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State-Society Relations in the Ottoman era: A very brief overview. One of the world’s biggest and longest-lived empires 1300-1918 Muslim Turkish dynasty: Osmanl ı lar Territory from Europe to N. Africa. Ottoman basics: who, what, when. The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans, 1453. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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State-Society Relations in the Ottoman era: A very brief overview
Ottoman basics: who, what, when
One of the world’s biggest and longest-lived empires
1300-1918
Muslim Turkish dynasty: Osmanlılar
Territory from Europe to N. Africa
The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans, 1453.
Mehmet II departs for Constantinople
Map of the Ottoman Empire at its height
Ottoman Empire and Tributary States, 1566 to 1700
Basic Ottoman State Functions
Defend the borders of the empire
Protect the faith
Collect taxes
Maintain public peace
How does this differ from the function of modern states?
State-society relations, in a nutshell
multi-ethnic empire State did NOT attempt to create cultural conformity.Ruling classes from many ethnic groups and religions
multi-lingual empireMain language at court: Ottoman Turkish
Also Arabic, Persian
Everyday language: your choice
DecentralizedState largely ruled through governors and local notable familiesLarge amounts of local autonomy
Center-periphery relations rather than horizontal between communities
Linking State and Society
Taxes and landTax farmingNearly all land owned by the state (until 18th-19th c.)
Religious institutes and religious frameworks
Islam as a unifying mediumJustice: state-society compact
Administrationstate-provincial relations
Status of non-Muslims under Ottoman rule
Superior legal status accorded to MuslimsDhimmis – special protection for “people of the book”
Special taxesSome restrictions on building, etc.
The Millet systemSemi-autonomous religious communities (Greeks, Armenians, Jews)
How does this compare to the treatment of religious minorities in Europe at this time?
Basic divisions in society not between ethnic/religious groups but between the ruling class (Asker) & the ruled (reaya, the “flock”)
Asker (ruling classes)
Sultan/CaliphVizier and
PashaBureaucracy/
civil serviceLocal notables
(ayan)Ulema –Muslim
religious eliteMilitary –
Janissaries (paid standing army loyal to Sultan)
An Ottoman cavalry man in the late 17th century.
Society, and other reps of state
Settled peasants and villagersTribes
Some nomadic, some settled
Prominent familiesscholars and clericsSufi brotherhoods (tarikat)Merchants, Guilds
Other Ottoman officials in the provinces – judges, governors, financial officials, rural police
Diversity in Dress: Images of women from the late Ottoman Empire. From Racinet’s Historic Costume.
Sixteenth century war prisoners and the condemned being marched to prison at Topkapi Palace. Source: http://www2.egenet.com.tr/mastersj/encyclopedia-c.html
3 phases of Ottoman state-society relations
1. Rise, expansion, and consolidation of Ottoman state, 1300-1683
2. transformation of the state and territorial retraction, 1683-1798
State withdrawal from social life.
Many provinces virtually autonomous.
3. Long 19th century, 1798-1918