Presentazione di PowerPointNutritional Status Assessment and
Analysis Nutritional status and food security
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Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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mengkaji malnutrisi
evaluasi program yang sudah berjalan
Apakah faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi status nutrisi
individu?
Notes for trainers:
Understanding malnutrition is also important as it carries heavy
costs on individuals and households, communities and nations. In
fact, due to malnutrition, millions of lives are destroyed by death
and disability, both mental and physical.
Besides being morally unacceptable, this implies economic costs, in
terms of lost productivity and income caused by premature death,
lower physical capacity, absenteeism and lower educational and
occupational opportunities.
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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Status nutrisi adalah kondisi fisiologis individu sebagai hasil
dari:
hubungan antara intake nutrisi dan kebutuhan tubuh
kemampuan tubuh mencerna, mengabsorbsi dan menggunakan
nutrisi
Notes for trainers:
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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What is malnutrition?
Hal ini timbul karena:
makanan yang tidak beragam (salah jenis makanan atau proporsi
makanan).
Disebabkan kurangnya makanan.
Malnutrition
Undernutrition
Malnutrition may arise from imbalance, excesses or deficiency of
specific nutrients, for example, iodine, vitamin C, iron and
vitamin A.
Undernutrition is defined as a dietary energy intake below the
minimum requirement level to maintain the balance between actual
energy intake and acceptable levels of energy expenditure.
“Malnutrition" and "undernutrition" are terms generally used
interchangeably, and they often both refer to nutritional
situations that are typical in populations belonging to the
low-income and poor socio-economic groups of developing
countries.
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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Pada banyak negara berkembang kekurangan atau kelebihan nutrisi
terjadi pada populasi yang berbeda
It arises either
Fenomena ini disebut beban ganda malnutrisi ( “double burden” of
malnutrition).
Apakah yang dimaksud malnutrisi?
The “double burden” of malnutrition
The “double burden” of malnutrition refers to the co-existence of
undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, overweight/obesity and
other nutrition-related chronic diseases in the same countries, in
the same communities and even in the same households.
This phenomenon is not limited to upper-income developing
countries, but is occurring across the globe in countries with very
different cultures and dietary customs.
When poor economic conditions improve, amounts and variety of food
consumed tends to rise and mortality rates of infant and young
children tend to fall as communicable diseases are more
successfully put under control. This may be accompanied by rises in
obesity and diet related non-communicable diseases which may
co-exist with high levels of child undernutrition.
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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Kemiskinan adalah akar penyebab malnutrisi
(penyebab yang mendasari adalah ketersediaan pangan, kesehatan dan
perawatan).
Notes for trainers:
Most micronutrient deficiencies primarily affect poor and
disadvantaged households whose members cannot produce or procure
adequate food, who live in marginal or unsanitary environments
without access to clean water and basic services, who lack access
to appropriate education and information, or are otherwise socially
disadvantaged.
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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Causes of malnutrition
Penyebab malnutrisi
FOOD:
The availability of, access to and consumption of adequate
quantities of safe good quality nutritious food is an important
factor influencing nutritional status.Nutritional well-being is
influenced by the nutrient content of food consumed and its
absorption by the body, in relation to other requirements
determined by age, sex, level of physical activity and health
status, as well as the efficiency of nutrient utilization by the
body.
HEALTH:
Health and sanitation are essential for nutrition, yet they are
beyond the reach of the majority of the world's population.
Infectious disease and inadequate diet act together, each
aggravating the effects of the other to produce what is referred to
as the "malnutrition and infection cycle".
Nutritional requirements are higher during and following episodes
of infection. Chronic or frequent acute infections make it almost
impossible to maintain adequate nutritional status.
CARE:
Care and feeding practices require time, attention and support and
are essential to meet the physical, mental and social needs of
individuals.
The knowledge, attitudes and practices of household members largely
determine the nutritional status of the household.
An incomplete understanding of the body's nutritional needs and
lack of knowledge of how to meet these needs with available foods
can lead to malnutrition.
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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Food, health dan care saling berhubungan:
Kejadian pada satu area bisa berdampak signifikan pada area yang
lain
Kebijakan pemerintah biasanya tidak dimasukkan dalam faktor
penyebab malnutrisi, tetapi mempunyai dampak besar pada status
nutrisi masyarakat
Causes of malnutrition
Notes for trainers:
Food, health and care are interrelated, and actions affecting one
area may have significant consequences on another. For
example:
Adoption of sustainable and labour-saving agricultural technologies
may influence nutrition not only through improved food supplies and
income, but also through their beneficial impact on sanitation and
health and on the time available for providing care to household
members.
The effects of development policies Their effects may be monitored
on food, health and care.
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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Notes for trainers:
This framework sets out causes that operate at three levels:
immediate, underlying and basic, whereby factors at one level
influence other levels.
For instance:
Malaria. Immediate cause
Poor breast-feeding practices. Underlying cause.
1.psd
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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Menurut Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Mapping System (FIVIMS)
framework for food security, livelihoods and nutrition.
Socio-economic and political environment
availability
access
stability
Notes for trainers:
The key difference between the UNICEF and FIVIMS framework is that
the latter gives a greater centrality to food availability, access,
consumption and utilization and their determinants. However, health
and sanitation and care practices still occupy an important place
within the framework.
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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NUTRITIONAL STATUS
Notes for trainers:
Nutritional and health status: there is a ‘vicious cycle’ in which
malnutrition and diseases influence each other.
Nutritional status and mortality: mortality increases exponentially
with declining nutritional status.
Nutritional status and low birth weight: inadequate maternal
nutritional status is the most significant cause of low birth
weight.
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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Berhubungan erat:
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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INADEQUATE DIETARY INTAKE
Weight loss, growth faltering and reduced immunity, which lower the
body’s ability to resist infection.
leads to
this causes
Loss of appetite, malabsorption of nutrients, altered metabolism
and increased nutrient needs.
leads to
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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diarrhoea,
Notes for trainers:
Certain diseases may predispose a person to certain types of
malnutrition; vice versa, certain types of malnutrition may
predispose a person to certain types of infection. For example,
lack of vitamin A can predispose a person to measles.
The relationship between nutrition and infection is also affected
by the type of caring that takes place for sick individuals.
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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pola tanam
ketersediaan pangan
Kebutuhan tenaga kerja
Notes for trainers:
Seasonal changes in nutritional status are more evident in rural
populations, especially when they depend on a single harvest. These
expected changes in malnutrition need to be taken into account when
interpreting changes in observed rates of malnutrition.
However, the seasonal peaks of malnutrition coincide not just with
the hungry season, when food may be in most scarce supply, but also
when the frequency of certain diseases is highest, particularly
diarrhoea and malaria.
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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Nutritional status and mortality
Jadi angka kematian tidak bisa diprediksi dari angka insiden
malnutrisi
Notes for trainers:
In fact, the relationship between malnutrition and mortality is not
linear but increases exponentially. For example, In 1991 during the
northern Iraq refugee crisis, a survey of Kurdish refugees found a
prevalence of acute malnutrition among under-fives of only 4.3%
(which is low) but a crude mortality rate (CMR) of 3/10,000/day,
which is very high. Most deaths were due to diarrhoea and
dehydration.
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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24 juta bayi lahir dengan BBLR (<2,5 Kg) per tahun.
95% terjadi di negara berkembang
Nutritional status and low birth weight
Penyebab utama
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
Notes for trainers:
LBW puts infants at greater risk of neonatal death and is a major
cause of poor growth and development in later childhood.
Undernutrition in utero is also associated with certain chronic
diseases in adult life.
The most significant cause for LBW is poor maternal nutrition:
however, there is also a number of other factors, such as a woman’s
small size, uterine infections, smoking and malarial
infection.
Nutritional Status Assessment and Analysis Nutritional status and
food security
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intergenerational cycle of growth failure:
Child growth failure
Small adult woman