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SOUTH AMERICA(CHAPTER 5: 238-251)
MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES
PHYSIOGRAPHY IS DOMINATED BY THE ANDES MOUNTAINS S AND THE AMAZON BASIN.POPULATION IS CONCENTRATED ALONG THE PERIPHERY.CULTURAL PLURALISM EXISTS IN MOST COUNTRIES AND IS EXPRESSED REGIONALLY.REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTERACTION HAS BEEN MINIMAL IN THE PAST.
PLATE TECTONICS
PHYSICALENVIRONMENT
PRECIPITATION
THE INCA EMPIRE
CULTURE HEARTH-INTERMONTANE BASIN AROUND CUZCO (1200-1535 A.D.)ALTIPLANOS WERE KEY TO SETTLEMENT PATTERNS.20 MILLION SUBJECTS AT ITS ZENITHTRANSPORTATION NETWORKS AND INTEGRATION EFFORTS WERE MOST IMPRESSIVE.A HIGHLY CENTRALIZED STATE
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES&
COLONIAL DOMAINS
SOUTH AMERICA’SCULTURE SPHERES
CULTURE SPHERES
Tropical-plantation
Resembles Middle America’s RimlandLocations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar.Initially relied on African slave labor
CULTURE SPHERES
European-commercial
The most “Latin” part of South AmericaIncludes the Pampas - temperate grasslandsEconomically most advancedTransportation networks and quality of life are excellent.
CULTURE SPHERES
Amerind-subsistence
Correlates with the former Inca EmpireFeudal socioeconomic structure persistsIncludes some of South America’s poorest areasSubsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges.
CULTURE SPHERES
Mestizo-transitional
Surrounds the Amerindian-subsistence regionA zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturallyTransitional -- economic connotations
CULTURE SPHERES
Undifferentiated
Characteristics are difficult to classify.Sparsely populatedIsolation and lack of change- notable featuresDevelopment of Amazonia may prompt significant changes.
SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES
Tropical-plantation
European-commercial
Amerind-subsistence
Mestizo-transitional
Undifferentiated
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
MERCOSUR LAUNCHED IN 1995 A SOUTHERN CONE COMMON MARKET INCLUDES BRAZIL, ARGENTINA, URUGUAY,
AND PARAGUAY
ANDEAN GROUP INITIALLY FORMED IN 1969 (ANDEAN PACT) RESTARTED IN 1995 MEMBERS ARE VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA,
PERU, ECUADOR, AND BOLIVIA
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION(CONTINUED)
GROUP OF THREE (G-3) FORMED IN 1995 INCLUDES MEXICO, VENEZUELA, AND
COLOMBIA A FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION WHICH AIMS
TO PHASE OUT ALL TARIFFS BY 2005
NAFTA LAUNCHED BY THE US, MEXICO, AND
CANADA IN 1995 AIMS TO INCLUDE CHILE
BARRIERS TO INTEGRATION
A HOLLOW CONTINENT - WHY?PHYSIOGRAPHIC BARRIERSNON-COMPLEMENTARY ECONOMIESLACK OF DEVELOPED INFRASTRUCTUREINDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES ORIENTED TOWARDS EUROPE AND THE US – NOT TOWARDS EACH OTHER
POLITICAL MAP
URBANIZATION
THE MOVEMENT TO AND CLUSTERING OF PEOPLE IN TOWNS AND CITIESTHE PERCENTAGE OF A COUNTRY’S POPULATION LIVING IN CITIES78% - CONTINENT-WIDE IN SOUTH AMERICASOUTH AMERICA’S INCREASE BASED ON RATE OF “NATURAL INCREASE” AND INTERNAL MIGRATIONTHE “LATIN AMERICAN CITY” MODEL
GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
CBD
CommercialSpine
GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
CBD
GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
Zone of MaturityCBD
GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
Zone of Maturity
Zone in Situ Accretion
CBD
GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
Zone of Maturity
Zone in Situ Accretion
Zone of peripheralsquatter settlements
CBD
GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
Zone of Maturity
Zone in Situ Accretion
Zone of peripheralsquatter settlements
CBD
Disamenity Disamenity
GLOBAL URBANIZATION
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Per
cen
tag
e
World
N. America
Europe
Russia
M & S America
Asia
Africa
Urban Population as a Percentage of TotalPopulation in Different Areas of the World, 1950-2000
SOUTH AMERICA(CHAPTER 5: 238-251)