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Sport Books Publisher 1
Energy for Muscular Activity
Chapter 7
Sport Books Publisher 2
Learning Objectives:
To develop an awareness of the basic chemical processes the body uses to produce energy in the muscles
To develop an understanding of the body’s three main energy systems
To introduce the effect of training and exercise on the energy systems
Sport Books Publisher 3
The Chemistry of Energy Production Energy in the human body is derived from the breakdown of
complex nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
The end result of this breakdown is production of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule
ATP provides energy necessary for body functions
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
ATP Muscular Work
Digesting Food
Thermoregulation
Breakdown of Energy currency Biochemical processes
Sport Books Publisher 4
ATP Cycle Overview
a) ATP breakdown
b) Phosphorylation
c) ATP resynthesis
Sport Books Publisher 5
1. Hydrolysis of the unstable phosphate groups of
ATP molecule by H2O
3. Energy is released (38 to 42 kJ, or 9 to 10 kcal/mol ATP)
ATP H2O++ Energy++ Pi++
2. Phosphate molecule (Pi) is released from ATP (ATP ADP)
ADP
a) ATP breakdown (ATP turnover)
Sport Books Publisher 6
1. Energy released by ATP turnover can be used by body when a free Pi group is transferred to another molecule (phosphorylation)
Energy for muscle contractionMolecule Pi++
b) Phosphorylation
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1. Initial stores of ATP in the muscles are used up very quickly and ATP must be regenerated
2. ATP is formed by recombination of ADP and Pi
ATPADP Energy++ Pi++
3. Regeneration of ATP requires energy (from breakdown of food molecules)
c) ATP resynthesis
Sport Books Publisher 8
The Energy Systems
a) High energy phosphate system
b) Anaerobic glycolytic system
c) Aerobic oxidative system
Sport Books Publisher 9
The Roles of the Three Energy The Roles of the Three Energy Systems in Competitive Systems in Competitive
SportSport
Sport Books Publisher 10
Sport Books Publisher 11
High Energy Phosphate System Overview
Primary energy source:
Duration of activity:
Sporting events:
Advantages:
Limiting factors:
Stored ATP, CP
7 to 12 s
Weightlifting, high jump, long jump, 100 m run, 25 m swim
Produces very large amount of energy in a short amount of time
Initial concentration of high energy phosphates (ATP, PC)
Sport Books Publisher 12
High Energy Phosphate System
CreatineCreatinePP ENERGYENERGY
ADP + Pi ATPADP + Pi ATP
Sport Books Publisher 13
Training the High Energy Phosphate System
a) Interval training:
- 20 percent increase in CP (creatine phosphate) stores- no change in ATP stores
- increase in ATPase function (ATP ADP + Pi)- increase in CPK (creatine phosphokinase) function
(CPK breaks down CP molecule and allows ATP resynthesis)
b) Sprint training:
- increase in CP stores up to 40 percent
- 100 percent increase in resting ATP stores