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NO. KAD PENGENALANANGKA GILIRAN

LEMBAGA PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIAKEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA

PELAJARAN MALAYSIA 2OO92

I* ia

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Dua am tigapuluhminit

JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA DIBERITAHUTulis nombor kad pengenalan dan angka giliranandapada petakyang disediaknn.

soalan ini adalah dalam dwibahasa.bahasa Inggeris mendahului soalanyang sepadandalam bahasa Melayu.

Calon dibenarkan menjawab keseluruhan atausebahagian soalan sama ada dalam bahasa Inggerisatau bahasaMelayu.

.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATESMAKLUMATUNTAKCALONThis questionpaperconsistsof two sections:Section Aand Section B.Kertassoalan ni mengandungiua bahagiai"r.'ahagianAdanBahagianB.You are advised to spend 90 minutes to answerquestions n Section A and 60 minutes for Section B.Anda dinasihati supayamengambilmasa 9O minit untukruenjawab oalan dalam BahagianA dan 60 minit untukBahagianB.

.

Untuk Kegunaan P emeriksaKod Pemeriksa:

Bahagian Soalan MarkahPenuh MarkahDiperoleh

AI t22 t23 124 t2t2

B6 207 208 209 20

Jumlah

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ForExaminer'sUseSULIT

Section ABahagian A16Onarksl[60 markah]

Answer all questions n this section.Jawab semut soalan dalam bahagian ini.1 Diagram 1 shows the structureof a plant cell.Rajah I menunjukknn truktur satu sel tumbuhan.

Golgi apparatusJasadGolgiChloroplastKloroplas

Diagram 1Rajah I(a) (i) Name organelle T.

Namakanorpanel T.

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ll marklll markahl(ii) State two functions of the Golgi apparatus.Nyatakan daafungsi jasad Golgi.

1.L.

(b) (i) Name the structurephotosynthesis.Namakan strukturfotosintesis.

chloroplast which is involved inkloroplas yang terlibat dalam

12marksl12markahlthe light reaction of

tindak balas cahayain thedalam

II marklfl markah(ii) Describe briefly the function of the chloroplast in photosynthesis.Jelaskandengan ingkas ungsi kloroplas dalam otosintesis.

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455u2ULIT(c) A housewife decidedto make salted cabbage.She mmersed the cabbage n concentratedsalt solution for a certain period of time.Seorang uri rumahbercadanguntukmembuat obis masin.Dia merendam obis tu ke dalamlarutan garampekatpada tempohmasa ertentu.

(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the condition of one of the cabbagecells after beingimmersed in the concentratedsalt solution.Lukis raiah berlabelkeadaansatusel kobis itu selepasdirendamdalam larutan garamoekat tu.

12marksl[2 markah](ii) What has happened o the cell in the concentratedsalt solution?Explain how this happened.Apakah yang berlaku kepadasel di dalam larutan garam pekat itu?Terangkanbagaimana ni berlaku.

ForExaminer'sUse

Total A1

Diagram 2.1 shows processesn the formation of cell R.Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan rosespembentukan el R.

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ForEmminer'sUse

2(aXDI r-iI l2 l

2(aXii)t-=I l2 l2(bxi)t-=I l1 l

SULIT(a) (i) Statethe number of chromosomes n cell P and cell Q.Nyatakanbilangankromosomdalam selP dan sel Q.

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Q: [2 marksl12markahlExplain what has happenedto causethe difference in chromosome number betweencell P and cell Q.Terangkanapa yang berlakuyang menyebabkanerbezaanbilangan kromosomqntarasel P dan sel Q.

12 narksl12markah)

(ii)

(b) (i) In which organ doescell R is formed?Dalam organ manakahselR terbentuk?II mark]$ markahl

(ii) Name the processof the formation of cell R.Namakanprosespembentulatn el R.

(c) Diagram 2.2 shows the formation of a type of genetic disorder'Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan embentukan eienispenyakitgenetik'

Ii@I

@s;rZygoteZigot

ll markl11.markahl

Diagram2.2Rajah2.2

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45sLt2(i) State three characteristicsof this senetic disorder.Nyatakan iga ciri penyakitgenetik ni.

t .

ForExaminer'sUse

2(cXii)[=I l3 lTotal A2[=I l12l

2.3.

13marksl13markahl(ii) Explain how a fault in the formation of cell R can cause his genetic disorder.Terangkanbagaimana esilapandalampembentukan el R bolehmenyebabkanenyakitgenetik ni.

Diagram 3 shows the cross-sectionsof stemshabitats.Rajah 3 menunjukkankeratan rentasbatanghabitatyang berbeza.PhloemFloemXylemXilemCambiumKambium

PlantPTumbuhanP

(a) (i)

13marksl[3 markah]

from plant P and plant Q which live in differenttumbuhanP dan tumbuhanQ yang hidup dalam

PlantQTumbuhanQDiagram3Rajah 3

Statethe habitat of plant P and plant Q.Nyatakanhabitat tumbuhanPdan tumbuhanQ.P:Q:

f2 marksl[2 markah](iD Giveone reason or theanswersn 3(aXi).Beri satasebab agi awapandi 3(aXi).P:Q:

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ForExaminer'sUse

3(c)I F---lI t?lt t - tTotal ,{3[=I l12l

SULIT(b) (D

455u2State the function of phloem.Nyatakan ungsi floem.

ll marklft markah)Statetwo differences in the structure of phloem and xylem.Nyatakandua perbezaanantara struktur.floemdenganxilem.

12marksl[2 markah]

(iii) Explain the importance of mitosis in the cambium to plant P.Terangkankepentinganmitosis dalam kambiumbagi tumbuhanP.

12marksl[2 markah]A type of plant lives in a swamp area with soft muddy soil and lack of oxygen.Explain the adaptationsof the plant to survive in the habitat.sejenis tumbuhanhidup di kawasanpaya yang mempunyai anah lumpur yang lembut dankekuranganoksigen.Terangkan enyesuaianumbuhan ersebutuntuk hidup di habitat itu.

[3 marksl13markahlDiagram 4.1 shows a part of the human respiratory system.Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan ebahagiandaripada sistem espirasimanusia.

Diagram4.1Rajah4.1178

(ii)

(c )

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(a) On Diagram .1,namep ande.Pada Rajah 4.1, namakanp dan e.

(b) Diagram 4.2 shows one stage n human breathing.Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan atuperingkat dalam pernafasanmanusia.

DiaphragmDiafragma

4551t2[2 marksl12markahl

Diagram4.2Rajah4.2(i) Statethe stageof breathing shown inDiagram 4.2.Nyatakanperingkat pernafasanyang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 4.2.

ForExaminer'sUse4(a)t--l l2 l

II mark][1 markah](ii) Explain the function of p in the stageof breathing in 4(b)(i).Terangkanfungsi P dalam peringkatpernafasandi +OXll.

[2 marksl[2 markah](c) The diaphragm is unable a function.Explain how this affects the breathins mechamsm.Diafragma itu tidak boleh berfungsi.Terangkanbagaimana ni memberikesankepadamekanisma ernafasan.

[3 marks][3 markah]

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ForExaminer'sUse

Total A4

SULIT(d) Gas exchange akes place across he surfaceof the alveoli.Pertukarangas berlakumerentasipermukaanalveolus.

(i) Explain the importance of gas exchange n a human.Terangkankepentinganpertukaran gas dalam manusia.

45;In

[2 marks)[2 markah](ii) state two ways in which the alveoli are adapted or efficient gas exchange.Nyatakandua cara alveolusmengadaptasi ntuk pertukarangas-yangefisiei.t.

2.[2 marksl[2 markah]

Diagram 5 shows a human foetus in his mother's uterus.Rajah 5 menunjukkanfetusmanusiadalam uterus bunya.

Diagram5Rajah 5Name the structures abelled R and S.Namakanstruktur berlabelR dan S.

FoetusFetus

UterinewallDindinguterus

(a)

R:S:

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(b)455112

Explain the composition of the blood that flows through the blood vessels n S.Terangkankomposisidarah yang mengalir melalui salur darah di S.

ForExaminer'sUse

s(b)[;I l2 l

5(e)[=I t2 lTotal A5t-=I l r2 l

[2 marksf[2 markah](c) The structureR is needed o maintain the thicknessof the uterine wall.Explain this statement.StrukturR diperlukanuntukmengekalkan etebalandinding uterus.Terangkan ernyataan ni.

12marksl12markahl(d) (i) State the type of immunity the foetus gets from his mother.Nyatakanenis keimunanyang diperoleholeh etus daripada ibunya.

U marl*ll markahl(ii) Explain the importance of structureR to the body defenceof the foetus.Terangkankepentingan truktur R kepadapertahananbadan etus.

13marksl[3 markah)Explain why the foetus has a separateblood circulatory systemfrom his mother.Terangkanmengapa etus mempunyaisistemperedaran darah yang berasingandaripadaibunlw.

12marksl12markahl

ll.ihat halaman sebelah]SULIT

(e)

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SULIT 455112SectionBBahagianB[40 marks][4Omarkah]

Answer any two questions rom this section.Iawab mana-manadua soalan daripada bahagian ni.6 (a) Diagram 6 shows the characteristicsand traits of five monohybrid crosses hat Mendel made betweengarden pea plants (Pisum sativum).Rajah 6 menunjukkanciri dan trait bagi kacukan ima monohibrid yang dilakukan oleh Mendel antarapokok-pokokkacangpea (Pisumsativum).

CharacteristicsCiri Phenotype of F2 GenerationFenotip Generasi F2

Seed shapeBentukbiji o5 474 round5 474 bulat o1 850 wrinkled| 850 kedutSeed colourWarna biji o

6 022 yellow6 022kuning

s2 001 green2 001hijau

Pod shapeBentuk enggai882 inflated882 kembung 299 constricted299cerut

Pod colourWarna enggai428 green428 hijau 152yellow152kuning

Flower colourWarna bunga705 purple705 ungu 224 white224putih

Diagram 6Rajah 61822(N9 Huk ( ' i l , r , t A, t , t i , t t t t t Mulut t i t t SULIT

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(ii) calculate he ratio of phenotypedominant to phenotype ecessive or any threeof the characteristicsshown. 16markslhitung nisbah enotip dominankepadaenotip resesifbagi mana-mana iga ciri yang ditunjukkan.[6 markah]

(b) A normal man (XHY) has a wife (XHXh) who is a carrier of haemophilia.Using a schematic diagram, explain the possible genetic combinations in their children. 110markslSeorang elaki normal (XHY) mempunyai steri (XHX5 yang merupakanpembawahemofilia.Menggunakan ajah skema, erangkankemungkinan ombinasigenetikdalam anak-anakmereka.110markahl7 (a) Diagrarn 7.1 shows a type of interaction betweenorganisms.Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan eienis nteraksiantara organisma.

Based on Diagram 6,BerdasarkanRajah 6,(i) identify and name the characteristicsand traits studied,kenalpasti dan namakanciri dan trait yang dikaji,

Diagram7.1Rajah7.1Name and describethe interaction shown in Diagram 7.1.Namakandan huraikan intercksiyang dituniukkan dalamRaiah 7.1.

(b) A farmer found that when the number of mice increases, he yield of palm fruits decreases.Suggesthow the farmer can control the population of mice without the use of pesticides.Explain how the method works.

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14marksf14markahl

14marksl14markahl

15marksfSeorang peladang mendapati apabila bilangan tikus bertambah, hasil buah kelapa sawit berkurangan.Cadangkan bagaimana peladang itu dapat mengawal populasi tikus tanpa menggunakan racun perosak.

. Terangkan bagaimana kaedah itu berfungsi.

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SULIT(c) Diagram 7.2 shows the roles of useful microorganisms n an ecosystem.Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan erananmikroorganismadalam suatu ekosistem.

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Diagram 7.2. Rajah7.2(i) Based on Diagram 7.2, explain how the microorganisms maintain the content of compound X inthe soil. [8 marksl

Berdasarkan Rajah 1.2, terangkan bagaimana mikroorganisma mengekalkan kandungan sebatian Xdalam tanah. [8 markah](ii) Explain what will happen to the ecosystem f all the decaying bacteria and fungi die. [3 marks)Terangkan apa yang akan berlaku kepada ekosistem tu jika semua bakteria pengurai dan kulat

.mati. [3 markah]

Diagram 8.1 shows the samepart of a plant during a cool day and a hot day.Rajah 8.1 menunjukkan ahagianyang sama bagi satu tumbuhansemasahari sejuk dan hari panas.

Cool dayHari sejuk Hot dayHaripanasDiagram8.1Rajah8.1184

Nitrogen n airNitrogendi udara

-Excretion of ureaandesestionof faeces

Decayingbacteriaand ungiBakteria engurai ankulatitrogen ixingbacteriaBizkterinengikntnitrogen

CompoundXSebatianX

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(a) (i) Explain the condition of the plant during a cool day and a hot day.Terangkankeadaan umbuhan tu semasahari sejukdan hari panas.

455u215marksl15markahl

(ii) Explain why it is necessary or the plant to be in the different conditions as in 8(a)(i) on a coolday and a hot day. [5 markslTerangkanmengapa umbuhan tu perlu berada dalam keadaanyang berbezaseperti di 8(a)(1) adahari sejuk dan hari panas.(b) Diagram 8.2 shows the movement of water molecules in a plant.Rajah 8.2 menunjukkan ergerakanmolekulair dalam tumbuhan.

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Upper pidermisEpidermis atasSpongymesophyllMesofilspanLower epidermisEpilermis awah

Water moleculeMolekul ir

Diagram8.2Rajah 8.2Explain how water molecules move from the root to the leaf in the plant and then moves out into theatmosphere. |O markslTerangkan bagaimana pergerakan molekul air dari akar ke daun dalam tumbuhan dan seterusnya keluarke atmosfera.

(a) Diagram 9.1 shows the pathway of a fat molecule which passes hrough a system.Rajah 9.1 menunjukkanaluan molekul emak melalui suatu sistem.

[10 markah]

Fat moleculeMolekulemak

Gall bladderPundihempedu

Diagram9.1Rajah9.1185 [Lihat halaman sebelah]Hak Cipta Kerajaan Malaysia

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455112SULITGallbladder,pancreasandsmall intest inearestructuresinvolvedintheprocessingofthefatmolecule.Explain the processeswhich occur to the fat molecule until it can be usedby body cells' fl} markslpundi hempedu, ankreasdan usus ecil adalah struktur-strukturyang terlibat dalam memprosesmolekullemak.Terangkan proses-prosesang berlaku kepada molekul lemak sehingga boleh digunakani'{*:ir;;ibadan.

(b) Diagrams 9.2, 9.3 and9 4 show the physical condition of three people' which is related to their eatinghabits.Rajah9.2'9 '3dang.4menunjukkankeadaanf izikalt igaoranS,yanSberkaitandengantabiatmamereka.

Diagram9.2Rajah9.2

Diagram9.3Rajah9.3Diagram 9.4

Rajah 9.4Explain the relationship betweeneating habits and the physical condition of each person' lI0 marks]Terangkanhubunganantara tabiat makin dengank"adainfiziknl setiap ndividu itu' ll0 markah-

END OF QUESTION PAPERKERTASSOALANTAMAT

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rA 2009KERTAS 1lC 286D 7C11B 12D16C l7 AzLD 22 C26A 27C

31A 32836B 3784tA. 421I46C 478KERTAS 2SectionABahagian A'

3D 4C .5A8C 9B 10D13B L4B 15A18D 19C 20823C 24D 25828D 29D 30A

33A 34C 35C388 39D 40D43'D 44 B 45 D48A 49C 50C

1 (a) (i) Smooth endoplasmicreticulumRetikulum ndoPlasmaicin(ii) 1. Modifies ProteinsMengubahsuairotein

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(c) (i)NucleusNukleus

2. Pack them into secretory vesiclesMenyimpannyai dalam vesikel embesan(b) (i) GranaGrana(ii) Captures ight energy and converts it intochemicalenergyMemerangkapenaga ahaya nnmenukarkan-nya kepada enagakimia CellwallDindingsel

VacuoleVakuolCytoplasmSitoplasma(ii) ' PlasmolysedPlasmolisis

. Water diffuses outOSrnOSiS- Air meresap keluarosmosis

of the cell bydaripada sel secara

. The cytoplasm and vacuole shrinkSitoplasma an vakuolmengecut. The plasmamembranepulls away fromthe cell wallMembran plasma tertarikdaripada dindingsel(a) (i) P:4/2n

Q:2/n(ii) Cell Q has received half the number ofchromosomes after cell P has undergonemeiotic divisionSel Q menerimaseparuhdaripada bilangankromosomselepas sel P menjalani prosespembahagianmeiosis(b) (i) Testis/Testrs(ii) SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis

(c) (i) 1. Broad faceMuka ebar2. SlantedeyesMata sepet3. Protruding tongueLidah terjelir(ii) ChromosomemutationMutasi kromosom. Whentheno . 2 t homologouschromosomesfail to separateduring meiosis IApabila kromosomhomolog ke-21 gagal

untukberpisah emasameiosis. There will be an extra chromosome nthe spermAkan ada lebih satu kromosomdi dalamsDerma

227

. Fertilisation of this sperm with a normalovum will produce a zygote with 47chromosomes.Persenyawaan perlna ini dengan ovumnormal akan membentukigot dengan47kromosom.. The zygote contains 3 no. 2Ichromosomes.The genetic disorder isDown's syndrome.Zigot ini mempunyai kromosam ke-21.Gangguan enetikni ialahsindromDown.(a) (i) P: TerrestrialDaratan

Q: AquaticAkuatik(ii) P: Vascular bundles are arranged aroundthe pithBerkas vaskular tersusun di sekelilineempulurQ: Has many air sacs/aerenchymaMempunyai banyak kantung udara/aerenkima(b) (i) Transportsorganic materialsMengangkut ahanorganik

PhloemFloem XylemXilemConsistsofsieve tubes andcompanion cellsTerdiri daripadatiub tapisdan selrakan

Consistsoftracheidsandxylem vesselsTerdiri daripadatrakeiddan salurxilem

Has sieveplateson the sieve tubesMempunyai lattapisdi atas iubtapis

Hollow tubeTiubberongga

The cell wall isnot lignifiedDinding selnya idakditebalkan lehlignin

The cell wall islignifiedDinding sel berlignin

Has a thin layer ofprotoplasmMempunyaiapisanprotoplasma ipis

No protoplasmTindaprotoplasma

(iii)It produces new cambium cells and thediameterof the stem ncreases.As a result,stability increases.Ia menghasilkansel kantbium baru dandiameter batang bertambah. Hasilnyakestabilan ertambah.

(ii)

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(c) . A root system hat spreads ut widely toprovidesupportSistem akar yang bercabang luas untukmemberikansokongan. Breathing roots which enable respirationAkar pernafasan yang membenarknn respirasi. Reproduction by viviparous seedlingsPembiakan melalui biji benih vivipar(a) P: Intercostal musclesOtot interkosta

Q: Rib/RibcageTulang rusuA Sangkar rusuk(b) (i) Inhalation

Menarik nafas(ii) P will contract and relax so that the ribcage

moves upwards and outwards which thencauses the volume of the thoracic cavity toincreaseP mengecut dan mengendur supaya sangkarrusuk bergerak ke atas dan ke luar yangmenyebabkan isi padu rongga toraksbertambah

(c) . No change in the volume of the thoraciccavityTiada perubahan pada isi padu ronggatoraks. No change in the air pressure in the thoraciccavityTiada perubahan pada tekanan udara dalamrongga toraks. No exchange of gasesTiada pertukaran gas. Leads to difficulty in breathingM engakibatkan sukar be nafas

(d) (i) ' To supply oxygen for cellularrespirationUntuk membekalkanoksigen bagi respirasise l. To excrete carbon dioxide produced bythe cells[Jntuk menyingkirkan karbon dioksida yangdihasilkan oleh sel

(ii) 1. Large surface areaLuas permukaan yang besar

2. Thin wallDindtng nipis

3. Moist surfacePermukaan lembap

4. Rich network of blood capillariesKaya dengan futpilari darah

(a) R: PlacentaPlasentaS: Umbilical cord

Tali pusat

(b) . The umbilical artery contains deoxygenatedblood and waste substancessuch as ureawhereas the umbilical vein containsoxygenatedblood and nuffients.Arteri talipusatmengandungiarah erdeoksigendan bahankumuhsepertiurea,manakala venatali pusat mengandungi arah beroksigen annutrien.. The umbilical artery carries blood from thefoetus to the mother whereas the umbilicalvein carries blood from the mother to thefoetus.Arteri tali pusat membawadarah dari fetuskepada bu manaknlavena ali pusatmembawadarah dari ibu kePadaetus.(c) Structure R will secrete progesterone and

oestrogen which stimulate the uterine wall/endometriumto become hicker to prepare orthe implantation of the fertilised ovum'Stuknr R alctn merembeskanrogesterondanestrogen yan? merangsang dinding uterus/endometriumuntuk meniadi lebih tebal sebagaipersediaan agipenempelanvutnyang ersenyawa.(d) (i) Passivenatural immunityKeimunan asif semulaadi(ii) Gives protection to the foetus by allowing

the diffusion of antibodies from themother to the foetus that gives temporaryimmunity to some diseasesMemberikan perlindungan kepada fetusdenganmembenarkanesapanantibodidariibu kepadaetusyangmemberikaneimunansementaraerhadap e etengahenyakit(e)' To prevent substances uch as blood and

pathogens rom endangering he foetusUntukmenghalang ahan-bahan epertidarahdanpatogenmembahayakanetus'. The high pressureof the mother'sblood woulddamage he delicate foetal blood vesselsTekananarah buyang inggibolehmerosakkansalur darahfetusyanghalus. Agglutination might occur if the bloodgroup of the foetus is different from theblood group of its mother.Aglutinasiboleh berlaku ika kumpulandarahfetusberbeza aripadakumpulan arah bu.

SectionBBahagian B6 (a) (i) . The characteristics: Seed shape, seed

colour, pod shape,pod colour and flowercolourCiri-ciri: Bentuk biii, warna biji, bentuklenggai,warna enggai,dan warna bunga

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. Traits: Round and wrinkle, yellow andgreen, inflated and constricted, greenand yellow, purple and whiteTrait: Bulat dan kedut, kuning dan hijau,kembung an cerut,hijau dan kuning,ungudanputih(ii). SeedshapeBentukbiji54'74 otnd: 1850wrinkled5474bulat : 1850kedut5474/'7324: 7850173240.15 0.253:1. SeedcolourWarna biji6022 yellow:2001 green6022kuning:2001hijau602218023 2001/80230.15 0.25- 3:1. Flower colourWarnabunga705 purple : 224 white705ungu 224putih105/929 :224/9290.16 0.243:1

(b) Phenotype: NormalFenotip: male xLelakinormal

Genotype:Genotip:MeiosisGametes(n):Gamet n)lFertilisationPersenyawaanGenotype of XHXH XHXh XHY XhYF1 generation:Genotipgenerasi ;Phenotype:female female male male(normal) (carrier) (normal) (haemophilliac)Fenotip:perempuanperempuan elaki lelaki(pembawa)(normal) (normal) (hemof,lia)

XHY/\/ \* \

1uY

FemalehaemophiliacarrierPembawahemofiliaperempuan

XH Xh/ \/ \/ \+l1H lh

The children of the couple will have thefollowing possible genetic combinations:25Vo normal female: 257o cartier female:25Vonormal male: 25Vo haemophiliac maleAnak-anak pasangan tersebut kemungkinanmempunyai kombinasi genetik berikut:25Vo perempuan normal: 25Vo perempuanpembawa: 25Vo lelaki normal: 257o lelakihemofilia(a) . Parasitism

Parasitisme. The organism (Rffiesia sp.) benefits byliving and obtaining nutrients from its livinghost and causes harm and weakens its hostin the process.Organisma (Rffiesia sp.) mendapat untungdengan hidup dan memperolehnutrien daripadaperumah hidup dan menyebabkan keburukanserta melemahkanperumah di sepanjangprosestersebut.

(b) . The farmer can use the biological controlmethod by which the population of mice(the pest) is controlled by using anotherorganism which is a natural predator of thepest. For example the use of snakes tocontrol the population of mice and owls tocontrol the population of snakes.Petani menggunakankaedah kawalan biologi dimana populasi tikus (perosak) dikawal denganmenggunakan organisma lain yang merupakanpemangsasemula adi kepada perosak. Sebagaicontohnya, penqgunaan ular untuk mengawalpopulasi tikus dan burung hantu untuk mengawalpopulasi ular.. The snakes will act as predators and themice will be their prey.Ular bertindak sebagai pemangsa dan tikusmenjadi mangsa.. This prey-predator interaction will ensurethat the population of each other will beregulated in a cyclical manner whichmaintains the populations of both organismsin a dynamic equilibrium.Interaksi nnngsa-pemangsa akan memastikanpopulttsi masing-masing dikawal atur dalambentuk kitaran yang akan mengekalkanpopulasikedua-dua organisma dalam keseimbangandinamik.

(c) (i) . Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rootnodules of leguminous plants usenitrogen in the air to make nitrates.Bakteria pengikat. nitrogen dalam nodulakar pokok kekacang menggunakannitrogendi udara untuk menshasilkan nitrat.

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. The nitrates are then absorbedby plantsto makeproteins.Nitrat kemudiannyaiserapoleh tumbuhanuntukmenghasilkanrotein.. When animals eat plants, theproteins are transferred to the animalsApabila haiwanmakan tumbuhan, roteindipindahkankepadahaiwan. When plants and animals die (or excretenitrogenous substances) these deadorganisms or nitrogenoussubstances rebroken down to ammonia by bacteria ofdecay.Apctbila tumbuhan dan haiwan mati(atau mengumuhkanbahan bernitrogen)organismamati ini atau bahanbernitrogendiuraikan menjadiammoniaoleh bakteriapengurai.. Nitrifying bacteria convert ammoniumcompoundsBakteria penitritan menukarkansebatianammontum. Nitrifying bacteria change nitrites tonitratesBakteriapenitritan menukar nitrit kepadanitrat. Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates tonitrogen

Bakteria pendenitratan menukar nitratkepa"da itrogen(ii) . No decompositionwill take place.As aresult the remains of deadorganismsincluding animal waste products are notbroken down into simpler inorganicsubstances which are to be used byplants.Tiadapenguraian kan berlaku.Akibatnya sisa organismamati termasukhasil buangan haiwan tidak dapatdiuraiknn kepada bahan organikringkas yang boleh digunakan olehtumbuhan.. The soil becomes nfertileTanahmenjadi idnksubur. Photosynthesiscannot take placeFotosintesisidak dapat berlaku(a) (i) . During a cool day, the plant is firm andupright. The plant cells are turgidbecause there is enoush water in theplant.Semasa hari sejuk, tumbuhan menjaditegap dan tegak. Sel tumbuhanmenjadi segar kerana cukup air di dalamtumbuhan.

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. During a hot day, the plant wilts.Evaporation increases,the rate of.waterloss s faster, he cells in {he eavesbecomeflaccid.Semasa ari panas,tumbuhanayu. Sejatanmeningkat, kadar kehilangan air lebihpantas,sel daunmenjadi ayu.(ii) . During a cool day, the plant is firm andupright to increase he surface area forthe absorptionof light.Semasa ari sejuk,daun menjaditegap dantegakuntukmenambahuaspermukaan agipenyerapan ahaya.. During a hot day, the plant wilts toreduce the surface area exposedto sunlight so as to reduce the rateof transpiration. Stomata also closedto prevent the plant from dryingup.Semasa hari panas, umbuhanayu untukmengurangkanuas permukaan terdedahkepadacahaya,dengan tu mengurangkankadar transpirasi. Stomata jugatertutup untuk mengelakkan tumbuhanmengering.ft) From the soil into the rootsDari tanah ke akar. The concentration of water in the cell is

higher than the concentration of wateroutside the cellKepekatan ir di dalamsel lebih tinggi daripadakepekatan ir di luar sel. The cell becomeshypotonic to the adjacentcells, water diffuses into the adjacent cellsby osmosis.Selmenjadi ipotonikerhadap elbersebelahan,air meresapmasukke sel bersebelahanecaraosmosis.. Osmosisgoes on until the water moleculesreach the xylem vessels n the roots.Osmosis berlaku sehingga molekulair sampai ke dalam salur xilern di dalamakar.. The root pressure n the root pusheswaterup the xylemTeknnan kar dalam akar menolakair ke atasxilemFrom the roots up the stemDari akar ke atas batang. The cohesive forces between the watermolecules draw up water in the xylemvessels.Daya ekitanantaramolekul-molekulir menarikair di dalamsalurxilem.

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9 (a)

. The adhesive forces between the watermolecules and the wall of the xylem vesselsgenerate capillary action which draw upwater n thexylem vessel.The transpirationalpull helps to pull the water to the leaves.Daya ekatan ntaramolekul-molekulir dengand.inding salur xilem menghasilkan indakankapilariyangmenarikair di dalamsalurxilem.Tarikan transpirasimembantumenarik air kedaun.

From the leaves to the atmosphereDari daun ke atmosfera. Water evaporates from the surface of themesophyll cells into the air spacesAir tersejat aripermukaanelmesofil eruang-ruangudara. The water which diffuses out and is lostfrom the mesophyll cells is replaced by thewater in the xylem.Alr yang meresapkeluar dan hilang dari selmesofildigantikanoleh air di dnlamxilem.

DigestionPencernaan. Digestion of fats occurs in the duodenumPencernaanemakberlakudi dalamduodenum. Bile producedby the liver helps to emulsifyfatsHempedu ang dihasilkanoleh hati membantumengemulsiemak. The pancreassecretes ipase which digestslipids into fatty acids and glycerolPankreasmerembeskanipase angmencernakanlipid kepada sid emakdan gliserolAbsorptionPenyerapan. Absorption of fatty acids and glycerol takeplace in the ileum. They are absorbed ntothe lacteals.Penyerapansid lemakdan gliserolberlakudidalam le.um.a diserapke dalam akteal.. In the lacteals, condensationof fatty acidsand glycerol forms lipids.Di dalam lakteal, kondensasi sid lemakdangliserolmembentukipid.. The lipids then is transported via thelymphatic system nto the bloodstream.Lipid kemudiannyaiangkutmelaluisistemimJrtke dalamperedarandarah.

AssimilationAsimilasi. Assimilation takes place in the cells. Cellsuse lipid to form complex compounds.Asimilasiberlaku i dalam el.Sel-selmengguna-kan ipid untukmembentukebatian ompleks.

(b) Diagram 9.2Rajah 9.2. A healthy person who takes a balanceddiet.Seorang ang sihatyang mengambil iet yangseimbang.. He takes he correctamount of carbohydratesto provide energy to the body.Dia mengambil jumlah karbohidrat yangbetul untuk membekalkantenaga kepadabadan.. He takes the correct amount of fats toprovide energy to the body.Dia mengambilumlah lemakyangbetul untukmembekalkanenaga epadabadan.. He takes the correct amount of proteins toproducenew cells.Dia mengambilumlahprotein yangbetul untukmenghasilkanel-selbaru.. He eats food which are rich -in fibreand drinks a lot of water to avoidconstipation.Dia memakan makanan yang kaya seratdan minum banyak air untuk mencegahsembelit.. He takes vitamins and minerals to maintaingood health.Dia mengambil vitamin dan mineral untukmengekalkanesihatanangbaik.Diagram 9.3Rajah 9.3. Obesity where therebetween the food intakeused

is imbalanceand the energy

Obesiti di mana berlaku ketidal