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Strategic agenda for adaptation to urban water-mediated impacts of climate change in Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia
URAdapt: Managing water in the urban-rural interface for climate change resilient cities
Foreword
Evidence shows that an increase in extreme rainfall events due to climate change is expected, accompanied by changes in other weather patterns. The impacts of these changes are expected across the country, but more notably in the urban areas which are home to large populations. Climate change adaptation measures in these areas are currently ad hoc, with no long-term plans and strategies in place.
From this background, a Strategic Agenda for Addis Ababa has been developed. This Strategic Agenda should play an important role in supporting informed decision-making for combatting climate change impacts. It was developed on the basis of an exhaustive dialogue over a three-year period in which all the pivotal stakeholders participated.
This Strategic Agenda reviews the findings of research and provides recommendations that can also be applied to other cities in Ethiopia. The research shows that if water resources are managed properly, Addis Ababa can become considerably more resilient to climate change even when faced with projected population increases and other compromising factors. This is a significant opportunity for innovative policy at the cutting edge of the climate change debate. We can create a country and people that are prepared for climate change impacts and not constantly responding to emergencies.
We invite all stakeholders and identified responsible organizations to support this endeavor.
.............................................................H. E. Ato Alemayehu TegenuMinister of Water and EnergyFederal Democratic Republic of EthiopiaApril, 2013
Contents
Strategic agenda for adaptation in Addis Ababa ------------------------------------------------------- 1
Background to the project ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
Generating knowledge for decision support ------------------------------------------------------------- 7
Case studies and findings ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Research gaps and suggested further studies ----------------------------------------------------------- 14
Boundary partners ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
List of acronyms ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
Glossary and terms used ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
References ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Acknowledgements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19
1
Strategic agenda for adaptation in Addis Ababa
Cities are undergoing deep transformations throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Their populations are growing rapidly and their physical boundaries are expanding. Socioeconomic shifts – including the rise of an urban middle class – are leading to new patterns of production and consumption. Along with these shifts is a changing climate.
Addis Ababa is no exception. According to the 2007 census, the city had a population of about 2.74 million (CSA 2007) (excluding informal settlements in the 10 sub-cities within the administrative boundaries) and it was anticipated to grow to more than 3.1 million currently. Unofficial estimates suggest that more than 1 million people move in and out of Addis Ababa daily. The current area of Addis Ababa is approximately 518 km2 (as per geographic information system (GIS) delineation). Land use has changed from being largely unbuilt areas (about 85% in 1984) to largely built-up areas (more than 57% of the area in 2002), with impervious areas increasing rapidly.
As Ethiopia continues on its development trajectory to reach middle income status in 2025, its key economic assets will be affected by climate change (FDRE 2011). There is a clear need for new resource management practices that can secure a sustainable, climate-compatible future for cities and their surroundings. This is where the URAdapt strategic agenda comes in. The strategic agenda provides direction for city managers on how Addis Ababa’s water and wastewater systems can respond to the impacts of climate change. It is intended for national, regional and municipal decision-makers as well as private sector and non-governmental actors.
The strategic agenda sets out key recommendations as the basis for more detailed action plans by different stakeholder groups. The recommendations are contextualized in terms of current practices and policies, as well as the measures needed to build the climate change resilience of urban water and wastewater systems.
The recommendations were developed on the basis of a science-based dialogue among representatives of research institutes, public authorities, industry groups and non-governmental organizations. Collectively, they identified topics for research, which were carried out by a team of biophysical and social scientists. The results of these studies are available in the section, Case studies and findings.
The agenda describes three strategic objectives of major and immediate relevance when addressing climate change adaptation options for Addis Ababa. It outlines the pertinent issues and concerns, and presents the strategic recommendations for each objective, in addition to describing the enabling conditions and designating the responsible organizations. The document conforms to the urban water and climate change governance contexts of Ethiopia and Addis Ababa, and refers to the national development priorities as described in the Growth and Transformation Plan for Ethiopia.
2Strategic agenda for adaptation to urban water-mediated impacts of climate change in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
STRA
TEGI
C O
BJEC
TIVE
1: A
DO
PTIN
G RE
GIO
NAL
INTE
GRAT
ED W
ATER
SU
PPLY
AN
D D
EMAN
D
MAN
AGEM
ENT.
Sub-
issu
es
Conc
erns
St
rate
gic
reco
mm
enda
tion
s/ac
tion
s En
ablin
g en
viro
nmen
t Re
spon
sibl
e or
gani
zati
ons
Wat
er su
pply
•
Like
ly in
crea
se o
f wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y du
e to
clim
ate
• Bu
ild d
istr
ibut
ed w
ater
cons
erva
tion
syst
em in
the
• IW
RM p
olic
ies.
AA M
unic
ipal
ity a
nd A
AWSA
. de
velo
pmen
t.
chan
ge, b
ut th
is ca
nnot
offs
et th
e fu
ture
wat
er
ci
ty a
s par
t of a
shor
t-te
rm/m
ediu
m-te
rm p
lan.
•
A fu
nctio
nal r
egio
nal
need
s of A
ddis
Aba
ba b
ecau
se o
f its
loca
tion
at th
e
• Fo
cus o
n de
velo
ping
dis
tanc
e w
ater
supp
ly o
ptio
ns in
plan
ning
uni
t.
he
ad o
f the
bas
in.
re
spon
se to
long
-term
nee
ds.
• Re
gion
al p
lann
ing
•
Futu
re p
lann
ed w
ater
supp
ly d
evel
opm
ent i
s •
Secu
re fi
nanc
e fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
of n
ew w
ater
polic
y in
pla
ce.
insu
ffici
ent t
o m
eet t
he cu
rren
t and
futu
re w
ater
supp
ly d
evel
opm
ent p
roje
cts/
prog
ram
s. •
Inst
itutio
nal c
apac
ity
supp
ly-d
eman
d ga
p.
• W
iden
reve
nue
base
and
impr
ove
reve
nue
colle
ctio
n
for i
mpl
emen
ting
wat
er
• In
crea
sing
pop
ulat
ion
and
urba
niza
tion
in th
e
by
city
coun
cil.
co
nser
vatio
n in
the
city
.
up
stre
am si
de o
f the
sour
ces o
f wat
er su
pply
may
•
Incl
ude
land
cons
erva
tion
as a
n in
tegr
al p
art o
f
thre
aten
the
wat
er su
pply
to th
e ci
ty.
In
tegr
ated
Wat
er R
esou
rces
Man
agem
ent (
IWRM
)
•
Sedi
men
tatio
n of
stor
age
rese
rvoi
rs a
s a re
sult
of
po
licy
and
intr
oduc
e bo
th b
iolo
gica
l and
phy
sica
l
la
nd-u
se ch
ange
thre
aten
s wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y.
cons
erva
tion
met
hods
.
Wat
er d
eman
d
• Po
pula
tion
incr
ease
lead
ing
to in
crea
se in
wat
er
• Im
plem
ent d
eman
d-si
de m
anag
emen
t thr
ough
the
use
• Ex
iste
nce
of p
olic
ies
AAW
SA.
man
agem
ent.
de
man
d.
of
app
ropr
iate
bes
t tec
hnol
ogie
s and
pra
ctic
es th
at ca
n
whi
ch a
ddre
ss is
sues
•
Incr
ease
d pe
r cap
ita w
ater
cons
umpt
ion
as a
resu
lt
en
sure
equ
itabl
e pr
ovis
ion
and
dist
ribu
tion
of w
ater
arou
nd w
ater
dem
and.
of
impr
oved
livi
ng st
anda
rds a
nd cl
imat
e ch
ange
supp
ly.
• Co
ordi
natio
n be
twee
n
(t
empe
ratu
re ri
se).
• M
ove
from
a p
rici
ng p
olic
y ba
sed
on co
st re
cove
ry to
Addi
s Aba
ba a
nd O
rom
ia
•
Ineq
uita
ble
acce
ss (a
vaila
bilit
y an
d us
age)
to
m
ore
effic
ient
wat
er u
se.
re
gion
s.
w
ater
in th
e ci
ty.
• Re
view
the
pric
ing
mec
hani
sm to
refle
ct a
tier
ed ta
riff
• In
effic
ient
use
of w
ater
by
resi
dent
ial a
nd
sy
stem
(lar
ger u
sers
pay
mor
e).
indu
stri
al co
nsum
ers.
• In
trod
uce
polic
y w
ith a
ccom
pany
ing
regu
latio
ns/
ince
ntiv
es fo
r im
plem
entin
g w
ater
-sav
ing
devi
ces.
•
Educ
atio
n pr
ogra
ms t
hrou
gh th
e m
edia
, on
wat
er-u
se
effic
ienc
y, w
ater
cons
erva
tion,
ben
efits
of r
ecyc
ling,
etc
. In
tegr
ated
Add
is-
• In
crea
se in
per
i-urb
an/r
ural
wat
er d
eman
d •
Deve
lop
and
impl
emen
t ben
efic
ial i
nteg
rate
d •
IWRM
pol
icie
s. AA
WSA
, AA
Mun
icip
ality
Fi
nfin
ne z
one
wat
er
(u
pstr
eam
/dow
nstr
eam
of A
ddis
Aba
ba)
w
ater
shed
man
agem
ent (
both
bio
logi
cal a
nd p
hysi
cal
• A
func
tiona
l reg
iona
l an
d Or
omia
Wat
er B
urea
u.
supp
ly a
nd d
eman
d
fo
r dom
estic
and
irri
gatio
n us
e.
co
nser
vatio
n m
etho
ds) u
pstr
eam
of t
he re
serv
oirs
plan
ning
uni
t. m
anag
emen
t. •
No
inte
grat
ed w
ater
supp
ly a
nd d
eman
d
and
stra
tifie
d pr
otec
tion
zone
s. •
Regi
onal
pla
nnin
g
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
. •
Revi
ew w
ater
nee
ds o
f sur
roun
ding
are
as a
nd d
evel
op
join
t pro
gram
s for
wat
er in
fras
truc
ture
with
the
Or
omia
regi
on.
• St
reng
then
the
high
-leve
l ste
erin
g co
mm
ittee
bet
wee
n
Addi
s Aba
ba a
nd O
rom
ia, w
hich
ens
ures
sust
aina
ble
ac
cess
to w
ater
reso
urce
s.
• Di
vers
ify w
ater
sour
ces f
or p
eri-u
rban
and
rura
l use
s
(g
roun
dwat
er).
3
STRA
TEGI
C O
BJEC
TIVE
2: I
NTE
GRAT
ED F
LOO
D R
ISK
MAN
AGEM
ENT.
Sub-
issu
es
Conc
erns
St
rate
gic
reco
mm
enda
tion
s/ac
tion
s En
ablin
g en
viro
nmen
t Re
spon
sibl
e or
gani
zati
ons
Extr
eme
flood
eve
nts.
•
Incr
ease
in fl
ood
peak
and
vol
ume.
•
Revi
ew th
e ca
paci
ty o
f exi
stin
g ur
ban
drai
nage
•
Appr
opri
ate
flood
and
AA
Mun
icip
ality
.
• In
crea
se in
floo
d-su
scep
tible
are
as.
in
fras
truc
ture
and
impr
ove
mai
nten
ance
.
drai
nage
inst
itutio
nal
•
No
sing
le o
rgan
izat
ion
to d
eal w
ith fl
ood
•
Deve
lop
new
des
ign
guid
elin
es th
at in
corp
orat
e
setu
p.
man
agem
ent a
t city
leve
l, re
sulti
ng in
clim
ate
chan
ge im
pact
s and
the
influ
ence
of
• Pr
ovis
ion
of fl
ood
early
di
sper
sed
actio
ns.
no
n-cl
imat
e dr
iver
s on
stor
m w
ater
flow
s, e.
g., t
he
w
arni
ng sy
stem
.
• Ab
senc
e of
floo
d ri
sk a
sses
smen
t pro
cedu
res/
inte
nsity
-dur
atio
n-fr
eque
ncy
(IDF
) cur
ve sh
ould
gu
idel
ines
.
be ch
ange
d.
• In
adeq
uate
clim
ate
info
rmat
ion
syst
em fo
r •
Esta
blis
h a
sepa
rate
floo
d an
d dr
aina
ge m
anag
emen
t
pr
edic
tion
and
early
war
ning
of f
lood
.
orga
niza
tion
at ci
ty le
vel.
•
Deve
lop
best
floo
d m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es.
− Gu
idel
ines
for o
pen/
gree
n sp
ace
to b
uilt-
up a
rea
ratio
dur
ing
expa
nsio
n of
the
built
-up
envi
ronm
ent,
incl
udin
g or
ient
atio
n of
gre
en sp
ace
to m
axim
ize
infil
trat
ion
and
reta
rd su
rfac
e ru
noff.
−
Enac
t a z
onin
g po
licy
that
pro
vide
s for
buf
fer z
ones
,
gree
n sp
aces
, urb
an a
gric
ultu
re, e
tc.
− In
corp
orat
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
man
agem
ent o
f par
ks
an
d re
venu
e co
llect
ion
to m
aint
ain
faci
litie
s.
−
Stre
ngth
en A
ddis
Aba
ba ci
ty fi
re a
nd e
mer
genc
y
se
rvic
es to
impr
ove
early
war
ning
and
incr
ease
com
mun
ity p
artic
ipat
ion.
− Cr
eate
rete
ntio
n po
nds u
pstr
eam
of t
he fl
ood-
pron
e
co
mm
uniti
es to
min
imiz
e su
rfac
e flo
ws.
Man
agin
g flo
od
• Se
ttle
men
t in
flood
-pro
ne a
reas
. •
Deve
lop
flood
risk
ass
essm
ent g
uide
lines
app
ropr
iate
•
Inte
grat
ed fl
ood
AA M
unic
ipal
ity a
nd
vuln
erab
ility
(ris
k •
Poor
hou
sing
cond
ition
s.
to th
e lo
cal c
onte
xt.
m
anag
emen
t pol
icy
sub-
citie
s. m
anag
emen
t, •
low
leve
l of w
ater
supp
ly a
nd sa
nita
tion
• De
velo
p re
sett
lem
ent p
lan
for v
ulne
rabl
e co
mm
uniti
es.
in
pla
ce.
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd
se
rvic
es, c
ompo
undi
ng h
ealth
risk
s. •
Prov
ide
impr
oved
acc
ess t
o ba
sic s
ocia
l ser
vice
s for
soci
al co
mpo
nent
).
th
ese
com
mun
ities
.
• In
stal
l soc
ial i
nsur
ance
sche
mes
for v
ulne
rabl
e ur
ban
com
mun
ities
.
4Strategic agenda for adaptation to urban water-mediated impacts of climate change in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
STRA
TEGI
C O
BJEC
TIVE
3: D
EVEL
OPI
NG
BEST
PRA
CTIC
ES F
OR
WAS
TEW
ATER
MAN
AGEM
ENT.
Sub-
issu
es
Conc
erns
St
rate
gic
reco
mm
enda
tion
s/ac
tion
s En
ablin
g en
viro
nmen
t Re
spon
sibl
e or
gani
zati
ons
Was
tew
ater
gen
erat
ion
•
Incr
ease
in w
aste
wat
er g
ener
atio
n du
e to
•
Impl
emen
t dem
and
man
agem
ent (
see
stra
tegi
c •
Sepa
rate
inst
itutio
nal
AAW
SA, A
A M
unic
ipal
ity a
nd
and
man
agem
ent.
urba
niza
tion
and
clim
ate
chan
ge
ob
ject
ive
1).
ar
rang
emen
ts fo
r AA
Env
iron
men
t Bur
eau.
(tem
pera
ture
rise
). •
Enco
urag
e de
cent
raliz
ed w
aste
wat
er d
ispo
sal a
nd
w
aste
wat
er h
andl
ing
•
Low
per
cent
age
of se
wer
cove
rage
(abo
ut 1
0%).
tr
eatm
ent s
yste
ms t
hat m
inim
ize
gree
nhou
se g
as
w
ith re
late
d po
licy
and
•
Best
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
(BM
P) fo
r was
tew
ater
emis
sion
s.
legi
slat
ion
in su
ppor
t of
are
not y
et in
pla
ce.
• De
sign
an
ince
ntiv
e-ba
sed
pollu
tion
abat
emen
t
this
.
• In
adeq
uate
capa
city
to im
plem
ent t
he p
ropo
sed
po
licy
for i
ndus
tria
l was
tew
ater
man
agem
ent.
w
aste
wat
er m
aste
r pla
n.
• BM
P to
incl
ude
polic
y on
was
tew
ater
recy
clin
g an
d
sa
fe u
se in
agr
icul
ture
.
• In
stitu
te m
echa
nism
s for
the
sale
of t
reat
ed
was
tew
ater
for r
ecyc
ling
in d
owns
trea
m a
gric
ultu
re.
•
Initi
ate
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
was
tew
ater
m
anag
emen
t mas
ter p
lan.
Wat
er q
ualit
y
• In
crea
sed
indu
stri
aliz
atio
n an
d ur
bani
zatio
n •
Inst
all w
ater
qua
lity
mon
itori
ng st
atio
ns a
t key
rive
r •
AA a
nd O
rom
ia
EPA,
and
AA
and
Orom
ia
dete
rior
atio
n.
in
and
aro
und
AA e
scal
ates
wat
er q
ualit
y
re
ache
s in
AA, i
ndus
tria
l out
lets
, ups
trea
m o
f the
Envi
ronm
ent B
urea
u to
En
viro
nmen
tal B
urea
us.
dete
rior
atio
n.
re
serv
oir i
nflo
w si
tes a
nd a
t res
ervo
ir si
tes.
pl
ay a
pro
activ
e ro
le i
n
• Lo
w e
nfor
cem
ent o
f exi
stin
g po
licie
s and
•
Rein
forc
e gr
ound
wat
er q
ualit
y m
onito
ring
.
enfo
rcin
g le
gisl
atio
n.
stan
dard
s. •
Stre
ngth
en ca
paci
ties o
f reg
ulat
ory
agen
cies
to
•
No
inte
r-re
gion
al m
onito
ring
and
adeq
uate
ly e
nfor
ce e
xist
ing
EPA
regu
latio
ns.
enfo
rcem
ent o
f wat
er q
ualit
y st
anda
rds.
5
Background to the projectGrowing cities strain basic service provisionIn many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, rapid urbanization outpaces the ability of city managers to adjust basic service provision, including water supply, sanitation and flood protection (Mafuta et al. 2011). Urban water management systems become subject to a range of pressures. Unplanned urban developments within watersheds may pollute surface waters and complicate water source protection. Land clearance, deforestation and the expansion of impermeable surfaces increase the risk of flooding, and slow the rate of infiltration and aquifer recharge. As storm and surface water runoff flow through built-up areas, their pollution loads increase, particularly where the necessary solid waste management practices are lacking (Palaniappan et al. 2010).
Cities change local ecologies The absence of water and sanitation services, alongside inadequate drainage and flood protection mechanisms, increase the disease burden on urban populations and the vulnerability of urban communities to weather-related disasters. New disease vectors or new infections emerge among urban populations.
Urban water management is a complex undertaking Urban water management goes much beyond providing water and sanitation services and overseeing related infrastructure. It also includes mitigating the risk of floods, landslides and other water-mediated disasters, as well as managing solid waste and storm water drainage. Conventionally, these services have been delivered in isolation. Yet, greater integration is key to safeguarding cities and water resources (Bahri 2012).
Silo-thinking’ is not limited to city managers. At the basin-level, water resources management often fails to account for the interdependencies between freshwater, wastewater, flood control and storm water (Parkinson et al. 2010).
Cities need water for residential, commercial and other uses. Yet, water may be located far away and is unlikely to be at the disposal of cities alone. Moreover, prevalent management practices make little distinction between different water qualities. A wide range of water needs are met using high-quality water, thereby exacerbating resource scarcity (van der Steen 2006). The situation is further complicated by the myriad authorities and legislative frameworks that govern urban water management.
Sustainable water management practices in cities benefit not only urban communities but also those in surrounding areas. URAdapt enrolled a wide range of stakeholders and devised an integrated research framework to account for the mutual dependencies between water sources, water use sectors and water management scales.
Climate change and urban water-mediated vulnerabilitiesA changing climate demands that the management of water is approached in a different way. Research on climate change adaptation has focused mostly on rural agriculture, neglecting the shift of populations towards cities. At the same time, urban infrastructure responses to climate change have concentrated on transport and energy sectors, and only minimally on water and wastewater systems.
6Strategic agenda for adaptation to urban water-mediated impacts of climate change in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Water will mediate climate change impacts on ecosystems, livelihoods and the well-being of societies in urban areas and beyond (UN-Water 2010). Climate change is expected to influence the intensity, timing and reliability of rainfall.
In many developing cities, existing infrastructure struggles to cope with current weather conditions. Climate change will place further strain on water, transport, energy and ecosystems. Where no safety nets are in place, basic service provision is interrupted, local economies come to a halt and urban populations may be forced to seek new livelihoods elsewhere. Within cities, existing inequalities will be made worse (UN-Habitat 2011). Yet, current projections of water and sanitation supply and demand only account for population increases, and not for the impacts of climate change.
Urban water demand can be expected to increase in the future as a result of growing populations, rising temperatures, and more frequent and extreme heat events. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns are predicted to impact the availability (in terms of both quantity and quality), treatment and distribution of water (WHO and DFID 2009).
More rain and heightened flood risks imply higher costs for road, drainage and flood protection infrastructure. Some lands may no longer be habitable.
Climate change will impact water-based sanitation. In areas where precipitation decreases, water-dependent sewerage systems may be damaged. Elsewhere – particularly in cities with combined sewer networks – treatment facilities may flood, leading to water contamination and public health risks (Tucci 2009). Simultaneously, in areas where groundwater levels are expected to rise, pollution caused by pit latrines may become more difficult to manage (WHO and DFID 2009). As a whole, sewage treatment lags behind coverage. Under climate change, performance requirements, costs and potentially also the carbon footprint of wastewater treatment will increase (Bahri 2009).
Half of the world’s population live within 3 km of freshwater bodies (Kummu et al. 2011). The lack of basic sanitation facilities in major cities of the developing world leaves a large ‘negative’ water footprint, thus exposing large populations to the adverse impacts of water pollution. Farmers downstream of cities using these polluted water sources for agricultural purposes have to face the combined effects of pollution and climate change.
URAdapt builds city resilience to climate change by generating scenarios for future water resources management in, and for, cities in light of population increases and climate change.
7
Generating knowledge for decision support
Conceptual research study framework
Definition of the research frameworkURAdapt devised an integrated analytical framework to produce new knowledge on climate adaptation in support of decision-making. The project has taken as its starting point the interdependencies between water sources, scales and sectors that cut across the urban-rural continuum.
URAdapt has recognized that contextually relevant and sustainable solutions can only arise out of mutual learning and collective action. With this in view, the project applied a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, which involved setting up the Research into Strategic Action Platform (Re-SAP). This platform provided an opportunity for a novel constellation of stakeholders to come together to discuss how Addis Ababa can reduce its vulnerabilities to climate change through improved and integrated urban water management. The Re-SAP has provided critical input into research activities through data provision, monitoring of progress, and evaluation of research quality and relevance. A smaller Core Group was available for more detailed discussions on relevant issues as needed.
Using regional climate models (RegCM4), URAdapt scientists downscaled global circulation models to the level of the Akaki Basin, serving Addis Ababa, in order to understand its exposure to climate change under Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenario A1B.
Climate change scenarios
(downscaled)
Land use change scenarios
Time series inflow to reservoirs
(Impact assessment)
Historical climate data
HEC-HMS Model(Calibration and validation)
HEC-HMS Model(Impact assessment)
City water allocation/uses
VENSIM Model(Impact assessment)
Urban development scenarios
Historical flow data
Model parameters
Akaki catchment water availability Addis Ababa storm water/flooding
Watershed parameters
Water quality analysis
Supported by socio-institutional studies to capture
vulnerability
Downstream agricultural impact and adaptation
Upstream/downstream water interaction
Supply/demand gapWastewater generation
Runoff and storm water drainage design
8Strategic agenda for adaptation to urban water-mediated impacts of climate change in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
This information was fed into a hydrological model (HEC-HMS) which modelled runoff in the catchment, and projected water availability and allocation under different climate and basin water use scenarios. At the city level, URAdapt investigated urban water and wastewater interactions, including the water supply-demand gap under different scenarios of per capita water use and population growth. Addis Ababa surface runoff was modelled using the US Soil Conservation Service (SCS)-based storm runoff model, and the impact of climate change on flood design parameters was studied. The project also examined vulnerability in terms of exposure to flooding and service levels for water supply and sanitation, and the associated adaptation responses of vulnerable communities, including those of downstream farmers exposed to poor water quality. Finally, urban-rural interactions around water use and management were studied with respect to Addis Ababa and the Finfinne zone surrounding it.
Selection of stakeholder groupings (boundary partners)Stakeholder selection was guided by two principles: the reflection of multiple perspectives on urban water management, and the participation of organizations and individuals in positions of incorporating project knowledge into policy debates and everyday working practice. More specifically, the project sought to enrol actors who could account for the following:
♦ The continuum of water use and management across urban and rural spaces (rural water supply, agriculture, irrigation), and reflect both the basin and national water resource management perspectives.
♦ Climate change (climate change lead organization in the government, implementers of adaptation measures and disaster risk mitigation).
♦ Socioeconomic factors that may compound vulnerability to climate change and be able to convey the voices of vulnerable women, urban slum dwellers and communities living in flood-prone areas.
♦ Local-level water governance (urban and rural local authorities, including those in charge of water supply and wastewater in the two project cities).
♦ Any health-related issues (including flooding and water contamination from poor sanitation).
The platform itself ensured that its composition continued to reflect the purpose of the project, and the in-built flexibility of the project ensured that new actors could be invited to platform meetings as and when needed. The specific tasks and operational mode of the platform were defined by stakeholders themselves. The Re-SAP also sought alignment with other water- and climate-related initiatives in Addis Ababa.
Process for stakeholder engagement in order to have impact The Re-SAP and Core Group have served as the main channels for stakeholder engagement. Collectively, they have discussed findings and their implications for policy formulation and implementation, and in this way, continually provided further definition to the types of impacts that the project could pursue.
In pursuit of wide-scale impact, the URAdapt project team and Re-SAP members have participated in climate change-related policy consultations and networked with communities of water management practitioners, both in Ethiopia and elsewhere. They represent a resource base that can be drawn upon in future work on climate change, water resources and cities.
9
At a more local level, URAdapt carried out targeted engagement with the Addis Ababa Municipality. This involved learning about the structure and functions of the key departments, as well as their information needs and data availability. More focussed discussions took place with the city manager and his technical teams (particularly those related to water, sewerage and drainage), and the Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority. As a result, the project was able to remain up-to-date on municipal initiatives and identify opportunities for integrating URAdapt research into the ongoing work of the local authority. The project also interacted closely with vulnerable communities as part of the case study analytical process.
At the final stages in support of the uptake of the research findings, one-on-one meetings were held with high-ranking officials of the city municipality including the City Manager and other key actors responsible for the implementation of the agenda. The Climate Change Forum-Ethiopia, a non-government actor, was also enrolled to support future uptake of recommendations.
10Strategic agenda for adaptation to urban water-mediated impacts of climate change in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Case
stu
dies
and
find
ings
Rese
arch
them
e Re
sear
ch/s
tudy
topi
c
Mai
n fin
ding
s/lik
ely
scen
ario
Clim
ate
dow
nsca
ling
Ev
alua
tion
of th
e im
pact
of c
limat
e ch
ange
on
the
extr
eme
• Li
kely
incr
ease
in fl
ow v
olum
es a
nd fl
oodi
ng.
and
impa
ct o
f clim
ate
flo
w h
ydro
logy
and
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y of
Aka
ki B
asin
usi
ng
• Th
ere
will
be
a 13
% in
crea
se in
the
annu
al fl
ow v
olum
e of
Aka
ki B
asin
in th
e 20
30s a
nd a
15%
incr
ease
in
and
non-
clim
ate
di
ffere
nt e
mis
sion
scen
ario
s.
the
2090
s. dr
iver
s on
urba
n
• Th
e ex
trem
e flo
ods w
ill li
kely
incr
ease
by
37%
in th
e 20
30s a
nd b
y 15
% in
the
2090
s.
hydr
olog
y
Eval
uatio
n of
the
impa
ct o
f clim
ate
chan
ge o
n th
e w
ater
•
Inflo
ws t
o, a
nd st
orag
e in
, the
thre
e re
serv
oirs
are
like
ly to
incr
ease
sign
ifica
ntly
.
supp
ly re
serv
oirs
of e
xist
ing
Gefe
rsa,
Leg
edad
i and
Dir
e
−
Inflo
w to
Leg
edad
i inc
reas
es b
y 14
and
16%
for 2
030
and
2090
, res
pect
ivel
y, w
hilst
the
stor
age
incr
ease
dam
s, an
d ot
her f
utur
e w
ater
supp
ly so
urce
s to
in
the
rese
rvoi
r is 2
1 an
d 19
%, r
espe
ctiv
ely
(sig
nific
ant)
.
Addi
s Aba
ba.
−
Inflo
w to
Dir
e in
crea
ses b
y 9
and
3% fo
r 203
0 an
d 20
90, r
espe
ctiv
ely,
whi
lst th
e st
orag
e in
crea
se in
the
re
serv
oir i
s 26.
5 an
d 24
%, r
espe
ctiv
ely
(sig
nific
ant)
.
−
Inflo
w to
Gef
ersa
incr
ease
s by
5 an
d 4%
for 2
030
and
2090
, res
pect
ivel
y, w
hilst
the
stor
age
incr
ease
in
the
rese
rvoi
r is 3
8 an
d 37
%, r
espe
ctiv
ely
(sig
nific
ant)
.
Im
pact
of b
uilt
envi
ronm
ent o
n hy
drol
ogic
al re
gim
es o
f •
The
non-
clim
atic
dri
ver o
f inc
reas
e in
are
a of
the
built
env
iron
men
t has
incr
ease
d th
e ru
noff
coef
ficie
nt fr
om
Ad
dis A
baba
.
28 to
45%
ove
r the
last
20
year
s, w
ith a
cont
inue
d in
crea
se e
xpec
ted
in th
e fo
rese
eabl
e fu
ture
.
• In
term
s of v
olum
e, th
is re
pres
ents
a 6
2% in
crea
se in
runo
ff vo
lum
e w
ithin
Add
is A
baba
.
• W
ith th
e ra
pid
chan
ges o
bser
ved
in th
e bu
ilt a
rea,
floo
d vo
lum
es a
re cu
rren
tly a
ntic
ipat
ed to
be
high
er.
M
ains
trea
min
g th
e im
pact
s of c
limat
e ch
ange
in th
e de
sign
•
The
retu
rn p
erio
ds o
f pea
k flo
ods h
ave
chan
ged,
so th
e de
sign
gui
delin
es fo
r dra
inag
e in
fras
truc
ture
hav
e to
of u
rban
dra
inag
e in
fras
truc
ture
.
be re
vise
d.
• Te
n-ye
ar re
turn
per
iod
of fl
oods
in th
e 19
90s (
60.1
m3 /s
) is e
quiv
alen
t to
two-
year
retu
rn p
erio
d of
floo
ds in
th
e 20
30s (
61.2
m3 /s
). Th
is is
equ
ival
ent t
o ab
out f
ive-
year
retu
rn p
erio
d of
floo
ds in
209
0 (6
2 m
3 /s).
•
Sim
ilarly
, the
50-
year
(72
m3 /s
) and
100
-yea
r (77
m3 /s
) ret
urn
peri
od o
f flo
ods b
ecom
e eq
uiva
lent
to th
e
fiv
e-ye
ar a
nd 1
0-ye
ar re
turn
per
iod,
resp
ectiv
ely
in th
e 20
30s.
Urba
n w
ater
syst
em
Eval
uatio
n of
wat
er a
nd w
aste
wat
er m
anag
emen
t und
er
• Cu
rren
t wat
er su
pply
pro
visi
on is
not
ade
quat
e fo
r Add
is A
baba
City
. The
re is
a g
ap o
f 28%
bet
wee
n su
pply
tr
ajec
tori
es a
nd im
pact
s co
nditi
ons o
f clim
ate
chan
ge fo
r Add
is A
baba
City
(Usi
ng
an
d de
man
d w
hich
has
to b
e m
et.
th
e VE
NSI
M M
odel
). •
Desp
ite a
dditi
onal
pla
nned
wat
er su
pply
dev
elop
men
t, by
203
0, th
e w
ater
supp
ly o
f Add
is A
baba
City
will
still
be
insu
ffici
ent d
ue to
the
incr
ease
d de
man
d re
late
d to
tem
pera
ture
rise
, dem
ogra
phic
gro
wth
and
the
im
prov
ed w
ell-b
eing
of p
eopl
e. F
or a
n av
erag
e sc
enar
io o
f per
capi
ta w
ater
dem
and,
the
gap
betw
een
supp
ly
and
dem
and
is e
xpec
ted
to in
crea
se to
47%
.
• If
expe
cted
dem
and
is m
et, w
aste
wat
er g
ener
atio
n in
the
City
of A
ddis
Aba
ba w
ill tr
iple
by
2030
.
• Of
the
net s
uppl
y of
wat
er, 1
7.5%
is co
nsum
ed b
y as
few
as 1
07 co
nsum
ers.
As
sess
ing
wat
er co
nser
vatio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t opt
ions
for
• A
net g
ain
of 3
4.4%
of w
ater
to b
ridg
e th
e ga
p w
ould
be
poss
ible
with
wat
er co
nser
vatio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t
mee
ting
the
incr
easi
ng w
ater
supp
ly-d
eman
d ga
p in
Add
is
m
easu
res.
Ab
aba
City
. •
Curr
ent n
on-r
even
ue w
ater
is a
bout
39.
5% (u
nacc
ount
ed fo
r wat
er in
the
dist
ribu
tion
syst
em).
•
Mos
t of t
he w
ater
dis
trib
utio
n fa
cilit
ies a
re o
ld a
nd b
adly
mai
ntai
ned.
By
repl
acin
g ol
d fix
ture
s with
new
and
ef
ficie
nt o
nes,
20%
of t
he w
ater
can
be re
gain
ed.
Un
ders
tand
ing
the
situ
atio
n of
was
tew
ater
irri
gatio
n in
the
•
The
qual
ity o
f wat
er in
the
Akak
i Riv
er h
as d
eter
iora
ted
over
the
last
40
year
s.
Akak
i cat
chm
ent.
• W
aste
wat
er g
ener
atio
n ha
s inc
reas
ed th
e av
aila
bilit
y of
wat
er fo
r veg
etab
le p
rodu
ctio
n in
dry
seas
ons.
•
Unex
pect
ed in
tens
ity o
f rai
nfal
l dur
ing
the
dry
seas
on a
nd a
t the
ons
et o
f the
rain
y se
ason
incr
ease
s
pollu
tant
leve
ls in
the
Akak
i Riv
er. C
onse
quen
tly, t
he fr
eque
ncy
of si
ckne
ss a
nd d
eath
of c
attle
incr
ease
s.
• Of
the
annu
al in
com
e of
farm
ers,
75%
is d
eriv
ed fr
om w
aste
wat
er ir
riga
tion
in th
e dr
y se
ason
. (Con
tinue
d)
11
Rese
arch
them
e Re
sear
ch/s
tudy
topi
c
Mai
n fin
ding
s/lik
ely
scen
ario
•
Farm
ers s
eek
othe
r sou
rces
of i
ncom
e du
ring
the
rain
y se
ason
due
to th
e flo
odin
g of
farm
land
s. W
ith
cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
exp
ansi
on o
f the
bui
lt en
viro
nmen
t, th
e pe
riod
of f
lood
ing
is li
kely
to e
xpan
d.
In
vest
igat
ion
of u
pstr
eam
/dow
nstr
eam
link
ages
in re
latio
n
• Du
e to
urb
aniz
atio
n an
d in
dust
rial
izat
ion,
ther
e w
ill b
e co
mpe
titio
n fo
r gro
undw
ater
use
from
the
Akak
i
to th
e ur
ban
wat
er cy
cle
for t
he C
ity o
f Add
is A
baba
.
wel
l-fie
ld (s
ervi
ng A
ddis
Aba
ba) f
or th
e su
rrou
ndin
g ar
eas.
•
Of th
e po
pula
tion
in th
e Fi
nfin
ne z
one,
20-
25%
is u
rban
with
incr
easi
ng w
ater
nee
ds.
•
Ther
e is
a la
rge
lives
tock
pop
ulat
ion
that
use
s rur
al w
ater
sour
ces a
nd a
lrea
dy fa
ce w
ater
shor
tage
s in
the
dr
y se
ason
.
Hum
an a
nd in
stitu
tiona
l As
sess
men
t of t
he p
hysi
cal a
nd so
cioe
cono
mic
vul
nera
bilit
y •
Diffe
rent
iate
d vu
lner
abili
ty o
f com
mun
ities
to fl
ood
inci
dent
s and
div
erse
copi
ng st
rate
gies
ado
pted
: vu
lner
abili
ty
of A
ddis
Aba
ba to
wat
er-m
edia
ted
impa
cts o
f clim
ate
chan
ge
−
The
city
exp
erie
nced
seve
re fl
oods
at l
east
25
times
bet
wee
n 19
78 a
nd 2
010.
Exc
ludi
ng th
e
(wat
er su
pply
, urb
an fl
oodi
ng a
nd w
aste
wat
er m
anag
emen
t).
dow
nstr
eam
Oro
mia
Dist
rict
, at l
east
15,
000
peop
le w
ere
seve
rely
affe
cted
. Of t
he p
opul
atio
n, 5
8%
livin
g cl
ose
to th
e ba
nks o
f the
Aka
ki R
iver
hav
e lo
w-q
ualit
y ho
uses
and
are
mor
e vu
lner
able
to fl
ood
in
cide
nce
(fro
m se
cond
ary
data
sour
ces)
.
−
Amon
gst t
he p
eopl
e ex
pose
d to
floo
d in
cide
nce,
38.7
% a
re in
Add
is Ke
tem
a, 3
2.2%
are
in A
kaki
-Kal
iti
and
30.8
% a
re in
Ara
da su
b-ci
ties.
Sub-
citie
s of A
kaki
-Kal
iti, L
idet
a, A
rada
, Nifa
s-sil
k-La
fto a
nd
Ch
erko
s are
the
mos
t exp
osed
to fl
oodi
ng.
− So
me
adap
tatio
n m
easu
res t
aken
by
vuln
erab
le co
mm
uniti
es to
floo
ds in
clud
ed re
info
rcin
g of
rive
r
ba
nks,
chan
ging
crop
ping
pat
tern
s, cl
eani
ng d
rain
s and
shel
teri
ng a
ffect
ed p
eopl
e in
com
mun
ity
shel
ters
as w
ell a
s for
min
g st
rong
soci
al n
etw
orks
as a
risk
insu
ranc
e st
rate
gy.
− Do
wns
trea
m fa
rmin
g co
mm
uniti
es (4
,108
farm
hou
seho
lds)
invo
lved
in p
eri-u
rban
agr
icul
ture
(3,5
60
hect
ares
and
subs
tant
ial l
ives
tock
) are
vul
nera
ble
to cr
op fa
ilure
and
live
stoc
k de
aths
as a
resu
lt of
flo
odin
g an
d w
ater
logg
ing
prob
lem
s (33
% o
f res
pond
ents
repo
rted
seve
re fl
ood
dam
age)
.
• Ur
bani
zatio
n, p
over
ty le
vels
and
low
acc
ess t
o ba
sic s
ocia
l ser
vice
s and
hou
sing
mak
e th
e ci
ty a
nd it
s
popu
latio
ns m
ore
vuln
erab
le:
− Th
e ci
ty m
ore
than
dou
bled
its b
uilt-
up a
rea
from
197
5 to
200
0 sh
owin
g a
phys
ical
exp
ansio
n fr
om 6
,050
to
14,
672.
7 he
ctar
es.
− W
ith a
pro
ject
ed ci
ty p
opul
atio
n of
5 m
illio
n by
203
0, m
igra
tion
to th
e ci
ty is
seen
as a
maj
or co
ntri
buto
r
(4
6.9%
).
− Of
the
hous
es in
the
city
, 24.
8% a
re in
ver
y po
or co
nditi
on a
nd in
crea
ses t
heir
vul
nera
bilit
y to
clim
ate
ex
trem
es.
− Of
the
popu
latio
n of
Add
is Ab
aba,
32.
5% a
re li
ving
bel
ow th
e po
vert
y lin
e. Th
e co
mm
uniti
es th
at a
re
mos
t vul
nera
ble,
due
to th
eir e
xtre
me
inco
me
pove
rty,
live
in A
kaki
-Kal
iti, C
herk
os, Y
eka
and
Arad
a.
• Cu
rren
t lev
el o
f dev
elop
men
t mak
es th
e ci
ty m
ore
vuln
erab
le to
wat
er su
pply
and
sani
tatio
n de
ficits
, with
diffe
rent
leve
ls o
f exp
osur
e am
ong
diffe
rent
soci
al g
roup
s:
−
Of th
e po
pula
tion
of A
ddis
Abab
a, 2
7% d
o no
t hav
e ac
cess
to im
prov
ed w
ater
supp
ly. A
ny fu
ture
re
duct
ion
in w
ater
supp
ly w
ill e
xace
rbat
e th
eir v
ulne
rabi
lity.
The
73%
that
hav
e ac
cess
will
also
be
af
fect
ed, b
ut to
a le
sser
deg
ree.
− In
the
very
poo
rly
serv
ed su
b-ci
ties o
f Aka
ki-K
aliti
, Gul
ele
and
Arad
a, b
etw
een
40 a
nd 4
7% la
ck a
cces
s
to
impr
oved
, affo
rdab
le a
nd su
ffici
ent w
ater
supp
ly. I
n be
tter
-ser
ved
area
s suc
h as
Add
is Ke
tem
a, G
ulel
e,
Kolfe
Ker
aneo
and
Ara
da, a
bout
35%
of t
he p
opul
atio
n ar
e su
bjec
t to
inte
rrup
tions
in w
ater
supp
ly
serv
ices
.
(Con
tinue
d)
Case
stud
ies a
nd fi
ndin
gs (C
ontin
ued)
12Strategic agenda for adaptation to urban water-mediated impacts of climate change in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Rese
arch
them
e Re
sear
ch/s
tudy
topi
c
Mai
n fin
ding
s/lik
ely
scen
ario
− Of
the
city
pop
ulat
ion,
83%
use
pit
latr
ines
whi
le o
nly
17%
of t
he p
opul
atio
n in
hig
h-in
com
e ar
eas h
ave
ac
cess
to fl
ush
toile
ts. I
n Ak
aki-K
aliti
, in
part
icul
ar, a
nd C
herk
os su
b-ci
ties,
betw
een
85 a
nd 9
0% o
f the
po
pula
tion
have
onl
y th
e ba
sic sa
nita
tion
serv
ices
.
−
Addi
tiona
lly, l
ow-in
com
e ar
eas w
ith p
it la
trin
es, w
hich
are
at r
isk fr
om fl
oodi
ng, f
ace
pote
ntia
l hea
lth
risk
s.
−
Less
than
15%
of t
he u
rban
are
a is
sew
ered
, and
30%
of t
he so
lid w
aste
is d
umpe
d in
ope
n sp
aces
, riv
er
bank
s, ro
ad si
des,
etc.
•
Exis
ting
road
infr
astr
uctu
re o
f the
city
is m
ore
vuln
erab
le to
floo
ding
due
to th
e lik
ely
incr
ease
in
in
tens
ity o
f rai
nfal
l and
und
er-d
esig
n of
dra
inag
e sy
stem
s.
−
Ou
t of t
he cu
rren
t roa
d ne
twor
ks o
f 3,3
24 k
m in
the
city
, abo
ut 1
,662
km
of a
spha
lt is
vuln
erab
le to
the
im
pact
s of c
limat
e ch
ange
as t
his w
as n
ot co
nsid
ered
dur
ing
cons
truc
tion.
Re
view
of p
olic
y an
d in
stitu
tiona
l arr
ange
men
ts to
ass
ess
The
polic
y an
d in
stitu
tiona
l ana
lysi
s ide
ntifi
ed th
e fo
llow
ing
feat
ures
(str
engt
hs a
nd w
eakn
esse
s) th
at in
fluen
ce
th
e ad
apta
tion
capa
city
of t
he ci
ty to
wat
er-m
edia
ted
the
capa
city
of t
he ci
ty to
ada
pt to
wat
er-m
edia
ted
impa
cts o
f clim
ate
chan
ge.
im
pact
s of c
limat
e ch
ange
. •
Nat
iona
l ins
titut
ions
and
pro
cess
es p
rovi
de a
supp
ortin
g en
viro
nmen
t for
ada
ptat
ion
to cl
imat
e ch
ange
:
−
Thou
gh cl
imat
e ch
ange
is n
ot d
irec
tly m
ains
trea
med
in th
e Gr
owth
and
Tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
Plan
(GTP
) of t
he
co
untr
y, th
e ov
eral
l dev
elop
men
t goa
l of e
radi
catin
g po
vert
y, as
stip
ulat
ed in
it, i
s a st
reng
th th
at b
uild
s the
city
’s ad
apta
tion
capa
city
. The
med
ium
-term
pla
n fo
cuse
s on
pro-
poor
dev
elop
men
t, ad
dres
sing
the
mos
t
vuln
erab
le se
gmen
ts o
f the
city
.
−
Clim
ate
chan
ge is
inte
rnal
ized
, alb
eit i
ndir
ectly
, in
the
exist
ing
envi
ronm
ent,
wat
er re
sour
ces m
anag
emen
t,
di
sast
er p
reve
ntio
n, p
repa
redn
ess a
nd e
arly
war
ning
pol
icie
s, an
d th
e he
alth
pol
icy.
− In
tern
atio
nal d
onor
aid
for d
evel
opm
ent p
rovi
des o
ppor
tuni
ties f
or fi
nanc
ing
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n
prog
ram
s.
• At
the
city
leve
l, th
e ex
istin
g co
nstit
utio
n, in
stitu
tiona
l arr
ange
men
t as w
ell a
s the
org
aniz
atio
nal s
truc
ture
of
the
adm
inis
trat
ion,
refle
cts o
r cre
ates
mor
e ca
paci
ty fo
r the
city
to a
dapt
to w
ater
-med
iate
d im
pact
s of
cl
imat
e ch
ange
.
−
The
cons
titut
ion
and
the
wat
er p
olic
y pr
ovid
e th
e ci
ty w
ith th
e ri
ght t
o ut
ilize
wat
er re
sour
ces w
ithin
and
ou
tsid
e its
bou
ndar
y. Th
ere
is pr
ovisi
on fo
r est
ablis
hing
a sp
ecia
l joi
nt co
mm
ittee
with
the
neig
hbor
ing
Or
omia
regi
on fo
r res
ourc
e ut
iliza
tion
and
regu
latin
g di
scha
rge
of p
ollu
tant
s.
−
Man
date
s are
clea
rly
iden
tifie
d fo
r all
leve
ls of
the
inst
itutio
nal s
truc
ture
, inc
ludi
ng fe
dera
l, ci
ty, s
ub-c
ity
and
dist
rict
leve
ls.
− Th
e ci
ty is
aut
onom
ous a
nd p
repa
res i
ts o
wn
sect
oral
pol
icie
s, st
rate
gies
and
dev
elop
men
t pro
gram
s; it
al
loca
tes a
bud
get t
o de
velo
pmen
t pro
gram
s and
follo
ws-
up o
n th
eir i
mpl
emen
tatio
n. F
or e
ffect
iven
ess o
f
su
ch m
anda
tes,
the
city
has
its o
wn
dece
ntra
lized
stru
ctur
es th
at st
retc
h fr
om ci
ty to
dist
rict
leve
ls.
− Th
ere
are
info
rmal
com
mun
ity ri
sk sh
arin
g sc
hem
es, w
hich
are
org
aniz
ed b
y m
embe
rs, a
nd le
d by
de
moc
ratic
ally
ele
cted
lead
ers t
hat p
rovi
de a
n in
sura
nce
serv
ice
to m
embe
rs o
nly.
− Th
ere
is a
stro
ng w
illin
gnes
s of t
he lo
cal c
omm
unity
to p
artic
ipat
e in
and
cont
ribu
te to
the
plan
ning
and
im
plem
enta
tion
of a
dapt
atio
n pr
ogra
ms w
hich
will
hel
p to
bui
ld th
eir r
esili
ence
to cl
imat
e ch
ange
. Bet
ter
desig
n of
ada
ptat
ion
prog
ram
s is p
ossib
le w
ith lo
cal c
omm
unity
par
ticip
atio
n (r
esul
ts o
f foc
us g
roup
disc
ussio
ns).
(Con
tinue
d)
Case
stud
ies a
nd fi
ndin
gs (C
ontin
ued)
13
Rese
arch
them
e Re
sear
ch/s
tudy
topi
c
Mai
n fin
ding
s/lik
ely
scen
ario
•
Som
e im
plem
enta
tion
gaps
wer
e id
entif
ied
that
may
wea
ken
the
adap
tive
capa
city
of t
he ci
ty.
− Al
thou
gh th
e sp
ecia
l com
mitt
ee fo
r wat
er re
sour
ces m
anag
emen
t bet
wee
n Ad
dis A
baba
and
the
Orom
ia
regi
on h
as b
een
esta
blish
ed, c
lear
man
date
s, pr
oces
ses a
nd re
late
d in
stitu
tiona
l arr
ange
men
ts a
re st
ill
la
ckin
g to
mak
e it
func
tiona
l.
−
Low
impl
emen
tatio
n ca
paci
ty a
cros
s diff
eren
t org
aniz
atio
ns a
t the
city
leve
l. Th
is is
refle
cted
in p
oor
plan
ning
, low
impl
emen
tatio
n of
targ
ets,
poor
enf
orce
men
t of e
xist
ing
polic
y (e
.g., p
ollu
tion)
, low
mot
ivat
ion
of d
istri
ct o
ffici
als a
nd lo
w co
ordi
natio
n ca
paci
ty (e
.g., b
etw
een
AAW
SA a
nd A
ACRA
).
−
Nar
row
reve
nue
base
(bus
ines
s tax
, non
-pub
lic e
mpl
oyee
tax,
etc.)
and
low
reve
nue
colle
ctio
n ca
paci
ty (a
t
ci
ty le
vel)
impe
des a
dequ
ate
budg
et a
lloca
tion
for c
limat
e ad
apta
tion
prog
ram
s.
−
Low
aw
aren
ess o
f loc
al co
mm
unity
abo
ut w
ater
-med
iate
d im
pact
s of c
limat
e ch
ange
.
−
No
clea
r und
erst
andi
ng fo
r int
egra
ting
deve
lopm
ent p
lans
with
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n pl
ans.
− Ea
rly
war
ning
syst
em e
xist
s at c
ity a
nd su
b-ci
ty le
vels,
but
ther
e is
no in
volv
emen
t of t
he lo
cal c
omm
unity
in
th
e pl
anni
ng a
nd im
plem
enta
tion
of th
is sy
stem
.
−
The
com
man
d–an
d–co
ntro
l pol
icy
of e
nvir
onm
enta
l pol
lutio
n ca
nnot
be
impl
emen
ted
due
to in
stitu
tiona
l
w
eakn
esse
s.
• Po
licy
and
inst
itutio
nal g
aps t
hat a
re li
kely
to a
ffect
effe
ctiv
e ad
apta
tion
are:
− Th
e w
ater
reso
urce
s man
agem
ent p
olic
y ig
nore
s effi
cien
cy in
tari
ff se
ttin
g, a
s it o
nly
cons
ider
s the
full
cost
reco
very
of t
he in
vest
men
t and
ope
ratio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce co
sts i
n w
ater
serv
ice
deliv
ery.
− Th
ere
is no
pol
icy
inst
rum
ent t
hat e
ncou
rage
s the
use
of w
ater
-effi
cien
t tec
hnol
ogie
s.
−
Ther
e is
no w
aste
wat
er m
anag
emen
t pol
icy
and
the
exist
ing
was
tew
ater
trea
tmen
t pla
nts i
n th
e ci
ty h
ave
no m
anda
te to
sell
or re
cycl
e tr
eate
d w
aste
wat
er (a
s a p
ossib
le a
dapt
atio
n op
tion)
.
−
Ther
e is
no u
rban
agr
icul
ture
pol
icy
and
stra
tegy
. Thi
s hin
ders
the
prod
uctiv
ity o
f the
sect
or a
nd th
e sa
fe
use
of w
aste
wat
er in
irri
gatio
n, d
espi
te th
e hu
ge v
olum
es o
f was
tew
ater
pro
duce
d an
d th
e w
illin
gnes
s of
urba
n fa
rmer
s to
buy
and
prac
tice
safe
was
tew
ater
irri
gatio
n.
−
Ther
e is
low
pri
vate
sect
or p
artic
ipat
ion
in w
aste
man
agem
ent.
Hig
her p
artic
ipat
ion
coul
d im
prov
e se
rvic
e
le
vels.
−
Abse
nce
of fo
rmal
insu
ranc
e sc
hem
es fo
r clim
ate-
rela
ted
risk
man
agem
ent.
Case
stud
ies a
nd fi
ndin
gs (C
ontin
ued)
14Strategic agenda for adaptation to urban water-mediated impacts of climate change in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Research gaps and suggested further studies
♦ Developing a scalable approach or methodology for addressing urban adaptation to climate change impacts which are applicable across African cities.
♦ Water demand management and options for developing alternative water sources (rainwater harvesting, greywater/wastewater recycling, groundwater and water conservation).
♦ Decision support system for IUWM to mainstream climate change.
♦ Modelling water allocation in the Akaki Basin (and other potential water basins serving the city) under future climate and development scenarios.
♦ Applying regional downscaling models to understand climate change impacts in other major cities in Ethiopia.
♦ Coupling the expansion of the built-up environment with climate change, and consequences for the design of urban storm drainage systems.
♦ Climate information and attribution of impacts in understanding urban flooding in Addis Ababa.
♦ Improving urban flood hazard and risk mapping methods, and developing a current risk map for Addis Ababa.
♦ Designing and integrating locally appropriate flood management and adaptation measures into the overall city management plan.
♦ Community participation and management for addressing flood adaptation.
♦ Developing appropriate institutional mechanisms for enforcing existing and new environmental regulations.
♦ Quantitative microbial risk assessments and health impact analysis across flood-prone areas in Addis Ababa.
♦ Costing adaptation measures for informed decisions.
♦ Understanding and facilitating organizational change for mainstreaming climate change adaptation into working practices.
15
Boundary partners
Representatives/individuals from the following organizations participated in the Research into Strategic Action Platform (Re-SAP) meetings.
Addis Ababa Environmental Protection AuthorityAddis Ababa Municipality Addis Ababa University, College of Development StudiesAddis Ababa University, Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringAddis Ababa University, Environmental Economics Policy Forum for EthiopiaAddis Ababa Water and Sewerage AuthorityAddis Ababa Women and Children Affairs OfficeAkaki Water OfficeAssociation of Citizen Solidarity for Campaign Against Famine in EthiopiaClimate and Health Working Group of EthiopiaClimate Change Forum - EthiopiaEthiopian Civil Society Network on Climate Change Ethiopian Development Research InstituteEthiopian Environmental Protection AuthorityForum for Environment - EthiopiaInternational Water Management InstituteMinistry of Water and Energy - Department of Research CoordinationMinistry of Water and Energy - Water Supply and Sanitation DirectorateMinistry of Water and Energy - Department of HydrologyNational Meteorology Agency Oromia Special Zone OfficeOromia Water, Mineral and Energy BureauSebeta Awas Woreda Water, Mine and Energy officeUrban Agriculture Extension Service
Lead partners: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University (AAU).
Lead researchers: The research team for the development of the Strategic Agenda includes Dr. Semu Ayalew Moges, Dr. Geremew Sahilu and Mr. Tadesse Animaw Sinshaw, from Addis Ababa University; Dr. Alebel Bayru from Ethiopian Development Research Institute; and Dr. Liqa Raschid-Sally and Mr. Edmund K. Akoto-Danso from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
Research dissemination: The Climate Change Forum - Ethiopia, represented by Mr. Gebru Jember, has been associated with the project from the outset, and will support the dissemination of the research findings and the strategic recommendations.
Project funder: International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada, and the Department for International Development (DFID), UK.
16Strategic agenda for adaptation to urban water-mediated impacts of climate change in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
List of acronyms
Acronym NameAA Addis AbabaAACRA Addis Ababa City Road AuthorityAAWSA Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage AuthorityBMP Best Management PracticesDFID Department for International DevelopmentEPA Environmental Protection AuthorityGIS Geographic Information SystemGTP Growth and Transformation PlanIDF Intensity-Duration-FrequencyIDRC International Development Research CentreIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIUWM Integrated Urban Water ManagementIWRM Integrated Water Resources ManagementPAR Participatory Action ResearchRe-SAP Research into Strategic Action PlatformSCS Soil Conservation Service
17
Glossary and terms used
Climate change: is a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
Climate variability: refers to variations in the mean state and other statistics (such as standard deviations, the occurrence of extremes, etc.) of the climate on all temporal and spatial scales beyond that of individual weather events.
HEC-HMS: A hydrologic modelling system for modelling runoff at the catchment scale.
Integrated urban water management (IUWM): seeks to change the impact of urban development on the natural water cycle, by managing the urban water cycle as a whole.
IPCC Scenarios A1B and B1: These are scenarios constructed on the basis of 4 narrative story lines (A1, A2, B1 and B2), used to explore future developments in the global environment and their impact on climate. The A1 scenario story line emphasizes globalization, with intensification of market forces and rapid globalized economic growth. B1 emphasizes sustainability, with equity globalized, and extensive sustainable development. Scenario A1B is a subset of A1 indicating balanced energy across all sources both fossil and non-fossil (http://www.ess.co.at/METEO/CCS.html, and http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/029.htm).
RegCM4: A regional climate model for dynamic downscaling of outputs of Global climate models (GCMs).
Solid waste: Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances.
Storm water: the rainfall that flows over yards, streets, alleys, parking lots, farms and buildings, and enters the storm drain system.
VENSIM: The Ventana Systems Environment model (VENSIM) is a visual modelling tool that serves to conceptualize, document, simulate, analyze and optimize models of dynamic systems.
Wastewater: Water carrying wastes from homes, businesses and industries that is a mixture of water and dissolved or suspended solids.
Waterborne diseases: are caused by pathogenic microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated freshwater is consumed.
18Strategic agenda for adaptation to urban water-mediated impacts of climate change in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
References
Bahri, A. 2009. Managing the other side of the water cycle: Making wastewater an asset. Global Water Partnership (GWP) Technical Committee (TEC) Background Paper No. 13. Stockholm, Sweden: Global Water Partnership (GWP).
Bahri, A. 2012. Integrated urban water management. Global Water Partnership (GWP) Technical Committee (TEC) Background Paper No. 16. Stockholm, Sweden: Global Water Partnership (GWP).
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The project facilitators - the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and Addis Ababa University - are most grateful to the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada, for their financial support during the project
phase. They would also like to express their deep gratitude to members of the Research into Strategic Action Platform (Re-SAP) for their time and input in all aspects of the project.
All researchers associated with the project and the sector ministries are also gratefully acknowledged. This project was implemented under the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
Participants of the 1st Re-SAP meeting (12.04.2010) Participants of the 2nd Re-SAP meeting (05.08.2010)
Discussions at the 2nd Re-SAP meeting (05.08.2010) Project team members at a planning session (19.08.2011)
Participants of the 4th Re-SAP Meeting (23.08.2011) Taking a break between sessions (23.08.2011)
Project team members after a day’s work (19.08.2011) Project team members at a Write-shop (27.06.2012)
All photographs: URAdapt project.
Acknowledgements
Semu Ayalew Moges (PhD)[email protected]; [email protected]
Chair, Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources Systems (CHWRS)Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT)
Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringP. O. Box 385, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Office: +251-111-232437 || Mobile: +251-921-606078
Geremew Sahilu (PhD)[email protected]
Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT)
Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringP. O. ,Box 385, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Office: +251-111-232437 || Mobile: +251-911-620361
Visit the project website (http://uradapt.iwmi.org) for updates on the project
For further information, contact:
