t o

a<iar«.iat® in a limit^'d region of rootb as i f th»y have los t

t h a i r a o i l i t y t o s e l - c t sit© of th^ i r iienstration, vlonsoquantly

aithor Jua t o compatition or kind of ant r iiism i n i t i a l

pOfMJlation declintis and population at the tira© of inoculatii>n

does not remain aara® with vvhlch ona presu®»a t o have inoculated

th® seedlings. This prasumption i s supported ijy th® fact that

in studies dealing with concomitant inoculation the penetration

of both netaatodes i s reduced s ignif icant ly (Tables 16 and 2 0 ) ,

A close iroxinaity of infection court of the two nematode

xylem oarenchyma in root-knot (Chris t ie , 1936} Bird, i9T4j

41 ^ endtxiortais, pericycle and x/lera parenchyma in reni -

farro netaatode (Heald, 19791 Heoios aJLAl** 1975$ drathwaite and

Juncan, 1974| Fig.^g^J^^rînces the possibi l i ty of exchange of

t o x i c metabolites from one feeding s i t e t o anothor feeding s i t e

122

which In f inal analysis como5in tha way in the ©stablishment

of noriaal host parasite relationship of the two noiâtodes.

«^roiuctian of tn^ftabolitas such as pho lol ics , amino acids by

riarilfoffn nematode (<lahmaodl, 1980) and phanaiics, amino acids,

XfV% and IBA iiy root-knot nc aal ode (Hasan, 1977i Owens and

>»petch, 1966? dalasubramalvfamand Hangaswami, l^GZt Viqiiarchio

and Vu, has basn rafJorttd, <uid th«y by and larg® arrest

tha develoisaent and iMsouldtion build up of n-?ioatoii©3 ( âsad

and oet ty , 1974i 4ahraood, 1980K /vidltional ©vidance has been

provided by th« studi«s carr iad out by Haa in (1977) , %#so

studied that in roots dipiad in hyiroquinon fm larv«}@ ontf»rod

ani th© v liich have a ch-nxj® t o antor d9V«»lop into stiall

coiTtaininrj a fewer nufabt?r of ogqs. In such roots poly-

phanal oxidasa a c t i v i t y was ralîtivaly >oor*

/\n in<Jiriict ^^viJenca t o th'^ abova hy,>ath:^sia has b»«n

provided vnrfien histopathology of roots infect^^d with two n^^Kiatodos

has b«on studied, /to a conssquanee of concomitant inoculation

not only the host resiaonse had umlergon® changes but also the

two parasites in man/ respects with which roots have been

inoculated. The giant c e l l s of root-knot nematode in such roots

are smaller in s ize as i f coaelescing has been checked. Each

individual c e l l i s highly vacuolated and contain few nuclei .

Females produced jr® re la t ive ly smaller in size containing fewer

eqigs as aiainst tr-aatraents wh«re seedlings have been inoculated

by root-knot nematode alone (Fly . 47-49).;>irailarly the group of

123

giant c e l l s foimed oy reniform naâtode donot assume characteiv

i s t i c swailunar shale (Fig, 47*48} . Purthur production of

oyrataldai c e l l s in c o r t i c a l raglon In a J J i t i o n t o sndodaraitil

and 5^ricycl0 reijion at the feoding s i t e of renifoira neniatod©

(Fig . 56) havo been sean. uuch i9yra.nid«il c a l l s vâre rilso

observed by iiazak and livans (1976) t o which th«y at tr ibuted du©

tu presonca of raor ? than om? fa.nale at one infect ion s i t e , i t

i s iirasumed th«3t prosenca of larvae of root-knot a lso i n c i t e s

such a response, Heduction in fecundity of innaonlta i n the

prosancQ of calani (ohaxma, 1970) , oenotr-ina in the presence

of incoonita (Chaiaan an J Tumor, 1975) and reduction in

daveloiaaent of J . i iôanit^ hdving vacuolated qi.int. c a l l in

presence of H. reniformis (uteifa and usman, 1974; v)taifa at a l . .

1974) has a i r e idy bracm reported.

In raniforTi-stanrt nematode Ciimbination, the copulation

of former has incraasaJ almost at tb« sasna r a t e as i n sirK^le

inoculation ts?st, wht?rs»as the population of l a t t a r has declined.

Ih® nonreduction in the population of H. ranlfortala in th ? combi-

nation can be ex plained by the fact that the two hosts are

congenial, and has >roJuc«d char - ic ter is t ic semilunar qrou i of

qiant c e l l (Fig , 5 3 ) and also th«? fac t that X.* brassic.ie has

failad to adversely affect the fecundity and i t s ^senetratlon in o

the roots (Tables 17, I and 2 7 ) . The decline in po;Julation of

X* bragalc.ja may be du® to the fact that the two host are not

congenial and the reniforoi nematode moves int c e l l u l a r l y causinn

1 2 4

disruption of c o r t i c a l c e l l s (Ficj. 4 4 j , ai^ th ?re by mducing

i t s successful host isarasitQ r»»l t t ionshia .

In root-knot stunt na iatode canliination, tha population

of th^ form ar has canjidjrably reducs»d d&s Jita f a c t th,3t

both tom^jto and agqplant ar& good hoDt f o r t h i s naniatode orasum-

ably because tha presanc© of stunt neiJdtoie t-jdvorsely o f f s e t s

the hatchinq ( labia 2 5 ) , ponetration ( l a b l a s IB and 2 2 ) ,

facundity (Table 27) and davalOiîent of fe.i^'las. Thf prest^nce

of several fourth stage larva© (Fig , 5U,5X> i n addition t o rnaturo

fsaales i n such a s i tuat ion inwide aidit iondl prwof t o t h i s

contantion. Th© reduction in fscundity of incognita in

pr^saixs of Qal^ratus (Y^m gL d l . , 1976 ; and it.

(Jchmidt and i-ewis, 1981) has also been ra iortad, Schmidt and

Lswis (1981) also ra;xjrtad that fewar larvae of incoQiTitd

entered and raach#d u rto maturity i n presence of H. coluinbus

in cotton roots anJ also the giant c e l l s b^Jcaie necrotic and

l a t e r abort ic . The rcjduction i n population of endoparasites i n

coiicomitant inoculation by var ie ty of nematodes has been

reported by a number of workers (Chafwaan, 1959; Gureout, 1968;

oikora ^ 1972, 1979; Amo»u and Taylor, 1974; r»inochet

2 1 j i . , 1976; iAisra and Jan, 1977; Khan a l i i . . . 1978) . These

are, however, at variance with tha findings of Johnson and

iMusbaum (1968) , Toberiiimnaz {x973) , aanto and Jolander (1977) ,

*/aishnav jnd êthi ( i 9 7 8 ) who reported an increase in population

of one cohabitant.

1 2 5

Un c a u i l f l o v . j r , on tha oth-sr hanJ, thare has been a

m.iriced incrocise i n t.ha JODulation of sic^^ i n a l l t h a

treatrnants anJ a correa x>nJint| dacre aso i n t h e ;30.xil<3tion of

root-knot anJ reniform neaatod© (Table This i s unJerst^n-

dabla ainca tha variâty aar ly Jnowtjall i a a >oor h^st for the

two enJooarasittJs . Xhtfse rtisults sraihasiza t h j importance of

ho2t a f f a c t i n auch s t u d i a s . Tha r o l a of host s u i t a b i l i t y on

populdition chjnqas and ^jar^jtration i n concomitant i n o c u l i t i o n

studies has baen em phasized by jdy and dird <1973J, Turner and

Jhapman ( 1 9 7 2 ) .

The difforcnc33 in t h " Jîta as iiv.' n i n tîolos

(4^7 I- ' .ôjulaticn from the data as given i n another

t a b l a s ( l , 2 a ) can be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e fiict that tb^jso

studias carri-rdi out when glasi. h<ru;;.a t a rjarat-urt? wjs low,

IffiG data . j a r t a i n i n t ^ t o senuential inoculat ion f a s t ravoal

that by and larsê g r a a t a r reduction i n the jo julation of the

neuiatodes has occurred with which the ssedlinqs h.iv® been

inoculated subsequently. This has oean t r u e in a l l the combi-

nations t a s t e d (Tablas 4 - 7 ) es jec ia l ly i4.incoQnita - H.reniformis

combination (Table 4}, This reduction occurs jrssijîably duo t o

s p a t i a l and temjoral f a c t o r s which o::>erate i n such a s i t u a t i o n .

The former because the n^Jniatode with which seodlincjs have been

inoculated e a r l i e r induced c e r t a i n oiochomical and physioloqical

changes which may not be favourable f o r nematode with which

162

saadlings havo bean inocularted subaequotttlyi l a t e r bscause the

time f a l l s short t h a t i s required for caaple t ion of i t s l i f e

cyclo*

For ©xUorini] tha charges induced i n such a s i t u a t i o n

as s ta ted above his topatholoîcai s tudies are i n progress* These

r e s u l t s confirm t h e f indit^s of Oay and 3ird ( 1 9 7 3 ) , 4c Intyj:^

and ( f i l l e r ( i976)» idnochot ( 1 9 7 6 ) , and iiharma and

iiethi (1976) teflio a lso ob5i?rvQd t h a t pr ior invasion of seedlings

by one nematode reduced the entry or pOi»Jlation of ne^ iatode

inoculated subseouently. J a t a l a and Jensen (1976) reported

thdt when acfâchtif inoculated prior t o inconnl^ta. the f '

copulation of ^rKsoanit^ declined i n reverse s i t u a t i o n , on

the oth ' r hand, c y s t production of H, schachtî increased .

^ interL'Sting example of bio predisposit ion has been

provided by Powell ij^ â , (1971.), who observed t h a t Trichoderma

sp. and Curvularia sp. ify iich are normally incapable of inducing

disease i n tobacco r o o t s , however, they cause axtansive damage

In roots already infact«i^d with root-knot nenatoda. Such a bio-

predisposit ion has not bean observed i n the present study both

i n concomitant and sequential disease complexes. There however,

has been reduction i n population and increase i n sex r a t i o .

s tudies dealinq with concomitant inoculat ion of seedlirv^s

grown i n s o i l amended with o i l cake and thimet reveal t h a t , there

i s several fold r e J u c t i o n i n the population of d i f ferent nematodes

1 2 7

i r r e s p e c t i v e of tha combination t -'stoi incluJinq whiiro the

seflKilinqs inoculatad with Jith r of the n aatoJessinqly as well

as in combination arrJ a corres ion Jinn incredis^? in plrint ^veinht

and pi'oduction of rualss than in the trt3<3t iont3 vvhera ssadlinffs

hjve aaen nrotm in unamanJlad aoi l (fables i i - JS) . This i s

unJarstandabla as i n i t i a l poiiulatian of tha n i-'toJss in

Ruestion iu reduceii in the rhizos "Jh -'re of root:i Qartiy Jue t o

k i l l i n j effuct of coiu )QunJ3 r-^lejsed as a resul t of oi l -cakes

or Uua t o n?Tu«ticiJ<3l a f f w t af thim'Jt (înjh and oitararaaiah,

1970, 197JJ îddiqi, i96-j!| r^dn, 1971 i and fiartly due t o r o a i s -

tdfica which jlant iavdlop as a resul t of >ib?iorjjtion of i®,]radinrj

products of o i l cakes (rJian, 1981 J .

vihan saedlinqs v.ara inoculat,jd, simultaneously or

sequentially, ha uex r a t i o of thi5 noiiidtoles used in the

mixture unJt?rgoos changes and thi-TJ i s .3 marked tendency of

production of lora malas (Taoles 1-7^. This e f f e c t i s more

pronounced in sequential t a s t s than in corwomitant inoculation

t e s t (Tables 4 , 6 and I t i a , therefore , concluded th.it due

to ir ior infect ion a i p r o j r i a t e nutrients are not available ,

consenuently th^-re ia a sh i f t in sex r a t i o . Jut of the

different exjeriaients radde,hiqhuit reduction in sex r a t i o has

taken place in seedlinjs which have been grown in - o i l aojended

with o i l cakas or thimet (Taoles 8 - 1 5 ) . in »uch a s i tuat ion

nonavailability of fooi and s t ress e;<jrtHd by decora Position

oroducts are both res jonaible for disbalancinq the sex r a t i o .

128

Thosa atudias t h 0 r«foro, for thef f i r s t tiiae >irovide avidtnco

that i n addition t o various raasons liven above with reaard t o

role of o i l cal««s i n roJucing the .lopuiation, the di«tur£ianc«

of SOX r a t i o i s aqually important. Thasa findin-is are i n agrea-

raant with thoso of Tyler (X933), iillenoy ( i 9 5 4 ; , TraintaiJj yllou

( i 9 6 0 ) , Glura and Viyiierchio (1966 ) , Trudgill (1967) , Javide.

and TraintaiJhyllou (1967 a , b ) , K^jestan (1969)» Hoss and

Trudgill (1969) , i4ian (1972) , ivoUopanoa and Trainta{:#iyUou

(1972) , Beria Sl, ( 1974) , who observed that s t j^sses due t o

unftTVourable environfuent hav® a masculanizing e f f e c t on nsraatod®.

Th© fjresonco of fourth attiîo larvae^ of malas and ©von

mature males in sect ions cut also coroborates t h i s f a c t (Fiq.

52 & 5 5 ) .

a li P fc H tt N C u ^

J 2 9

d f g ^ tj g c §

/tooau, J . U . and Taylor ( 1 9 7 4 } , I n t e r a c t i o n of Meloidoov^ haaXAt .^jratY^^nghna. M m t g a n a ^rui jmL on Kanland red clovar» h U M m Brat?nff« Jialjl.ftn i t o H L a l - . A24-131.

Atanasoff, a , ( 1 9 2 3 T h e .J^loahoaohor^ J l s a a s e of c e r e a l s . ^ v t o o a t h * . 1 1 - 4 0 .

/^kinson, vj,F. ( 1 8 9 2 i i o r t i ® disoases of c o t t o n , /^^bama. tôlvtgch. I p a t . ojsi^l. Aflt j m * i io. 4 1 , 61*65 .

•Jalakhina, sf.t". (1V79K Tba a f f e c t of îâlenehua avarue and Aahqênchoides gatfy^fthjUMa on a a i r i l M fiJ^ffigÎIIB, i n f e c t i o n on sprinq v^04t . In i-»rintsipy i raathsody izucnaniya Viealmootnoshanii rnezhdu para atiticheskimi nsiaatodasai i rastardy<£ai Tar tu . U . ^ . a . a . , Akadaniiya iiauk Ustonskol aiiii JJUbX. 1979 J 144-148 (HuP Vl. t lJ UiGQW. U^H,

Jalasuisramaniaia, A, ar^J Hangaswatai ( l 9 6 2 j . of indole cotn rounds i n nuyatodo g a l l s , .^turt^ London, 1941 7 7 4 - 7 7 5 .

•Jalilwin, J . i . ( 1 9 7 8 ) . UiafTt c e l l s induced by na^natodes of Hatarodaridae, iîa ta logy c i r c u l a r , divis ion of Plant Industry . iJeptt, of Agricultura and ConsiMiar 1978, 3 6 . iiiauraau of Me.âtolof|y, t^.v). 3ox 1269t Gainsvi l la ,

•sJartjasson, ( 1 9 7 2 ) . Concapt of nematoda fungus a s s o c i a t i o n i n >lant disease comalaxasi A r&viaw. a x a t . P a r a a i t o l .

3 0 1 - 4 1 4 .

•Barcja, J , 3 . , A. Jaliaassof and M.I, R i t t a r ( 1 9 7 4 ) , Influanca of tha host on ciavalopmarrt and sax datajcinaination i n plant p a r a s i t i c namatodas HiPii* Sgfflg^ffi,* ModUE ^SUSM.*

3hatnagar, A. ; T.K, lAukarjaa and 3 , Tiagi ( 1 9 7 9 ) , I s o l a t i o n and study of cjiant c a l l s and aonorraal xylara i n r<M>t g a l l s i n c i t a d by J . inc9ianlt,a i n liiilLia JL* m i a l a l « » J 2 . t

i i r c h f i a l d , w. ( 1 9 6 2 ) , Host paraa i ta r o l a t i o n s of |ôtYl<>neht^lua ranlfoHnlfl on ^gtgYfÛB blBUtiaffi. i^Ytflga^^l» 862-865 .

130

a i r c h f i e l d . V*, ( i 9 7 2 i . J i f ferancas i n host c e l l res >onses t o renlfom naniatod®* i%vtooath.> 747 (Abs.) ,

• i i r d , A.F. <1972 j . Ceil wall braak-down durinq the formation of syncytia induced i n plants by root-knot nanatodes.

(1973) . ub8«»rvatioii on chrcxnosotrtes and nucleoli i n syncytia induced by SmMsA' ^ m i S i k ' Pfltiml. a* 387-391.

(1974) , ^ larrt resjoonse t o rocst-knot nematodes, Ann. Hey. ^^hytoaath..^t 69-^5.

(1979)» Histopathology and f^/siology of syncytia . i n I Hoot-Knot namatodes ( teloidoovne s n a . ) . uystsRiatiCB, biolotjy and control , îcadsmic London, U.K. and j4aw Vork, pj , 155-170,

i^rdt and w.ti. Jenkins (1964) . Jccurrance. i>arasitism and pdthou macity of nu ff-stades associated vîth cransharry,

Sl» 677-688,

J j.Ju. iJrooks and C.u, xîry ( i 9 7 4 ) . Jynamics of concomitant f iald populations of c,9iVB?»Ua and lOSLaaOlla. si. .I^Hit,,!?!* t 190-195.

3oosdlis , and H, 4dnkau (1965) , ^^'arasitisni and oredation of so i l microorganisnj pp, 374-391 . Ini K.F, Jaker and V4.C, anyder, udits ,* bcology of doil borne plant pathoqens, Univ. Calif* t 'ress, aerkelay, C a l i f ,

• Brathwaitd, C, tit. 1} • and u« J . iXincan (1974) . Javelopment and histopathology of Ji. renl formic in sws^t potato,

imsSm^* 437-441 .

* Sreseski, M.W, ( i 9 7 0 ) . fha intarrelat ionships of newiatodes and other pathogiens in plant diseases, Paras i to l . 561 509-513,

• Carne, (1926) , carcockla (MjtoChlUl JUCLiifil) «nd bac ter ia l flftfl^monii t r t U g j , of wheat. I .

Viieat i ^ s t . (S^r. 2 ) 508 ,

1 3 1

Chapman, H.A. (1959) . iJevalopmont of âtvlenchus ponetrana and Tv lonehorhvnehua qartinl on red clov ^r and a l f ^ f a .

357-359 .

(1966) . Infaction of slngla root system by larvae of two concid»nt so«k;10S of root-knot nejiatodes.

and J .H. Xurnsr (1972) . affact of entrant .^loldoavna incognita on ra aroduction of concoraitafTt Z S H i S u a ii^rFtgiaoa, c X o v r . i,. jSasatal* 221 ( / ^ s . ) .

and (197S). t f f a c t of ^loidoayna InccxaMta on re production of i " rad clover and a l f a l f a , Namatol. X* 6 - 1 0 .

C3"iristie, J .H. (1936) . The devalojiraent of root-knot nematode t jal ls . j^vtopath. . gjgiJ 1 - 2 2 ,

*Gobb, tJ.A. (1914) , J Jasnatodas and t h e i r r«?lritionships. yaar|3, U,^. l^tBtt,. iaEife. 19141 pp. 457-490.

(1918) . risinatodos of the slow sand f i l t e r e d bads of ftaiarican c i t i o s . Contributions t o a acl»mce of ffematalogy, m , pp. 189-212.

^ (l92i)) TransfarorKs of namatodos (mononchs) from plac« t o placd for economic r^rposos. science n . s . 5 l ( l 3 3 0 ) » 640-641.

Cohn, li. (1973) . Histology of the faading s i t s of Hotvler^hulus m l i f l X S U . I Kin tglftq Cfl, iSL< 455-458,

(1976) , Cellular changoa induced by two s iecles of th« J»nus ag^yl nghMAiUa. fiiffffl^^QiMifiJt i l * 169-173,

and M, <^rd«chai (1977) , Uninucleate ^jiant c e l l induced in soybean by nematode, Mflfig'y^Wfll&yi'

B5.93 .

Javide, and h ,C , Traintaphyllou (1967a) , Influence of the anvironroent on developnidnt and sex different ia t ion of root-knot netnatod«t, I . iiffect of infect ion density, age of host ilant and so i l temperature, NamatoloQiea. Jj^t 102-110,

I ^ o 1 t^'CL

iiavid0( H.U, and .uC. Tralnta{^yllou (i967b)« Influence of the environment on davalopraont and sex d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of root-iknot nematodes, I I . e f f e c t of host n u t r i t i o n .

•uropkin, V.H, (1955) . Tho r e l a t i o n s between nwiaatodes and plants , ^ x o t i . i i a m l ^ a l . e 2 8 2 - 3 2 2 .

(1969) , Cel lular resijonses of plants t o neiiatode® i n f e c t i o n s , fin<i. Hey, ^ v t o - i a t h . . Z* 101-122,

and itelson (196U), The histopatholoqy of root-knot rwmatode inflictions i n soy jeans, /^vtopath. 221 442-447 .

argl vi.ii, 3oone (1966 ) , Analysis of host a a r a s l t e ralat ionships of root-knot nematodes by sinqle larvae inoculations of oxcised tcHnato r o o t s . i%âtoloaica.

225-236 .

allenby, C. (19S4) . sinvirorenttrital Uetamiinotion of the sex r a t i o of a slant p a r a s i t i c nematode, iiature l4>ndon, i H * 1U16-1017.

tindo, d . y . (1971) , Neaitode induced syncytia (giant c e l l s ) . Host oarasi te rtJl itionships of Hettjroderidae, Int ^'arasitic nematodes e d t s . J . 4. Zuckernan, W.F. 4ai , a .A, i<hoda, 91*»'117f iMew York, Academic j^ress* 347 pp,

(1975) , 'âthoganasis of nera a''ode-infected plants . iM,* dticltittati!.! J^f 213-238 .

•ttsser, H,r», (1968) . Nematode i n t a r a c t i o n s in plates of non-s t a r l l e watar agar . **roc. ai sLL dQii itfXail* jfil*» ifiS.* fIS.*

121-138.

•tistores, H.A. (1971) . Int^^ractlon of and lêloidQc J i a s . Abs. Int

Interac t ion of ^r^tyA^'nchui g?.notgarui S. i g ^ ^ ^ ^ t a s ^ o i w a b i t a n t s in tomato.

and T.A. Chen ( 1 9 7 2 ) . Interact ions of âtvlenchus g^n^jgani ingfaflntia coinhabitants in tomato. Nematol.. 4 i 17D-174.

F e r r i s , V . a . j Ferr is and H,L. aornard (1967) . Relative competitiveness of two spei competitiveness of two species of *-*ratvlQnchua in soybean. . /.

13.1

•Fioliling, M.J, ( 1 9 5 9 ) . Neraatodas i n plant ( l lseasas. Ann. m c r o b i o l . . 2 3 9 - 2 5 4 .

Fortnuia, and Lewis ( 1 9 7 8 ) . Intoir«stion betw»en Qylindrocladium root ro t and lolys w c i f i c nematode popula-t i o n s on soybean, m h m a * dLtiEltB MSk' £!sadL. tiafilmsL. ^.Hamgait m q . JL97e. i a » 287 (Aba. ) .

Frockraan, J . i* . and CSiaioraan, ( 1 9 7 2 ) , Infec t ion of red c l o v e r secjdUngs by Heteroviera t r i f o l i i Oof f a r t and

il^fflttfia^,., 2 3 - 2 8 ,

Gay* C,.'!, and a i r d , ( 1 9 7 3 ) . Influence of cinccmdtant ^dtvlanchus ^nd >3>9idQaynft 3pp, on root jenatration and population dynamics, - i t o l . ,

2 1 2 - 2 1 7 .

"Oldanf J.i^. and o . J , i/an tiundy ( 1 9 7 2 ) . Influence of L i neon ni t a on root davelOixaant by ^Mgoff fflrtl m X m L

i n tomato. 2 2 5 .

G r i f f i n , ( 1 9 7 6 ) . dffect of tcj-i-K^rature on root-knot and stssia nwiidtode i n t e r s c t i o n on a l f a l f a , JssjL* 1576 .iba, â. 14 , ^jp,^,, tfkiXm^^k* tiStSi' a* 3J-7.

nd H, 4, Uarling, ( 1 9 6 4 ) , wcological study of Xiijhinoraa amaricanmB Cobb, i n an ornamantal saruc« nuraary, iSl* ^71,

•liuorout, H, ( 1 9 6 8 ) , Comoqtition Pratylenchua brachvurua i^loidQavna n. sp. dans l a s cul tures of anasde c e t « d* l w o i r « p 7 4 6 4 - 6 8 9 . In a coianans, 4.T, Franklint H i t t o r and .3, »»oi8Ch«r («d. ) i i iaht . I n t . jvmp. .^matol. ^Ql* Francs,

>iupta» and G, Cârup, ( 1 9 6 8 ) , On the e a r cockle and yellow s a r rot of I , Symptoms and his t o anthology, m x m d i i i s m ^ ' * 3 1 8 - 3 2 3 .

•Harr ison, a,D, j i4owat, and G,£ . Taylor , ( 1 9 6 1 ) , Transmi-ssion of a s t r a i n of tomato black ring vi rus by k^naigglVf fflgrwfltm ( ^ m a t o d a ) . Vir^looy J ^ t 4 8 0 - 4 8 5 .

1 3 4

Hasan, N. (i.977). uffact of o i l cakes sawdust and c e r t a i n chat^caX compounds on tho development of root-knot on eggplant and tomato. ^ . J . Thesis, J e p t t . of Botany, iUigarh Muslim University, aliqaxh.

and /Uaia, (1979) , Studies on the influanc® of WlQidooYiê incognita on the iaoxilation of indicua around tomato r o o t s , Ueobios. X2i-i22«

Hawn» - . J . and 'Ud, Hanna, (1967) . Influence of starfj nonatode inf istation on bac ter ia l wilt reaction and foraa® yield of a l f a l f a . Can. J . tifi. • 203-208.

Meald, C. U (1975J. i'athogenicity and histopatholorjy of inflicting cantaloups. I ,

I t 149-152.

Hechl^r, H.G. (i.963), iJescription, develofxnarjtal bioloqy and feeding habits of .^ffjnvga (J8 4an), J . Uooiey, I960 (i^jematodalai^fiflonchoidida©), a nomatode nredatox. diB2$6» Helm, ôc. 182-195.

and J . P . Taylor ( 1 9 6 6 ; . Tha l i f e h i s t o r i e s of rffifflgd saliZiUt ii* smim i^roc. iigia« ^QC' wash, g^s 7 1 - 8 3 .

Hdwitt, I J , J , Haski and a .C . Goheen, (195B), .teâtode vector of soil-5orne fanlaaf virus of grapevines, ^ g p a t h . > 5tio-595.

^Hirano, K. (i.979). Interrelat ionship between plant p a r a s i t i c nematodes and other plant pathogenic organisms, êv. PJLjML. ilftL. a m . 5 3 - 6 8 .

Huang, C.^. and A.B. Aagqenti, (1969) . Mitotic 'b>rr ; ' i jns and nuclear changes of developing giant c e l l s in ^/ipia faba. caused by root-knot nematode, i a M d a g n i f t idiXMca..

ytoaath** 52.» 447-455. * Hunger, P.W.T. (1901) . Hen bact«r ie -x iekte den tcKaaat. S.

Lands. **lant. /^ded. . 481 4 - 5 7 . ""

J a t a l a , and H.J . Jensen (1972) . Interrelationships of id* hasdA ffchachtlil populations on M a . xuiauttU. i . ijfiuaaifll.s 226.

35

J a t a l a , and H,J , Jensen, (X'i76h êlf i n t ^rafCtlona of ^loidoavfia hflflla and t/n^-rQ^tfi S^fl^flUl on ,^tft vulaarla . J . 4^-48.

and • (1976h i'arasitistn of Beta vulgaris

a* 2(X3-a05,

— a n d ( i 9 7 6 i . fiistooatholo^y of Beta ii^laarls t o Individual and cancomitant infastions by

and [Mffyg. îCa s^hOffMil* tl« SEiSfll* t i 336 :341 :

Johans0n, J ,A, ( i 9 4 0 i , -'lant .licrotachni<i|u©, fcO^raw Hil l , Jook CcKQpany* NefW York and 1-ondon.

Johnsin, (1969) . ^âthcHiunicity .=ind ;x»xilttion davelapwj 'nt of oynûA. I . aajcljUiUA and 3,1.1909,1.g^^wa lenaicaudatus, singly anJ coiminedon bIx b^jSuJagrass .

mmtQl>> I t 294 <Ab»J

(1970 h ^^dthoqsnicity and tnt . rac t ion of thrao nematode specias on six b«Jrrnucid grasses , rferoatol..

36-41 ,

and C . J . / Jsbaum (1968) . The ac t iv i ty of iti sbJClsils:. ^

, _ . Lations on com and soyjean. lik^fltqlgQ^Cdt Id* 9 (Aba.),

• (1970) , Intoraction between incognita. MiMvfiirm tmls. ^nd

brachnuruM in tobacco. J . 2,1 334-340 .

*Jon«a, i4,G.K. and V.H, Oropkin (1975) , Cellular a l terat ions induced in soybeans by three endooaraaitic nematodes.

^gi^h?!.* 119-124 .

Ksrstan, U. (1969) . J i e 3eeinflussung des Goschlchchtrvefhatni-sses in der iattung Fôterodera. i l , 'ftniwallbensarum -selektive abater berate der geschlechtargôchlechter-verhaltnis (Heterodeya s c h a c h t i i ) . .>te?8atQloQica. jj^t 210 .228 .

i 3 G

iOiair, arKi a .A, Umiaits (1977) . Interac t ion of ^ l o l ir>«wnQ lng9ian|,td ^^ r^Mfffrâ on tomato.

Kharii 4U A* ( i 9 7 i ) . otudi«» on plant p a r a s i t i c nejaatodas associated ivith vafjataiile crops i n Uttar ^ a J o s h . Final Technical iirjport. Jejijtt, of Jcjtany, Aligarh 41^11® Univarsity, /Uigdrh,

(1981 )• Control of diaeasas caused by m»aatad#s by a.Jplicatian of oi l -cako laaJiures. Final Technical Ha )ort J « p t t , of J o t any, .Uio ith ^kjslim University, Aligarh.

iChan, F, (1972 j , Jitudi«s on the reniform nctniatod®, Uotvlet^hulus raniforiaia ii.nford and J l i v a i r a and on th© taxancxay of c e r t a i n other Tyienchids. Thi'sis, fiaptt, of iotany, iUigarh wiasllm University, «.li jaxtt,

l>han. It, 4 , , ftao, Jaxena, and i3ian ( i91B) , iiffect of coinhabitinq pooulations of .âloidooyng irysoanita and

Mgafii>.g,af, on t h o i r mult ipl icat ion on tondto. Indian J . QJ

iOian, H, 4 , , It. 4, Khan, a.K, JaKsna and ;vltan (1979) . ilffoct of cor« omit ant population of .4eloiioavni» incognita and flg YAinffhMAMa, on t h a l r myl t ipl ica t ion . jfMqtp,

<\hdn, and (3. Tiaqi (1977) . ulant c e l l s in Laciarmaria lt»cunth.a rusby inci tad by tha root-knot n^matods, ^^lo^dpgyna 4rK?qnitfl (Kofoid & Mhit«)ChitMood. QffsUm SH 31

Ninloch, and /illon (1972j . In terac t ion of %loidoqvno haiilA and ,iaYarU>CJ Infactlnq tomato. JNjflaaLBJL.. 7 . 1 6 .

i^llopanoa, G, and IraintaF:4iyllou (1972) . e f fec t of infect ion density on »ax r a t i o of HatarodTa olveinga.

UL* 131 .137 .

•Kostoff , J . and J . tiandall ( ly3U). Cytolotjy of neraatoda q a l l i on <\aeatiana £pots . âa&jcali!!- iaisâjclfll* ârîgAtwnk* Hva. Abt. I I ^ t 86 -91 .

Jo ^ o 7

Krishnappdt r%» and v>arsad (1979 effec t of concoraltant inoculations of TYA^nc^ffirhYnrrNa ^kMm ^nd

on th<»ir oopulation build up on tomato, Mysore

«\ru3ii«rg, L.H, (1939 Xnv' s t iqations on th« 11 f» c y c l e , ra aroduction, feeding hatJits and host ranga of Ty nchurt Yighyi fiiaytgnl, .teTitoioa c.a. it 187-197.

(1963) . Host ras Jonse t o nanatoda i n f ^ t i o n . J b m M t i L . 219-240.

idbraanf U . J . j U, juaach and »V-lafa3 (1964^. :tol«3 of filant parîsitlc neaîtodas i n infect ion of tomatoes by ,>%eqd«Mionas .solanâpym, 151-153.

a n f a r d , -UJ. and J . 4. u l iv^rira {i94Q), liotvlgiichjIus t^qifogml^. nov. gi3n. n. s p . , a nematode wrasi ta of r o o t s , Hr:>c. Helni.

m h * X* 3 5 - 4 1 .

Uicas, iild, , J , J, ^ s s e r tjnd A, tCeliaan (1^54). Th«? afff?ct of root-knot nR.iatodgs on thf» axixressi^n of g n i n v i l l e wilt rasiatdnce. .^tosa^th, , 497 .

fiahmood, I , ( l 9 6 0 i , âtudies on cart . i in aspocts of pathoqeniclty V of reniforfn maatod®, liotylenehulus ranifor^l^ on tomato

and eqgolant. Thasia, iJaptt. of dotany, Aligaxh Auslim University, Aligarh.

•.4alok, and Jvnkins (1964j , îspacts of hast parasite rdlationships of nomatodes and hairy vetch, a u l l . Ngâ Jersey iiaUC' iiSBl* ^ t a . . H131 31 p.

•Mankau, rt. and M.J. Llnford (1960) . Host parasite relationships of clov<»r cyst neraatode, Hglggodftfi t r t f o U j CJoff. M X ULL* M.* JSaSL* siiuA* JhjUUL* s^*

• lartin, G.C, (1978), i>k>t»s on Pratvlanehua oenetrana and othar ondoparasitic plant nematodes in re la t ion t o tubers of •iQlanum tuaerosum in ôuth^rn Aferica. 3rd Cong. acw;. Msk* M V l B i Z E y y u : W

vteaeth, C.^x.j A.L. Taylor and .\.L. jtaith (1941) . states on staining n^sndtodes in root t i s s u e s , ^ o c « tifiJLS* iSSL* SiSSll* 2 6 .

138

/^Clura, M.A,, and J.H. Vigliarchlo ( i 9 6 6 ) . The influenc® of host nutrition and intensi ty of infect ion on th« «ox r a t i o and development of i lgtt ffgyfTffi lOLaiinllaJLn s t e r i l e agar cultures of excised cucuaober roots , itenatoloaica. ^ t 248-238.

^ i ^ a l e y , i^.C. and U.A. Cha*aan (1976) , Javeloaiwjnt of corwoml-tant .copulation of HalicQtylaneh^« oseudorobustgg.

misfit MS and aj^Piilli on soybean. 296;

Iclntyre, J.Ju. and ^ 1. .Uller ( 1 9 7 6 C o i i i e t l t l v © interac t ion

in tobacco roots . ^vto âtrv.. 1427-1430.

* ,Jillor» H.W. (1963) . Intu»rjction of nenatodes and other olant pathogens, i t e l * ôil- isSaa- 310-32S.

.âilort 4. (1970) . Hdte of increase of a low njorayldtion of t^kmum reduced by f'l^fizipm^m

s o i l . a s i z u . . b - 2 ^ .

and J . L . .fclntyr® (1975) . TvlG-xhorhynehua clavtonl feeding on tobacco roots re ucaa the entry of Pratvlenchus penetrans^ i tein^ôl. H ^27.

and ki/iiâim (1968) . Iitual antagonism between Heterodera tabaeum and some other a a r a s i t i c nematodes.

J i a l Reptr. ^ t 57 -58 ,

4inton, N.A., and H.a, tALnton (1963) . Infection relationship between M* InCgqfUî aSfflta ^nd Q ^ , 8 a o m f* ViMknfKXm in cotton, j f e ^ p a t h . .

««1inx, ci, and J . Strich-Harari (1959) . Inoculation experiment with a mixture of iêloldocivne spp. on tomato r o o t s . Ktavioi. St» 275-279.

-4isra. C, and Jas (1977) . Interaction of sorae plant paras i t i c ne matodes on the root-knot development in b r i n j a l . Indian JL. iisaatfll. <6-53.

Aountain, ( 1 9 ^ ) . iâthogenesia by s o i l nematodes. Ini Ecology of ooil borne plant pathogens (Kdts. K.F, Saker and W.C. iinyder). Univ. of California ^ress Serkely pp. 283-301 .

139

Mountain, W.a, and G.O, -îCaen (1962), uffact of \ /ar t ie l l l iua dahliao on the population of ^^rTtvlanehntt oenetrana^

and jâtrlck ( i 9 5 9 j . The pi?ach realant m prodleni in Untario VIZ, Tho pathoganicity of âtvlartchu

i 9 i 7 ) Fiup, is, Jt9k, i 9 4 i . S o T Z T M .

Nath, J , Jwaawa and Hama jido ( i 9 6 9 ) , studies on the renif ul iverird the renifor a ne aatode^ iiotyl >tichulus îinif a m i s Linford and

t mkmSSEMST* 22.» 9 9 - i 0 4 .

t 4 , J . Haidajci i^htar and H. %rsad (1976) . ^tudias on tha ne iatodes of v»qetaales in B i h a r , ! , liffect of roni -form n^}.natodo, a . o" ÎffCla*

i M i a , A. and A, Ûaj«ndaro, (JL976J. a f f a c t s of .^^^tyXgnchus coffaao and ûtaXloneaia bravdis alono and In canibin<itlon on Guinea Ym Cîoscpra^ yotadata ; . J. j^giaalaJL-t 3X5-317.

*,term?c, d, (1910 >. ' 'Jas ^ roblarn dar defruchtun^svoxânq» und amder® zytolooischo Fragan. Vx. Vielkarniqe mesenzellan i n H0terodera ia l len" . .Jp. 151-173, Uebru der dorntrager, 3orl in .

itorton, t».C. (1969) . %loidoavne haola as a f a c t o r in a l f a l f a d«clln® in Iowa. jHivtooath. 591 1824-1828,

,, (1978) , ideology of olant paras i t i c nematodes, JhorTiiiley and aonst York,

0*3annon, J .H,| J , J , Hadewaldi H,f , Tomerlin and ti, N. Insarra (1976) , Comparative influence >f RadojAolus airallia and Pratvlftnehu* Bftffejf. on c i t r u s , i T S S E ^ f T s S - ^ ,

oostanbrink, M, ( i 9 6 0 ) , jr'opulation dynatoics in re la t ion t o cropping* manuring and s o i l disinfect ion. IniNeniatology (Hdt,, Sasser, J .N, and i^.R, Jenkins), Univ, >lorth Carolina <*r9Si, oo, 439-442,

(1966) . .4aJor c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of re la t ion between nenatode and plants . ^ •ffQtnl.na nt

1-46.

J 4 0

Oosteniarinkf l a J . J . s*Jacob and k , Kuipar (1956j , nn intc»r-pretation of some crop rotat ion ox.v^riences based on namatod© aurvoya and xi Julartion studies, ffe-natoXoaie^ ^t 202->215*

u t a l f a , and a, Usiian ( i 9 7 4 h Host par is l ta relationships of Hotvi«^nchijlus on Lypopfersjcffn C^bs,) ixaâsJU. AntflXtC^^/ kL j d m i a . ^ Jmalszr iQciQs. XfJ aaot . 1974; Uranada, a>ain, 23 pp.

and /A,/I. uaie i {1972), liolotjy and histopathogenesis of reniforui naaatod© itotvlenchulus reniforTiis on Bqyptlan cotton, iatiLaskOS.. r^YtOPfl f ' yntol* ^g^das .^rtuqai , 299-304 pp.

» t , . and Usman ( i 9 7 4 ) . Histoaathoqsno-s i s of and IficgqrAta a® coinhaoitants in roots of tomô ^coograicon esculentum. îOi. y o u - âiro, 2a.« 2 4 1 3 1 4 :

^CXsfans, 11.0. and H.^J. <ipotch (1964) . xioot-kiiot histofjanesis. âiâik. M m toi.. W 47JL-489.

/snd . (i .966). diachoJicui ai t«rdtions inJucsd in host t i ssues ijy root-knot ne iatod©. Ckintrib. aovce Thotflpson. Xnst , . i 8 i - i 8 8 .

^ '"'aaz, J '4,a. -^cia and J . n , Meredith (jL976). (Individual and cofflbinad effect of 4 . InCoanilffl and UY.§niSA on four tobacco (j^d-CQtiana tabacum L . ; cult iVar i n Venezuela), tiff«cto individual Y cotabinado da 4 . incognita y J4, lavanica sobre cuatro c u l t i v a r s de tobacco tabacus^7 en. Venezuela. itefltlPglgJ* 68-76.

•sêacock, F.C. (1956) . The reniforra nanatode in the Gold c o a s t . NetaatQloalcff. J^t 307-310.

flnochet, J . j J . J . Haski and A.C. lioheen (1976) . Effects of inde^ singly and ccKnbined

l i8iM2l . a* 330-335.

r l tch«r» (1963) . Hole of plant parasi t ic nematodes in bact -ir, U 9 6 3 ; . rtole of piant parasitK a r l a l dis<Jases. PhVtooath.. 22.; 35 -39 .

141

x^tchor» H. j , Xntarrelationships of nematodes and other pathogens of [>lants. Halm. îUastr. i.»X7.

. . (X978). l i t ter action of nautodes v dth oth<»r patho-qans. Int 31ant iiteajdtoXogy (udt, J . F , iiouthey) London, UK, H.4, s ta t ion , t i ff lce , p^. 63^77,

and J . a . Cross (1958) , atudies in tha r a l itionshlp of eeiworta and bacteria t o cart . i in ilant disaas08, I I , Furth'T andlysis of the s t rîaerry cauiiflo»@r disaas® com 5lf4x, Naffjtoloaica. 2 4 4 - ^ 6 .

/ GWtf&Xi, i^.T, The roX® of iXdutt paras i t i c nematodes in fungus diseases, sfivtoaath.^ 2B-35,

(X97Xa), XiTtiJraction of aXant pardsi t ic nematodes vsrith oth ' r ilisaasa causing agtsnts. In J iîant âraaitic imaatoJss ( a d t , , ^duckarman, »«,F, .4aij and Hhode), .^ddenic *rf?83» 4 t w Yark and l^ndon, ôl^ XI,pp, XX9~X36,

. (X97XbJ, Xntdraction bstweon ns latodes and fungi in disaaso c0?»i>Xax0S, ^na. iMX* *^vtoodth-. 2.J 253-274.

(1979), int&rnaX syn rqlsms diiong orgjnisnjs Inducin-a disease, In« i Xant tdsoasas ana Advanced treatis?? (iidts, , HorsfaXX, J , J and CowXinqJ, /«di9>nic rim V ork and London, VoX, X / , pj, XX3-X33,

J '-^X.L, 4eXdnd«z and C,*^, ia t ten (X97X)« Disedse complexes in tobacco involving MaloidooYnQ ineoonlta and c e r t a i n solX-oorne fungi, «f>ytopath,. X332-1337,

fâsad, and n.G.H, i»«tty (X974). Tho af fec t of plant

f roiwth substances as s o i l drench on root*knot nematode ^l9l49<xfm Ls&asailAi* mua i - . 152.154.

^»rasad, K.. and Hao (1977) , Interaction between TYlinchwhYnc^Mi ffliytani and H^4fi9tYignch.M,§, gamna^m. on r i c e , l o ^ i M I* SmSMU t 170,

Hazak, H,a, and A,A,F, livans (1976) . An intyaêllular tube associated with feeding by nattY^ÎChuijli r^niformis on cowpea root , i>feiatnloqica. ^ t I82.»189.

M2

HaixLoB, H.V.I J . 4 . »ipps and ii.i:, Hartiwig (1970) , GorraXation of r«»8istanca in soybeans t o Heterodara alvcimis and

•'Mtwa^h,.* Wl* 695^700.

J 4ddden and i . J . kitlridg® (1975) . aome uXtra«-s t ructural changas induced in res is tant and suacoitibl® soybean roots f o l l >wing infec t ion by ftotvlenehulus raniformis, i i i todSfll . . X« A22-139,

iiaynolda, and 4. i. avans, (iyiV3). Tha a t y l a t namatod®, Tvlgnchorhvnchiia di^biua. a root oarasito of a c o n c ^ c i tanc» in Southwast. da i t r . 22* 940-544 .

Hoss, (1939) , int eraction of Aaloidoayi^t ir^coanita and ^lytopath., 49« 549 ,

U 9 6 4 ) . Interac t ion of alveiiies and ipoyng immnXl^g soyb»ans. fîvtoaath.. J^J 304-307.

.. . ( I 9 6 5 i . ^Y0dis->ositioo of v>oyb(jaii t o Fusariuia wilt . ilYfiirei . and t m p a o l W £hxl8aaXli»

iioss, U . J , a , and J . L . frudijili ( i96 0 . Tha a f f e c t of iiopulation d«nsity on the sax r a t i o of Haterodara rostochlanaia - a two dimensional âod^l, i^matolQîca. 15i 601>.607.

Hoy, A.K, (1976) . Pathological a f f a c t s of ^^loidoovtig araminicola on r i c a and histopatholovjical studios on r i c « and maize, IfHttan dixlaaayiM 359^62.

aanto, ^.S. and dolandor (1977) . ;»9parate and concotaltant a f f a c t s of tmsi grapas. i . JijaadlajL-* 282-2 a f f a c t s of Mnmjllih and i . haalfl on concord

8 3 .

iicholdt, K..H, and ^ .n . Lewis (1961) . Jynaaics of concomitant populations of ûtellonema brachvui and :4ttloidO(ivna Ineoanit^ on cot ton. J . t^taatoI7 i ^ i 41-^

îainhorst , J .w. (1961a) . r»lant-nenatode in ter re la t ionships , ^qq,. Sfijcaizlsl.. i77~i96.

N.K, (1970) . (as c i t e d by C.L, oethi in Complex r a l a t l o n i t o other pathogens - ôuth Hast /Viia iôstgraduate Natnatology Course Lecture, Migarh 1979i*

14P>

Shaxnia* N.k. and C,L. ;iethl ( i ' 7 6 J . Xntaractlon betwoon ;4flgidffqYqtt Ififfff^ntta and SUtiLanl on ccîêa. Indian %mat.Q,l«t i - i a .

^ d d i a u i , /i.A. ( 1 9 6 9 ) . atudlas on Tvlenehorhvnchua brassicag uiddiqui, asbocidtad with the roots of cabbago and c a u l i -flower. ^^.iJ. ThiJSis, of riot any, Aligarh Musllra University, Allg arh•

;iiddlqul, h, i i shiJ j -U Yunus and U Uhuuse (1974) . atudits on reaction xyloi dc?v«?lo md djo to j^loldoavno lnc,gqnl^fl in the roots of ^^ygg'^ha.* MJlan d* Haiaîai.. 46 -52 ,

idkora, I J,r». Taylor, .lal ik and J . T , cdwrirda (1972) , Interaction of 49loldoovna n-aaalt penetrans <3nd Tvlgnchgyhvnchus dfflUSl on c rea )ing bent-grass. I . fîaatol.. 4V l ^ - l ^ T ^

Mal&kt Taylor dnd iJ . I . udwajsls (1979 )• Haiuction of âloldoavnQ fiaasL Infection of craaaim? bont grass by Tvl^nch^y^n^nghW, m s L and !BlQS£*

ain^h, N.J. (1976) , Interact ion of j^Xg . qgynf, and /MyAenghÂtfff, ife.qAfffrwifi O-O soybean, ite^tfffipls^.^

jingh, H,ii, and K, ^tararaaiah (1970) , Uantrol of plant l a r a s l t i c nematodes with organic ainandments of s o i l . •'Ai 16 i 287-297.

and (1973) , Control of plant -parasi t ic nGi.itodes with orqanic amandraerjts of s o i l . Hasoarch aullet in

i ^ , d a i l . Jaiat, M y , oL mxXS, ^ I s d E S C T ^ a n t n a q a r ,

divakumart -and ii.ii, i»eshadil (1972) , Histajaathology of infection by the ranifjrra no latoda, r^tvlenchif^t^s rar^foipnis i4.n. ^ J l i v . , 1940 on c a s t o r , japaya and tomato. I n ^ a n

173-181,

iraolik, J . J , (1972) . jroduction of Tvle.lehorhvochua nudus and Halicotvlenchus laicaphalus on srarinci wheat and affect of X* on growth of spring wh^ât, fourth, pj k. /âd. 1S3-159,

181

^ u t h y , J . F , (1970) . Laboratory methods for work with ulant and so i l nem<)tOiias. Tach. J u l l . g,, iijUjOa* ^ r i e . iXst,* food. Londoat 5 .

jtafetnan» i .G. dn«i J . tJ . i iarrar { i 9 5 7 } , ^Yincipals of Uant 'âthology. fhe /Donald -êss Ctorapany.

^tein>?rt '-J. (I'^Suj, ^-'lant nHridtolotiy ri?search in th« îureau of plant Industryt -joiis .and /Vjricuiturdl umjinsering, Ji . , J i s . il&n, 1951 463-470.

and H, Hainly (1922J, Tha possibil i ty of control

^^temerdinq, (1963 )i i:en mixer-watt^nfilter inathodeoea v r i j b e -weeqlijke end0;jarasitdire nematodan uit vvortela t e varxanaten. '/ors 1. . zi-3kt. Jlenst. waqenincien,j^$ 17(Jul7a.

Ta* at and ~»ultan il9T7), ^ôpulation of 'iotvlenchulu^ rani forîs, and IVlaiyhulus a0CTicmn»i?trdns on grap# seedlinqs «s influenced by coincident infes ta t ion , i^tenatoloaia. ,4Qditerranaa. ^J 233-257.

and A. i . isassab {1979 Tbg histopatholoiical reac-tions of Viana sinensis t o s a jar at o and concomitant o^r,isitism bv ^Mloidoovne ^ nd iMxlSZlSlUlllUL ranifor-nia. J . NgrMfll-. iX^ iX7-123.

Thorne, 6 , (1927) . The l i f « history , habits and aconcxnic iaix>rtanc« of scwne mononchs. jJ. /Uir.Haa. 34t 2 ^ - 2 8 6 .

, (1948) . Nenatod«s as a d is t j rbaice factor in green-nouse, plot and f iald ax >jrir(5<?nts. J i s . îeptr. 22,z 473-475.

* (1957) . Plant paras i t ic njraatodas in s o i l biology, isss.' Mix. jfil* i ^ * il^

ôb/rjiranaa, A. (1973 K (isxoerinjijntal study of anta'ônisra b»tw««n plant >ara8itic nessatodas). Bstudio experimental sobra loss antagonism antra algunos namatodas aarasitos da vagatablas. ft^Yljî* ^ "ijfagUgjgÂgi ^ ^ 607-615.

* „ . ^^^ î^rnal (1977) . (studies on Cûlran 1967) . Hftvla^^

Oft W 191-203.

1 4 5

Triiifttaphyllou, /wC, ( i 9 6 0 ) , aex datarmination in Atloidt Ifyoanita Chitwood, 19491 and intersaxuali tv in M.layahlea (Troub, 188S) Chitwood 1949, i m t , iOal. .^YtWifhTjifnaHl > i ^ l 12-31.

Trudgiiit ( l 9 6 7 j . The e f f e c t of environment on sax deteiv mination in rg^lffffh^gnsjlM' Iffi ldl ffiigqjlgflt J^* 263-272.

Turnar, iJ.H. and a.A. Qiapman (19T2J. infi?ction of saedlings of a l f a l f a and red c l o v s r fay conc^nitant jxitxilations of i^ôidQcivnft ^ncffanlti, <3nd .f tfiiYir.i fTBbm JL* mmâL^f 280-286 .

Tyl«r , J . ( i933aK Uavaioisment of the root-knot naroatode as affacted by ten ârature. f^^gardia X* 391-415,

/aishnov, 4,U, and C.L. âthi ( l « 7 8 j . Pathcxjenicity of '^loidooynq i M ivl.mcharhvix?f>us on bajra and t h e i r

Jhip. i a i i j " " interr^ldtionship. Indian J,, mm&itol,. 1 - 8 .

/an J0r^;uni, J .H, and H, Haestra (1979)» t a c t i c a s 3©cts of the charslcal control of noraatodas in s o i l , Ini a o i l J i s i n f e s -t a t i o n (ddts, .4uld«r, J .H, ac is i i t l f i c -•'ubl. Comn>,, tfEisterdBin, Jxford, i ^ Y o r k J .

Van i iundy, S.t), and J . J , .rikpatrick (I97'j) . I'tematode-netiatodo interact ions on tomato. J,, Mgrnatoi. X* 330-331 .

Vasudttvat H.ii. and Hingorani (1952) , i lacterial disease of wheat caused by l^yltlci (Hut), aergey s t i l * ^ t o o a t h . . 4 2 :

• ^îglierchio, U.H. and Yu (1966) . .-'lant growth substances

and olant parasi t ic nematodes. 11. Host influences auxin content, iixnt. Parâitpl.^ 88-95 .

Walkinshaw, C.lf.j Ci.J. l i r iff in and R.H. Larson { l > 6 l ) . Trlchodorus Chris t ie ! as a vector of potato carky rings pot (Tobacco r a t t l e ) t i rus* ^^vtooath.. fill 806-808.

Wallace, H.K. (1963) . The iaiologv of plant p a r a s i t i c nematodes, tidward Arnold Ajbl. Ltd. , LoiKlon.

(1973) . iNiematode ecology and plant diseases. iidward Arnold. iAibl. Ltd. , London.

14

V^«i9ch9r» {1968 )* vvBchselwlrkungen Zwischen n®raatod©n und andaran ^haderr&garn an liutsplarmen. I n t . ;»ynip. Naraatoj., B l l t i O y M * ^ P ^ -

( 1 9 7 4 ) , Int erspecif ic competition ijatween M. ritzeraabosi and ^J, .sfjpâff; on tobacco. aiLiaSl*

X9T4, Ciranada, iipain.

t.ys® ( 1 9 7 3 ; . Feadlnn of IvU-;ichDrhvnchas dubius. , J^ l 125-136.

yang» M.j N.T. ^^well and sC.H. darker (1976) , Interdiction of concomitant soacies of namatodes and Fusartu^ Qjtvsg»oruni f . BP, vasinfaetum on c o t t o n . J,, tvienâtol.. 81 7 4 - 8 0 ,

Vfik, G..^ and J i r chf ie id ( 1 9 7 5 ) , iioot tisîuo reac t ions of sweet iXJtato t o tha renifoxm ne -iatode, ji,

* Rafarencas not consulted i n o r i g i n a l .

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STUDIES ON THE EFFEC OTF CERTAI COMBINATIONN S OF … · 2018. 1. 4. · ahif itn fajJin sit-:g WjtS } also noticed iiov/avi.?r. in th jire.oncce of brasuica, j tha e fecundity, feedin