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States of Consciousness
Consciousness
an organism’s awareness of its own self and surroundings; exists along a continuum, ranging from high level awareness to unconsciousness
High Level of Awareness
Controlled Processes
focused Attention is required
Middle Level of Awareness
Automatic Processes
awareness but minimal attention
Daydreaming
low level of awareness and conscious effort; somewhere between active consciousness and dreaming while asleep
Minimal or No Awareness
Unconscious Mind
reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories that are too painful or anxiety provoking to be admitted to consciousness
Unconscious
lowest level of awareness
Altered States of Consciousness
a mental state other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during:
•physical activity•meditation and spirituality•psychoactive drug use•hypnosis•dreaming•sleep
Physical Activity
Young children loveto alter their consciousness
Is this a naturalphenomena?
Meditation and Spirituality
Meditation:
a group of techniques designed to focus attention and produce an heightened state of awareness
Psychoactive Substances
Many different types ofpsychoactive substancescan alter your awareness
depressants
stimulants
opiates
hallucinogens
Hypnosis
Is one or more of thefollowing:
narrowed, highly focused attention
increased imagination
passive, receptive attitude
decreased pain
heightened suggestibility
Dreaming and Dream Theories
Percentages:
REM sleep: 70-80% NREM sleep: 20-30%
Theories:
Freudian Activation Synthesis
Sleep
The most widely studied Altered State of Consciousness
We spend 1/3 of our lives asleep
Sleep or Arousal States fall into three categories:–Waking–NREM sleep–REM sleep
It is still unclear just why we sleep
Sleep Recording
•EEG•EMG•EOG•EKG•Respiration
•Waking
•NREM•Stage 1•Stage 2•Stage 3•Stage 4
•REM
Delta or Slow Waves
Arousal States
Arousal State CharacteristicsWaking:
•low voltage, high frequency EEG patterns•very high EMG activity
NREM Sleep:•high voltage, low frequency mixed EEG patterns•slowed heart rate and respiration•reduced EMG activity
REM Sleep:•low voltage, high frequency EEG patterns•rapid eye movements•variable heart rate and respiration•muscle atonia•penile erection/vaginal secretions
•more SWS at the beginning of the beginning of the night•more REM at the end of the night•cycle goes from NREM 1-4 then back out from NREM 4-1
The Sleep Cycle in Young Adults
All Mammals Show Similar Sleep Characteristics
One hemisphere asleep, one awake
Unihemispheric Sleep in Marine Mammals
Sleep across the Lifespan
(MSLT)
Measures Sleep Deprivation
Multiple Sleep Latency Test
EEG SWA Increases After Sleep Deprivation
Rasterplot
Entrainment
Light/DarkCycle
ConstantConditions
Zeitgeber:Light Pulse
Tau: naturalrhythm
Circadian Rhythms
The SCN and Circadian Rhythms
Two Process Model of Sleep