Sparks

CH301

THERMODYNAMICS HEAT AND WORK

UNIT 4 Day 1

Chemical and Physical changes are accompanied by changes in energy Energy moves in the form of HEAT (q) and WORK (w) Get a feel for heat and work Get a feel for energy units

What are we going to learn today?

EVERY change (physical or chemical) is accompanied by a change in energy The First Law of Thermodynamics

All energy is conserved, it can not be created or destroyed. It is simply transferred from one form to another.

Energy

When I think of types of energy, I think: a) KE and PE are the same as heat & work b) PE and KE are the same as heat & work c) PE and KE are the only two forms of energy d) Heat and work are the only two forms of energy

KE = Kinetic Energy PE = Potential Energy

POLL: iCLICKER QUESTION

What is Energy? Potential Energy (PE) energy due to position or composition Kinetic Energy (KE) energy of the motion of an object or particle Units: J

Energy Definitions

How does Energy move? Heat (q) transfer of energy from a hotter body to a colder body (NOTE: This is not temperature) Work (w) transfer of energy via applied force over distance Units: J

Energy Definitions

Drop a ball to the floor. Where did the Energy go? Please describe the Energy of the Ball. Unfortunately, a chemical change is a little more difficult to visualize.

Demonstration

System and State

A system is the part of the universe on which we want to focus our attention. The surroundings are everything else The universe is the system and the surroundings

Universe = system + surroundings We also describe chemical changes with beginning and end states A change in a chemical reaction is described as

Δ State = Stateend – Statebeginning

Demonstrations

Physical Change (doing work) Physical Change (absorbing heat) Chemical Change (releasing heat)

Energy Changes

(Burning Fossil Fuels)

Power Plant Automobile

Thermodynamics

Chemists care about understanding and quantifying the amount of energy that moves into or out of a system upon a change. Energy moves in the form of heat (q) and work (w)

Heat (q)

Heat is energy transferred as a result of temperature difference. Temperature is a property that reflects the random motions of the particles in a particular substance. q is the symbol used to indicate energy changed by receiving or losing heat

Heat (q)

Sign Notation of q

+ when system receives heat from surroundings

- when system gives heat to the surroundings

System

Surr to Sys + q

Sys to Surr

- q

Work is transfer of energy via applied force over distance w = Force x distance Chemists are mostly concerned with PV work P = pressure and V = volume w = - PΔV

Expansion work is an expansion against an external force

w = - PexΔV Can you think of an example of PV work?

Work (w)

Expansion Work against Constant External Pressure

• System: Piston, area A:

– pushes against external (surrounding) pressure P • Pressure = force/unit area = F/A

– experiences opposing force

F = Pext A

– System

– w should be _________________

Pex MUST BE CONSTANT!

Expansion Work against Constant External Pressure

• Move piston out a distance ∆h:

– work = f x d

– │work │ = │ Pext A ∆h│

– What is A ∆h?

– │w │ = │ Pext ∆V │

– ∆V is _________

– w should be ___________

• w = - Pext∆V

Pex MUST BE CONSTANT!

Work (w)

Sign Notation of w

+ work done ON the system BY the surroundings

- work done BY the system ON the surroundings

System

BY Surr ON Sys + w

BY Sys ON Surr

- w

Today you saw a demonstration in which a lid popped off a container that contained a piece of CO2(s). In this situation: a) Heat was transferred into the system, Work was done by the system. b) Heat was transferred out of the system, Work was done by the

system. c) Heat was transferred into the system, Work was done on the

system. d) Heat was transferred out of the system, Work was done on the

system. e) Heat was not transferred, only Work was done by the system.

POLL: iCLICKER QUESTION

Today you saw a demonstration in which a lid popped off a container that contained a piece of CO2(s). In this situation: a) +q, +w b) +q, -w c) -q, +w d) -q, -w

POLL: iCLICKER QUESTION

The gases in the four cylinders of an automobile engine expand from 0.22 L to 2.2 L during one ignition cycle. Assuming that the gear train maintains a steady pressure of 9.60 atm on the gases, how much work can the engine do in one cycle? (1 L•atm = 101.325 J) A. 19 J B. -19 J C. 1945 J D. -1945 J

POLL: iCLICKER QUESTION

Summary

SYSTEM w < 0

w > 0

q < 0

q > 0

Heat released by system

Work done by system

Heat absorbed by system

Work done on system

Surroundings

Universe

First Law of Thermodynamics Energy can not be created or destroyed Law of Conservation of Energy Universe = System + Surroundings Internal Energy (U)

We can calculate the change in internal energy (ΔU) of the system by combining heat and work

ΔU = q + w

Thermodynamics

A system absorbs 72 J of heat while 35 J of work is done on it. Calculate ΔU. A. -107 J B. 107 J C. -37 J D. 37 J E. 0 J

POLL: iCLICKER QUESTION

A system was heated by using 600 J of heat, yet it was found that the internal energy decreased by 150 J . Calculate w. A. 450 J B. -450 J C. 750 J D. -750 J

POLL: iCLICKER QUESTION

In the last question, was work done on the system or by the system? A. On B. By

(A system was heated by using 600 J of heat, yet it was found that the internal energy decreased by 150 J . Calculate w. )

POLL: iCLICKER QUESTION

The air inside a balloon is heated, allowing for the balloon to fill to its full capacity. The volume of the balloon changes from 4.0x106 L to 4.5x106 L by the addition of 1.3x108 J of energy as heat. Assuming the balloon expands against a constant pressure of 1.0 atm, calculate the ΔE for the process. (1 L•atm = 101.325 J)

A. 1.2 x 108 J B. -1.2 x 108 J C. 7.9 x 107 J D. -7.9 x 107 J

POLL: iCLICKER QUESTION

First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy is conserved in universe- Law of Conservation of Energy ΔU = q + w Heat = movement of energy from hotter body to colder body Work = force x distance = – PΔV Sign convention important “-” work done by system “+” work done on the system

What have we learned today?

Learning Outcomes

Understand the concept of the energy units: calorie, kilocalorie and kilojoule Understand the concept of internal energy, heat and work State and use the equation for change in internal energy, ΔU Understand all sign conventions in for all the thermodynamic concepts Calculate w for expansion or compression against a constant pressure.

Important Information

LM26 & LM27 POSTED No HW

LM27 contains a link to Unit 4 worksheets

You should complete the worksheets associated with properties and change and the first law

Dr. Sparks does not have office hours today.

No UGLA office hours today.

Exam Grades will be posted as soon as possible!