SPM 10 - playthegame.org · ELITE SPORT LEISURE TIME SPORT professional international mediatised often paid non- paid active or passive during leisure time MEDIA SPORT MASS SPORT

SPM 10Sport Policy & Management

Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven

SPM 10

UNDERSTANDING THE GAMESport participation in Europe

Jeroen Scheerder1

H. Vandermeerschen1, C. Van Tuyckom2,3,R. Hoekman4, K. Breedveld4 and S. Vos1,5

1 Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven, Belgium2 Health & Demographic Research, Ghent University, Belgium3 Institut für Europäische Sportentwicklung & Freizeitforschung, DSHS, Germany4 WJH Mulier Institute, the Netherlands5 Policy Research Centre for Culture, Youth & Sport, Belgium

Sport Policy & Management

MEASURE Network

10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management


Outline

1. Sport participation research in

Europe

2. Some findings from recent

report on sport participation

3. Implications for sport policy at

European level

A free copy of the full version of the SPM10 report is available athttp://faber.kuleuven.be/spm/

http://faber.kuleuven.be/spm/

LEISURE TIME SPORTELITE SPORT

professionalinternationalmediatisedoften paid

non-paidactive or passive

during leisure time

MASS SPORTMEDIA SPORT

watching sportphysically passive

sport public

doing sportphysically activesport participant

PARTICIPATION SPORTPERFORMANCE SPORT

Competitiveresult driven

competing and winningprinciple of exclusion

recreationalprocess driven

having /taking partprinciple of inclusion

Club organisedInformally organised(non-traditional forms

of organisation)Individual Club organised

Informally organised(non-traditional forms

of organisation)Individual

Source: Scheerder et al. (2011: 17)

European sport federations

National sport federations

Regional sport federations

Sport clubs

Source: European Commission (1999)

Pyramid Model of Sport

Source: Scheerder et al. (2011)

COMPETITIVE SPORT

ELITE SPORT

HIGH LEVEL COMPETITIVE SPORT

RECREATIONAL SPORT

Church Model of Sport



from a welfare state perspective sport participation/inclusion in

sport = human right (cfr. Sport for All Charter)

increasing participation/inclusion should be at core of any sport

policy

demand for basic data, f.i. benchmarks, facts & figures, monitors, …

available data

• rather isolated research projects

• weaknesses wrt comparability / trends

Sport participation in Europe



European Sport Participation Research – the early days

1970 present

Council of Europe as a driving force1

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Non-sport specific surveys including sport participation

International Social Survey Progam (2007)

Harmonised European Time Use Survey (2000)

European Values Study (2007)

http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/index.php



10 years after COMPASS …

MEASUREMeeting for European Sport Participation &

Sport Culture Research



Meeting for European Sport Participation & Sport Culture Research

Launched in 2010 by KU Leuven and Mulier Institute

3 main goals

Increase understanding of sport participation

Improve quality of sport participation data

Exchange knowledge and expertise

More information at:

www.measuresport.eu

MEASURE Network? MEASURE Network

http://www.measuresport.eu/



enhance knowledge and exchange of information on sport

participation:

• stimulate data collection

• develop benchmarking

• provide easy access to information

One of the main goals of MEASURE



Comparison wrt sport participation across Europe

sport participation across Europe

National dataadvantages- rich data – many countries- take cultural differences into account- comparison possible in short-time

disadvantages- different methodology- different definitions- validity

examplesRodgers (1977), Van Bottenburg et al. (2005), …

Harmonised dataadvantages- same methodology- validity- comparability

disadvantages- loss of information- time consuming – expensive?- few countries

examplesClaeys (1982), COMPASS (1999), HETUS (2000), ISSP (2007), Eurobarometer EU27 (2010), …

Country Fact Sheets approach – focus on time trendsadvantages- based on strong national survey data- time trends are comparable (cross-national)- results on short term + possibilities to move beyond

disadvantages- different methodologies- different populations



Fact sheet approach

Two-phase approach

PHASE 1

autumn 2010

standardised fact sheet

no restrictions

PHASE 2

winter 2010-2011

standardised fact sheet

age restriction (15-64 yrs)



Filled out fact sheets

23 countries/regions

Sweden

Finland

Estonia

Denmark

Germany

France

ItalySwitzerland

Greece

Portugal

Spain

Lithuania

Austria

England

The Netherlands

Flanders

WalloniaPolandNorthern Ireland

Scotland

Slovakia

Hungary

Slovenia



Country / Region Reference periodone year

Sport participation ≥ weekly

Sport participation ≥ monthly

Competitive sport Club sport Popularityof sports

Austria

Denmark

England (UK)

Estonia

Finland

Flanders (Belgium)

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Italy

Lithuania

The Netherlands

Northern Ireland (UK)

Poland

Portugal

Scotland (UK)

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Wallonia (Belgium)

Availability of sport participation data (N=22)



…with regard to sport participation research and available data:

most countries have

• a rather broad definition for sport participation (opposed to 30min/week)• a reference period of one year• data wrt sport participation ≥ month, club participation, sports

preferences

Some general trends…



< 40 %

40-50 %

50-60 %

60-70 %

Not available

Sport participation ≥ weekly% of total population

Finland

Denmark

Germany

France

ItalySwitzerland

Portugal

Austria

England

The Netherlands

Flanders

PolandNorthern Ireland

> 70 %

Sport participation

Spain



< 3 %

3-5 %

6-10 %

Not available

Sport participation ≥ weeklygender difference female - male

Sport participation

Finland

Denmark (female > male)

Germany

France

ItalySwitzerland

Portugal

Austria

England

The Netherlands

Flanders

PolandNorthern Ireland

> 10 %

Spain



Availability of trend data (N=16)Country / Region Most recent data collection Time trends wrt sport participation

Denmark 2007 1964 1975 1987 1993 1998 2007

England (UK) 2009/10 1987 1990 1993 1996 2002 || 2005/6 2007/8 2008/9

Finland 2009/10 1991 1994 1997/8 2001/2 2005/6 2009/10

Flanders (Belgium) 2009 1969 1979 1989 1999 2009

Hungary 2000 2000 2004 2008

Italy 2006 1995 2000 2006

Lithuania 2007/9 2001 2007/9

The Netherlands 2007 1979 1987 1995 1999 2003 2007

Poland 2009 2000 2009

Portugal 1998 1988 1998

Scotland (UK) 2007/8 1994/6 1996/8 1998/00 2001/3 2003/5 2006/8

Slovenia 2008 1973 1996 2001 2006 2008

Spain 2005/6 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Sweden 2006 1976 1982 1990 1998 2006

Switzerland 2007 1978 1984 1990 1994 1999 2007

Wallonia (Belgium) 2006 1983 1991 2006



Trends

Sport participation (% 2000 = index 100)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Denmark

England (UK)

Finland

Flanders (Belgium)

Italy

The Netherlands

Scotland (UK)

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland



0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Denmark

England (UK)

Finland

Flanders (Belgium)

The Netherlands

Scotland (UK)

Spain

Switzerland

Club sport participation (% 2000 = index 100)

Trends



…with regard to sport participation:

sport participation is on the rise

club sport participation is more or less stabilizing, in some cases under

threat

geographical differences wrt gender

‘best pupils of the class’ in terms of sport participation:

• Finland, Denmark, Germany

interestingly, large differences in club sport participation between those

‘best pupils’:

• low (Finland) vs. high (Denmark) club sport participation

• Germany takes an intermediate position

Some general trends….



Sports Preference: walking (8 countries)

Country / Region 1 2 3 4 5

Austria

Denmark Walking Running Fitness Aerobics Swimming

England (UK) Gym Swimming Football Cycling Athletics / running

Finland Walking Cycling Gym / weightexercise

Cross countryskiing

Jogging

Flanders (Belgium) Running Recreationalcycling

Swimming Fitness Walking

France Swimming Cycling Pétanque / bowling

Walking & trekking

Running / jogging

Germany Cycling Running Fitness Swimming Gymnastics

Italy Fitness / aerobics / gymnastics

Football Swimming Cycling Running / jogging

The Netherlands Swimming Cycling Fitness / aerobics Running Walking

Northern Ireland (UK) Swimming / diving Walking Exercise bike / running machine /

spinning class

Jogging Dance

Poland Cycling Jogging / walking Swimming Football Volleyball

Portugal

Spain Swimming Football Cycling Fitness Mountaineering

Switzerland Cycling Hiking / walking Swimming Downhill skiing Running / jogging



Sports preference: fitness (9 countries)


Austria




Cross countryskiing

Jogging




Walking & trekking

Running / jogging






spinning class

Jogging Dance


Portugal





Sports preference: cycling (10 countries)


Austria




Cross countryskiing

Jogging




Walking & trekking

Running / jogging






spinning class

Jogging Dance


Portugal





Sports preference: swimming (11 countries)


Austria




Cross countryskiing

Jogging




Walking & trekking

Running / jogging






spinning class

Jogging Dance


Portugal





Sports preference: running (11 countries)


Austria




Cross countryskiing

Jogging




Walking & trekking

Running / jogging






spinning class

Jogging Dance


Portugal





…with regard to sport preferences:

large similarity in sport preferences among countries

popularity of individual, recreational leisure-time sport activities

importance of so-called ‘LIGHT SPORTING COMMUNITIES’

Some general trends….



… is a useful tool

short term

cross-national comparisons possible

first step towards policy makers

needs to be further elaborated

Collecting fact sheets …



Challenges to sport policy

• Structural differences

in levels of participation– Gender, age

– Socio economic status (income, education)

– Ethnic divides and minority groups

• Preferences of sport practicing:– Club membership under threat

– Due to time pressure interest in more competitive and organised sports dwindles

– Voluntary work



Challenges to policy makers

• Demand for basic data – facts and figures, benchmarks, monitors

• Demand for theoretical models

• Demand for effective interventions

• Demand for sound local implementation schemes



Challenges to researchers

• Need to further develop data-quality

• Need for international debate and for collective efforts

• Workshop on Sport Participation

on Wednesday 4.45pm Seminar Room 5

MEASURE Network

A free copy of the full version of the SPM10 report is available athttp://faber.kuleuven.be/spm/




More information

MEASURE Networkwww.measuresport.eu

SPM Report:http://faber.kuleuven.be/spm/

Contact:[email protected]@[email protected]

http://www.measuresport.eu/


mailto:[email protected]









Documents

SPM 10 - playthegame.org · ELITE SPORT LEISURE TIME SPORT professional international mediatised often paid non- paid active or passive during leisure time MEDIA SPORT MASS SPORT