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Speaking Listening Reading Writing
Language
InformationalLiterary
Expository Procedural PersuasiveFiction Nonfiction
Nonfiction
Media
LITERARY ELEMENTS
Important parts of stories
PLOT DIAGRAM MODEL/STORY MAP
Denouement/
• WHETHER AND HOW CONFLICTS ARE RESOLVED• Possible examples of conflict resolution:• Everybody wins• Fight/run away/avoid• Fight/resist• Death• Compromise• Someone wins: someone loses• Acceptance• Unresolved
Setting:
• Time - When is the story taking place?• Place – Where is the story taking place?• Environment – What does it feel like? (e.g.,
weather, mood, social conditions)• Culture - What cultural influences are part of the
setting? (e.g., geographic region, race, religion, etc.)
• Historical background - What historical influences are part of the setting? (e.g., historical events, movements, time periods, etc.)
PLOT CONTINUED
Setting: When and where a story takes place.
Suspense: Building tension in a story. You wonder, “What will happen
next?”
Flashback: When a story is interrupted and we go back in time.
Dialogue: What is said between characters in a story. There are “quotation
marks.”
Theme: The message that an author wants you to know about life, nature
or society after reading the story. NOT THE MAIN IDEA!!!
Foreshadow: When the author gives clues about an event that may take
place in the future.
Symbolism: Using an object to represent another idea. Example: a dove
represents peace. A heart represents love.
CHARACTERSCharacters:
• The people or animals in a story.• Antagonist: The character causing the
problems in the story.• Protagonist: Main Character in the story• Traits: How you describe a character.-
physical emotional , intellectual• Motivations: What causes a character
to act or speak in a certain manner.
CONFLICT
Conflict:• Problem: What is wrong,. What needs to be solved.• Solution/Resolution:How the problem/conflict is solved.
4 main types of conflict:• Character vs. self – The character must make a decision.• Character vs. character – The character has a problem
with another character.• Character vs. nature – The character must overcome a
natural disaster. • Character vs. society – The character has ideas different
to society. School rules
POINT OF VIEWPoint of view: How the story is being told.
First person: The narrator is a character in the
story. Use “I”, “me” , we, “my.” etc.
Second Person: Use of “You” giving of directions
(Speeches)
Third person: The narrator is NOT a character in
the story. Use characters’ names, he, she they, etc..
Reporting
Advantages• Advantages of first person point of view:• •Credibility – • First-hand experience is more believable.• It is far more natural for a character to reveal
her own thoughts. • Intimacy - the “I” narrator seems to address
the reader directly from the heart, sharing his personal observations and insights with an interested listener.
Disadvantages of first-person point of view:
• •The reader can see, hear, and know only what the narrator sees, hears, and knows.
Third Person/All Knowing
• Third person/omniscient - the narrator tells the story in third person from an all-knowing perspective. The narrator knows everything about all the characters.
• • Third person/limited - the narrator restricts
his or her knowledge to one character’s view or behavior
• Advantage of third-person omniscient:• •Obvious freedom and unlimited scope• Disadvantage of third-person omniscient:• •Relative loss of involvement and intimacy•
• Advantage of third-person limited:• •Encourages personal connections to one character• Disadvantage of third-person limited:• •Surrenders the privileges of seeing and knowing
everything and typically follows one character throughout the story, presenting only those incidents in which the character is involved
• •The reader’s perception of other characters is colored by the narrator’s predispositions, prejudices, and personal limitations
Third Person
• Subjective - perspective is restricted to one character including their inner thoughts and feelings
• • Objective - the narrator reveals only the
actions and words without the benefit of the inner thoughts and feelings
Culture/Custom
• -activities, ideas, beliefs, values, attitudes, behavior, dress, and language of a particular group of people
• Culture determines what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong.
Values
• Important and lasting beliefs shared by the members of a group of people about what is good or desirable and what is not.
• Values influence behavior of an individual.
Beliefs
• What you think to be true about concepts, events, people, and things.
Sensory Imagery
O This is a technique used by writers that involve the 5 senses. I
O See O HearO TasteO TouchO SmellIt draws the reader in and helps the reader a participate in the experience.
Words that tell. Sight
O What would you see ?O What would it look like?
Examples: old, frail, sunny, shy, hysterical, healthy, broken, fresh, tall, round,
Words that tell…Sound
O What would you hear ?O What does it sound like?
Examples: shout, thud, whistle, clatter
Words that tell…Taste
O What would you taste ?O What does it taste like?
Examples: sweet, burnt, buttery, salty, warm, crisp, tangy
Words that tell…Touch/Feeling
O What does it feel like?O How does it feel?
Examples: sharp, smooth, tickly, warm, fuzzy, dry
Words that tell…Smell
O How does it smell?O What does it smell like?
Examples: musty, fresh, spicy, piney
Now, see how many examples of Sensory Imagery you can find.
“ Walls of thick vegetation rose up on all sides and arched overhead in a lacy canopy that filtered the light to a soft shade. It had just rained; the air was hot and steamy. I felt enclosed in a semitropical terrarium, sealed off from a world that suddenly seemed a thousand miles away.”
- From Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil
by John Berendt
"The Most Dangerous Game" by Richard Connell
"He leaped upon the rail and balanced himself there, to get greater elevation; his pipe,
striking a rope, was knocked from his mouth. He lunged
for it; a short, hoarse cry came from his lips as
he realized he had reached too far and had lost his balance. The cry was pinched off short as the blood-warm waters of the Caribbean Sea closed over his head.
"He struggled up to the surface and tried to cry out, but the wash from the speeding yacht slapped
him in the face and the salt water in his open mouth made him gag “
OExample of a Setting: OCrunch! Crunch! Crunch! Joe’s
boots broke the forest’s silence. OA full moon peeked out from
behind two clouds. OTree shadows licked the snow
drifts in its shimmering light. O Joe shivered as a cold gust of
wind blew through his jacket.
Types of narratives/stories
Myth
• Myth –Stories that were created to explain a belief or natural happening that people could not understand.
• These stories included Gods and Goddesses.
Fable:
• Fable – a brief story or poem that teaches a moral or lesson usually through animal characters.
Once Upon A Time…• Legend – a widely told story
about the past that may or may not have any truth to it.
• Fairy tale - a story about fairies or other mythical or magical beings.
• Folk tale – a story originated by people that could not read or write and passed from person to person by word of mouth.
• Oral tradition – the passing of songs, stories, and poems from generation to generation by word of mouth and their origin is not known
“There is no worse death than the end of hope” – King Arthur
• Hero/Heroine – characters that struggle to overcome obstacles and problems; and whose actions are inspiring or noble.
The face that launched a thousand ships
• Epic - a long poem from ancient oral tradition, telling about the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary characters.
• Autobiography
true account-nonfictionwritten by the author
Biographytrue account-nonfictionwritten by someone elseothers thoughts and feelings about the person
Autobiography
• Purpose To tell my story
Ist Point-of-viewwriter’s thoughts and feelings
Me
Perception
How I want people to see me.
• Author Me
Biography
• Purpose To tell my story
• Author someone else
3rd Point-of-viewOthers thoughts and feelings
Me
Perception
How others see me
Speaking Listening Reading Writing
Language
InformationalLiterary
Expository Procedural PersuasiveFiction Nonfiction
Informational Text
External Features
Using the Table of Contents to locate main topics
Utilizing the Glossary to identify the unknown
Making use of Headings and Subheadings to locate information
Analyzing Graphic Features to support meaning
Using the Index to navigate text Finding useful information in Captions
and Footnotes
Internal Features Textual organizations/patterns main idea/details cause/effect, compare/contrast, problem/solution, chronological order, sequence
Main Idea/ details
detail
Detail detail
detail
Main Idea
Cause/effect
Cause(why)
Effect(what)
Cause Effect Effect
Effect Cause Cause
Compare/Contrast
Different
Alike
Problem and Solution
Problem Problem Problem
Solution(Answer to problem)
Sequence/chronological order
3
2
1
Persuasive TechniquesMethods a writer uses to make an audience think a certain way.
It appeals to:ReasonEmotionsRespect for expert opinion
If you are trying to persuade someone, that means you have a bias.
A tendency, or showing favoritism
Factual ClaimsCan prove with evidence.
Aphorisms/proverbsA statement of a general truth or principle • • A winner never quits—a quitter never
wins.•• • Failure to prepare is preparing to fail.
Epigraphs •Epigraph - a quotation at the beginning of a literary work to introduce its theme.
Loaded TermsAppealing to someone’s emotions. Making
them happy, scared, sad, worried, excited, etc.
Examples: St. Jude commercials, SPCA commercials
Logical FallacyPersuasive techniques used to deceive.
You can try to persuade someone by making your argument ambiguous
Unclear, open to many opinions.
You are not very specific
You can also try to persuade someone by using extraneous information.Including information that is extra
or unimportant.
BandwagonDoing something because everyone else is
doing it.
Examples: Celebrity endorsements
False AssumptionsFlawed ideas that the reader creates when
ideas are put together by inferring and not knowing the whole truth.
Incorrect PremiseA faulty idea that is used as the foundation of
an argument.
CaricatureA distortion of characteristics or defects of a
person or object with words or pictures.
Example:
Leading QuestionA question that leads to a specific/obvious
answer.
Example: “Are you tired of always having dirty stains on your clothes that you can’t get out?”
Media
• Message
•
• Medium
Genre: Drama
What is a drama?
• A drama/play is a story written to be performed by actors.
How is a drama organized?
• A drama is very similar to story plot. • Remember our plot diagram?
Script• written form of a play
Scripts• Screenplays : scripts written for films
• Teleplays: scripts written for television
• Radio plays: scripts written for radio
Playwright
• the author of the play
Differences
Fiction Text• The author writes specific
character traits that tell the reader about the characters.
• The reader must draw conclusions based on how someone acts in order to learn about them.
Drama• The viewer can draw
conclusions on how someone acts based on what other characters say.
• Elements of staging (props, costumes, body language, and facial expressions) allow the viewer to understand a character.
Dialogue• A conversation between two characters in written
or spoken form.• In a poem or novel quotation marks
• In a play dialogue is written in the script form and no quotations marks are used.
Monologue
• A long uninterrupted speech that is spoken by a single character and reveals his or her thoughts and feelings
• Narrator: the person who tells the story to the audience.
• Audience: the intended reader or viewer
Act: is a part of a drama. Many acts make up a play/drama.
Scene: is a part of an act.Many scenes make an act.
Staging
• Staging reveals the setting, time, and place (through on stage props and costumes) of the play.
• Staging helps the playwright establish the mood.
Off stage: action taking place in the area of a stage that is invisible to the audience
On stage: The opposite of off stage. Taking place in a public setting.
Stage Directions
• tell actors how to move and speak. • Most stage directions are in parentheses ( ) or
in italics (words that are slanted). They can also tell you where the play is taking place.
Stage set
• Describes how the stage should look
• Gives the audience and idea of where the play takes place.
Set
On stage scenery that suggest time and place of action
Body Language:
• communicating nonverbally through conscious or unconscious gestures, movements, and facial expressions
Costume
• A style of dress, accessories, and hairstyle, especially for what is used in a particular country, time period, etc.
Types of Drama
• Melodrama: Exaggerates plot and characters in order to appeal to the emotions
• Comedy: Characters in funny situations• Most of them have happy endings.
• Tragedy: Based on human suffering or death• Often it is the protagonist.
• Visual technique• Sound technique• Lighting
Lighting and Facial Expression
Sound Techniques
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_48470&feature=iv&src_vid=oti-rVv52ls&v=UyHuXley8-0
• What emotions are evoked by these sounds?
Inference
• A logical assumption about ideas the writer suggests
• An assumption based on what the author tells you and what you already know
• A way of reading between the lines– Connecting characters actions to outcomes– Connecting events to outcomes– Connecting to your own experiences and ideas.
All About Poetry!!!!
AuthorPoet
FORMS OF POETRY
Lyrical PoemExpresses thoughts and feelings of a single
speaker Often in musical verse
Epic PoemA long, narrative poem that tells an exciting
or inspiring story. It focuses on heroic deeds and major events
to a culture or nation.
Narrative PoemA poem that tells a story.
Free VerseA type of poetry that has no real pattern to it. It has no rhyme scheme, no form, no set line
or stanza length.
Concrete PoemShape of the poem suggests its subject.
Lines create an image on the page.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
Imagery/sensory detailWriting or Speech that appeals to one or
more of the five senses – sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch.
Her slippered feet softly measures The tatami floor with even step
Extended MetaphorThe comparison is used throughout the entire
text.
HyperboleExaggeration or overstatement
--Used for Comic effect ---Express heightened emotion
It is so hot outside that you could fry an egg on the sidewalk.
AlliterationRepetition of initial consonant sound
Creates musical effectDraws attention to the words
The blue bonnet looked beautiful on her baby’s head.
DictionWriters or speakers word choice
It is part of the writer’s style.
OxymoronIs a figure of speech that links two opposite
words that seem unrelated but is somehow true.
Eyes wide shutPretty uglyDeafening silence
IdiomsExpressions that cannot be understood by the
literal words that are seen.Hidden meaning according to culture
ELEMENTS OF POETRYSound devices – add a musical quality to poetry
RhymeWords sound alike because they share the
same ending vowel and consonant sounds. It is not what you see but what is heard.
Example: stamp lamp camp blue shoe
plate eight doctor admirer, pleasure scholar
Journal EntryHow will the knowledge of poetic terms aid
your understanding of poems?
Rhyme SchemeA rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme
(usually end rhyme, but not always).
Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern. (See next slide for an example.)
A,A,B,B,C,C
Find the Rhyme Scheme… The Germ by Ogden Nash
A mighty creature is the germ, Though smaller than the pachyderm.
His customary dwelling place Is deep within the human race.
His childish pride he often pleases By giving people strange diseases.
Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? You probably contain a germ.
Internal RhymeRhyme occurs within single line
“In mist for cloud, on mast or shroud”
Meter
The basic rhythmic structure in verse, composed of stressed and unstressed syllables. The beat.
Lines Stanza/VerseA group of lines in a
poem.Similar to a paragraph.
Example: A word is dead When it is said,
Some say.
I say it just Begins to live
That day.
Group of words like a sentence.
Usually begins with a capital letter
RepetitionA word or phrase is repeated more than just
once in one specific area of the poem.
Oh, her eyes, her eyes, make the stars look like they're not shiningHer hair, her hair, falls perfectly without her trying She's so beautiful, and I tell her every day
RefrainWhen a poem repeats a phrase over and over. Like the
chorus of a song.
You see you had a lot of crooks try to steal your heartNever really had luck, couldn’t ever figure outHow to loveHow to love
See you had a lot of moments that didn’t last foreverNow you in this corner tryna put it togetherHow to loveHow to love
Graphic ElementsWhen a poet puts emphasis on some words
by capitalizing, having extra spacing, or bolding a word.
I am the only ME I AMwho qualifies as me;no ME I AM has been before,and none will ever be.
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