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MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIESQUALITIES

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYPHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY IS DOMINATED IS DOMINATED BY THE ANDES MOUNTAINS AND THE BY THE ANDES MOUNTAINS AND THE AMAZON BASIN.AMAZON BASIN.

POPULATIONPOPULATION IS CONCENTRATED ALONG IS CONCENTRATED ALONG THE PERIPHERY.THE PERIPHERY.

CULTURAL PLURALISMCULTURAL PLURALISM EXISTS IN MOST EXISTS IN MOST COUNTRIES AND IS EXPRESSED COUNTRIES AND IS EXPRESSED REGIONALLY.REGIONALLY.

REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTERACTIONREGIONAL ECONOMIC INTERACTION HAS BEEN MINIMAL IN THE PAST.HAS BEEN MINIMAL IN THE PAST.

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URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION THE MOVEMENT TO AND CLUSTERING OF THE MOVEMENT TO AND CLUSTERING OF

PEOPLE IN TOWNS AND CITIESPEOPLE IN TOWNS AND CITIES SOUTH AMERICA’S POPULATION INCREASE SOUTH AMERICA’S POPULATION INCREASE

BASED ON RATE OF “BASED ON RATE OF “NATURAL INCREASENATURAL INCREASE” ” ANDAND INTERNAL MIGRATIONINTERNAL MIGRATION

MAJOR CITIES INCLUDE:

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (6.3M)

Sao Paolo, Brazil (11.2M)

Buenos Aires, Argentina (2.8M) – (13M Metro)

Santiago, Chile (5.3M)

For reference NYC is 8.4M and Houston is 2.2M

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AgricultureAgricultureIn South AmericaIn South America

Fruit & specialized crops Fruit & specialized crops Mixed Livestock/Crops (Mostly in South)Mixed Livestock/Crops (Mostly in South) Grain Farming (Mostly in South)Grain Farming (Mostly in South) Subsistence Crops/Livestock (Throughout)Subsistence Crops/Livestock (Throughout) Mediterranean Agriculture (Central Chile)Mediterranean Agriculture (Central Chile) Plantation (Tropical) Ag (Along coastal Plantation (Tropical) Ag (Along coastal

fringe)fringe) Traditional Cultivation (In Andes Traditional Cultivation (In Andes

Mountains)Mountains) Livestock Ranching (Primarily Brazil and Livestock Ranching (Primarily Brazil and

Argentina)Argentina) Non-agriculture areas (Western coast)Non-agriculture areas (Western coast)

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Natural ResourcesNatural Resources Venezuela’s Orinoco River area

contains 11 percent of the world’s gold.

Brazil is also rich in gold, and Peru is known for its silver deposits.

Chile is the world’s leading exporter of copper.

Geographic inaccessibility, lack of capital, and social and political divisions hinder fuller development and distribution of natural resources in Latin America.

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CULTURE SPHERESCULTURE SPHERES

Plantation

Locations, soils, & tropical Locations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar.especially sugar.

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CULTURE SPHERESCULTURE SPHERES

European-commercial

The most European part of South The most European part of South AmericaAmerica

Includes the Pampas - temperate Includes the Pampas - temperate grasslandsgrasslands

Economically most advancedEconomically most advanced

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CULTURE SPHERESCULTURE SPHERES

Indigenous- Subsistence Farming Correlates with the former Correlates with the former

Inca EmpireInca Empire Includes some of South Includes some of South

America’s poorest areasAmerica’s poorest areas Subsistence agriculture Subsistence agriculture

must contend with difficult must contend with difficult environmental challenges: environmental challenges: Mountains, deserts, Mountains, deserts, rainforestrainforest

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CULTURE SPHERESCULTURE SPHERES

Mestizo-transitional Surrounds the Indigenous-Surrounds the Indigenous-

subsistence regionsubsistence region A zone of mixture- culturally & A zone of mixture- culturally &

agriculturallyagriculturally Transition zonesTransition zones

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SUB-REGIONS

BRAZILNORTHCOLOMBIAVENEZUELAGUYANASURINAMEFRENCH GUIANA

SOUTHARGENTINACHILEURUGUAYPARAGUAY

WESTPERUECUADORBOLIVIA

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THE NORTH THE NORTH (CARIBBEAN SOUTH (CARIBBEAN SOUTH

AMERICA)AMERICA) VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, GUYANA, VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, GUYANA,

SURINAME, FRENCH GUIANASURINAME, FRENCH GUIANA REGIONAL CHARACTERREGIONAL CHARACTER: COASTAL : COASTAL

LOCATIONS, EARLY EUROPEAN LOCATIONS, EARLY EUROPEAN PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT, FORCED PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT, FORCED MIGRATION OF BLACK LABORERSMIGRATION OF BLACK LABORERS

VENEZUELAVENEZUELA – – 26.1 MILLION PEOPLE 26.1 MILLION PEOPLE OIL FROM LAKE MARACAIBO REGION IS OIL FROM LAKE MARACAIBO REGION IS

CHIEF RESOURCECHIEF RESOURCE CARACAS & VALENCIA - KEY CITIESCARACAS & VALENCIA - KEY CITIES

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CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICACARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA(CONTINUED)(CONTINUED)

COLOMBIA – COLOMBIA – 45.2 MILLION PEOPLE45.2 MILLION PEOPLE COFFEE, OIL & COAL - MAJOR EXPORTSCOFFEE, OIL & COAL - MAJOR EXPORTS COCAINE - LEADING ECONOMIC ACTIVITYCOCAINE - LEADING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY TORN BY INTERNAL VIOLENCETORN BY INTERNAL VIOLENCE BOGOTA & MEDELLIN - MAJOR CITIESBOGOTA & MEDELLIN - MAJOR CITIES

THE GUIANAS (FRENCH GUIANA THE GUIANAS (FRENCH GUIANA [not ind.], GUYANA, SURINAME [not ind.], GUYANA, SURINAME [formerly Dutch Guiana]) -[formerly Dutch Guiana]) - POPULATIONS< 1.5 MILLIONPOPULATIONS< 1.5 MILLION ETHNICALLY DIVERSEETHNICALLY DIVERSE POVERTY STRICKENPOVERTY STRICKEN

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THE WEST THE WEST (ANDEAN SOUTH (ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA)AMERICA)

PERU, ECUADOR, BOLIVIAPERU, ECUADOR, BOLIVIA REGIONAL CHARACTERREGIONAL CHARACTER: : INDIGENOUS INDIGENOUS

POPULATIONS, SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE, POPULATIONS, SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE, MOUNTAINOUS ENVIRONMENTS, POVERTYMOUNTAINOUS ENVIRONMENTS, POVERTY

PERU –PERU – 27.7 MILLION PEOPLE27.7 MILLION PEOPLE LIMA IS ITS MAJOR CITYLIMA IS ITS MAJOR CITY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - FISHING, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - FISHING,

IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE, SUGAR, IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE, SUGAR, COTTON, RICE, FRUIT, OIL, MINERALSCOTTON, RICE, FRUIT, OIL, MINERALS

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ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICAANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA(CONTINUED)(CONTINUED)

ECUADORECUADOR -- 13.6 MILLION PEOPLE13.6 MILLION PEOPLEMAIN EXPORTS: OIL, COFFEE, CACAO, MAIN EXPORTS: OIL, COFFEE, CACAO,

BANANASBANANASGUAYAQUIL - LARGEST CITY AND GUAYAQUIL - LARGEST CITY AND

COMMERCIAL CENTERCOMMERCIAL CENTERQUITO - CAPITAL AND QUITO - CAPITAL AND

ADMINISTRATIVE CENTERADMINISTRATIVE CENTER BOLIVIABOLIVIA –– 9.2 MILLION PEOPLE 9.2 MILLION PEOPLE

LANDLOCKED AND POVERTY STRICKENLANDLOCKED AND POVERTY STRICKENMAIN EXPORTS: TIN AND ZINCMAIN EXPORTS: TIN AND ZINC

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EcuadorEcuador Has major settlements in the Has major settlements in the

Andean basinsAndean basins Steady increase in the Steady increase in the

proportion of Ecuadoran proportion of Ecuadoran population locating in the lower population locating in the lower slopes and the coastal areasslopes and the coastal areas

Oil has begun to be extracted Oil has begun to be extracted from the eastern side of Ecuador from the eastern side of Ecuador in the tropical lowlands that in the tropical lowlands that drain into the Amazon River.drain into the Amazon River.

©2010, TESCC

PeruPeru Home of the Incas, whose empire Home of the Incas, whose empire

extended over 2,000 miles through extended over 2,000 miles through Andean South America.Andean South America.

The Lost City of the Incas, known now The Lost City of the Incas, known now as Machu Picchu, represents a well-as Machu Picchu, represents a well-constructed ceremonial center and city constructed ceremonial center and city that had reached its peak well before that had reached its peak well before Columbus began his first voyage.Columbus began his first voyage.

The potato was domesticated in Peru The potato was domesticated in Peru and moved into active Old World trade and moved into active Old World trade after the arrival of the Europeans.after the arrival of the Europeans.

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BoliviaBolivia South America's poorest countrySouth America's poorest country Landlocked high in the Andes with its Landlocked high in the Andes with its

capital, capital, La PazLa Paz, located at 12,000 feet , located at 12,000 feet (3,700 m)(3,700 m)

The Bolivian mine at The Bolivian mine at PotosiPotosi produced produced nearly one-half of the world's nearly one-half of the world's silversilver in the in the 16th century as a result of the enormous 16th century as a result of the enormous investment of Native American labor and, investment of Native American labor and, later, African slaves in mining and refining later, African slaves in mining and refining precious metals for world trade.precious metals for world trade.

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THE SOUTHTHE SOUTH(MID-LATITUDE SOUTH (MID-LATITUDE SOUTH

AMERICA)AMERICA)

THE THE SOUTHERN CONESOUTHERN CONE: : ARGENTINA, CHILE, PARAGUAY, ARGENTINA, CHILE, PARAGUAY, URUGUAYURUGUAY

HEART OF EUROPEAN-COMMERCIAL HEART OF EUROPEAN-COMMERCIAL CULTURE SPHERECULTURE SPHERE

ARGENTINAARGENTINA -- 37.3 MILLION 37.3 MILLION PEOPLEPEOPLE 90% URBANIZED, PERIPHERAL 90% URBANIZED, PERIPHERAL BUENOS AIRES - PRIMATE CITYBUENOS AIRES - PRIMATE CITY EXPORTS: CEREALS, MEATS, VEGETABLE OILSEXPORTS: CEREALS, MEATS, VEGETABLE OILS

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THE SOUTH:THE SOUTH:MID-LATITUDE SOUTH AMERICAMID-LATITUDE SOUTH AMERICA

(CONTINUED)(CONTINUED)

URUGUAY -URUGUAY - 3.4 MILLION PEOPLE 3.4 MILLION PEOPLE MONTEVIDEO - PRIMATE CITYMONTEVIDEO - PRIMATE CITY MOST EUROPEAN OF SOUTH MOST EUROPEAN OF SOUTH

AMERICAN COUNTRIESAMERICAN COUNTRIES EXPORTS: HIDES, MEATS,TEXTILESEXPORTS: HIDES, MEATS,TEXTILES

PARAGUAY –PARAGUAY – 6.3 MILLION 6.3 MILLION 95% MESTIZO95% MESTIZO LANDLOCKED LOCATIONLANDLOCKED LOCATION

CHILE – CHILE – 16 MILLION16 MILLION AN “ELONGATED STATE”AN “ELONGATED STATE” EXPORTS: COPPER AND NITRATESEXPORTS: COPPER AND NITRATES

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ArgentinaArgentina Second largest nation in South Second largest nation in South

AmericaAmerica Major urban growth along the coast Major urban growth along the coast

and in the plain of the and in the plain of the Rio de la Rio de la PlataPlata

The agricultural productivity of the The agricultural productivity of the pampaspampas - the dominant grasslands - the dominant grasslands - of the interior that largely defines - of the interior that largely defines ArgentinaArgentina

Beef and wheat - major Argentine Beef and wheat - major Argentine export commoditiesexport commodities