Nature and Society

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

I. Cultural geography

II. Population geography

III. Settlement geography

IV. Economic geography

Ethnic diversity

Monarchies around the world 2011

THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANKIND

II. Physical variances1. Temperature (unpopulated polar areas, sparsely populated subarctic regions)2. Oxygen (unpopulated high elevations)3. Precipitation (unpopulated deserts, sparsely populated tropical rainforests)

III. Biological diversity1. Human races: one species, more races

- Europid- Mongoloid- Negroid- Veddo-Australoid

IV. Languages1. Language groups: Indoeuropean, Chinese-Tibetan, Malay-Polinesian, Semitic-Hamitic,

Bantu, Altaic, Uralic2. Most widely spoken languages: Chinese, English, Spanish, Hindi, Russian, Arabic,

Portuguese, Bengali, German, Japanese, Sudanese, French, Bantu, Javanese, Italian, Korean

3. UN official languages: English, Russian, French, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic

V. Religions1. Christianity (2 billion)2. Islam (1.5 billion)3. Hinduism (1 billion)4. Buddhism (500 million)5. Folk religions (500 milion)6. Chinese folk religions (500 million)

VI. Forms of government1. Monarchy- constitutional monarchy2. Republic- centralised republics- federal republics

IV. Environment and society1. Less developed societies – resources necessary for subsistence- areas near the Equator well provided for subsistance: slow development- subarctic and arid places struggling for subsistance: slow development2. More developed societies – resources necessary for good production- areas in the temperate zone on the Northern Hemisphere: fast development

I. Use the appropriate map in your atlas to fill in the gaps!

THE PRESENT PICTURE OF THE WORLD

THE GROWTH OF THE POPULATION OF THE EARTH

 I. Definition and main concepts

1. Demography is a social science describing the growth, the movements, the distribution and the main characteristics of population.

2. Natural growth of the population is the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.

II. The process of the growth of the population

1. Period of subsistance and slow increase

- low level of development

- wars, epidemics, famines 

2. Agricultural Revolution- First Agricultural Revolution, 8000 BC, cultivation and farming instead of hunting and gathering- Second Agricultural Revolution, 1000 AD, three course system, heavy plough, breast harness, horseshoe- Third Agricultural Revolution, 1750 AD, crop rotation, fertilizers, engineering, new crops

3. Industrial Revolution4. Medical Revolution, 1950’s

- developing coutries

Population of the Roman Empire in 1 AD: 10 million

Population of the Roman Empire in 400: 50 million

Population of Europe under Charlemagne: 30 million

Population of Europe in 1250: 100 million

Population of the world in 1830: 1000 million

1930: 2000 million

1975: 3000 million

Population of the world today: 6 billion

Population of Hungarian tribes at the conquest of the Carpathian Basin: 400 000

Population of Hungary under the reign of Mathias I: 4 million

Population of Hungary in 1700: 4 million

Population of Hungary in 1900: 24 million

III. Demographic transition

1. First stage

a, high CBR and CDR, life expectancy cc. 40 years

b, slow or no population growth

c, wars, famines, epidemics

d, -1750 AD in Europe

e, -1850 in Hungary

 

2. Second stage

a, high CBR, declining CDR

b, rapid increase of population

c, agricultural revolution, enhancing catering, improving health care

d, 1750 – 1850 in Europee, 1850 – 1920 in Hungary 

3. Third stage

a, declining CBR, further declining CDR

b, slowing increase of population

c, industrial revolution, urbanisation, family planning, improving health care

d, 1850 – 1950 in Europee, 1920 – 1980 in Hungary

4. Fourth stage

a, low and stable CBR, low and stable CDR, life expectancy 70-80

b, stable number of population

c, consumer society, globalisation, family planning, contraceptives, declining fertility

d, 1950 – in Europee, 1980 – in Hungary

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION OF THE EARTH

I. Main motives for high population density1. Arable land

- plains- rivers- coasts

2. Healthy conditions- arid areas- temperate zone

3. Sparsely populated areas- deserts- polar regions- tropical rainforests

II. Population concentrations

1. East Asia

2. South Asia

3. Southeast Asia

4. Western Europe

5. Eastern North America

Philadelphia, Kōbe, Delhi, Bandung, Nairobi, Boston, Paris, Ōsaka, Bombay, Montreal, Nanjing, Cairo, Berlin, Hongkong, Jakarta, Chicago, Calcutta, Detroit, Tokio, Sŏul(Szöul), Tianjin(Tiencsin), NY, Moscow, Manila, Lagos, Dhaka, Liverpool, Kawasaki, Singapore(Szingapúr), Madrid, Yekaterinburg(Jekatyerinburg)

III. Population density1. 35 persons/km²2. 75%3. 90%4. 25% + 25% 5. 80%

IV. Migration1. International migration2. Intranational migration

- interregional- intraregional

3. Commuting4. Nomadic livestock breeding

THE COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION

I. Definition

1. The population pyramid is a graph showing the age and sex composition of a countries population.

2. The structure of the occupied population shows the way the population is divided among the different sectors of the economy and it reflects the level of the development of the country.

II. Fill in the gaps!

Wordbank: triangle – oval shape, 4% - 0%, 2. stage – 4. stage, 40‰-10‰ - 10‰-10‰, 50 – 75 years, developing – developed, tertiary – primary sector, unemployment – financing pensions, 5-25-65-5% - 75-10-15%, Uganda, Angola – Japan, Germany

Expansive Constrictive

Shape of pyramid

Population growth rate

Stage of demographic transition

CBR – CDR

Life expectancy

State of economy

Most important branch of economy

Typical economical problem

Structure of the occupied population

Examples

SETTLEMENTSI. Types of settlements

1. According to lifestyle

a, Permanent (productive)

b, Temporary (nomadic)

2. According to the site of buildings

a, Nucleated

b, Dispersed (homesteads)

3, According to size

a, Villages

- small (-1000)

- medium (1000-10000)

- large (10000-)

b, Towns

4. According to ground-plan

a, Heap ground-plan (organic development)

b, Single-street (topography)

c, Chessboard ground-plan (settlement)

II. Urban areas

1.Urbanisation- growth of the number of urban settlements

- growth of the number of urban population

- growth of the percentage of urban population

- spread of urban lifestyle

2. Main motives of urbanisation- agricultural revolution

- industrial revolution

- medical revolution

- demographic transition

The most populous cities of the world

1. Tokyo-Yokohama, Japan - 33,200,0002. New York, United States - 17,800,0003. Sao Paulo, Brazil - 17,700,0004. Seoul-Incheon, South Korea - 17,500,0005. Mexico City, Mexico - 17,400,0006. Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto, Japan - 16,425,0007. Manila, Philippines - 14,750,0008. Mumbai, India (formerly Bombay) -14,350,0009. Jakarta, Indonesia - 14,250,00010. Lagos, Nigeria - 13,400,00011. Kolkata, India (Calcutta) - 12,700,00012. Delhi, India - 12,300,00013. Cairo, Egypt - 12,200,00014. Los Angeles, United States - 11,789,000 15. Buenos Aires, Argentina - 11,200,00016. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - 10,800,00017. Moscow, Russia - 10,500,000

III. Types of towns according to their main functions

1.Mining towns: Komló - Birmingham

2. Industrial towns: Dunaújváros - Leverkusen

3.Holiday resorts: Siófok – Las Vegas

4.Cultural centres: Pécs - Oxford

5.Religious centres: Esztergom - Rome

6.Bridge towns: Győr - Passau

7.Transportation centres: Szolnok – Frankfurt

8.Market towns: Debrecen – Edam

9.Administrative centres: Budapest - Washington

THE STRUCTURE OF TOWNS

I. The network of settlements in Hungary

1. Budapest with exclusive central functions

2. County towns (Debrecen, Győr, Miskolc, Pécs, Szeged)

3. Smaller towns and villages

4. Villages with no central functions

II. The structure of a city - Budapest1. Central business district

- governmental, jurisdictional and cultural institutions, monuments, banks, luxurious hotels and shops, currency exchanges, office buildings- Parliament, ministries, Prime Minister’s Office, Curia (Supreme Court), Constitutional Court, National Office for the Judiciary, Prosecutor General’s Office, Metropolitan Court, Hungarian State Treasury, Hungarian National Bank, Budapest Stock Exchange, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, National Archives of Hungary, National Széchényi Library, Saint Stephen’s Basilica, Buda Castle, Fisherman’s Bastion, Matthias temple, headquarters of banks and international organizations, Intercontinental, Hilton, Kempinski, Gresham, Astoria- I., V. districts

2. Central residential area

- multi-storeyed blocks of flats, markets, halls, small specialised shops (second hand book-, antique-, do-it-yourself-, gift-, flowershops, greengrocer’s, jewelry, shoe store), non-stop shops, groceries, workshops (glazier, cobbler, tailor, carpenter), nightclubs, pubs, bars discotheques, post and bank outlets, shopping malls, small public parks, educational and health institutions, libraries, cinemas, theaters, cabarets, hotels, busiest public transportation lines

- Lehel square, Hunyadi square, Rákóczi square, Garay square, Király street, Baross street, Szondi street, Kazinczy street, Hungarian National Museum, Comedy, Opera House, MÜPA, Millenáris, A38, Szóda, Szimpla, Moulin Rouge, Süss Fel Nap, Cha-Cha-Cha, Bahnhof, Fészek, Dürer-garden, Kertem, Kiadó, West End, Aréna, Mammut, Allee, Récsey Center, ELTE, SOTE, Károli, Pázmány, Szabó Ervin, Kino, Puskin, Művész, Corvin, Uránia, Vörösmarty, Cirko-Gejzír, Bem, Radnóti, Thália, Bábszínház, Karinthy, Katona, József Attila, Magyar

- VI., VII., VIII., IX. districts (Terézváros, Erzsébetváros, Józsefváros, Ferencváros)

3. Outer business district

- industrial firms, office buildings, warehouses, railway and bus stations, vehicle depots, specialised shopping centres, large markets, exhibition halls, public parks, sports fields, large health institutions, cemeteries, prisons, barracks

- X., XIII., XIV. districts

4. Outer residential area

- modern housing estates, garden city, airports

- IV., XV., XVI., XVII. districts

5. Satellite settlements

- detached houses

- commuting population

- Pomáz, Pilisvörösvár, Érd , Dunakeszi, Pécel, Vecsés, Gyál