States of Consciousness

When we are awake we are?

In a state of Consciousness

Our awareness of ourselves and our surroundings.

Conscious

preconscious

Unconscious

Biological RhythmsBiological Rhythms

Annual Cycles: seasonal variations (bears hibernation, seasonal affective disorder)

28 day cycles: menstrual cycle.

24 hour cycle: our circadian rhythm

90 minute cycle: sleep cycles.

Circadian Rhythm

• Our 24 hour biological clock.

• Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day.

• It is best to take a test or study during your circadian peaks.

How can the circadian rhythm help explain jet lag?

Sunday night insomnia

• Circadian Rhythms – 24 hr sleep/awake cycle. Teens have a later one

– Regulation of sleep/other body functions– Circa = about– Dian = day

Jet Lag

• A disruption of circadian rhythms

• Flying to California is easier than flying to New York

How to treat jet lag?

What is melatonin?

• A hormone produced by pineal gland at night to help you sleep. Sunlight tells your body to stop producing it.

• Helps regulate circadian rhythms

• The reticular formation deals with consciousness.

• Damage it = coma• Stimulate it = never

sleep

• The reticular activating system is a much bigger system

• Which part of the brain would be responsible for arousing and alerting the body to environmental stimuli?

• medulla

• amygdala

• thalamus

• reticular formation

SleepTheta waves

Delta waves

Sleep Stages

• There are 4 identified stages of sleep.

• It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through the stages.

• The brain’s waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in.

• The first three sages and know as NREM sleep.

• The fourth stage is called REM sleep.

Stage One

• This is experienced as falling to sleep and is a transition stage between wake and sleep. Not really sleep.

It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and occupies approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of sleep.

• eyes begin to roll slightly.• consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude, low

frequency (slow)) • (think theta = thin)

Hallucinations can occur and feeling of falling.

Stage Two• This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the

"baseline" of sleep.

• This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and occupies approximately 45-60% of sleep.

December 4, 2012

• Objectives: To develop a better understanding of the cycles of sleep.

• During which stage of sleep do we experience muscle jerks?

• Agenda: New Books, work on Obj, Lecture on Sleep

Stage Three

• Stages three is "Delta" sleep or "slow wave" sleep and may last 15-30 minutes.

• It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the "theta" rhythm of Stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called "delta" and the height or amplitude of the waves increases dramatically.

December 4, 2012

• Objectives: To develop a better understanding of sleep and states of consciousness

• Question: what is a post-hypnotic suggestion?

• Agenda: Notes/Objectives/clips of sleep

Stage Three (continued) • Contrary to popular belief, it is delta sleep that is

the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the most restorative.

• It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's brain craves the first and foremost.

• In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time and this is what makes children unawake able or "dead asleep" during most of the night.

Sleep walking duringThis stage.

REM SLEEP• REM: Rapid Eye Movement• AKA “paradoxical sleep”• This is a very active stage of sleep. • Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep. • Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity

quicken. • Vivid Dreams can occur. • From REM, you go back to Stage 2

REM• Body is essentially paralyzed during REM

(sleep paralysis).

Stage 3 and 4 are now combined.

Beta = awake

Alpha = drowsy or meditation

Theta = thin

Delta = deep

When do nightmares, sleepwalking and night terrors

happen?

Figure 5.12 – Sleep problems and the cycle of sleep

Nightmares are dreams so they happen in REM

How do we study sleep?

• We use an EEG, an electroencephalogram. It measures electrical waves from the brain.

Think delta = deep

How much sleep do we need?

• We all need different amounts of sleep depending on our age and genetics.

• But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on average.

Deep sleep (stage 3) is the most restorative. However, for some reason, we need REM sleep. Evidence: REM rebound

REM Rebound• The tendency for REM sleep to increase

following REM sleep deprivation.

• What will happen if you don’t get a good nights sleep for a week, and then sleep for 10 hours?

You will dream a lot.

XX 5.9

Over the years, the need for REM sleep decreases considerably, while the need for

NREM sleep diminishes less sharply

• You youngsters need to go to bed a 9 and wake up at 4! You are lazy.

Can you just make up lost sleep in one night?

NO

Why do we need sleep?

1. Evolutionary (Adaptive) back in the day, darkness meant death, those that slept did not go out, thus did not die. Sleep protects us.

Sleep Deprivation

• Normally, the hippocampus processes happy and neutral memories. However, the amygdala processes negative memories.

• When you don’t sleep, your hippocampus does not work well.

• Your amygdala works just fine.

• Therefore, sleep deprived people will recall negative events more easily than positive or neutral events.

• This is probably why adults only remember the bad stuff from when they were teens.

• The New York DJ, Peter Tripp, set a world record for sleep deprivation in 1959. He went for 201 hours (8.4 days) without sleep. He spent most of the time in a glass booth in Times Square, and the rest in a hotel room across the street, set up as a laboratory to monitor his reactions.

• The stunt produced strange results. After three days, Tripp began to find things hilarious that weren’t funny at all. At other times, he became upset for no reason. He was also confused, asking why there were bolts in the window frames.

• By day four, he was suffering from hallucinations and paranoia. At first they were simple patterns – like cobwebs on the doctors’ faces, or imagining that paint specks on the table were insects.

• But soon his hallucinations became 3D. Tripp imagined mice and kittens scurrying around the room…

• Eventually, Peter Tripp became psychotic. He rummaged through draws looking for non-existent money. He accused a technician of trying to harm him. He then claimed he was not Peter Tripp but an imposter. Nothing made sense to him

Sleep Disorders

Insomnia

• Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

• Not your once in a while (I have a big test tomorrow) having trouble getting to sleep episodes.

• Insomnia is not defined by the number of hours you sleep every night.

Sleep Apnea• A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of

breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings.

• Caused by blocked airway (fat layers in mouth)Can be cured with a breathing machineAnd/or losing weight.

Narcolepsy• Characterized by uncontrollable sleep

attacks.•Lapses directly into REM sleep (usually during times of stress or joy).

Night TerrorsNight Terrors

• A sleep disorder A sleep disorder characterized by high characterized by high arousal and an arousal and an appearance of being appearance of being terrified.terrified.

• Occur in Stage 3, not Occur in Stage 3, not REM, and are not often REM, and are not often remembered.remembered.

• Usually, kids onlyUsually, kids only

Sleepwalking(Somnambulism)

• Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder affecting an estimated 10 percent of all humans at least once in their lives.

• Sleep walking most often occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 sleep) early in the night.

• Sleepwalkers do not act out dreams.

Somnambulism• The sleep walking activity may include simply sitting up

and appearing awake while actually asleep, getting up and walking around, or complex activities such as moving furniture, going to the bathroom, dressing and undressing, and similar activities. Some people even drive a car while actually asleep. The episode can be very brief (a few seconds or minutes) or can last for 30 minutes or longer.

• One common misconception is that a sleep walker should not be awakened. It is not dangerous to awaken a sleep walker, although it is common for the person to be confused or disoriented for a short time on awakening. Another misconception is that a person cannot be injured when sleep walking. Actually, injuries caused by such things as tripping and loss of balance are common for sleep walkers.

Another problem with sleep meds is they cause you to spend too much time in Stage 3 but not enough time in REM

Final 5

• What are some things that hypnosis is used for? Do you think you would be susceptible to the suggestions?

Dreams

• The first theory of dreams was by Sigmund Freud. Dreams are access to the unconscious mind. They are a form of wish fullfillment.

Manifest Content: the remembered storyline of a dream.

Latent Content: the underlying meaning of a dream.

Manifest Content – what actually happens in a

dream

Latent Contentlatent means hidden

What if a newlywed groom dreamed of hauling a ball and chain. Does that mean something?

Why do we Dream?

Three Theories

Freud’s wish-fulfillment Theory

• Dreams are access to our unconscious mind (our wishes and anxieties)

Information-Processing Theory (Problem solving

theory)

• Dreams act to sort out and understand the memories that you experience that day.

• Evidence: REM sleep does increase after stressful events.

Physiological Function Theories

Activation-Synthesis Theory:

• dreams may be a way to make sense of random neural activity.

• Your brain is “pooping”

What Other Forms Can Consciousness Take?

• Hypnosis

• Meditation

• Psychoactive drug states

December 7, 2012

• Objectives: to develop a better understanding of sleep.

• No First 5

• Welcome our guest speaker,

• Mr. Nhem.

Hypnosis

• Hypnosis – Induced state of altered awareness, characterized by heightened suggestibility and deep relaxation

• Hypnotizability – Degree to which an individual is responsive to hypnotic suggestions

Hypnotizability

• Not everyone can be hypnotized.

Who is more susceptible to hypnosis?

According to Harvard, 10% are highly susceptible, 10% highly resistant, 80% medium

Hypnosis As anAltered State

• Experts disagree about whetherhypnosis involves– A distinct state of consciousness– Heightened motivation– Social processes such as role playing– A dissociate state (Hilgard’s “hidden

observer” view)

Practical Uses forHypnosis

• Hypnosis can have practical uses for– Researchers– Psychological treatment (good for anxiety

and mood disorders)– Medical and dental treatment

• Hypnotic analgesia – Diminished sensitivity to pain while under hypnosis

Meditation

• Meditation – Form of consciousness change induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions and minimizing external stimulation

HallucinogensHallucinogens

StimulantsStimulantsDepressantsDepressants

OpiatesOpiates

Psychoactive Drug States

• Psychoactive drugs – Chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by their effects on the nervous system

• Alter perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness

• (also called psychedelics)• Marijuana (Yes! It’s an hallucinogen!)• LSD• PCP• Cannabis

HallucinogensHallucinogens

• Highly addictive; produce a sense of well-being and have strong pain-relieving properties

• Morphine• Codeine• Heroin• Methadone

OpiatesOpiates

• Slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system

• Barbiturates• Valium• Alcohol (the worst

drug in terms of deaths and treatment)

DepressantsDepressants

• Arouse the central nervous system, speeding up mental and physical responses

• Cocaine• Amphetamines• Methamphetamine• MDMA (ecstasy)• Caffeine (note: although a

stimulant, it relaxes many people like ADD people)

StimulantsStimulants

Don’t forget to write your answers on a separate piece of paper to grade when

you’re done!1. As you are reading this question, you are

probably not thinking about what you ate for lunch. The memory of what you ate for lunch is most likely in your

a) nonconscious

b) preconscious

c) unconsciousness

d) sensory memory

2. Traveling in a jet plane from California to New York is most likely to

a) disrupt your circadian rhythms

b) prevent the onset of REM sleep

c) stimulate your parasympathetic nervous system

d) induce delta brain waves

3. According to psychodynamic psychologists, the unconscious

a) processes information of which you are unaware

b) includes unacceptable feelings, wishes, and thoughts

c) is characterized by loss of responsiveness to the environmentd) is synonymous with the

preconscious

4. Which of the following two sleep disorders occur most commonly?

a) insomnia and narcolepsy

b) apnea and narcolepsy

c) somnabulism and night terrors

d) insomnia and apnea

5. “Humans developed a unique waking-sleep cycle that maximized our chances of survival,” is a statement most typical of

a) developmental psychologists

b) physiological psychologists

c) sociologists

d) evolutionary psychologists

6. Which has enabled psychologists to learn the most about sleep processes over the last 50 years?

a) psychopharmacology

b) lesions

c) EEGs

d) CT scans

7. Which stage of sleep is characterized by brain waves with sleep spindles?

a) stage 1

b) stage 2

c) stage 3

d) REM

8. Nightmares most frequently occur during

a) stage 2

b) stage 3

c) stage 1

d) REM

9. During paradoxical sleep, muscles seem paralyzed and

a) eyes dart about in various directions

b) breathing slow and shallow

c) night terrors are likely

d) sleepwalking occurs

10. Consciousness includes awareness of

a) external events only

b) internal sensations only

c) self only

d) external events, internal sensations, and self

11. Opiates such as morphine and heroin have a capacity to

a) alleviate pain

b) improve memory

c) enhance sensory awareness

d) do all of these things

12. Which of the following does NOT belong with the other three?

a) omega

b) theta

c) alpha

d) delta

13. Of the following, which pair of psychoactive drugs shares the most similar effects on the brain?

a) alcohol—marijuana

b) caffeine—morphine

c) nicotine—heroine

d) amphetamines—cocaine

14. Meditation has its roots in

a) early Christianity

b) Eastern religions

c) transcendental psychology

d) the scientific study of the relaxation response

15. According to recent research, we are MOST likely to fall asleep

a) as our body temperature begins to drop

b) when it gets dark

c) when our body temperature stabilized at normal

d) as our body temperature begins to climb

• 16. An EEG would indicate primarily _____ activity while you answer this question.

• A. alpha

• B. beta

• C. delta

• D. theta.

• 17. Other things being equal, which of th3 following flights would lead to the greatest difficulty with jet lag?

• A. northward

• B. southward

• C. eastward

• D. westward

• 18. Slow-wave sleep consists of stage______ of sleep and is dominated by _____ waves.

• A. 1; beta

• B. 2; alpha

• C. 3; delta

• D. 1; delta

Chapter 5 Answer Key

1. B

2. A

3. B

4. D

5. D

6. C

7. B

8. D

9. A

10. D

11. A

12. A

13. D

14. B

15. A

16. A

17. C

18. C