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SPINNING NORMS. Prof. R. Chattopadhyay IIT, Delhi. Table 1 Cotton fibre characteristics for different yarn counts. Note: These are only indicative values. The characteristics are variable from year to year. Source: CIRCOT, Mumbai; KVIC, Mumbai. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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SPINNING NORMS
Prof. R. ChattopadhyayIIT, Delhi
Table 1 Cotton fibre characteristics for different yarn counts
Yarn Count (Nm)
Cotton Variety
Staple length (mm)
2.5% SL (mm)
UR(%)
Fineness
(Mic)
Tenacityg/tex
Trash (%)
< 16 Deshi, Wagad, Striping & Comber waste
< 20 16.8 –
22.1
48 -
53
4.7-
7.4
16.2-
21.9
3- 10
16-23 Wagad, Virnar, Jayadhar & Stripping
20 - 23 21.5 -
23.4
48 -
53
4.6 –
5.2
1 5.0 -
21.9
5-10
24-32 Virnar, AK-235, Gaorani, J-34, CJ-73, Y-1, V-797, F-414
22 - 24 23.2-
26.1
46-
52
3.9-
5.2
16.9 -
24.0
3 - 10
Yarn Count (Nm)
Cotton Variety
Staple length (mm)
2.5% S L
(mm)
UR(%)
Fineness
(Mic)
Tenacityg/tex
Trash (%)
33-42 J-34, CJ-73, Y-1, V-797, F-414, A-51/9
16.9- 24
23.2-26.1
46- 52 3.8- 5.2
16.9- 24.0
3- 10
43-52 F-414, A-51/9, SRT-1, 1007, Laxmi, Shankar-4 (B), JKHY-1
18.1-22.2
23.4-29.5
44.6-49.4
3.6- 4.6
18.1- 22.2
6- 8
53-62 Digvijay, co2, SRT-1, 1007, Laxmi, Shankar-4 (B)
- 23.7-29.5
44.6-49.0
3.5- 4.6
18.1- 22.2
6-7
Yarn Count (Nm)
Cotton Variety
Staple length (mm)
2.5%S L
(mm)
UR(%)
Fineness
(Mic)
Tenacityg/tex
Trash (%)
63-70 1007, Laxmi, Shankar-4 (A), (B) & (E), American 1.1/8
- 26.3-
29.5
44.6-49.4
3.6-
4.0
18.2-
22.2
6-7
71-102 Shankar-4 (A), MCU-5 (A) & (B), Varalaxmi (B) Sudan GI, Sudan GS
- 25.6-
34.9
45.7-
49.0
2.8-
4.0
21.2-
28.3
21.2-28.3
103-137 Varalaxmi (A) & (B), MCU-5 (A),(Sudan GS, Giza-68)
- 25.8-34.9
42-
50
2.8-
4.0
21.2-
28.3
5-6
Yarn Count (Nm)
Cotton Variety
Staple length (mm)
2.5%S L
(mm)
UR(%)
Fineness
(Mic)
Tenacityg/tex
Trash (%)
138-170 Varalaxmi
(A), Suvin
(Giza-45)
- 35-
37.4
45-
49.5
2.7-3.1 30.1-32.6 3
170 and
above
Suvin
(Giza-45)
41.0 37.6 49.5 2.7-3.0 30.8-33.0 2
Note: These are only indicative values. The characteristics are variable from year to year.
Source: CIRCOT, Mumbai; KVIC, Mumbai.
Table 2 Properties of polyester to be blended with cotton for different end-uses
End-uses Yarn count group (Nm)
Length (mm)
Fineness (den)
Tenacity
(g/ den)
Shirting and sarees
Suiting
70 -100
2/50- 2/70
38- 44
38- 44
1.2
1.5
4.5- 6.0
4.5 - 5.5
Table 3 Norm for yarn count CV%
Metric count group Count CV%
Cotton
Coarser (Up to 24)
Medium (24 to 70)
Finer (Above 70)
10
8
6
Polyvastra
For all count groups 6
Table 4 Norms for yarn CSP
Metric count group (Nm)
Lea dimensions
80 threads, 120 yard 100 threads, 100m Normal
(Nm Kg)Superior
(Nm Kg) Normal
(Nm Kg) Superior
(Nm Kg)
CottonBelow 66 – 1616 – 2424 – 3636 – 5050 – 7070 – 8585 – 100100–140Above 140
*750950
1000105011501200150015201450
*900
10501100120012701300165017001550
*900
11401200126013801440180018201740
*108012601320152015201560198020401860
Polyvastra Below 3636 – 7070 – 100100 -140
*20802080
*
*22802150
*
*25002500
*
*27402580
*
Table 5 Norm for CSP CV%
Metric count group CSP CV%
Cotton 12
Polyvastra 12
Table 6 Norms for yarn unevenness values (U%)
Metric count group Unevenness (U%)
Cotton
For all count groups 22
Polyvastra
For all count groups 19
Table 7 Imperfections in khadi yarn
Metric count group
Total Imperfections
(Nos / Km)
Thick Places (Nos/Km)
Thin Places (Nos/Km)
Neps (Nos/Km)
CottonBelow 66 – 1616 – 2424 – 3636 – 5050 – 7070 – 8585 – 100100–140Above 140
***
470058008300
***
7700
***
160017002500
***
2100
***
160016002450
***
2500
***
125021002600
***
2900
Polyvastra Below 3636 – 7070 – 100100 -140
*3800
**
*1400
**
*930
**
*1600
**
Table 8 Appearance grade for khadi yarn
Metric count group Appearance grade
Cotton
Up to 16
16 to 36
Above 36
D
D or D+
D or C
Polyvastra
For all count groups C
Table 9 Norm for twist in the yarn
Metric count group
Minimum twist
(Turns/inch)
Maximum twist
(Turns/inch)
Minimum twist
(Turns/cm)
Maximum twist
(Turns/cm)
CottonBelow 66 – 1616 – 2424 – 3636 – 5050 – 7070 – 8585 – 100100–140Above 140
*11.015.019.020.523.026.025.032.038.0
*15.019.022.025.027.030.039.040.050.0
*56789
10111315
*679
101112151620
Polyvastra Below 3636 – 7070 – 100100 -140
*20.023.0
*
*23.026.0
*
*89*
*9
10*
Table 10 BIS Norms of some cotton khadi fabrics (Constructional parameters and property)
Types of Fabric
Metric Count of Yarn (Nm
Thread Density
Mass g/m2
Breaking load (on 10x20 cm strip, N
Warp Weft Ends/cm Picks/cm Warp Weft
Bed sheets (Bleached)
27 27 16 (Double)
14
(Double) 190 490 390
Bunting Cloth (Dyed)
17 14 14 13 190 450 330
Pugre Cloth (Bleached or Dyed)
30 30 16 16 110 334 294
Types of Fabric
Metric Count of Yarn (Nm
Thread Density
Mass g/m2
Breaking load (on 10x20 cm strip, N
Warp Weft Ends/cm Picks/cm Warp Weft
Honey Comb and Huck-a-
Back Towels
(Bleached)
a) 14
b) 14
c) 17
d) 24
e) 34
a) 14
b) 10
c) 17
d) 20
e) 34
11(Double)
11(Double)
8(Double)
18(Double)
11(Double)
9(Double)
7(Double)
8(Double)
13(Double)
9(Double)
360
325
198
290
218
450
620
450
1200
630
430
530
450
660
530
Long Cloth
(Bleached)
27 20 17 17 160 392 372
Dosuti
(Bleached or Dyed)
a) 27
b) 20
a) 27
b) 17
14(Double)
12(Double)
13(Double)
11(Double)
205
260
760
800
660
660
Types of Fabric
Metric Count of Yarn (Nm
Thread Density
Mass g/m2
Breaking load (on 10x20 cm strip, N
Warp Weft Ends/cm Picks/cm Warp Weft
Napkins and Table
Cloth(Bleached)
a) 27
b) 27
a) 27
b) 20
14(Double)
17
13(Double)
17
205
160
760
390
660
370
Dungri Cloth
(Bleached)
17 17 13 12 180 390 370
Dusters
(Bleached)
17 14 13 12 170 450 430
Lining Cloth
(Dyed)
20 17 16 14 185 450 430
Sheeting Cloth
(Bleached)
20 20 16 16 170 450 450
Types of Fabric
Metric Count of Yarn (Nm
Thread Density
Mass g/m2
Breaking load (on 10x20 cm strip, N
Warp Weft Ends/cm Picks/cm Warp Weft
Sponge Cloth
(Grey)
200/2 14 or 7
9 9 90 - -
Tolerance percentage for thread density = ±1
Method of test:
1. Thread density: IS 1963: 1981
2. Mass (g/m2)- IS 1964:1970,
3. Breaking load- IS 1969:1985
Types of Fabric
Yarn count used
(Nm)
Metric countRange
Thread density (per cm) Range
GSM(g/m2)
Warp Weft Warp Weft
Kurta, pajama & salwar suit
20-30 24- 27 20- 27 17- 21 11- 14 119- 138
30-50 31- 49 29- 47 16- 29 14- 21 95- 148
50-80 52 52 37 26 125
80-100 - - - - -
Above 100 101- 126 108- 165 37- 61 40- 44 59- 107
Dhoti
Medium 40- 59 51- 58 20- 25 16- 23 82- 90
Superfine 108- 145 105- 140 33- 35 27- 51 59- 63
Saree
Medium 50 54 20 16 74
Fine 83 82 36 26 78
Superfine 102- 141 115- 150 28- 32 22- 32 43- 45
Table 11 Constructional parameters and physical property of additional khadi fabrics
Types of Fabric
Yarn count used(Nm)
Breaking Strength (N)
Range
Elongation %Range
Warp Weft Warp Weft
Kurta, pajama
& salwar suit
20-30 120- 235 95- 170 7- 10 10- 14
30-50 140- 330 125- 210 8- 18 8- 27
50-80 245 210 11 11
80-100 - - - -
Above 100 110- 305 170- 225 8-9 8- 9
Dhoti
Medium 165- 200 95- 190 11- 12 10- 17
Superfine 120- 125 135- 205 11- 13 8-9
Saree
Medium 160 140 7 12
Fine 235 190 12 9
Superfine 140- 160 140- 145 6-9 5- 7
Types of Fabric
Yarn count used
(Nm)
Tearing strength (Kg) Range
Fabric dimensions(cm) Range
No of samples tested
Warp Weft Width Length
Kurta, pajama & salwar suit
20-30 1-3 1-2.5 88-89 - 3
30-50 1-3.5 1-2 84-107 - 9
50-80 2 2 - - 1
80-100 - - - - 0
Above 100 0.5-1 0.5-1.5 - - 2
Dhoti
Medium 1-2 1-2 105-112 350-380 3
Superfine 0.5-1 0.5-1.5 120-124 394-400 2
Saree
Medium 2.5 2.5 110 588 1
Fine 0.5 0.5 114 504 1
Superfine 0.5-1 0.5-1 115-120 520-532 2
Types of Fabric
Yarn count used(Nm)
Metric countRange
Thread density (per cm) Range
GSM(g/m2)
Warp Weft Warp Weft
Shirting
Med/coarse 31-32 7 18-19 9-10 221-223
Medium 35-39 40-45 18-26 14-19 97-124
Fine/coarse 70 13 21 10 133
Fine 69 65 34 35 114
Fine/superfine 95 108 30 44 88
Superfine 141-155 100-172 57-87 50-73 75-113
Coating Bundy 28-43 4-9 14-26 8-9 197-275
Pant 10 11 26 11 408
Lungi
Med/coarse 26 15 18 12 160
Medium 27-41 27-48 18-23 12-19 107-124
Fine 61 70 26 19 83
Superfine 101 96 34 27 68
Types of Fabric
Yarn count used(Nm)
Breaking Strength (N)
Range
Elongation %Range
Warp Weft Warp Weft
Shirting
Med/coarse 215-220 185-200 15-17 9-12
Medium 210-250 100-240 8-10 12-19
Fine/coarse 100 210 14 8
Fine 160 220 10 12
Fine/superfine 140 190 10 10
Superfine 200-235 205-305 9-15 9-11
CoatingBundy 160-260 195-370 12-24 11-15
Pant 1110 520 14 11
Lungi
Med/coarse 240 250 26 19
Medium 225-230 145-175 14-15 8-16
Fine 170 135 14 8
Superfine 140 140 14 8
Types of Fabric
Yarn count used(Nm)
Tearing strength (Kg) Range
Fabric dimensions(cm) Range No of
samples testedWarp Weft Width Length
Shirting
Med/coarse 4-4.5 2.5-3 91-98 - 2
Medium 1-2.5 0.5-1.5 83-84 - 3
Fine/coarse 2 1 90 - 1
Fine 1 1 89 - 1
Fine/superfine 1 0.5 100 - 1
Superfine 1-3 0.5-3.5 91-100 - 3
CoatingBundy 3-4.5 2.5-4 72-87 - 4
Pant 2 3 87 - 1
Lungi
Med/coarse 2.5 4 110 218 1
Medium 1-1.5 2-4 108-116 204-230 2
Fine 3 2 125 176 1
Superfine 1 1 125 176 1
Types of Fabric
Yarn count used(Nm)
Metric countRange
Thread density (per cm) Range
GSM(g/m2)
Warp Weft Warp Weft
Towel
Turkish 18-19 27-42 26-27 16-19 231-239
Honey comb 19-39 10-38 25-32 15-24 164-311
Huck-a-back 7 5 8 8 467
Bed sheets Single thread 19-32 5-35 14-26 8-17 141-262
Double thread
29-37 33-41 19-29 13-26 130-178
Gamchha
Med/coarse 25-36 13-18 17-21 12-17 148-178
Medium 55 56 24 18 77
Fine/medium 64 51 24 19 86
Types of Fabric
Yarn count used(Nm)
Breaking Strength (N)
Range
Elongation %Range
Warp Weft Warp Weft
Towel
Turkish 275-295 135-175 12-15 6-8
Honey comb 280-900 170-805 13-25 17-19
Huck-a-back 315 145 20 14
Bed sheets
Single thread 190-290 185-340 11-17 12-17
Double thread 120-285 60-260 7-13 8-15
Gamchha
Med/coarse 205-340 160-320 18-22 12-18
Medium 135 115 13 10
Fine/medium 120 265 14 10
Types of Fabric
Yarn count used(Nm)
Tearing strength (Kg) Range
Fabric dimensions(cm) Range No of
samples testedWarp Weft Width Length
Towel
Turkish 3.5-4 3-3.5 67-68 128-136 2
Honey comb 4-4.5 3-3.5 65-73 128-164 3
Huck-a-back BC BC 67 136 1
Bed sheets
Single thread BC BC 126-142 230-260 3
Double thread 1.5-4 2-3.5 200-222 250-300 3
Gamchha
Med/coarse 1.5-5 1-4 75-76 160-165 2
Medium 1.5 1 90 152 1
Fine/medium 1.5 1.5 90 308 1
Types of Fabric
Yarn count used(Nm)
Metric countRange
Thread density (per cm) Range
GSM(g/m2)
Warp Weft Warp Weft
Curtain 2/34 33-34 30-31 16-29 12-16 100-143
14 24 17 26 19 225
Khes Single 20-32 3-9 12-26 7-9 200-367
Double 5-6 4-6 13-14 7-8 484-489
Dari
Loom 2-20 1-5 2-7 6-30 514-937
Punja 2 1 17 3 1446
Polyvastra Coating
Dosuti 26 23-26 25-27 15-17 171-182
Single 53-60 43-56 27 19-22 97-102
Shirting Double 22-46 22-49 18-41 17-28 131-168
Types of Fabric
Yarn count used(Nm)
Breaking Strength (N)
Range
Elongation %Range
Warp Weft Warp Weft
Curtain 2/34 205-415 175-215 6-8 2-19
14 235 290 13 15
Khes Single 140-350 120-425 10-12 10-14
Double 210-265 115-155 15-16 11-14
Dari
Loom 100-210 635-1015 5-10 16-27
Punja 970 475 BC BC
Polyvastra Coating
Dosuti 1060-1090 650-770 15-18 14-22
Single 400-405 230-415 10-13 14-26
Shirting Double 580-820 405-655 12-18 16-18
Types of Fabric
Yarn count used(Nm)
Tearing strength (Kg) Range
Fabric dimensions(cm) Range No of
samples testedWarp Weft Width Length
Curtain 2/34 3-4.5 3-3.5 85-124 - 2
14 BC BC 80 - 1
Khes Single BC BC 120-125 220-225 3
Double 4-4.5 3-3.5 120-128 245-256 2
Dari
Loom BC BC 92-117 192-200 3
Punja BC BC 131 208 1
Polyvastra Coating
Dosuti 3.5-4.5 3-4 71-72 - 2
Single 1-2 1-2 117 - 2
Shirting Double 4-4.5 3-3.5 73-90 - 4BC: Indicates beyond the capacity of the machine
Table 12 Productivity of cotton yarn (gm/spl hr)
Sl No. Count (Nm) Production
(gm/spl hr)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
6
14
35
45
50
80
100
150
62
42
12-13
12-13
12-13
7-8
7-8
2.5
Table 13 Productivity of cotton yarn (No. of hanks per 8 hour)
Count (Nm) Production (No. of
hanks per 8 hour)
Coarse
Medium
Fine
35-38
32-35
30-32
Table 14 Productivity of cotton fabric [production/hr (mts)]
Types of fabric
Metric count
Grey width (Inches)
Thread density (Per inch) Production
(mts/hr) Warp Weft Warp Weft
Pajama (Dosuti)
35/2 35/2 36 80 70 0.7
Pajama (Eksuti)
35 35 36 48 44 0.8
Shirting 40 40 45 40 40 1
Shirting 40 40 36 50 46 0.75
Shirting 40 40 36 48 48 0.7
Shirting 44 44 54 40 36 1
Shirting 100/2 100/2 36 60 54 0.5
Shirting 60 60 45 60 54 1
Shirting 60 60 40 48 46 0.8
Types of fabric
Metric count
Grey width (Inches)
Thread density (Per inch) Production
(mts/hr) Warp Weft Warp Weft
Shirting 60 60 45 56 54 0.75
Shirting 100 100 45 76 72 1
Shirting 100 100 45 76 45 0.75
Shirting 100 100 45 76 72 0.6
Shirting 100 100 36 76 72 0.7
Shirting (Checks)
100 100 36 60 55 0.5
Bed Sheet
(Do Suti)
35/2 35/2 48 80 72 0.7
Bed Sheet
26/2 4 60 30 30 1.2
Bed Sheet
(Twill)
30/2 4 60 30 30 1
Types of fabric
Metric count
Grey width (Inches)
Thread density (Per inch) Production
(mts/hr) Warp Weft Warp Weft
Coating 32/2 32/2 34 40 36 1
Coating 56/2 56/2 38 56 50 0.9
Coating (Poly)
70/3 70/3 34 56 50 0.8
Coating (Poly)
70/3 70/3 34 56 50 1.5
Coating (Bundy)
32 32 28 40 40 1
Denim 10 10 34 128 42 0.4
Dari (3*6)
20/6 4/4 36 10 10 0.3
Dari (9*12)
20/9 6/4 144 7 8 0.3
Dhoti 100 100 50 80 76 0.8
Dhoti 60 60 54 50 46 1
Types of fabric
Metric count
Grey width (Inches)
Thread density (Per inch) Production
(mts/hr) Warp Weft Warp Weft
Saree (Plain)
100 100 45 60 56 0.6
Saree (Colour)
100 100 45 80 75 0.4
Saree (Patta)
60 60 45 40 45 1
Saree with
Border
60 60 45 40 40 0.7
Lungi 40 40 45 48 46 0.8
Lungi 60 60 45 40 40 0.7
Lungi (Colour)
34 34 46 40 40 1
Towel (Mat)
20/2 34/2 36 34 34 1
Dupatta 56 56 36 40 38 1
Essential Test Equipments Required for Routine Quality Checking
Sl No.
Name of the Instrument
Property assessed
BIS Standard
1 Baer sorter Fibre length IS 10014 (Part 1): 1984
2 Fibre fineness tester Fibre fineness (Micronaire value)
IS 3674: 1966
3 Wrap reel for sliver/roving
Sliver / roving count
-
Fibre
Yarn
Sl No.
Name of the Instrument
Property assessed
BIS Standard
1 Wrap reel Lea formation -
2 Lea strength tester Lea strength (CSP)
IS 1671: 1977
3 Twist tester (Single & double yarn)
The amount of twist per cm or inch
IS 832: 1985
4 Yarn board winder Appearance grading of yarn
IS 1671: 1977
Fabric
Sl No.
Name of the Instrument
Property to be measured
BIS Standard
1 Pick glass Thread density IS 1963: 1981
2 Measuring tape Length & width -
3 Fabric strength tester
Strength IS 1969: 1985
4 Round cutter GSM -
Chemical processing
Sl No.
Name of the Instrument
Property to be measured
BIS Standard
1 Light fastness
tester
Light fastness IS 2454: 1985
2 Launderometer Washing fastness IS 687, IS 3361,
IS 764, IS 765,
IS 3417
3 Crockmeter Rubbing fastness IS 105
4 Shrinkage
Template
Dimensional
changes
IS 10099: 1982
5 Spectrophotometer Whiteness
measurement
-