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• Standards:
18. Introduce Greek city-states
19. Compare and contrast the cultures of Athens and Sparta
20. List key contributions of ancient Greece in government, religion (mythology), learning, and the arts
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/
Geography of Greece• Southeastern
Europe and over 400 islands
• Surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea– The largest,
Crete, is south of the mainland
– Rhodes is to the east of Crete
Mountainous Region
• 90% of the land is rugged mountains and hills–Little is usable farmland–Making it difficult to travel
overland
The Greek Coast
• Attica
– A peninsula in the Aegean Sea
• Has Greece’s best farmland
–Contains harbors for ships and fishing boats
Peloponnesus
• A large peninsula on the southern tip of the Greek mainland– Mountainous– Ringed by a
band of fertile land
– Several rivers• That dry up in
the summer
Economy of Greece
• Agriculture–Soil is not rich like the Nile–Rocky soil, hot dry summers,
windy rainy winters make for a tough environment• Farmers grow barley and wheat, grapes and olives
• Raise sheep, goats and cattle
Trade• Sailing was important
– Merchants traded with Phoenicia
• Traded for grain they could not grow
• Most valuable product was olive oil
–Cooking–Body lotion–Lamp fuel
The Birth of Greek Civilization
The Minoans Around 2000 B.C.
• Named after King Minos
• Minoa was located on the island of Crete
• Was a wealthy trading culture– Exported pottery,
metalwork, wine, and olive oil
The Mycenaean'sAround 1600 B.C.
• People who came from Asia and moved onto Peloponnesus
• Traded metals for Minoan exports
• Around 1450 B.C., they conquered Crete and took over the Minoan trade
• The Minoan civilization disappeared by 1100 B.C.
The Phoenicians• A land in the eastern Mediterranean
– Founded colonies around the Mediterranean
• Developed the alphabet
– The basis of what we use today
The City-States of Greece
• Shared a language and letters
• Remained independent of each other
• Polis – a region with one city at its heart
• The Greek city-states almost completely enclosed the Aegean Sea
• Built around an acropolis
– A walled hill for safety during enemy attack
• People gathered in the agora
– An open area near the acropolis
– Used for trade and town meetings
Trade• Most Greek cities were ports
– Exported wine and olive oil – Imported grain and metals
• Trade created wealth and connected the cities of the Greek world
Developing Governments
• Leaders of a city-state had to be citizens of their polis– Only men could
be citizens
– Women had few rights– Slavery was common
• Slaves could not be citizens
Kinds of Governments
• The type of government in a Greek city-state varied from city to city
• Monarchy
– A government with a single ruler
• Oligarchy
– A government controlled by a group of the richest and most powerful citizens
• Democracy
– A government where citizens held meetings to discuss and vote on important decisions
– All citizens can vote
Greek City-State Group Projecthttp://greece.mrdonn.org/city-states.html
Athens
Sparta
Megara
Corinth
Argos
Sparta
• http://www.history.com/topics/socrates/videos#spartans-deconstructed
Sparta
• Greece’s largest city-state• It’s government was an
Oligarchy• Most Spartan farm
workers were helots– Could not leave the
land they worked– Paid half of their crops
as taxes– Little better than slaves
• 600 B.C.
– There were more helots than Spartans
• The helots revolted
• The Spartans put down the revolt
– Spartan leaders decided to make Sparta the strongest military power in Greece
• To prevent helots and enemies from other city-states from conquering Sparta
• At age seven, boys and girls trained to defend their city
– Boys were taught to read and write, but spent more time training to be soldiers
• Girls could not be soldiers
– Trained to be strong mothers of strong soldiers
• To Sparta, duty was more important than individual freedom
Athens
• Life was very different from Sparta
• Girls performed household tasks
• Boys worked with their fathers
• Most Athenian boy could not afford school.
– They worked with their fathers as potters, stoneworkers, etc.
• Wealthy parents sent sons to school to read and write
– Later students went to a gymnasium to learn to fight
• Athens government began as an oligarchy
• Poorer citizens demanded a voice in their government
• Athens new government was a democracy
– Our own ideas of democracy can be traced to ancient Greece
A Common Greek Culture• Ancient Greeks were
polytheistic • All city-states had special
days to honor the gods and goddesses– But each had a special
protector• Athens honored
Athena, the goddess of wisdom
Greek Gods and Goddesses
• Ancient Greeks believed their gods and goddesses lived on Mount Olympus in northern Greece
– All Greeks worshiped Zeus, the king of the Greek gods and goddesses
– A temple to Zeus was built at Olympia
• http://adifferentplace.org/mythology.htm
The Olympics
• 776 BC - The first ancient Olympic Games
• Linked to the religious festivals of Zeus
– To show the physical qualities of young people
– To encourage good relations between the cities of Greece
• Only freeborn men and boys could take part in the Olympic Games
• Women were forbidden to watch
• Every four years Greek athletes met at Olympia for the Olympic Games
– The games were so honored that wars stopped during the Olympic contests
• The Games originally had only of foot races
• Winners were crowned with wreaths of olive leaves and hailed as heroes
• Continued for 12 centuries– 393 A.D. - Emperor Theodosius
decided the games were "pagan cults" and banned them.
– 1896 – the modern Olympics began– 14 countries are represented by
about 245 men, competing in 43 events.
– 1900 – the first women were allowed to compete - in lawn tennis and golf
• http://www.metacafe.com/watch/517817/birth_of_the_olympics/
• Olympic Activity
Homer• One of the most
famous ancient Greek poet– Created two epics
• Long poems that tells the story of a legendary hero or historical figure
• The Iliad
– Described a war between the Greek city-states and an enemy city, Troy
• The Odyssey
– Tells about the hero Odysseus, and why it too a long time for him to return home
The Odyssey
• http://library.thinkquest.org/J002356F/odyssey.htm
The Persian Wars• Greek city-states in western Asia faced the
Persian Empire– The largest empire in the world– Wars with Persia would change Greece
forever
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuihHUFEqPM
The Golden Age in Athens• Persia focused their
attacks on Athens• The Athens large and
powerful navy helped defeat the Persians
• Athens rebuilt their city– Became leaders in
Greek affairs– And brought wealth
through trade
• http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/videos#the-acropolis-deconstructed
The Parthenon• The Acropolis displayed Athens new wealth
and power• At the heart of the Acropolis was a marble
temple to Athena
• By 460 B.C. Athens had become the leading city of Greece
Athens Government
• Athens was a democracy– An assembly of
citizens voted on issues of concern
– The first government to do so
Pericles
• The leader of Athens - 450 B.C.– Allowed all citizens to take part in
government– Any citizen
(rich or poor) could serve in the assembly or sit on a jury
Schools of Philosophy
• Searched for wisdom and the right way to live
– Discussed good government and how to be a good citizen
Socrates• Had discussions with
students – Began to question
the city’s laws, customs and religion
• Was brought to trial– For urging Athens’
young people to revolt
– He was sentenced to death
Plato
• A student of Socrates
– Wrote down Socrates ideas
– Later became a teacher
Greek Drama
• A new theater form invented by Greek writers– Dramas
– Tragedies and Comedies• Plays that
examined basic questions
–Choices of an individual
–Good and evil
The Peloponnesian War
• http://www.history.com/topics/peloponnesian-war/videos#the-peloponnesian-war
• Other Greek cities grew jealous of Athens power
• Sparta and its allies formed the Peloponnesian League
• War began to tear Greece apart
Battles on Land and Sea
• Pericles ordered Athenians to move inside the city walls
• Athenian navy still controlled the Aegean Sea
– Shiploads of grain helped Athens survive
• Athens won most battles at sea
• Sparta won most battles at land
• Neither could gain an advantage
The Golden Age Ends
• A plague broke out inside Athens– About 1/3 of the population died
• Including Pericles
–Without a strong leader mistakes were made
–Athens surrendered
• The Peloponnesian War ruined Greece
• Sparta won but could not control the region
• 50 years of continuing war left Greece open to attack by a new invader
Macedonia• King Phillip II
– Determined to conquer all of Greece
– Armed his army with18-foot long spears
– Organized them into small units called phalanxes
• Demosthenes begged Greeks to unite against Philip– Only two city-
states took him seriously
• Philip defeated Greece and became its new ruler
– Two years later he was assassinated and his son proclaimed himself king
• http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Video.aspx?VideoID=34282&CategoryID=979
Alexander the Great
• Inherited the kingdom when his father was murdered
Aristotle
• Philosopher of Athens
• Alexander’s private teacher
– Taught him to respect Greek culture and tradition
Military Leader
• His army never lost a battle• He defeated the Persian king• Led his troops east to the
Indus River valley• Was forced to turn back
– Reached Babylon• Became ill and died at 33
The Greek Empire
• Alexander had conquered the largest territory in history– Founded
many new cities
Alexandria
• One of the most important cities in the Greek empire
• Port for Mediterranean trade
• Had an agora, a theater, temples, a stadium and a gymnasium
• And one of the first lighthouses in the world– A fire burning at the
top could be seen for miles
– One of the seven wonders of the world
Diverse Culture• Alexander’s empire
was a mix of people and cultures
• Temples for both Greek and
• Egyptian gods• Citizens came
together in democratic assemblies
The Great Library• Attracted scholars from
around the world– came to research
• Contained more than half a million papyrus rolls
• Thirty letters the Greeks adopted from the Phoenicians
– Made it easier for people to read and learn
– Helped spread the Greek language
The Greek Alphabet
Hellenism• Greek ideas blended
with African and Asian traditions– Encouraged
realistic statues and paintings
– Geometry & Physics• Suggested
planets revolved around the sun
• Made accurate estimate of Earth’s size
End of the Empire
• After Alexander’s death his generals carved up the empire
• Two great cities rose to power
– Carthage in Africa
– Rome on the Italian peninsula
• Which would eventually become the capital of the Mediterranean world
Legacies from ancient Greece influenced our ideas about education, philosophy, drama, art,
and government
• Up next …
Ancient Rome