States of Consciousness

Consciousness

An organism’s awareness of itself and surroundings

Not all-or-none; rather, more on a continuum

Attention

Selective Attention

Dichotic Listening Technique

Attention

Selective Attention

Cocktail-Party Effect

Attention

Selective Attention

Cocktail-Party Effect

AutomaticityDivided attention task

The Stroop Effect…try it yourself!

Sleep

Brain processes external information Brain processes internal information Body remains active In general, can be easily awakened

Stages of Sleep

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Stages of sleep

Sleep Deprivation

REM deprivation Delta deprivation

Why do we sleep?

Restorative/recuperative therapy Evolutionary/Circadian theory

Sleep Disturbances

ParasomniasNightmaresNight TerrorsSleepwalkingSleeptalking

Insomnia Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy

Nature and Function of Dreams

Psychodynamic viewFreudWish fulfillmentUnconscious Manifest contentLatent content

Nature and Function of Dreams

Physiological/Biological ViewActivation-synthesis hypothesis

Cognitive View/Information ProcessingDreams of absent-minded transgression

DAMIT

The Brain and Sleep

REM pons/acetylcholine Initiation/duration serotonin Wakefulness/arousal norepinephrine,

dopamine

Altered States of Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs Tolerance Drug Dependency

Physiological dependencePsychological dependence

Theories of Drug Use

Learning Perspective Psychodynamic Perspective Social Perspective Cognitive Perspective

Hypnosis

Hypnos, Greek God of Sleep

Mesmer

vivid, frequent fantasies visual imagery high in absorption dependent on others expect to be influenced dissociative

experiences