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splanchnology
1. The concept and function
Viscera includes alimentary system, respiratory system, urinary system and genital system.
Splanchnology is a subject that studies the shape, structure and position of the organs of viscera.
funtion: The main functions of the viscera are to fulfil the metabolism and maintain the life of species.
Chapter 4 Introduction
The main functions of alimentary systemThe main functions of alimentary system are to ingest the food, to secrete enzymes, to absorb the products of the digestive action, and to eliminate the unused residues.
The respiratory system is to carry out the gas exchanges --- supply of oxygen for living cells and remove of carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism.
The primary function of urinary system is to keep the body in homeostasis by removing and restoring selected amount of water and solutes, excreting the various wastes.The functions of genital system are to produce germ cells (ovum and sperm) and to secrete some hormones.
porta hepatis
The visceral surface of the liver
renal hilum
The anterior view of the left kidneyThe hilum of right lung
2. General structure of viscera
tubular organs
Parenchymatous organs
mucosa
(submucosa)
muscular coats
serosa
hilum/porta
3. The reference lines of thorax
the anterior median line
the sternal line
the midclavicular line
the parasternal line
the anterior axillary line
the midaxillary line
the posterior axillary line
the scapular line
the posterior median line
left upper abdomen
left lower abdomen
right upper abdomen
right lower abdomen
The 4 abdominal regions
left hypochondriac
umbilical
left lumbar
left inguinal(left iliac)
epigastric
right lumbar
hypogastric/pubic
right inguinal(right iliac)
right hypochondriac
4 The abdominal regions (9 region )
Chapter 5 Alimentary/digestive system
alimentary canal
mouth/oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileumlarge intestine
alimentary gland
salivary glands
liverPancreasSmall gland
The upper/lower alimentary canal
Sublingual gland
Submandibular gland
Parotid glandParotid duct
Palate
Palatopharyngeal arch
Palatoglossal arch
Palatine tonsil
Uvula
tongue
The opening of the parotid duct
1. The oral cavity
oral vestibule oral cavity proper
1) Lips
2) Cheek
3) Palate:
Hard palate
Soft palate
Palatine glands
Isthmus of fauces
Tonsillar fossa
4) Palatine tonsile
5) The teeth/dentes
deciduous teeth (20):
incisors 2,
canine 1,
molars 2
permanent teeth (32):
incisors 2
canine 1
premolars 2
molars 2~3
The basic structure of teeth
The shape :
crown, neck and root
Dental cavity :
cavity of crown, root canal
The tissue :
dentine, enamel, cement and dental pulp
The periodontal structure:
periodontal membrane,
alveolar bone and
gums/gingiva.
enamel
dentine
cement
periodontal membrane
alveo
lar bo
ne
gums
dental pulp
frenulum of tongue
6) The tongue
The shapes: apex, body, root of tongue
The mucous membrane:
The muscle:
taste bud
filifirm papillae
vallate papillae
foliate papillae
fungiform papillae
intrinsic muscle extrinsic muscle:
styloglossus
hyoglossus
genioglossus
the opening of auditory tube
The sagittal section of the skull and neck
the opening of auditory tube
The sagittal section of the skull and neck
The anterior wall of pharynx
2. The pharynx
1) Position
2) Parts
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
3) Communication
nasopharynx nasal cavity
tympanic cavities of the middle ear
oropharynx oral cavity
laryngopharynx laryngeal cavity
esophagus.
The esophagus and its relationships
First constriction
Cervical part
Trachea
Aortic arch
Principal bronchus
Second constriction
Thoracic aorta
Thoracic part
Third constriction
Abdominal part
Inferior vena cava
3. Esophagus
1) The position
2) The position of the three constriction
the first
constriction the distance from incisor
position
the beginning (commencement) or lower border of 6th C or the level of cricoid cartilage
the esophageal hiatus or the lever of the 10th T
the second
the third
15cm
25cm
40cm
the intersection with left bronchus or the level of the sternal angle or the lower border of the 4th T
3. Esophagus
1) The position
2) The position of the three constriction
the first
constriction the distance from incisor
position
the beginning (commencement) or lower border of 6th C or the level of cricoid cartilage
the esophageal hiatus or the lever of the 10th T
the second
the third
15cm
25cm
40cm
the intersection with left bronchus or the level of the sternal angle or the lower border of the 4th T
lesser curvature
pylorus
cardia
greater curvature
angular incisure
lesser curvature
pylorus
cardia
greater curvature
angular incisure
1) the shape two orifices:
two curvature:
two surface:
2) the parts cardiac part
fundus of stomach
body of stomach
pyloric partpyloric antrum
pyloric canal
4. Stomach/gaster
3) The position
In middle full
left hypochondriac region
epigastric region,
and umbilical region;
cardia on the left of the eleventh
thoracic vertebra,
pylorus on the right of the first l
umbar vertebra.
hypochondriac region
epigastric region
hypochondriac region
The position of stomach
umbilical region
4) The relation of stomach
The anterior surface:
The L part is contact with diaphragm
The R part is relation with the left and quadrate lobes of live and the anterior abdominal wall.
The posterior surface:
It is relation with the spleen, the diaphragm, the left suprarenal gland, the upper part of the left kidney, the splenic blood vessels, the pancreas, the left colic flexure, the transverse colon and its mesocolon. These structures form the stomach bed.
lesser curvature
pylorus
cardia
greater curvature
angular incisure
5) the musculature and inner
surface of stomach
The musculature:
The wall of stomach has three layer
muscle. The outer is longitudinal, th
e middle circular, the inner oblique
and incomplete. At the pylorus, the
middle circular muscle thicken and
form a muscular ring ---the pyloric
sphincter. It can control the pyloru
s open and close.
The inner surface:
When the stomach is empty, the mu
cosa form many ridges and rugae.
But the mucosa of pyloric part is sm
ooth. Gastric neoplasm and ulcers, t
he mucous pattern will be changed
and become radiological.
The mesentery
5. the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
superior part
descending part
horizontal part
ascending part
6. the large intestine
caecum
vermiform appendix
colon
rectum
anal canal
1) parts
about 1.5 m long
McBurney’s point
2) The characteristics of the cecum and colon
colic bands
haustras of colon
epiploic appendices
3) The cecum and the vermiform appendixThe position of appendixretrocecal and retrocolic in 65.28%pelvic in 31.01%subcecal in 2.26%pre-ileal in 0.4%post-ileal in 1.0%higher and left position
sigmoid mescolon
transverse mescolon
right colic flexure
left colic flexure
4) colon
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
parts
5) rectum
two flexuressacral flexure
perineal flexure
Ampulla of rectum
Transverse folds of rectum
6) the anal canal
inner surface
anal column
anal valves
anal sinuses
dentate line
anal pecten
white line
sphincter
sphincter ani internus
sphincter ani externus
Columnar epithelium
Stratified columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Opposite the crown of second upper molar
Opening of parotid duct
sternocleidomatoidmasseter muscle
7. The alimentary gland
1) salivary gland
Minor gland
Major gland
parotid gland
submandibular gland
sublingual gland
8. liver/hepar
The liver is the largest gland in our body.
Food processing factory
1. Functions
1) produce bile
2) synthesis
glycogen
albumin
3) detoxification
Nutrients, vitamins, mineral, and other
products of digestion(include the poison)
hypochondriac region
epigastric region
hypochondriac region
R. triangular lig.
gallbladder
falciform lig.
diaphragmL. triangular lig.
coronary lig.
L. lobeR. lobe
lig. teres hepatis
hepatic portal v.
gallbladder hepatic duct
proper hepatic a.
inferior vena cava bare area
porta hepatis
systic duct
common bile duct
1) The position
right hypochondriac region
epigastric regions
left hypochondriac region
beneath the diaphragm
behind the ribs
2) The shapes
superior surface/ diaphragmatic surface:
inferior surface/ visceral surface:
Caudate lobe
gallbladder quadrat lobe
Left lobe Right lobe
R. triangular lig.
gallbladder
falciform lig.
diaphragmL. triangular lig.
coronary lig.
L. lobeR. lobe
lig. teres hepatis
3) The lobe of liver
On the superior surface:
right lobe
left lobe
On the inferior surface:
right lobe,
left lobe
quadrate lobe
caudate lobe.
L. lobe R. lobe
quadrate lobe
caudate lobe
9. The gallbladder and the biliary ducts
fundus of gallbladder
body of gallblader
neck of gallbladder
cystic duct
common bile duct
common hepatic duct
right and left hepatic duct
10. The drainage of the bile
hepatopancreatic ampulla
R. hepatic ductL. hepatic duct
Cystic duct
gallbradder
Major duodenal papilla
common hepatic duct common bile duct
hepatocyte bile canaliculi
intralobular bile ductules
11. The Pancreas
position
parts
head
neck
body
tail
functionexocrine part
endocrine part