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socialur mecnierebaTa sakiTxebi 2016X

7

S i n a a r s i

C O N T E N TСОДЕРЖАНИЕ

sociologia

SociologyСоциология

ineza zoiZegenderi ojaxis socialur institutSi da eTno-religiuri identobis zogierTi sakiTxi ..........13Инеза ЗоидзеГендер в социальном институте семьи и некоторыевопросы этно-религиозной идентичности .........................20

Ineza ZoidzeGender in family social institute and some issues of ethno-religious identity .........................................................................21

politikis mecniereba

Political ScienceПолитология

irakli gorgilaZelimitrofebis TaviseburebebigeopolitikaSi ..................................................................22


8

Irakli GorgiladzeLimitrophes in the Geopolitics .............................................30Ираклий ГоргиладзеОсобенности лимитрофов в Геополитик .............................32

laSa baJunaiSvilierTiani evropa - Teoria moqmedebaSi .........................33Lasha BazhunaishviliUnited Europe – Theory in Action. ...........................................42Лаша БажунаишвилиЕдиная Европа – Теория в Действии....................................43

zaza burkaZegermanuli blickrigis CaSla. .......................................46Заза БуркадзеПровалнемецкогоблицкрига. .................................................73Zaza BurkadzeGerman blitzkrieg disruption...................................................74

giga fartenaZeevrokavSiris integraciis da usafrTxoebis poli-tikis Seswavlis Teoriul-meTodologiuri safuZ-

vlebi..........................................................................................75Гига ПартенадзеТеоретико-методологические основы изученияинтеграции Евросоюза и политики безопасности..............102Giga PhartenadzeTheoretical-methodological basics of studying European


9

Union’s integration and security policy...................................103natalia lazbasaxelmwifo simboloebis mniSvneloba dagamoyenebis specifikaprotokolSi .....................105Natalia LazbaThe meaning of state symbols and specific features of itsusage in protocol ......................................................................113Наталия ЛазбаЗначение и специфика применения государственныхсимволов в протоколе .............................................................114

guram safariZeTurqeTi evrokavSiris gzaze - meoce

saukunis reformebi. ..........................................................115Guram SafaridzeTurkey is on the way to EU - The reforms of thetwentieth century . ......................................................................129Гурам СафаридзеТурция находится на пути к ЕС - реформы ХХ века . ......130

inga cincqilaZenacionalizmi Tanamedrove msoflioSi. ...................131Inga TsintskiladzeNationalism in Modern World . ................................................138Инга ЦинцкиладзеНационализм в современном мире .......................................139

giga fartenaZe


10

irakli manveliZesulieri usafrTxoeba saqarTvelos

erovnuli uSiSroebis sistemaSi . ...............................140Giga PhartenadzeIrakli ManvelidzeSpiritual security in Georgian national security system….. 155Гига ФартенадзеИраклий МанвелидзеДуховная безопасность в системенациональной безопасности Грузии. ....................................157

guram safariZeTurqeTis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis

zogierTi aspeqti . ...............................................................158Guram SafaridzeSome Aspects of the Turkey’s integration in the EuropeanUnion. ..........................................................................................171Гурам СапаридзеНекоторые аспекты вступления Турции в ЕС. ..................172


11

sajaro mmarTveloba

Public AdministracionПубличное управление

zviad burWulaZemunicipaluri warmonaqmnis teritoriisekologiur-landSafturi mdgradi ganviTareba -

garemos mdgomareobis municipaluri marTva ........173Звиад БурчуладзеЭкологически-ландшафтное устойчивое развитиетерриторий муниципальных образований – муниципальноеуправление окружающей среды. ...........................................187Zviad BurchuladzeSustainable development of municipal entity’s ecology landscape– municipal management of environment ...............................188

maskomunikacia

Массовая коммуникацияMass Communication

irine cincaZepolitikuri reklamis regulirebis zogierTi

aspeqti. .....................................................................................190Ирина ЦинцадзеНекоторые аспекты регулирования политическойрекламы .....................................................................................197


12

Irine TsintsadzeSome Aspects of the Political Advertising Regulation ............198

identoba

ИдентичностьIdentity

cira futkaraZereligia evropuli identobis fonze.........................199Tsira PutkaradzeReligion on the background of European Identity. .................208Цира ПуткарадзеРелигия на фоне европейской идентичности. .....................209

samarTali

LALLLLAWПраво

linda SalamberiZe-verZaZexelSekrulebis Tavisufleba da Tavisuflebisxelovneba ................................................................................210Линда Шаламберидзе-ВердзадзеСвобода договора и искусство свободы ...............................220Linda Shalamberidze-VerdzadzeContractual Freedom and art of Liberty .................................221


13

sociologia

SociologyСоциология

genderi ojaxis socialur institutSi daeTno-religiuri identobis zogierTi

sakiTxi

ineza zoiZe

zogadad aRiarebulia, rom qarTul sazogadoeba-Si ojaxebis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebaze mniSvnelo-van gavlenas axdens gavlenas axdens rogorc geogra-

fiuli, aseve, kulturuli da istoriuli faqtorebi,rac gamoixateba ojaxur struqturaSi, socialur ro-

lebSi, ojaxis wevrTa Soris ufleba-movaleobebis ga-

danawilebaSi, genderuli Tanasworobis aspeqtebSi da

ase Semdeg.sazogadoebaSi mimdinare yvela mniSvnelovani

procesi aspeqtebi-samarTlebrivi, politikuri, eTni-

kuri, religiuri, tradiciuli da ase Semdeg, ojaxze

aisaxeba sxvadasxva gzebiT. masSi yalibdeba axali ti-

pis genderuli stereotipebi da normebi, romlebic


14

gansazRvraven kacisa da qalis statuss dRes arsebuli

mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve mis gareT. iz-

rdeba profesiis roli qalis cxovrebaSi, rac gende-

ruli urTierTobebis cvlas ganapirobebs, TumcakulturaSi ukve arsebobda ori urTierTsawinaaR-

mdego cxovrebiseuli strategia. erTi warmoadgens

e.w. “mamakacuri”, dakavSirebuli profesiul realiza-

ciasTan da “qaluri”, orientirebuli ojaxsa da pirad

cxovrebaze. amitomac, genderuli sakiTxebi ojaxsa da

samsaxurs Soris, rolur-statusuri midgomebi ojaxis

sociologiis klasikur problemaswarmoadgens.1

XX saukunis bolosa da XXI-e saukunis dasawyisSisaqarTvelo aqtiurad CaerTo globalur sivrceSi

mimdinare kulturul, politikur da socialuri saxis

gardaqmnebSi. amas daemata ekonomikuri cvlilebebi,ris Sedegadac qalebi profesiulad gaxdnen naklebad

konkurentunarianni Sromis bazarze, rac gamowveuli

iyo mravali mizeziT: eTnikuri konfliqtebiT, samoqa-

laqo omiT, masiuri migraciiT, RirebulebaTa gadafa-

sebiT da a.S. ramac aseve, gavlena iqonia zogadad gen-

1 ბადაშვილი მ., ტერიტორიული სხვაობები ოჯახის გენდერულურთიერთობებში პოსტსაბჭოთა საქართველოში, სადისერტაციო ნაშრომი,თბ.,2015, გვ.,98


15

derul balansze ojaxSi.2 swored, am TvalsazrisiT sa-interesoa rogor miiRo tradiciulma qarTulma

ojaxma arsebuli siaxleebi, ra gavlena moaxdina am ga-

remoebebma rolur ganawilebaze ojaxis wevrebs Soris,maT faseuloebriv da RirebulebiT orientaciaze.

saqarTvelo warmoadgens polieTnikur da poli-

kulturul regions, rac gavlenas axdens zogadfaseu-

lobaTa sistemaze,socialur urTierTobebze. dargSi

kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom ojaxis wevrebs Soris urTi-erTobebs da statusebis mixedviT rolebis gadanawi-

lebaze kvlav gavlenas axdens tradiciebi, religiuri

da eTnikuri maxasiaTeblebi.3

qristianul-marTlmadideblurma sarwmunoebamdidi roli Seasrula qarTul sazogadoebaSi socia-

luri rolebis formirebis istoriaSi. mas daefuZna

erovnuli kultura, romlis CamoyalibebaSi didimniSvneloba hqonda aRmosavlur qristianul samyaro-

Si damkvidrebul normebs. rigi mizezebis gamo, romel-

Ta Soris umTavresi saqarTvelos politikuri, kul-

turuli da civilizaciuri garemo iyo, marTlmadideb-

loba gaigivda eTnikurobasTan. erTmorwmune mokavSi-

2 Н.М. Римашевская, Семья в странах с переходной экономикой,Народонаселение, 2002,# 4, ст. 1-113 დურგლიშვილი,ნ., ცვლილებები სოციალურ გარემოში და ქართულიოჯახი, თბю, 1976,გვ., 18 -19


16

ris, Semdeg ki mfarvelis Zieba saukuneTa manZilze sa-

qarTvelos sagareo politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mi-

marTuleba iyo. politikuri orientaciis sakiTxi Cven-Si kulturuli orientaciis problemad transformir-

da. islamur samyarosTan mravalsaukunovani dapiris-

pirebis pirobebSi ki am maCvenebelma religiur-kul-

turuli arCevanis saxe miiRo. magram, unda aRiniSnos,rom erTia politikuri da, Tundac, sarwmunoebrivi

orientacia,meore ki – ama Tu im civilizaciisadmi kuT-

vnileba, romelic, politikur da ekonomikur intere-sebze damyarebuli kavSirebisagan gansxvavebiT xan-

grZlivi drois manZilze yalibdeba, rac mravali sxva-

dasxva garemoebis Sedegs warmoadgens. religiuri

identoba SeiZleba aZlierebdes sxva, maT Soris civi-

lizaciur identurobas an piriqiT, SeiZleba asusteb-

des mas. kulturuli da civilizaciuri identurobis

sakiTxebi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria e.w. mcire erebi-

saTvis, romelTa mentaloba gansazRvrulia sakuTari

mniSvnelobis permanentuli ZiebiT.religiis roli gansakuTrebiT iseT polieTni-

kur sazogadoebebSi gaaqtiurda, sadac eTnikuri jgu-febi gansaxvavebuli konfesiebis warmomadgenlebi ari-


17

an.4 religiuri dogmatika gaxda araformaluri so-

cialuri institutebis Camoyalibebis safuZveli. amTvalsazrisiT saqarTveloSi saintereso regions war-

moadgens magaliTad, qvemo qarTli, sadac Tanacxov-

roben azerbaijaneli, berZeni, somexi, qarTveli da

sxva, eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebi. aRniSnulis

gaTvaliswinebiT ki sainteresoa is, Tu ra gavlenas ax-

dens maTze erTis mxriv tradiciuli yofa, meoresmxriv sulierad dakavSirebuli sxva qveynebidan re-

ligiuri fundamentalizmis gavlenebi. aRsaniSnavia is

garemoebac, rom cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi maTi

integraciis miuxedavad, dRemde aRiniSneba garkveulisxvaoba saojaxo urTierTobebSi arsebuli tradicie-

bisa da wes-Cveulebebis TvalsazrisiT. pirveli faq-

tori, qristianul garemoSi moxvedrili muslimuri

jgufis SemTxvevaSi, rasac gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-

ba eqceva, esaa sxvaoba religiaze dafuZvnebuli oja-

xis institutebs Soris. magaliTad, gansxvavebuli wese-bi da Sexedulebebia ojaxSi qalis uflebasa da socia-

lur statusTan dakavSirebiT .islamis religiis Ta-naxmad ojaxis wevrTa urTierTobebis reglamentire-

4. ჩიქოვანი ნ. კულტურული და რელიგიური იდენტურობის პრობლემათააქტუალიზაცია პოსტსაბჭოთა ხანაში. ეთნიკურობისა დარელიგიურობისიდეოლოგიზაცია და პოლიტიზაცია, სალექციო კურსი,სოციალური მეცნიერებების მაგისტრატურისათვის, თბ., 2006 გვ.71


18

bis sakiTxi mkacradaa gansazRvruli. ojaxis sulierda moralur Zalad igulisxmeba muslimuri samarTlisa

da normebis moTxovnaTa Sesruleba, romlis Tanaxmad

magaliTad, ojaxSi mamakacs aqvs gansakuTrebuli pozi-

cia, vidre qals. mxolod mas eZleva upiratesi ufleba.rac Seexeba qristianobas, aq SedarebiT sxvagvari damo-

kidebulebaa. yovelive es ki garkveul bariers qmnis

sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebs Soris identobis sakiTxSi.magaliTad, aq macxovrebeli berZnebi, rogorc savele

masalebidan Cans, ojaxis Seqmnisas mTavar dabrkole-

bad religiur gansxvavebas miiCneven 5, xazi esmeba gan-

sxvavebul saojaxo da saqorwino tradiciebs.marTalia iSviaTad, magram aris SemTxveva, rode-

sac sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi qor-

windebian. am SemTxvevaSi sxva eTnikuri jgufis warmo-madgenelTan saqorwino kavSirs religiuri erTobiT

xsnian. anu, religiis erToba gansazRvravs saerTo sa-

qorwino da saojaxo wes-Cveulebebs da tradiciebs,rac uzrunvelyofs ojaxis simyares.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom eTno-re-ligiuri identobis sakiTxebi kvlav aqtualuria da di-di mniSvneloba aqvs socialuri institutebis formi-

5 სოციალური უსაფრთხოების ეთნიკური ასპექტები პოლიეთნიკურსაზოგადოებაში, Tb., 2011გვ.126


19

rebis sakiTxSi. is araformaluri socialuri insti-

tutebis Camoyalibebis safuZvels warmoadgens. amTvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia religiuri

sxvaobebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi, sadac SesaZloa

sxvadasxva privilegiebis, ekonomikuri Tu politikuriperspeqtivis mixedviT socialuri kontaqtebis sixSi-ridan gamomdinare individebis garkveul raodenobas

axasiaTebdeT asimilireba dominirebad jgufebTan.magram ojaxis, rogorc socialuri institutebis in-

tegraciis xarisxSi erT-erT Semaferxebeli faqtori

religiaa, ramdenadac is warmoadgens araformaluri

socialuri institutebis Camoyalibebis fundaments.

gamoyenebuli literatura

socialuri usafrTxoebis eTnikuri aspeqtebi po-

lieTnikur sazogadoebaSi, kavkasiis xalxTa saerTa-

Soriso samecniero kvleviTi instituti, SoTa rusTa-

velis erovnuli samecniero fondi, Tb., 2011Ciqovani n. kulturuli da religiuri identuro-

bis problemaTa aqtualizacia postsabWoTa xanaSi. eT-nikurobisa da religiurobisideologizacia da poli-

tizacia, saleqcio kursi, socialuri mecnierebebis ma-

gistraturisaTvis, Tb., 2006


20

durgliSvili,n., cvlilebebi socialur garemoSi

da qarTuli ojaxi, Tbю, 1976badaSvili m., teritoriuli sxvaobebi ojaxis gen-

derul urTierTobebSi postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi,sadisertacio naSromi, Tb.,2015

Н.М. Римашевская, Семья в странах с переходнойэкономикой, Народонаселение, 2002

Инеза ЗоидзеГендер в социальном институте семьи и некоторые

вопросы этно-религиозной идентичностиРезюме

В статье рассматриваются вопросы этно-религиознойидентичности и их влияние на формирование социальныхинститутов. Основное внимание уделяется структуре семьи,взаимозависимости ее членов, вопросам распределениясоциальных ролей, влиянию религиозного фактора.

Тема проанализирована на примере Грузии, в частностирегиона Квемо Картли, который выделяется этническим ирелигиозным разнообразием. В аналогичной ситуации, исходяиз частоты социальных контактов, возможности приобретенияразличных привилегий, экономических и политическихперспектив, определенное количество индивидов характеризуетстремление к ассимиляции с доминирующей группой, однакодля семьи в качестве интеграции социальных институтов, одним


21

из препятствующих факторов является религия. Представителиразличных этнических групп связывают с религией редкиебрачные связи между собой. Таким образом, они предпочитаютобщую религиозную идентичность свадебных обычаев итрадиций, обеспечивая тем самым стабильность семьи.

Ineza ZoidzeGender in family social institute and some issues of ethno-

religious identityResume

Ethno-religious identity issues are discussed in the article andtheir influence on formation of social institutes. Attention is paid toissues like family structure, family relationships, social roles andreligious factors. The issue is analyzed according to the Georgian, inparticular lower Kartly example which is characterized by ethnic andreligious diversity. In such situations there is a possibility ofassimilation of individuals with dominating groups due to differentprivileges, economic and political perspectives. But in the integrationof family as a social institute one of the hindering factors is religion.Representatives of different ethnic groups explain rare marriages byreligious factor. This means that concerning religious identity theyprefer to keep common marriage norms and traditions which ensurefamily strength.


22

politikis mecniereba

Political ScienceПолитология

limitrofebis TaviseburebebigeopolitikaSi

irakli gorgilaZe

sazRvrulobis an zRvruli procesebisadmi inte-

resis zrda XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnaze mniSvnelovnad

ganapiroba msoflioSi mimdinare procesebma - globa-lizaciasa da integracias Tan sdevs ara mxolod er-

Tgvarovani struqturebis Seqmna, aramed fragmentacia

da lokalizacia. sivrceebi, romlebic ar Sedian sin-

TezSi, qmnian gaurkvevlobisa da ganusazRvrelobis

zonebs6.sasazRvro zonebis (civilizaciebis) aRsaniSnavad

politikur literaturaSi gvxvdeba termini - limit-

rofi. v. cimburski am cnebiT aRniSnavs civilizaciaTa

6Encyclopedia Britannica (Ultimate Reference Suite) 2003. 31


23

birTvul platformebs Soris arsebul Sualedur siv-

rceebs da miuTiTebs, rom civilizaciaTa urTierTqme-deba mimdebare eTnokulturul limitrofebTan geo-

politikis erT-erTi sayuradRebo problemaa. misi az-

riT, is ar warmoadgens mxolod negatiur „gamowvevas“arsebuli realobisTvis; igi dawinaurebis Sansicaa,romelic araerTxel yofila gamoyenebuli ama Tu im

eTnosis Tu saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis mier.7

limitrofis cneba, Tavdapirvelad, gamoiyenebo-

da Zveli romaelebis mier da is, gulisxmobda sasaz-

Rvro jarebis dislokaciis adgils. etimologiurad

Sedgeba ori berZnuli sityvisagan - limes (sazRvari)da trofus (mkvebavi): sajaro SenaerTebi, romlebic

icavdnen sazRvrebs. XX saukunis miwuruls, termini,saxecvlili da Sinaarsobrivad kidev ufro datvirTu-li geopolitikur leqsikonSi kategorialuri xazismniSvnelovan elementad Sevida da gamoiyeneboda imqveynebis an qveyanaTa jgufebis aRsaniSnavad romle-bic wamyvan saxelmwifoTa mosazRvre subieqtebad war-

modgnen, erT-erTi aseTi ki, kaspiis regionis(kr) sa-

xelmwifoebi.XX saukunis dasawyisSi britanuli geopolitiku-

ri skolis warmomadgenelma j. feirgrivma aRniSnul

7 Цымбурский В. Народы между цивилизациями. - журн.: Россия имусульманский мир. № 2 (68), М., 1998, გვ. 89.


24

regions crachzone uwoda rameTu masSi Semavali qveynebi

ZiriTadad mcire, politikurad sust da ekonomikuraddamokidebul buferul saxelmwifoebs warmoadgen-

dnen.8 mogvianebiT mas sxvadasxvagvarad - amerikuli

politikuri geografiis klasikosi r. xartSorni bal-tibaltiispireTidan adriatikamde permanentuli geo-

politikuri arastabilurobis zonad (shatterzone),frangi geopolitikosi J. Gotmani moqceva-miqcevis mi-

wad, xSirad ki anstedis sartyelad moixseniebdnen.9

qvemoT SevexebiT sazRvrulobis problemasTan

dakavSirebul problemas, romelTac mniSvneloba aqvs

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis kvlevisaTvis.pirvel rigSi, cxadia, TviT „sazRvris“ cnebas un-

da SevexoT. sayovelTaod miRebuli mniSvnelobiT, igi

aRniSnavs mijnas or mTels an mTelis or nawils Soris.swored ase iTargmneba laTinuri limes - sazRvari,zRvari. Tumca dRes, sazRvrulobis problemisadmi in-

teresis zrdis fonze, SemoTavazebulia sxvagvari mniS-

vnelobac. kerZod, i. kagramanovi aRniSnavs, rom romis

8Fairgrieve J. Geography and World Power. – L.: University of London Press, 1915.P. 329-330

9Туровский Р.Ф. Политическая География. – М., Смоленск: 1999. გვ., 52


25

praqtikul sityvaTxmarebaSi limes aRniSnavda ara saz-

Rvars, aramed gardamaval zonas.10

rac ufro mniSvnelovania resursi da misi poten-

ciuri moculoba, miT ufro maRalia konkretul siv-

rceSi SeRwevis an/da winaaRmdegobaTa gamwvavebis in-

deqsi. zogjer, arsebuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT,dapirispirebebs omamdec mivhyavarT - anu mTavar mi-

zans, mowinaaRmdegis sistemuri maxasiaTeblebis

msxvreva warmoadgens. es ukanaskneli ki SesaZlebelia

ganviTardes „cxeli“ an „civi“ omis formiT. yovelivezemoTqmuli saSualebas gvaZlevs limitrofebi ganvi-

xiloT, rogorc erTgvari „rezeruari“ an „nakrZali“,romlis kontrolisaTvis brZola mimdebare, wamyvanisaxelmwifosTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis matarebe-

lia. amdenad konfliqtebis serias kaspiis regionSi Ta-

visi axsna gaaCnia.aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, swored limitro-

febSi Cans yvelaze xSirad eTnikuri wmenda11 da gasax-

10Каграманов Ю. Переходная зона на Северном Кавказе. - В журн.: „Открытаяполитика“, М., 1998, № 9-10 (33), გვ. 70.

11ნიშანდობლივია, რომ საკუთრივ ტერმინი „ეთნიკური წმენდა“საერთაშორისო ლექსიკონში ლიმიტროფული ზონიდან,სერბულ-ხორვატული გამონათქვამიდან «etničko čišćenje/етничко чишћење»კალკის სახით შევიდა.


26

leba, eTnocidi. gansakuTrebiT postsabWoTa regio-

nebSi. maT Soris, saqarTvelo (oseTi, afxazeTi), mTiani

yarabaxi (somxebi, azerbaijanelebi), ferganas udabno

uzbekeTSi (Turqi mesxebi), ruseTis federacia (CeCne-

bi) da a.S.XXI saukuneSi, xuTi deklarirebuli da kidev ram-

denime aTeuli „zRvarze mdgomi“ birTvuli“ saxelmwi-

fos arsebobis pirobebSi, resursebisTvis Tu sivrceze

kontrolis mizniT „cxeli“ omebi TiTqmis SeuZlebe-

lia. aseT pirobebSi, erTaderTi gamosavali - yvela ge-

opolitikur sivrceSi limitrofebisTvis brZolaa,romlebic Semdegi miznebisTvis iqmneba:

- limitrofebis yvela tipis resursebis aTviseba

Zalis dagrovebis mizniT;- limitrofebis gamoyeneba geopolitikur mowina-

aRmdegeebTan Ria an daxuruli brZolis sawarmoeblad,vidre SeiaraRebul konfliqtamde, upiratesad mowina-aRmdegis sivrceSi;

- limitrofebi sakuTar Tavze iReben tutori sa-

xelmwifosTvis gankuTvnil pirvel dartymebs. raTa

maqsimalurad dazogon sakuTari resursebi; amasTanmetnaklebad Zlierni qmnian erTmaneTisgan damoukide-

bel limitrofebs, farTo sazRvrebis uzrunvelsayo-

fad;


27

- xSir SemTxvevebSi, liberaluri kanonmdebloba

limitrofebSi, dabali geopolitikuri statusiT, ga-

moiyenebian „binZuri“ warmoebebisTvis, rasac vTqvaT

ganviTarebuli qveynebi ver moiTmenen;- limitrofuli saxelmwifoebi uzrunvelyofen

gasasvlels wamyvani qveynebisTvis manamde SeuRwevad

gepolitikur zonebSi;v. aruTiunova-fidaniani limitrofs ganmartavs

rogorc teritorias, sadac erTmaneTSi Seurevlad

cxovroben eTnosebi da maTi kulturebi.12 im SemTxveva-

Si, Tu limitrofuli teritoriebi qmnian ara mxolod

saxelmwifo-politikur, aramed kulturul sivrcesac,romelSic arsebobs da viTardeba kulturaTa sinTezis

Sedegad warmoSobili fenomenebi, limitrofi iqceva

sakontaqto zonad - polieTnikur teritoriad, im fe-

nomenTa warmoSobis adgilad, romlebic kulturaTa

ara mxolod Tanaarsebobis, aramed urTierTgavlenis

Sedegia.13

f. brodeli miuTiTebda „ganapira“, „sasazRvro“kulturaTa Seswavlis mniSvnelobaze. igi Tvlida, romaseTi kulturebis meSveobiT civilizaciaTa sazRvre-

12Арутюнова-Фиданян В. А. Византия и Армения в X-XII вв.: Зона контакта. -В кн.: Византия между Западом и Востоком. Опыт историческойхарактеристики. СПб., 1995, გვ. 380.13იქვე, გვ. 380-381


28

bi ixsneba sxvebTan kontaqtisaTvis, maTSi mJRavndeba

civilizaciaTa komunikaciuri SesaZleblobani. den da-

ineri aRniSnavs, rom civilizaciaTa TviTidentifika-

cia swored maT periferiaze yalibdeba, sxva civiliza-

ciebTan dapirispirebis Sedegad.14

kidev erTi saintereso detali, s. lurie gvTava-

zobs „eTnikuri konstantebis“ cnebas, romlebic, misi

azriT, kulturuli tradiciis birTvs Seadgens. esaa

aracnobier warmodgenaTa kompleqsi, romelic gansaz-

Rvravs samyaroSi adamianis moqmedebis xasiaTs. eTniku-ri konstantebi moicavs sikeTisa da borotebis wyaro-

Ta lokalizaciis, borotebaze sikeTis gamarjvebis

gzebisa da sxv. paradigmebs. maTi meSveobiT adamiani ax-

dens samyaros racionalizacias ise, rom masSi SesaZle-

beli iyos adamianis aqtivoba, igi aigivebs sakuTar

Tavs adamianTa romelime erTobasTan, romlis far-

glebSi SesaZlebelia erToblivi moqmedeba. sxvadasxvaeTnikur kulturas am erTobaze sakuTari warmodgena

aqvs. samyaros eTnikuri saxe - esaa eTnikuri konstan-

tebisa da faseulobiTi orientaciis erToblioba. kon-stantebisa da orientaciis Tanafardoba SeiZleba gan-

14კოპიტერსიბ. საქართველო და ევროპა: პერიფერიის ცნება საერთაშორისოურთიერთობებში. - ჟურნ: საზოგადოება და პოლიტიკა, II, თბ., 1999, გვ.86.


29

vixiloT rogorc Tanafardoba moqmedebis pirobebsa

da moqmedebis mizans Soris.15

amrigad, aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebe-lia gavakeToT zogierTi daskvna limitrofebis gage-

basTan dakavSirebiT - iqneba es politikuri, geopoli-

tikuri Tu eTnokulturuli kategoria. kerZod, arse-

buli realobebis gaTvaliswinebiT limitrofebi, jererTi warmoadgenen calkeuli civilizaciebis eTno-

kulturuli kontaqtebis sferos, meore, rac CvenTvis

metad sainteresoa - „buferul sivrces“, maTi gamyofe-

biT da mesame, Setakebebis adgils. da Tuki SesaZlebe-

lia civilizacia SevadaroT myar teqtonikur qanebs,materikul kristaluri platformebiT, romelTac ge-

ologiuri mowyobiT ZaluZT SedarebiTi stabiluroba,„gardamaval zonebSi“ isini geosinklinebis - orogeneu-

li raionebis analogiuria, limitrofebi msoflio

istoriis „riftuli zonaa“.saxelmwifoTa nawili, limitroful zonebSi, Zi-

riTadad, moculobiT patara da mosaxleobis simciriT

xasiaTdebian. es „jujebi“ umetes SemTxvevaSi wamyvansaxelmwifoTa geopolitikur TamaSebSi gavlenis obi-

15Лурье С. В. Евразия: проблемы соседства культур и межкультурноговзаимодействия. - В журн.: Вестник Евразии (Независимый научный журнал),М., 1999, № 1-2 (6-7), გვ. 25.


30

eqtebs warmoadgenen. Tavis mxriv maTze zemoqmedimsxvili aqtorebi sakuTari miznebis realizaciis miz-

niT daSinebis an SantaJis politikiT, konfliqturizonebis formirebiT maqsimalurad cdiloben civili-

zaciis gare, sasazRvro (marginaluri) zonebis Seqmnas,raTa maqsimalurad iqnes uzrunvelyofili saxelmwi-

fo usafrTxoeba.

Irakli GorgiladzeLimitrophes in the Geopolitics

Summary

Increasing interest towards the utmost processes orunderstanding of circumscribed (or confined) significantly stipulatedby global processes developed during the end of XX and beginningof XXI century. Globalization and Integration much accompaniednot only with creating of uniformity structures, but withfragmentation and localization as well as. Spaces which are notincludes in the synthesis, creating zones of uncertainty andindeterminacy.

For determining Frontier zones (civilizations) in politicalliterature can be found term - Limitrophes. By this concept V.Cimbursky determined spaces existed between the core platforms of


31

civilization and indicated that interaction of civilizations regarding toadjacent Limitrophes presents one of the significant problem.According to Cimbursky this problems does not presents negative“challenge” for existed reality. For the other side it is a chance also,which numerously were used by different ethnos and states.

Article touches some terms connected with problem ofunderstanding of a circumscribed, which has significance for furtherresearches of interesting geopolitical issues.

Ираклий ГоргиладзеОсобенности лимитрофов в Геополитике

Резюме

Рост интереса к пограничным или пространственнымпроцессам на рубеже XX-XXI веков, во многом определилпроисходящие в мире процессы – глобализация и интеграция,которые сопровождаются не только образованием однородныхструктур, но и фрагментацией и локализацией. Пространства,которые не входят в синтез, создают зоны неопределенности ибеспредельности.

Для определения пограничных зон (цивилизаций) вполитической литературе используется термин – лимитроф. В.Цимбурский данным понятием определял, располагающиесямежду ядерными платформами промежуточные пространства и


32

указывает на то, что межцивилизационное взаимодействие сэтнокультурным лимитрофом является одной из проблем,требующей внимания. По его мнению, данное явлениепредставляет собой не только негативный «вызов»существующей реальности; является шансом вознаграждения,который не раз был использован представителями того илииного этноса или государственного образования.

В статье рассмотрены, связанные с пограничнымипроблемами некоторые процессы, значение которых имеютотношение к вопросам, представляющим интерес для нашегоисследования.


33

erTiani evropa - Teoria moqmedebaSi

laSa baJunaiSvili

romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg, saukuneebis gan-mavlobaSi evropuli saxelmwifoebi mudmivad Seiara-

Rebuli konfliqtebis reJimSi Tanacxovrobdnen. didi

geografiuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg, konfrontaciis siv-

rce kidev ufro gaizarda, Tumca evropa kvlav movle-

naTa ganviTarebis epicentrSi darCa. Seqmnil viTareba-

Si evropuli sazogadoebis jansaRma nawilma (humanis-

tebma, ganmanaTleblebma da a.S.) aqtiurad daiwyo fiq-

ri rogor mieRwiaT „maradiuli mSvidobisaTvis“, rom-

lis ZiebaSic daibada evropis gaerTianebis idea. am sa-

kiTxs araerTi Sroma mieZRvna, maT Soris erazm roter-damelis “omis winaaRmdeg” (anu vedreba mSvidobisaT-

vis) (1517), sebastian frankis “mSvidobisaTvis sabrZo-

lo wigni” (1539), qristian volfis „universaluri res-

publika“ da uiliam penis esse “awmyo da momavali mSvi-

dobisaTvis evropaSi” (1693), romelSic evropul saxel-mwifoebs gaerTianebis da evropuli parlamentis Seq-

mnisken mouwodebda.frangma publicistma da sasuliero moRvawem

Sarl-irene kastelma, (cnobilia, rogorc abati sen-pi-


34

eri (1658-1743 ww.)) 1713 wels parizSi gamoaqveyna „mara-

diuli mSvidobis proeqti“ (Projet de Paix Perpétuelle) ro-

melSic aRniSnavda, rom: „radgan omi suverenitetis bu-

nebis ganuyofeli nawilia, evropis wamyvanma monarqi-ulma saxelmwifoebma usafrTxoebisa da ganviTarebis

mizniT unda Sekran aliansi (mefeTa liga), Seqmnan mud-

mivmoqmedi kongresi... da Camoayalibon evropuli kav-

Siri.“ abatis mier wamoyenebul mSvidobis proeqts 9 Zi-

riTadi sakiTxi unda gadaeWra: mudmivi gaerTianebis

formireba, saerTo Tavdacva da usafrTxoeba, vaWroba,mudmivmoqmedi arbitraJis daweseba da misi meSveobiT

mokavSireebs Soris warmoqmnili davebis gadawyveta,urCebis dasja da sxv. sen-pieris idea im periodis aka-demiuri da politikuri wreebisaTvis miuRebeli aR-

moCnda, ris gamoc araerTxel gaakritikes. Tumca is ko-leqtiuri usafrTxoebasa da Tavdacvaze dafuZnebuliregionaluri saerTaSoriso wesrigis erTerTi pirve-

li koncefcia iyo.maradiuli mSvidobisa da evropuli federaciis

Seqmnis sakiTxs Tavis naSromebSi ara erTxel Seexo

germaneli filosofosi, maTematikosi, iuristi da dip-

lomati gotfrid vilhelm laibnici (1646-1716). igi da-

ibada, aRizarda da moRvweobda im realobaSi, sadac

araerTi saerTo evropuli omi moxda, ris gamoc adre-uli wlebidan dainteresda politikis da saerTaSori-


35

so urTierTobebis, gansakuTrebiT ki evropis proble-

mebiT. misi Tanadrouli sen pierisgan gansxvavebiT, la-

ibnici samarTals (adamianis bunebiT uflebas, saxel-

mwifos), saxelmwifos da saerTaSoriso viTarebas me-tafizikis WrilSi ganixilavs da yuradRebas qristia-

nuli religiis rolze amaxvilebda. misi azriT, qris-

tianoba TviT RmerTis nebas avlens, amitom igi unda

iyos msoflios (maT Soris calkeuli evropuli saxel-

mwifoebis da evropuli federaciis) socialuri da po-

litikuri wesrigis wyaro (Pax-Christiana).religiis faqtori gansakuTrebul adgils iWers

laibnicis mier SemoTavazebul maradiuli mSvidobis 3punqtian winadadebaSi: 1 - reformaciuli moZraobis

Sedegad dakarguli qristianuli erTobis aRdgena, 2 -evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris daZabulobis ganmuxtva,mSvidobis daamyareba da 3 - agresiis evropis sazRvre-

bis miRma mimarTva. igi safrangeTis mefe ludoviko

XIV-s urCevda evropis patara saxelmwifoebis nacvlad

egvipte daepyro, riTac did dartymas miayenebda osma-leTis imperias. da bolos, evropuli kavSiris Seqmna

(qristianuli saxelmwifoebis saerTo respublika), ro-

melic „mudmivi aliansis“ principze iqneboda dafuZne-buli da mis saqmianobas monacvleobiT evropeli mo-

narqebi gauZRvebodnen. magram erTi romelime subieq-


36

tis an monarqis mxridan xelsuflebis uzurpaciisa an

absolutizmis damyarebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,laibnici romis papis TavmjdomareobiT evropis fede-raluri sasamarTlos Seqmnis sakiTxs ayenebda, rome-

lic mokavSireebs Soris warmoqmnil davebs gansjida.sasamarTlo aRsrulebis xarjebis dafarvis mizniT ki

unda Seqmniliyo saerTo xazina, romliTac safrange-

Tis an inglisis mefes „misive fuliT aRasrulebda gan-

Cinebas“.miuxedavad imisa, rom evropuli federalizmis

Sesaxeb laibnicis ideebi CrdilSi darCa, sxvadasxvasferoSi udides miRwevebTan erTad igi warmoadgensevropuli kosmopolitizmisa da federalizmis mqada-

gebels. misma ideebma didi gavlena moaxdina evropulifederalizmis da maradiuli mSvidobis Semdgom kvle-

vebze.evropis gaerTianebiT mudmivi mSvidobis damyare-

bis ideas mxars uWerda Jan Jak rusoc. Tavis essebSi -„maradiuli mSvidoba (evropis federaciis Seqmnis

gziT)“ (Lasting Peace Through Federation of Europe 1756 w.) da

„meomari qveyana“ (State of War 1761 w.) ruso aRniSnavda,rom „...evropuli saxelmwifoebi religiuri identobis,moraluri standartebis, saerTaSoriso samarTalis,damwerlobis da vaWrobis TvalsazrisiT warmoadgens

erT mTels...“, rac gaerTianebis safuZvels qmnis. mag-


37

ram „...sakmarisia evropas sxva kuTxiT SevxedoT, cxadi

xdeba, rom arsebobs mudmivi dapirispireba, omebi,ajanyebebi, amboxi, Zarcva-rbeva da politikuri mkvle-

lobebi, romelic yoveldRiurad angrevs filosofiis

RirsSesaniSnav saxls, xelovnebisa da mecnerebis

brwyinvale taZars“. “...maT Soris mudmivi winaaRmdego-

ba mkacri samoqalaqo omia...“winamorbedTa msgavsad, rusomac warmoadgina ma-

radiuli mSvidobis sakuTari xedva, romlis ZiriTad

arsi evropis gaerTianebaa. „...mSvidobis mtkiced dacva

evropis federaciaSi suverenuli erebis gaerTianebiT,saerTo kanonmdeblobisa da institutebis meSveobiT

unda moxdes.“ ruso Tavis 5 punqtian gegmaSi amtkiceb-

da, rom pirvel etapze „aucilebelia evropis suvere-nulma saxelwmifoebma Seqmnan mudmivi da mtkice ali-

ansi, romlis marTvisaTvis specialurad gamoyofil

advilze unda daarsdes mudmivmoqmedi organo - kon-

gresi an seimi. kongresSi uflebamosili pirebi unda

warigzavnos, sadac ganxiluli da gadawyvetili iqneba

yvela is sakiTxi da problema, romelic wevr saxelmwi-

foebs da maT urTierTobebs Seexeba.” rusom aseve gan-

sazRvra kongresis uflebamosil wevrTa raodenoba,misi monacvleobiTi prezidentobis wesi da vadebi. sa-erTo xarjebis dafarvis mizniT man aseve Senatanebisa


38

da maTi gankargvis saerTo wesi SeimuSava. mesame pun-

qtebSi aRniSna, rom federaciis regulacia da keTil-

dReoba Tanabrad unda gavrceldes wevri-saxelmwifosmflobelobaSi arsebul yvela teritoriul erTeulsa

da dominionze, romelic mas xelSekrulebis dadebis

momentSi gaaCnda. meoTxe punqtSi rusom gansazRvraxelSekrulebis darRvevis saxeebi da damrRvevi subi-

eqtis dasjis meqanizmebi. federaciis principebis uxeSdarRvevad moiazrebda kongresis mier miRebuli gadaw-

yvetilebis Sesrulebis uaryofas, aliansis sazianod

mesame mxaresTan xelSekrulebis gaformebas, mokavSi-

ris winaaRmdeg omisaTvis mzdebas an/da masze SeiaraRe-

buli Tavdasxmas. mexuTe punqtSi Camoayaliba kongres-Si wargzavnil delegatTa Zalauflebis Semdgomi gaz-

rdis SesaZleblobebi, saerTo regulaciebis miRebis

wesi da xmis micemis procedura (ubralo umravlesoba,kvalificirebuli umravlesoba da erTsulovneba).

evropis saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebisa da maradiu-

li mSvidobis damyarebis gegmis garda, Jan Jak rusomevropis federaciis Seqmnis Sedegad mosalodneli Se-

degebic iwinaswarmetyvela: yvela davisa da problemis

omis gareSe gadawyveta; Tavisufali da usafrTxo sa-

vaWro urTierTobebis damyareba; samxedro xarjebis

Semcireba; mosaxleobis zrda; soflis meurneobis, ma-terialuri dovlaTisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis


39

zrda. Tumca sen-pierisgan gansxvavebiT ruso ufro re-

alisturi iyo da kargad aanalizebda, rom im periodisevropaSi msgavsi wesrigis formireba faqtobrivad Se-

uZlebeli iyo, „radgan saxelmwifoebi arsebiTad ego-istur qmnilebebs warmoadgenen da isini arasodesisurveben daTmon TavianTi suvereniteti an damouki-

debloba...“cnobili germaneli filosofosi emanuel kanti

(1724-1804) Tavis eseSi „maradiuli mSvidobisaTvis“(1795 w.) aRniSnavda, rom mSvidobis dacvisaTvis upirve-les yovlisa aucilebelia yvela qveyanaSi respubliku-

ri mmarTveloba damyardes, sadac xalxi uzenaesi xeli-sufalia da moqalaqeebi maT mierve dafuZnebuli kano-nis uzenaesobiT icaven TaviaT uflebebsa da sakuTre-

bas. mxolod respublikebs SeuZliaT Tavisufali arCe-

vanis safuZvelze Seqmnan federacia, romelic saerTomSvidobis da TiToeuli qveynis usafrTxoebis garanti

iqneba. kanti uaryofda monarqebisa da monarqiuli sa-

xelmwifoebis rols mudmivi mSvidobis sakiTxSi. „mesa-kuTre mmarTvelebi da politikosebi mezobel qveynebs

TavianTi qonebis danamatad aRiqvamen...“ aqedan gamom-

dinare ewinaaRmdegeboda gaerTianebis e.w. „imperiul

models“ (romlis magaliTad, rusos romis imperia moh-

yavda) da aRniSnavda, rom „msoflio xelisufleba

(globaluri mmarTveloba) droTa ganmavlobaSi auci-


40

leblad tiraniaSi gadaizrdeba.“ Tumca kantis azriT,xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi verc „respublikebis federa-

cia ver uzrunvelyofs maradiul mSvidobas, Tuki yve-

la respublikis xelisufali „zneobisa da mowodebis

simaRleze ar iqneba“. istoriis uzenaesi mizani zneob-

rivi amocanaa, anu sul ufro srulyofili zneobrivi

wesrigis ganxorcieleba. am mizans emsaxureba saxelmwi-

foTa Soris ,,mudmivi mSvidoba”, romelic TviT saxel-mwifoTa cxovrebis yvelaze maRal horizontsa da im

ideals warmoadgens, romliskenac unda iswrafodes ka-

cobrioba. „am istoriuli miznis ganxorcielebis Zire-

uli saSualebaa aRzrda, romlis mizania, adamians Cau-nergos zneobrivi cxovrebisa da istoriis zneobrivi

arsis maRali grZnoba. zneobrivad sul ufro srulyo-fili cxovrebisken ltolva Tavisuflebisa da damou-

kideblobis zeimad iqceva.“XIX saukuneSi maradiuli mSvidobis damyarebisa

da evropis qveynebis gaerTianebis hipoTeturi scena-rebis Seqmnidan evropuli sazogadoeba da politikuriistebliSmenti praqtikuli nabijebis realizebaze ga-

davida. 1843-1853 wlebSi evropis sxvadasxva qalaqSi pa-

cifistebis, gamoCenili sazogado da saxelmwifo moR-

vaweebis organizebiT regularuli Sexvedrebi daiwyo,romelic „megobrobisa da mSvidobis saerTaSoriso

kongresis“ saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. 1849 wlis 22-24


41

ivniss mSvidobis kongresi parizSi gaimarTa, romlis

prezidentad viqtor hiugo iqna arCeuli. gaxsnis cere-

moniaze sityviT gamosvlis dros, v. hiugom evropis Se-

erTebuli Statebis koncefcia wamoayena da aRniSna:„dadgeba dRe, rodesac am kontinentis yvela eri, saku-

Tari individualurobis daTmobis gareSe, mWidro ga-erTianebad Seikvreba da did evropul Zmobas daudebs

safuZvels. dadgeba dRe, rodesac aRar iarsebebs sab-

rZolo veli, garda bazrisa (romelic ixsneba vaWrebi-

saTvis) da sulierebisa (romelic ixsneba ideebisaT-

vis). dadgeba dRe, rodesac tyviasa da Wurvs xmis misa-

cemad gamzadebuli biuletenebi Secvlis“.amgvarad, aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi „maradiuli

mSvidobis“ ZiebaSi erTiani evropis formirebis araer-

Ti idea daibada. am ideebis Sesabamisad, materikze ko-

leqtiuri usafrTxoebis, Tavdacvisa da saerTo ke-TildReobis koncefciis ganxorcieleba garkveuli

formiT, mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaxda Se-

saZlebeli, ramac Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyo globalurasparezze erTiani evropis erTerT Zlier subieqtad

formireba.


42

Lasha Bazhunaishvili

United Europe – Theory in ActionSummary

During the centuries after collapse of Roman EmpireEuropean countries were constantly living in the regime of armedconflicts and resistance. After the Ages of Discoveries space ofconfrontation were expanded, but Europe still remained epicenter ofmain controversy. In such situation progressive members ofEuropean Society, mostly Humanists and Enlightenments activelybegun thinking how to achieve Lasting Peace in Europe. During thisquest of Lasting Peace was born Idea of United Europe.

The article presents the ideas of French, German, British andAmerican, philosophers, enlightenments, and writers about creatingof United European Federation. There widely publicized activities ofpragmatist politicians, statesmen and public figures of XX centuryaiming to establish Pan-European movement, military alliance,political and economic integration and “United States of Europe”based upon supranational principles. Precisely their ideas andactivities made possible to realize collective security, defense andcommon social welfare in the West Europe after the World War II.Establishment of European Economic Community, later EuropeanUnion finally set up lasting peace in Old World and ensures creatingof united and strong European community in the global political andeconomic arena.


43

Лаша Бажунаишвили

Единая Европа – теория в ДействииРезюме

После падения Римской империи, на протяжении вековевропейские государства сосуществовали в режимевооруженных конфликтов. После великих географическихоткрытий, ареал конфронтации еще более расширился, однако,Европа вновь оставалась в эпицентре развития событий. Всоздавшейся ситуации, здоровая часть европейского общества(гуманисты, просветители и т.д.) начали активно искать путисоздания «вечного мира», в поисках которого и родилась идеяобъединения Европы. В статье рассмотрены идеи объединенияевропейских государств и создания федеративных субъектов вработах французских, английских, немецких и американскихфилософов, писателей и общественных деятелей XVIII-XIXвеков.

Широко освещена деятельность прагматично мыслящихобщественно-политических кругов европейских государств XXвека с целью создания «Соединенных Штатов Европы»,панъевропейское движение, основанное на наднациональномпринципе политической, военной и экономической интеграции.Именно благодаря деятельности просветителей и лидеровпанъевропейского движения, только после второй мировойвойны, на материке стало возможным, в определенной форме,


44

создание концепции коллективной безопасности, обороны иблагополучия, что в свою очередь, способствовалоформированию единой Европы как сильного политическогоигрока на глобальной сцене.

literatura da resursebi

The Political Writings of William Penn. Introduction andAnnotation by Andrew R. Murphy. Published by Liberty Fund,Indianapolis 2002;

An Essay towards the Present and Future of Peace of Europe,by William Penn. First Published in 1693-94. Published by theAmerican Peace Society, Washington DC., 1912;

E. Aksu, Early Notions of Global Governance: SelectedEighteenth-century Proposals for „perpetual Peace“, University ofWales Press, 2008;

Lukas K. Sosoe, Leibniz and European cosmopolitanism,Source: Re-Thinking Europe. Book Series. Vol. 2 – 2015, pp. 4-22;

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A lasting Peace Through theFederation of Europe and The State of War, translated by C.E.Vaughan, Published by Constable & Company LTD, London 1917;

Céline Spector, The Plan for Perpetual Peace: From Saint-Pierre to Rousseau. From C. Spector, ‘Le Projet de paix


45

perpétuelle: de Saint-Pierre à Rousseau’, with B. Bachofen, B.Bernardi, and F. Guénard, in Principes du droit de la guerre, Ecritssur le Projet de Paix Perpétuelle de l’abbé de Saint-Pierre, ed. by B.Bachofen, Paris: Vrin, 2008;

Immanuel Kant, Toward Perpetual Peace, In Kant: PoliticalWritings, 2nd edition, edited by H. Reiss, Published by CambridgeUniversity Press, 1991;


46

germanuli blickrigis CaSla

zaza burkaZe

pirveli msoflio omis dasawyisSi dasavleTisfrontze ganviTarebuli saomari operaciebi es iyo im

gegmis Sedegi, rac germaniis generalurma Stabma misi

meTauris (1891-1906 wlebSi) alfred fon Slifenis xel-

mZRvanelobiT XX saukunis damdegs SeimuSava.1892 wlidan, roca safrangeT-ruseTis samxedro-

politikuri aliansi Seiqmna, germaniis mmarTveli wre-

ebisaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom maTi mTavari mowinaaRmde-

geni evropaSi ruseTi da safrangeTi iyvnen. 1879 wels

gaformebuli germania-avstriis samxedro kavSiris mi-

xedviT avstria-ruseTis konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi Tavi-si mokavSirisaTvis germanias dauyovnebeli samxedro

daxmareba unda gaewia. swored amgvar urTierTvalde-

bulebas iTvaliswinebda (sxva saxelmwifosTan omis

SemTxvevaSi) zemoTaRniSnuli safrangeT-ruseTis sam-

xedro kavSiric. aqedan gamomdinare germanias momaval-Si erTdroulad aramarto ruseTTan da safrangeTTan

Sejaxebis, aramed or frontze brZolis safrTxec

emuqreboda. (Такман, gv. 44)


47

1891 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac Slifenma germaniis

generaluri Stabis ufrosis posti daikava, igi maSinve

Seudga iseTi gegmis SemuSavebas, romlis meSveobiTacgermaniis potenciur mowinaaRmdegeebze swrafi gamar-

jvebis mopoveba iqneboda SesaZlebeli. Slifenis wina-

morbedi germaneli samxedro Teoretikosebi moltke-ufrosi da valderzee romlebic Tvlidnen, rom germa-nia samxedro potencialiT ruseTsa da safrangeTs Ca-

mouvardeboda, maTTan omSi swraf gamarjvebas saer-

Tod SeuZleblad miiCnevdnen. isini mxolod safran-

geTTan omsac Zalzed saxifaTod aRiqvamdnen. safran-geTis samxedro Zalebis zrda da mis aRmosavleT saz-

Rvarze cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba maTi azriT am qve-yanasTan konfliqtSi gamarjvebis mopovebas metad sa-

eWvos xdida.amitom im SemTxvevaSi Tu orive potenci-ur mowinaaRmdegesTan omi Tavidan acilebuli ver iq-neboda moltkes da valderzees azriT am oms Tavdacvi-

Ti xasiaTi unda qonoda. dasavleTSi mdinare rainzedayrdnobiT germanelebs frangebis winaaRmdeg mtkice

dacviTi xazi unda SeeqmnaT, xolo mTavari Zalebi aR-mosavleT prusiaSi rusebis Sesakaveblad unda gadaes-rolaT da amasTan erTad ruseTis poloneTSi SeWrac

unda ecadaT, raTa saomari moqmedeba mowinaaRmdegis

teritoriaze yofiliyo gadatanili.


48

moltke-ufrosisa da valderzeesagan gansxvave-

biT Slifeni upiratesobas SeteviT oms aniWebda. mas

sjeroda, rom kargadorganizebuli da farTomasStabi-ani SeteviT mowinaaRmdegis mTeli Zalebis ganadgure-ba erT generalur brZolaSi omis dasawyisSive iqnebo-

da SesaZlebeli. amasTan erTad Slifeni fiqrobda, rom

pirveli ieriSi ara ruseTze, aramed ,,yvelaze ufro

Zlier da saxifaTo mterze“ (Такман, gv. 45) safrangeTze

unda ganxorcielebuliyo, radgan XIX saukunis bolossafrangeTis armiis samobilizacio SesaZleblobebi im-

denad gaizarda, rom igi am TvalsazrisiT germanias ga-

uTanabrda. safrangeTis sardlobas mobilizaciis ga-mocxadebidan or kviraSi ukve SeeZlo germaniis saz-RvarTan ZiriTadi Zalebis gadasrola da didi Setevis

ganxorcieleba maSin, roca germaniis generaluri Sta-

bis gaTvlebiT ruseTs, romelsac ar gaaCnda ganviTa-

rebuli sarkinigzo infrastruqtura, amgvari manevre-

bis organizebisaTvis daaxlovebiT 40-42 dRe dasWir-

deboda.Slifenis gegmis (romelic sabolood 1905 wels

mis naSromSi ,,omi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg“ iqna Camoya-

libebuli) mixedviT germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

didi umravlesoba (8 armiidan 7 armia) am qveynis dasav-

lTis sazRvris gaswvriv (Sveicariidan holandiamde)


49

unda yofiliyo koncentrirebuli. amis Semdeg germa-nul centris da marjvena flangis dajgufebebs fran-

guli cixe-simagreebis gverdis avliT SeWra luqsem-

burgsa da belgiaSi unda ganexorcielebinaT. am opera-ciis msvlelobaSi germanuli marjvena flangi lieJis

da namiuris cixe-simagreebis aRebis Semdeg briuselis

CrdiloeTidan SemovliT, saomari moqmedebis dawyebi-

dan ocdameore dRes safrangeT-belgiis sazRvarTan

unda gasuliyo. operaciis ocdameTerTmete dRes ger-manuli nawilebi ukve safrangeTis teritoriis siRrme-

Si, qalaqebis amienis da la feris midamoebSi unda yo-

filiyvnen. Semdeg etapze la manSis srutesTan miaxlo-vebul germanuli armiebi CrdiloeTidan parizis nam-glisebur SemovliT manevrs ganaxorcielebdnen dasafrangeTis armias germanuli marcxena flangisaken

ukuagdebdnen, romelic am momentSi elzas-lotaringi-

idan Setevas ganaxorcielebda. sabolood marwuxebSimoqceuli safrangeTis armia operaciis ormocdameore

dRes mTlianad iqneboda ganadgurebuli, ris Semdegac

germaniis sardloba mTel am Zalebs aRmosavleTiT,ruseTis winaaRmdeg gadaisroda. dasavleTSi saomarmoqmedebaTa dasrulebamde germaniis darCenili Za-

lebs (me-8 armia) aRmosavleT prusiaSi, ruseTis saz-

Rvarze TavdacviTi poziciebi unda daekavebinaT. maTiamocana iyo SeenelebinaT ruseTis jarebis winsvla im


50

SemTxvevaSi, Tu ruseTis sardloba safrangeTSi opera-ciebis damTavrebamde aRmosavleT prusiaSi raime Se-

tevis organizebas mainc moaxerxebda.Slifeni darwmunebuli iyo, rom momaval omSi,

roca erTmaneTs mravalmilioniani armiebi daupiris-

prdebodnen, mainc SesaZlebeli iqneboda mowinaaRmde-gis jarebze flangebidan Rrma SemovliTi manevrebisganxorcieleba da mTeli misi Zalebis swrafi da sruli

ganadgureba, karTageneli sardlis hanibalis msgavsad,romelmac Zv. w. 216 wels kanesTan brZolaSi orive

flangidan erTdrouli SemovliT (hanibalis am manevrs

Slifeni sanimuSod miiCnevda) ricxobrivad Warbi ro-

maelTa jarebi sastikad daamarcxa. Slifeni Tvlida,rom safrangeTis sardlobis mier ganxorcielebuliyvela zomis miuxedavad da kontinentze inglisis saeq-spedicio korpusis gadmosxdomis SemTxvevaSic ki misi

gegma warmatebT iqneboda realizebuli. Tumca iTva-

liswinebda ra frangebis Seupovar winaaRmdegobas, igi

xazs usvamda imas, rom gamarjvebisaTvis ,,Zalzed mniS-vnelovani iyo germanuli marjvena flangis winsvlisuzrunvelyofa gegmiT dadgenil poziciebze da gegmiT

dadgenil vadebSi“ (Киган, gv. 30). aucilebeli iyo ag-

reTve ,,mtris yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis daZleva, Se-tevis uwyveti gagrZeleba da mowinaaRmdegisaTvis al-yidan Tavis daRwevis Tundac mcire SesaZleblobis


51

mospoba, radgan ,,Tu frangebi SeZleben marnasa da se-

nas iqeT ukandaxevas omi didxans gagrZeldeba“ (Киган,gv. 30). Slifeni da misi Stabi varaudobdnen, rom patara

belgia, romlis samxedro Zalebi sul eqvs divizias Se-

adgenda, germaniis armias winaaRmdegobas ar gauwevda

da mxlod sityvieri protestiT Semoifargleboda, risSedegadac germaniis armiis winsvla dagegmilze ufro

swrafi tempiT warimarTeboda. Tumca belgiis mxridan

winaaRmdegobis SesaZlebloba, risi bolomde gamoric-

xva ar SeiZleboda, germaniis generalur Stabs Zalzed

aSfoTebda, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli iyoxidebis, kavSirgabmulobis da sarkinigzo komunikacie-

bis dazianeba, rasac piriqiT, SeiZleboda germaniissamxedro Zalebis Setevis tempis Seneleba da Sesabami-sad Slifenis gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli grafikis mniS-

vnelovani darRveva gamoewvia.vinaidan germanul marjvena flangs, romelTan

erTad centris dajgufebasac unda emoqmeda, dasavle-

Tis frontze mTavari roli eniWeboda, aq Zalebis imazebevrad meti raodenobac unda yofiliyo koncentrire-

buli, vidre marcxena flangze, romelic germania-saf-

rangeTis sazRvarze iqneboda ganlagebuli. Slifenis

gegmis mixedviT es Tanafardoba unda yofiliyo 7:1-ze.ZalTa amgvari ganawileba germanul generalitets sa-Sualebas miscemda mTeli operaciis ganmavlobaSi Ta-


52

vis marjvena flangze mowinaaRmdegesTan SedarebiTricxobrivi upiratesoba qonoda da mokavSireTa Zale-

bi TandaTanobiT gaenadgurebina, xolo rezervebisbrZolaSi ganuwyveteli CabmiT germanelebi upirate-

sobas am operaciis gadamwyvet fazaSic, parizisaTvis

brZolis drosac SeinarCunebdnen. is faqti, rom mTelirezervebi germanuli marjvena flangisaTvis iyo gan-

kuTvnili, mniSvnelovan riskis faqtors qmnida, radgan

marcxena flangi da aRmosavleT prusiaSi moqmedi me-8armia am rezervebis gareSe rCebodnen. magram Slifeni

dasaSvebad miiCnevda elzas-lotariingiis da aRmosav-leT prusiis droebiT datovebas imisaTvis raTa mar-jvena flangs dasavleTis frontze blickrigi dadge-

nil vadaSi warmatebiT ganexorcielebina. Tumca Sli-fenis moTxovnam rom marjvena flangi araviTar Sem-

TxvevaSi ar unda Sesustebuliyo, ruris regionismrewvelTa da aRmosavleT prusiel iunkerTa didi uk-

mayofileba gamoiwvia, ris gamoc vilhelm II-m (rome-

lic Tavisi armiis upiratesobaSi darwmunebuli, mar-jvena flangze Zalebis garkveul Semcirebas did saf-

rTxed ar miiCnevda) Slifeni Tanamdebobidan gadaaye-

na.germaniis generaluri Stabis axalma meTaurma

helmut fon moltkem, romelsac frangebis winaaRmdegmoqmedi Tavisi marcxena flangis sisuste da aRmosav-


53

leT prusiaSi myofi germanuli Zalebis arasakmao rao-

denoba metad aSfoTebda, gegmaSi cvlilebebi Seitana,rac marcxena flangis garkveul gaZlierebas iTvalis-

winebda. amis Sedegad marjvena da marcxena flangebs

Soris ZalTa Tanafardoba 7:1-is nacvlad 3:1-mde iqna

dayvanili. (Куличкин, gv. 35) magram riskis faqtori

amiT mainc ver aRmoifxvra, radgan Slifenis gegma me-

tad sworxazovnad iyo Sedgenili. igi ar iyo mimarjve-

buli im gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebisaTvis, rac sa-omari operaciebis msvlelobisas SeiZleboda Seqmni-

liyo. amasTan erTad rogorc movlenaTa msvlelobam

cxadyo, es gegma germaniis armiis SesaZleblobebis ga-

daWarbebul da piriqiT, mowinaaRmdegeTa Zalebis ara-

saTanadod realur Sefasebas emyareboda.amgvarad Slifenis gegmis mixedviT 1914 wlis 4 ag-

vistos, dasavleTis frontze saomari operaciebi ger-

maniis armiis belgiaSi SeWriT gaCaRda. am momentSisafrangeTis armiis mTavarsardalma generalma Jof-

rma, romelic fiqrobda, rom mowinaaRmdegis mTavari

Zalebi safrangeT-germaniis sazRvarze, elzas-lota-

ringiaSi iyvnen Tavmoyrilni, am mimarTulebiT genera-

luri Setevis dawyebis gadawyvetileba miiRo. safran-geTis dazvervam da generalurma Stabma saTanadod verSeafases dasavleTis frontze Tavmoyrili germanuli


54

armiebis saerTo potenciali. isini ar fiqrobdnen imas,rom moltke regularul jarebTan erTad sarezervo

nawilebsac gamoiyenebda. garda amisa maTi gaTvlebiT

moltkes aRmosavleT prusiaSi rusebis winaaRmdeg 22divizia yavda ganlagebuli maSin, roca realurad iq

mxolod 11 divizia imyofeboda. frangulma dazvervam

gamoicno, rom germanelebi safrangeTis mTeli armiis

alyaSi moqcevas Seecdebodnen, magram man ver SeZloganesazRvra verc am manevris geografiuli masStabi da

verc im Zalebis raodenoba, riTac mowinaaRmdege mis

gaxorcielebas Seecdeboda. franguli dazvervis vara-udiT germanelebi belgiis teritoriis mxolod mcirenawils gamoiyenebdnen da ar Seecdebodnen mTeli qvey-nis dakavebas ris gamoc SemovliTi manevris radiusi

didi ar iqneboda. Jofrs imedi qonda, rom moltke Zi-riTadi Zalebis koncentrirebas CrdiloeTsa da sam-

xreTSi moaxdenda, ris Sedegadac germanelTa centriSesustdeboda da frangebic Zlier dartymas swored

masze ganaxorcielebdnen. magram es imedi ar gamar-

Tlda (Хеистингс, gv. 43).agvistos Sua ricxvebSi safrangeTis xuTi armia

elzas-lotaringiaSi SeiWra. 20 agvistosaTvis fran-

gebma mowinaaRmdegis teritoriis siRrmeSi win 25 ki-

lometriT waiwies. magram germanelebma ardenebis mTe-bis tyiani ferdobebis gamoyenebiT da tyviamfrqveve-


55

bis cecxliT frangTa Semoteva SeaCeres da isini gaWia-

nurebul sisxlismRvrel brZolebSi Caabes (seqtembris

damdegs sawyis poziciebzec ukuagdes), ramac germani-is sardlobas saSualeba misca mTeli yuradReba bel-giaSi mimdinare operaciebze gadaetana da ZiriTadi Za-

lebic iq gadaesrola.Tumca miuxedavad amisa belgiaSi brZolebis daw-

yebisTanave Slifenis gegmis ganxorcielebis Tvalsaz-risiT germanul generalitets mainc seriozuli prob-

lemebi Seeqmna. germanelebma ver SeZles SetevisaTvis

saWiro operatiuli sivrcis mopoveba. maTTvis metad

arasasiamovno siurprizi iyo is, rom belgiuri cixe-si-

magreebis lieJis da namiuris aReba, romlebic mdinare

mezze (maasi) gadasasvlelebs ketavdnen, pirdapiri ie-

riSiT SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. germanelTa specialur

operatiul SenaerTi, romelsac germanuli genStabis

azriT mTeli lieJis gamagrebuli raioni 48 saaTSi un-

da daekavebina, 4-idan 6 agvistomde qalaqis misadgo-

mebTan gaafTrebul brZolebs awarmoebda. miuxedavaddidi zaralisa germanulma nawilebma mxolod qalaqis

da citadelis dakaveba SeZles. lieJis irgvliv ganla-

gebuli 12 forti, romelTa sqeli rkina-betonis ked-lebis winaaRmdeg germanuli savele artileria uZlu-

ri aRmoCnda, brZolas agrZelebda. germanelebi iZule-bulni gaxdnen qalaq hesenidan sarkinigzo platfor-


56

miT lieJTan krupis firmis mier damzadebuli ori

msxvilkalibriani (420 m. m.) qvemexi gadmoetanaT rom-

lebic specialurad cixe-simagreebis gasanadgureb-

lad iyvnen gankuTvnilni. maTi transportireba 9-dan

12 agvistomde gagrZelda. sabolood lieJis fortebiswinaaRmdegobis CaxSoba mxolod am giganturi saarti-

lerio danadgarebiT 17 agvistosaTvis moxerxda.amis Semdeg germanelebma SeZles Seteva belgiis

teritoriis siRrmeSi ganeviTarebinaT, magram am Sete-vis tempi TandaTanobiT Seanela belgiis mcirericxo-

vanma armiam, romelic mters Seupovar winaaRmdegobas

uwevda. belgiaSi mimdinare brZolebi germanuli sar-

dlobisaTvis did problemad iqca. Slifenis gegmismkacrad gansazRvruli vadebi germanel generlebs xSi-

rad mowinaaRmdegis gverdis avliT (ise rom misi pozi-

ciebis bolomde dakaveba ver xerxdeboda) didi samxed-

ro marSebis ganxorcielebas aiZulebda, ris gamoc amgadaadgilebebs belgiuri samxedro nawilebi da gansa-

kuTrebiT snaiperebi didad abrkolebdnen. germanuliarmiis manevrebi belgiaSi am qveynis satransporto ko-

munikaciebmac Seaferxa. maTi gamtarunarianoba mra-valricxovani germanuli samxedro SenaerTebisaTvis

metad SezRuduli aRmoCnda. amas emateboda belgiel

partizanTa moqmedebac, romlebic afeTqebdnen xidebs

da rkinigzebs, azianebdnen satelefono da satelegra-


57

fo xazebs, ris Sedegadac Zalzed Zneldeboda germanu-

li nawilebis sabrZolo masaliT, sursaTiT da medika-

mentebiT momarageba, irRveoda kavSirgabmuloba ara-

marto germanul armiasa da generalur Stabs, aramed

calkeul korpusebs Sorisac ki. unda iTqvas, rom ger-

manuli armiebis moZraobis tempi arc maSin iyo swrafi,roca igi daubrkoleblad mimdinareobda, radgan ja-

riskacebs, romelTa didi umravlesobas axalwveulebi

Seadgendnen ar SeeZloT iseTi siswrafiT marSireba,rogorc amas profesionali samxedroebi ganaxorcie-

lebdnen.miuxedavad am sirTuleebisa germaniis armia jer-

jerobiT mainc win miiwevda. igi namiuris cixe-simagres

uaxlovdeboda. es cixe-simagre Tavisi fortebiT uka-

naskneli bastioni iyo, romelic germanul jarebs saf-

rangeTSi SesaWrel gzas uRobavda. saerTo operatiu-

li viTarebac germanelTaTvis jer-jerobiT sakmaod

xelsayreli iyo. lieJis dakargvis Semdeg belgiis ar-

miam, romelic jer kidev mokavSireTa daxmarebis gare-Se ibrZoda da dedaqalaqis dasacavad Zalebi ar yofni-

da, antverpenisaken daixia ukan. belgiis sardlobacdilobda mTeli darCenili ZalebiT es udidesi portida Sesabamisad la manSis srutesTan damakavSirebeli

komunikaciebi SeenarCunebina. 20 agvistos germaniis


58

jarebma briuseli daikaves, ris Sedegadac isini briu-

sel-namiur-dinanis zRudeze gavidnen.rogorc ukve iTqva belgiaSi germanelTa warmate-

ba safrangeTis generaluri Stabis SecdomiT iyo gan-

pirobebuli. generali Jofri, romelic mTavar miznad

elzas-lotaringiis dakavebas miiCnevda da ZiriTadi

ZalebiT brZolebs am mimarTulebiT awarmoebda, maSi-

nac ki, roca germanelebma ieriSi lieJze miitanes, fiq-

robda, rom germanuli jarebis koncentraciis donebelgiaSi didi ar iyo da isini mdinare mezis CrdiloeT

napirze gadasvlas ver SeZlebdnen. mxolod 15 agvis-

tos, roca germanuli jarebi Seecadnen qalaqi dinanis

maxloblad mezze gadebuli xidebi daekavebinaT, saf-

rangeTis sardloba mixvda, rom germanelebi mTavariZalebiT dartymas swored belgiidan anxorcielebdnenda rom isini belgiis teritoriis siRrmeSi rac SeiZle-

boda ufro metad Sesvlas da aramarto safrangeT-belgiis sazRvarze gasvlas, aramed la manSis srutis

frangul sanapirosTan miaxlovebasac gegmavdnen. Jof-

rma safrangeTis me-5 armiis (romelic elzas-lotarin-giaSi SeWrili franguli Zalebis marcxena flangze

moqmedebda) sardals general lanrezaks ubrZanaCrdiloeTisken daZruliyo da poziciebi belgiis te-

ritoriaze, mdinareebis mezis da sambris SesarTavTan

qalaqebs dinans, namiursa da Sarleruas Soris daekave-


59

bina. 21 agvistos Jofrma britaneTis saeqspedicio ar-

miasac (romelic general frenCis sardlobiT 6-10 ag-vistos CrdiloeT safrangeTSi gadmosxda da ukve qa-

laq mobieJTan iyo Tavmoyrili) ubrZana poziciebi

belgiur qalaq monsTan daekavebina da lanrezakis me-5armiasTan koordinirebulad emoqmeda. safrangeTis

sardlobam sami sarezervo diviziac gamoyo, romelTacmobieJidan la manSamde arsebuli sivrce unda Caeke-

taT.magram mokavSireTa Soris koordinirebuli moq-

medeba ver ganxorcielda. germanulma Zalebma, romle-

bic ricxobriv upiratesobas (aq agreTve didi rolimZime artileriasa da tyviamfrqvevebSi germanelTa

upiratesobamac iTamaSa) flobdnen, mokavSireebs Seer-

Tebis saSualeba ar misces da isini calk-calke ukuag-

des. 23 agvistos germanelebma xelT igdes namiursa dadinans Soris arsebuli xidebi da mezis marcxena napir-

ze gadavidnen. 24 agvistos samdRiani sisxlismRvrelibrZolebis Semdeg msxvilkalibriani qvemexebis gamoye-

nebiT germanelebma namiuris cixe-simagrec aiRes. lan-

rezakis armiis mdgomareoba kritikuli gaxda. 25 agvis-tos igi iZulebuli iyo ukan daexia da safrangeTis te-

ritoriaze gadmosuliyo. germanelTa winsvlis SeCere-

ba verc inglisis saeqspedicio armiam SeZlo. marTalia

23-24 agvistos monsTan mimdinare brZolebSi man mowi-


60

naaRmdeges didi zarali miayena, magram 25 agvistoslanrezakis armiis ukandaxevis Semdeg ingliselebiciZulebulni gaxdnen monsi daetovebinaT da franguli

qalaqebis kambresa le katosaken daexiaT ukan.amis Semdeg germanuli 1-li, me-2 da me-3 armiebi

generlebis kliukis, biulovis da hoizenis sardlobiT

CrdiloeT safrangeTSi SeiWrnen. miuxedavad am warma-tebisa SarleruasTan da monsTan mimdinare brZolebma

(rac sasazRvro omis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili) aSkarad

warmoaCina is faqti, rom Setevis operatiuli sivrce

germanelebma verc amjerad Seqmnes. isini iZulebulni

iyvnen belgia safrangeTis sazRvarzeve anglo-fran-

gul ZalebTan mZime brZolebSi Cabmuliyvnen. amasTanerTad germanelebma verc mowinaaRmdegis alyaSi moq-

ceva da ganadgureba SeZles. rogorc frangulma me-5armiam, ise inglisurma SenaerTebma organizebulad da-

ixies ukan da axali TavdacviTi poziciebi daikaves. aR-saniSnavia isic, rom winaaRmdegobas agrZelebda belgi-

is armiac. igi qveynis CrdiloeTiT, qalaqebis antver-

penis da ipris misadgomebTan jer-jerobiT poziciebsinarCunebda da mowinaaRmdegis mniSvnelovan Zalebs

izidavda.Tumca am momentSi germanuli generaliteti op-

timisturad iyo ganwyobili. igi eiforiam moicva, rad-

gan sasazRvro brZolebis Semdeg verdenis Crdilo-da-


61

savleTiT ganlagebulma mTelma frangulma jarebma

(me-3 da me-5 armiebi) inglisis armiasTan erTad saerTo

ukandaxeva daiwyes. germanuli armiebi bolos da bo-

los CrdiloeT safrangeTSi SeiWrnen. Slifenis gegmis

rwmena arasodes ar iyo iseTi absoluturi, rogorc ax-

la (Уткин, gv. 139). germanuli damrtymeli marjvenaflangis Zalebi safrangeTis teritoriis siRrmeSi mii-

wevdnen. isini 120 kilometrian sifarTis frontze an-

glo-franguli Zalebis marcxena flangis Semovlas an-xorcielebdnen da parizs CrdiloeTidan uaxlovde-

bodnen. swraf gamarjvebaSi darwmunebulma moltkem,romelic mowinaaRmdegis marcxena flangis jarebs uk-

ve ganadgurebulad Tvlida garkveuli Zalebi (1/2 di-

vizia) zurgSi darCenili franguli cixe-simagris mobi-

eJis (romelic germanelebma mxolod 7 seqtembers dai-

kaves) alyisaTvis gadaisrola, riTac Tavisi marjvena

flangi garkveulwilad Seasusta.magram germanel generalTa optimizmi TandaTan

gaifanta. mokavSireTa ukandaxeva organizebulad mim-

dinareobda. maT yvela qvemexi SeinarCunes. samxedroSenaerTebi alyas Tavs aridebdnen da danakargebis Sev-

sebasac swrafad axdendnen (Стоунgv. 24). safrangeTis

armiis winaaRmdegoba ganuxrelad izrdeboda. safran-

geTis generaluri Stabis ufrosma J. Jofrma TandaTan


62

gaacnobiera is faqti, rom Seqmnili viTarebaSi elzas-lotaringiaSi Setevis gagrZelebas azri ar qonda damTeli Zalebi mas germanuli marjvena flangis SesaCe-

reblad unda miemarTa. 25 agvistos safrangeTis gene-ralurma Stabma miiRo gadawyvetileba franguli mar-

jvena flangis 1-li da me-2 armiebidan moxsnili Senaer-

TebiT da sarezervo samxedro nawilebiT axali me-6 ar-

miis formireba moexdina, romelsac 2 seqtembrisaTvispoziciebi qalaq amienTan inglisis armiis marcxena

flangze unda daekavebina. amave dros CrdiloeTisaken

unda gadaenacvla frangul me-4 armiasac, ris Semdegac

me-3, me-4, me-5, me-6 franguli armiebi da inglisis saeq-spedicio Zalebi germanuli marjvena flangis da cen-

tris winaaRmdeg mZlavr dajgufebas Seqmnidnen, ro-melsac mowinaaRmdegis winsvla unda SeeCerebina daxelsayrel viTarebaSi kontrSetevis ganxorcielebac

unda ecada. generalma Jofrma Tavisi marjvena flangi-

dan marcxena flangze ZalTa didi gadajgufeba daiwyo.amave dros 26 da 27 agvistos belgiidan ukuqceulma in-

glisis saeqspedicio Zalebma da safrangeTis me-5 armi-am qalaqebTan le katosa da giuizTan Zlieri kontrSe-tevebi ganaxorcieles da germanelTa winsvla Seafer-

xes, ramac safrangeTis generalur Stabs ZalTa gadaj-

gufebis TvalsazrisiT ramdenime dRe moagebina. am

kontrSetevebma warmoaCina isic, rom miuxedavad ukan-


63

daxevisa franguli da inglisuri SenaerTebi demora-lizebulni ar iyvnen da brZolisunarianobas inarCu-

nebdnen. agvistos bolos frangul me-5 da me-3 armiebs

da britanul saeqspedicio korpuss franguli me-4 da

me-6 armiebi wamoeSvelnen. anglo-frangulma Zalebmagermanuli marjvena flangis Semtev dajgufebas axali

mZlavri barieri Seuqmnes. amis Sedegad germanuli sam-

xedro nawilebis (romlebic Tavs momaragebis bazebsac

sul ufro Sordebodnen) winsvla kidev ufro Senelda.Jofris brZanebiT parizis irgvliv general J. galienisxelmZRvanelobiT sarezervo ZalebiT gansakuTrebuli

gamagrebuli rkalic Seiqmna. am dros germanul genera-

litets axali problema gauCnda. igi iZulebuli iyomarjvena flangis Semtevi dajgufeba kidev ufro See-

sustebina, misgan garkveuli SenaerTebi (ori korpusi

da erTi sakavalerio divizia) moexsna da isini aRmosav-

leT prusiaSi rusebis winaaRmdeg gadaesrola, radganruseTis sardlobam sakmaod kargad gaTvlili samobi-lizacio gegmis Sesabamisad germaniis sazRvarTan Sem-tevi dajgufebebis koncentracia da aRmosavleT pru-

siaSi SeWra imaze ufro adre (agvistos Sua ricxvebSi)da imaze ufro didi ZalebiT (ori armia) moaxerxa, vid-

re amas germaniis sardloba moeloda. germanuli gene-

raluri StabisaTvis didi moulodneloba iyo isic,rom igi dasavleTis frontze mimdinare operaciebTan


64

erTad Tavisi mTavari mokavSiris, avstria-ungreTi-saTvis samxedro daxmarebis gawevis problemis winaSec

aRmoCnda. Slifenis gegmis avtorebi sulac ar fiqrob-

dnen imas, rom avstriis armia balkaneTSi patara serbe-Tis okupacias swrafad ver moaxdenda da iZulebuligaxdeboda saomari operaciebi serbeTis da ruseTis wi-

naaRmdeg erTdroulad or frontze ewarmoebina, ra-

mac galiciasa da bukovinaSi 1914 wlis agvistosa daseqtemberSi avstriasa da ruseTs Soris gaCaRebul

brZolebSi avstria-ungreTis SesaZleblobebi mniSvne-lovnad SezRuda da ruseTis jarebs dualisturi impe-

riis teritoriaze SeWris saSualeba misca. amasTan er-

Tad ar gamarTlda germanel generalTa is imedi, romdasavleTis frontze maTi jarebis swraf winsvlasgermaniis kidev erTi mokavSiris italiis armiis aqtiu-

ri moqmedebac Seuwyobda xels, romelic italia-saf-rangeTis sazRvarze safrangeTis mniSvnelovan Zalebs

miizidavda. germaniis xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda

Segueboda im faqts, rom italiis mTavrobam omis da-

sawyisSive neitraliteti gamoacxada.Slifenis gegmis ganxorcieleba seriozuli saf-

rTxis qveS aRmoCnda. germanelebi ukve veRar axerxeb-dnen mowinaaRmdegis Zalebis marcxena flangze da pa-

rizze im farTo SemovliTi manevris ganxorcielebas,rogorc es Slifenis mier iyo Cafiqrebuli. safrange-


65

Tis armia, romelic kargad iyenebda ganviTarebul sar-

kinigzo qsels, swrafad moZraobda da axal poziciebs

ikavebda. safrangeTis ,,ganadgurebuli“ armiis winaaR-mdegobis zrdasTan erTad moltkes SeSfoTebac iz-

rdeboda. mas kargad axsovda Slifenis sityvebi: ,,brZo-

lis velze mopovebul gamarjvebas, Tuki mas Sedegad

garRveva an alyis Semortyma ar mosdevs, didi mniSvne-

loba ara aqvs. ukugdebuli mowinaaRmdege axal pozi-

ciebs ikavebs, raTa kvlav ganaaxlos brZola, romelic

man droebiT Sewyvita. aseT viTarebaSi kampania kvlav

gagrZeldeba.“ (Такман, gv. 354).seqtembris damdegs safrangeTis generaluri Sta-

bis Zalisxmevam Tavisi nayofi gamoiRo axladSeqmnilma

frangulma me-6 armiam, agreTve me-3, me-4, me-5 armiebma

da inglisi saeqpedicio Zalebma (5 divizia da 4 briga-

da) safrangeTis dedaqalaqis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi da

aRmosavleTis misadgomebi saimedod gadaketes. aRsa-

niSnavia, rom 4 seqtembers safrangeTis sardlobam ki-

dev erTi axali me-9 armiis Seqmnac daamTavra, romelic

aseve parizTan iqna gadasrolili gaZlierda. dedaqa-

laqis garnizoni. igi 6 diviziisagan da ori polkisagan

Sedgeboda, romelTac me-6 armiasTan erTad unda emoq-

medaT. saerTo jamSi parizTan ganlagebuli anglo-franguli Zalebi 54 qveiT da 9 cxenosan divizias iT-


66

vlidnen da germanuli marjvena flangis da centris 1-el, me-2, me-3, me-4 da me-5 armiebs (44 qveiTi da 5 cxeno-

sani divizia) ricxobrivad mniSvnelovnad Warbobdnen.ver SeZlo ra mowinaaRmdegis marcxena flangis da

Sesabamisad parizis Crdilo-dasavleTidan Semovla,jer kidev 28 agvistos 1-li armiis sardlis kliukis

iniciativiT germaniis generaluri Stabi, romelic Ta-

visi jarebis did danakargebsac iTvaliswinebda, iZu-lebuli gaxda Slifenis gegma garkveulwilad gadae-

sinja da axali gadawyvetileba mieRo. moltkes da ger-manuli generalitetis azriT Seqmnil viTarebaSi auci-

lebeli iyo SemovliTi manevris radiusis Semcireba,parizis am manevris farglebs gareT datoveba da mismisadgomebTan ganlagebuli mowinaaRmdegis Zalebis

garemocva da ganadgureba. germanel generlebs esmo-

daT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi germanuli damrtymeli daj-gufebis gaSiSvlebuli flangi parizis garnizonis Za-lebis da parizis CrdiloeTiT ganlagebuli franguli

me-6 armiis dartymis safrTxis qveS eqceoda, magram

isini fiqrobdnen, rom franguli me-6 armiis formirebajer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli da mas am dartymisaT-

vis Zalebi ar eyofoda, xolo parizis garnizonis jare-bi dedaqalaqis farglebis datovebas ver gabedavdnenda am operacias damoukideblad ver ganaxorcieleb-

dnen.


67

30 agvistos germanuli marjvena flangis Zalebi

samxreTis mimarTulebiT daiZrnen. 1 seqtembers maT

kompieni daikaves da parizs 50 kilometris manZilze

miuaxlovdnen. amave dRes safrangeTis mTavarsardlo-bam samxedro dazvervisagan fasdaudebeli dokumente-

bi miiRo, romlebSic detalurad iyo warmoCenili im

Setevis mimarTuleba, romelsac germanuli 1-li armia

amzadebda. mokluli iqna germaneli oficeri, romelicgeneral kliukis Stabidan Tavisi diviziis StabSibrundeboda da romelic gzaabneuli SemTxveviT fran-

gul patruls gadaeyara. sxvadasxva dokumentebTan er-

Tad mokluls upoves ruka, romelzedac aramarto naC-

venebi iyo kliukis armiis ZalTa zusti ganlageba, ra-

sac TavisTavad uaRresad didi mniSvneloba qonda, ara-med fanqriT iyo aRniSnuli meore dRes daniSnuli Se-

tevis mimarTulebis xazebi (Гилберт, gv. 85). safrange-

Tis generaluri StabisaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom jer-je-robiT germanelebi parizis Sturms ar apirebdnen daieriSs mxolod parizTan myof mokavSireTa Zalebze

gegmavdnen. 3 seqtembers moltkes brZanebiT germanuli

1-li da me-2 armiebma Setevis mimarTuleba kvlav Secva-

les. isini ukve samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdinare marnas-ken miemarTebodnen da cdilobdnen parizTan ganlage-

buli mTeli anglo-franguli dajgufeba garemoecvaT.amave dros germaniis generalurma Stabma, romelic sa-


68

Tanadod ver afasebda am dajgufebis Zalebs, Tavisi

centris me-3, me-4, da me-5 armiebs, romlebic aqamde

marjvena flangis 1-el da me-2 armiebTan erTad moqme-

debdnen, amjerad verdenisaken gadajgufeba ubrZana,raTa maT me-6 da me-7 armiebTan erTad am qalaqTan

franguli marjvena flangis 1-li da me-2 armiebi moeq-

ciaT alyaSi.Tumca Zalian male, 4-5 seqtembers mimdinare

brZolebis Semdeg germanuli generalitetisaTvis na-

Teli gaxda, rom parizTan moqmedi mowinaaRmdegisdajgufebis likvidacia germanuli marjvena flangis

armiebis SesaZleblobebs aRemateboda. moltke iZule-

buli iyo eRiarebina: ,,mowinaaRmdegem Tavidan aicila

Cveni 1-li da me-2 armiebis mier ganxorcielebuli misialyaSi moqcevis mcdeloba da SeZlo parizis raionSi

didi Zalebis Tavmoyra, romlebic Cveni marjvena

flangis winaaRmdeg arian mimarTulni“ (Киган, gv. 102).germaniis generalurma Stabma, romlis rigebSic SeS-

foTeba sul ufro izrdeboda, 1-el da me-2 armiebs Se-

Cereba da Tavdacvaze gadasvla ubrZana.Tumca TavdacviTi poziciebis Seqmna germaneleb-

ma veRar moaswres. 5 seqtembers safrangeTis sardlo-

bam didi masStabis kontrSeteviTi operacia wamoiwyo,romlis mizani aramarto germanuli 1-li armiis flan-


69

gze ieriSi, aramed mTeli germanuli dajgufebis mar-

jvena flangis Semovla da garemocva iyo. mTavari dar-

tyma me-6 frangulma armiam ganaxorciela, romelmac 5seqtembers mdinare urkze (marnas Senakadi) general

kliukis germanuli 1-li armiis marjvena flangs Seu-

tia. kliuki iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi armiis ZiriTadi

Zalebi marjvena flangze gadaejgufebina, ris Sedega-dac kliukis da mis marcxniv moqmed general biulovis

me-2 germanul armiebs Soris TiTqmis 100 kilometriani

sifarTis Tavisufali sivrce warmoiqmna. male frangu-

li me-6 armia parizis garnizonis ZalebiT iqna gaZlie-

rebuli. general galienis brZanebiT parizis taqsebis

(1200-mde avtomobili) meSveobiT frontis xazze qveiTi

brigada iqna gadasrolili, rac omebis istoriaSi ja-rebis transportirebisaTvis avtomobilebis gamoyene-

bis pirveli SemTxveva iyo. marTalia 7 da 8 seqtembris

gaafTrebuli brZolebis Semdeg germanulma 1-elma ar-

miam franguli me-6 armiis winsvla SeaCera, magram sama-

gierod frangulma me-5 armiam da britanulma saeqspe-

dicio Zalebma germanul 1-el da me-2 armiebs Soris ar-

sebul sivrceSi SeWra ganaxorcieles. 9 seqtembrisaT-

vis germanuli 1-eli da me-2 armiebi erTmaneTisagan

izolirebulni aRmoCndnen. Seqmnil kritikul viTare-baSi germaniis generaluri Stabi iZulebuli gaxda


70

mdgomareoba adgilze Seeswavla. moltkem 2-e da 1-liarmiebis StabebSi generaluri Stabis dazvervis ufro-

si vicepolkovniki henCi gagzavna. henCis moxsenebis

Semdeg cxadi gaxda, rom 1-el armias sruli garemocvis

safrTxe emuqreboda, ris gamoc erTmaneTTan komunika-

ciis da erTiani frontis aRdgenis mizniT 1-el da me-2armiebs saswrafod ukan unda daexiaT. am manevris Sem-

deg daucveli rCeboda me-3 armiis flangi, amitom me-3,me-4 da me-5 armiebis ukandaxevac aucilebeli xdeboda.10 seqtembers moltke iZulebuli gaxda germanulimarjvena flangis da centris dajgufebebis saerTo

ukandaxevis brZaneba gaeca. 5 germanuli armia daaxlo-

vebiT 400 kilometrian sifarTis frontze mdinare mar-

nadan aRmosavleTiT 100 kilometris manZilze, mdinare

enamde aRmoCnda ukugdebuli, rac Slifenis gegmis CaS-

las niSnavda.marnaze brZolis Semdeg orive mowinaaRmdege See-

cada erTmaneTis flangebis SemovliTi manevrebi gane-

xorcielebina, ris Sedegadac isini CrdiloeTiT, la

manSis srutisaken daiZrnen. am e. w. ,,zRvisken srbolas“flandriaSi gaCaRebuli SetakebaTa mTeli seria moy-

va.am brZolebis Sedegad orive mowinaaRmdege belgiu-

ri sanapiro qalaqis niuportis midamoebSi gavida. ambrZolebSi germanelTa marcxi dasavleTis frontzekidev ufro gamoikveTa maT xelT igdes la manSis sru-


71

tis mxolod belgiuri sanapiros didi nawili. frangu-

li sanapiro, misi portebi (diunkerki, kale, buloni,diepi, havri) da Sesabamisad inglisisa da safrangeTisdamakavSirebeli komunikaciebi antantis kontrolis

qveS darCa.1914 wlis samxedro kampania dasavleTis frontze

saboloo jamSi germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mar-

cxiT dasrulda. marTalia germaniam belgiis udidesi

nawili da safrangeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTis garkve-

uli, ekonomikurad maRalganviTarebuli departamen-

tebi igdo xelT, magram mTavari is iyo, rom CaiSala

Slifenis gegma. germanelebma ver SeZles safrangeTisomidan gamoyvana da amasTan erTad isini iZulebulniiyvnen saomari operaciebi ukve erTdroulad or

frontze ewarmoebinaT. es ki resursebis Tvalsazri-siT antantis upiratesobis gamo momavalSi germanias

kargs arafers uqadda. aseT viTarebaSi germaniis gene-ralitetma dasavleTis frontze tranSeebis gamagre-

buli sistemis mowyoba, zurgis sagzao da sarkinigzokomunikaciebis gaumjobeseba da Sesabamisad Tavdacva-

ze gadasvla arCia. germaniis generaluri Stabis azriTam mtkice TavdacviTi sistemiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda

dakavebuli teritoriebis SenarCuneba manam, sanam ger-maniis jarebi gadamwyvet gamarjvebas aRmosavleTis

frontze moipovebdnen.


72


Гилберт М. Первая мировая война. Москва,2016.Lifeinbooks.net/chto-pochitat/pervaya-mirovaya-voyna-martin-gilbert/

Киган Д. .Первая мировая война.Collib.net/b/185370Куличкин С. П. На фронтах Первой мировой. Москва,

2014.www.izdat.net/download-book/sergey-pavlovich-kulichkin/115968-na-frontah-pervoy-mirovoi

Стоун Н. Первая мировая война. Москва, 2009.www.e-reading.club/book.php?book=1008262

Такман Б. Августовские пушки. Мoсква,1972.http://royallib.com/book/takman_barbara/avgustovskie_pushki.html

Уткин А. И. Первая мировая война.royallib.com/book/utkin-anatoliy/pervaya-mirovaya-voyna.html.

Хейстингс М. Первая мировая война. Катастрофа 1914года.Москва, 2014. www.izdat.net/download-books/maks-heistings/61208-pervaya-mirovaya-voyna-katastrofa-1914-goda.


73

Заза Буркадзе

Провал немецкого блицкригаРезюме

В работе рассмотрены грандиозные военные операции,происходившие на западном фронте в начале Первой мировойвойны, в частности, в августе и сентябре 1914 года и которые вомногом определили дальнейший ход войны и его конечныйрезультат. Детально показан ,,План Шлифена“ (его общаясущность, отдельные этапы и размещение военных сил)разработанный перед войной германским генеральным штабом,с помощью которого немецкое командование предполагалоизбежать ведения военных действий сразу на двух фронтах идостичь быстрой победы над основными противникамиФранцией и Россией. Также детально показан ход боев вБельгии и северной Франции, движение сил немецкогоударного правого фланга, направления его атак, маневры иперегруппировки войск, предпринятые французскимкомандованием, сложившееся в результате военных операцииобщее положение, непредусмотренное ,,Планом Шлифена“просчеты германского генерального штаба, сражение приМарне и причины поражения германской армии в этой битве иво всей военной кампании на западном фронте в 1914 году. ведьименно после этого Германия была вынуждена вести затяжнуювойну на два фронта против России и Франции.


74

Zaza Burkadze

German blitzkrieg disruptionSummary

The paper discusses grand-scale military operations on theWesternFront at the beginning of World War I, more precisely inAugust and September of 1914 which largely determined the post-warmarch and its final result. A detailed description of,,SchlieffenPlan“ developed by German General Staff before the war ispresented (its separate stages, general essence and military powerconfigurations) by means ofwhich German commanders expected toavoid fighting on two fronts and to gain quick victory over mainopponents, France andRussia.Also comprehensively are presentedfights in Belgium and Northern France, movement of German rightforces,attack directions,French command's maneuvers and power-regrouping, overall war circumstances unforeseenby ,,SchlieffenPlan“, significantmistakes of German General Staff, battles at Marneand reasons of heavy defeat of Germanarmy in this battle and inmilitarycampaign on Western Front in 1914 after which Germanywas forced to get involved in theprotracted war on two frontssimultaneously against Russia and France.


75

evrokavSiris integraciis da usafrTxoe-bis politikis Seswavlis Teoriul-

meTodologiuri safuZvlebi

giga fartenaZe

kvlevis Sesabamisi donidan (saerTaSoriso, evro-

puli an zenacionaluri da nacionaluri) gamomdinareevrokavSiris integraciisa da usafrTxoebis politi-kis Camoyalibebis mizezebi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT en-

dogenuri an egzogenuri xasiaTiT. kerZod: is aris ro-

gorc integraciis gaRrmavebis Sedegi; rogorc evro-

kavSiris da aSS-s dapirispirebis da saerTaSoriso are-naze evrokavSiris politikuri rolis gaZlierebis Se-

degi; rogorc pasuxi saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis Ta-

namedrove gamowvevebze; rogorc evrokavSiris lideri

qveynebis iniciativis Sedegi da a.S.evropuli integraciis Seswavlis klasikur sko-

lad miiCneva federalizmi, romelic SeiZleba aRviqvaT

rogorc ,,inteleqtualuri reaqcia“ or msoflio omze,romelmac gaaCanaga evropuli qveynebi me-XX s-is pir-

vel naxevarSi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mTavariproblemad da konfliqtis mizezad federalistebi

miCneven suverenitetebis decentralizacias - mraval-ferovani damoukidebeli suverenuli saxelmwifoebis


76

arsebobas, romlebic Tavs ver aRweven urTierTundob-

lobas, safrTxeebs, dapirispirebas da Zaladobas.federalistebi gamodian saerTaSoriso urTier-

TobebSi anarqiis winaaRmdeg da gvTavazoben iseT re-

voluciur gadawyvetas, romelic gulisxmobs saerTa-

Soriso sistemis safuZvlebisaTvis Ziris gamoTxras.kerZod: erovnul damoukideblobaze uaris Tqma dasxvadasxva politikuri erTeulebis erTad gaerTiane-

ba.federalistebis azriT konfliqtebis institu-

cionaluri gadawyvetisaTvis mxareebma federacias un-

da gadascen monopolia Zalebis gamoyenebaze, romelicpirvel rigSi gulisxmobs SeiaraRebuli Zalebis for-

mirebaze upirates uflebas. imisaTvis rom zenaciona-lurma mTavrobam SeZlos evropul qveynebs Soris ur-

TierTobebis ise regulireba, rogorc erovnuli mTav-roba aregulirebs sakuTar moqalaqeebs Soris urTi-

erTobebs saxelmwifos SigniT16.federalistebis SexedulebebiT SeiZleba aixsnas

Tu ratom unda dadon saxelmwifoebma samxedro-poli-

tikuri kavSiri, magram SeuZlebelia martivad gavigoTis Tu saxelmwifoebma ratom unda dauSvan nebayoflo-biT sakuTari suverenitetis SezRudva yvelaze ufro

16 H.Suganami, The Domestic Analogy and World Order Proposals, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1989.


77

mgrZnobiare sferoSi. miT ufro, Tu gaviTvaliswinebTim faqts, rom evrokavSiri dRemde integraciisa dausafrTxoebis politikis ganxorcielebisas apeli-rebs mxolod wevri qveynebis resursebze da ar Cqarobs

saerTo evropuli armiis Seqmnaze. ufro metic, zogi-erTi qveyna saerTod ar monawileobs usafrTxoebis

politikaSi.Tanamedrove evropis integraciis procesi bevr

saerTo niSans avlens ,,federalizmis“ mimarTule-basTan. magram es ar unda gavigoT ise, TiTqos igievropuli integraciis konceptualur bazas warmo-adgens. ufro metic evropis integraciis procesiwavida funqcionaluri modelis gziT, romelic sa-Sulebas iZleva ubralo TanamSromlobis farglebSiSesvlas da pirobebis momzadebas SesaZlo federaci-isaTvis.

saerTaSoriso integraciis federalisturi mo-

delis erT-erT mTavar nakls warmoadgens is, rommisi mTeli mimzidvelobis pirobebSic ki mas aqvswarmatebis naklebi Sansi, vidre funqcionalisturmodels, ramdenadac masSi ufro maRalia normebisyvela elemntis xvedriTi wili.

Tumca safuZveli, romelic qmnis erovnuli sa-xelmwifoebis upiratesobas savaldebulo araa main-cdamainc hqondes saerTaSoriso an Sidasaxelmwifoeb-

rivi buneba. mag., neofunqcionalizmi poziciidan evro-


78

puli integraciis sistemis safuZveli aris zenaciona-

luri organoebis qseli, romelTa buneba asabuTebs

qveynebis miswrafebas gaerTianebisken. is ar gamoirCe-

va ,,federaluri srulyofilebiT“ da warmoadgens em-

piriul-analitikur mimarTulebas, romelsac ar aqvspretenzia globaluri mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirisdadgenaze da aqcents akeTebs mxolod integraciis

logikur axsnaze. aqedan gamomdinare, integracia ga-

gebulia, rogorc dinamikuri procesi, rodesac xdeba

nacionaluri kompetenciebis gadacema ,,axali centri-saTvis da romlis institutebi floben, an aqvT pre-

tenzia zenaciaonalur iurisdiqciaze17“. isini integ-raciis ganviTarebis yvelaze efeqtur gzad qveynebis

saerTo interesebis seqtorebSi nabij-nabij daaxloe-

bas miiCneven, vinaidan Tanamedrove teqnologiuri ko-

munikaciebi, industria, socialuri, ekologiuri Tuekonomikuri problemebi regionalur Tu msoflio do-neze ubiZgebs qveynebs TanamSromlobisa da politiku-

ri erTobisaken. Tanamedroveobis wnexi ki aiZulebs

xalxs gverdi auaros er-saxelmwifos da ,,axali poli-

tikuri gaerTianeba’’ Seqmnas.e. xaasi amtkicebs, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebis

zenacionaluri donis gamo es sistema iZens gverdiT

17 E.B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social and Economic Forces, 1950–57, London, 1958, P. 16


79

efeqts - anu es aris arapirdapiri Carevis da politi-kuri konteqstis gavrcelebis procesi socialuri daekonomkiuri politikis sferoSi gadawyvtelebebis mi-

Rebaze18. mag., ekonomkuri integraciis intensifikaciamoTxovs politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebas da spe-

cialuri zenacionaluri organos Seqmnas. saboloojamSi ki integracias gadadinebis efeqtis gziT Tansdevs erTi seqtoris mier meore seqtorze gavlenis

procesi. nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi TandaTanobiT

aerTianeben ufro da ufro met uflebamosilebas, dabevrad ufro mgrZnobiare da sakamaTo sferobSic ki

Rebuloben erTobliv politikur gadawyvetilebebs19.ufro metic, neofunqcionalistebi tradiciulad po-

litikis ,,dabal“ da ,,maRal“ sferoebs gamohyofen. ro-

gorc T. risi aRniSnavs, sagareo politikis da Tav-dacvis sakiTxebze ar vrceldeba gadadinebis efeqtis

dinamika, amitomac politikis es sferoebi rCeba ga-

dawyvetilebis miRebis saxelmwifoTaSoris doneze20.amis magaliTad gamodgeba evrokavSiris usafrTxoebis

politika, sadac rigi zenacionaluri organoebis Camo-yalibebis Sesaxeb politikuri gadawyvetilebebi mii-

18 iqve. gv. 15219 P.C. Schmitter, B.Ernst, Haas and the Legacy of Neofunctionalism, Journal ofEuropean Public Policy, 2005, Vol. 12, № 2, p. 16620 Risse Thomas, Neofunctionalism, European Identity and the Puzzles of EuropeanIntegration, Journal of European Public Policy, 2005, Vol. 12, № 2, p.303


80

Reba mxolod erTxmad. ,,maRali politikis“ doneze ga-dasvla SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca integraciapirdapir Seexeba nacionaluri suverenitetis dacvis

sakiTxs21.neofunqcionalizmis pozicidan gamomdinare ev-

rokavSiris usafrTxoebis politikis Camoyalibebaukve TavisTavad asabuTebs integraciuli procesebis

gaRrmavebis logikas. Is, rom evropulma saxelmwifoeb-ma miaRwies mniSvnelovan warmatebebs ekonomikur in-tegraciaSi da erTiani socialuri politikis Camoya-

libebaSi. aseve, integraciis Sedegi iyo zenacionalu-

ri organoebis Seqmna. yvela es faqtori erToblivad

asabuTebs politikur integraciaze gadasvlas, xolo

Semdeg mis gavrcelebas samxedo sferozec.amrigad, neofunqcionalizmi aviTarebs ideas,

romlis Tanaxmadac TanamSromlobis moTxovnilebaekonomikur, socilur Tu kulturul seqtorSi iw-vevs jaWvur reaqcias sxvebTan mimarTebiTac, rasacmoqmedebaTa kordinaciis mizniT TavisTavad mivya-varT specializirebuli zeerovnuli institutisSeqmnis aucileblobamde da politikuri integraci-is procesis daCqarebisaken. isini amtkiceben integra-

ciis endogenur xasiaTs. maTi azri ekonomikuri in-tegraciis dadebiTi Sedegebi moqalaqeebSi saxelmwi-

21 iqve, gv. 303-303


81

foebis qveSevrdomobis Segnebas Secvlis. isini aq-cents akeTeben regionul da ara globalur integra-

ciaze.amis garda, neofunqcionalistebi met yuradRebas

aqceven integraciis instituciur mxares, gansakuTre-

biT mis politikur aspeqtebs. aseve, adastureben in-tegraciis safuZvlad mis struqturul uzrunvel-yofas. Tumca miuTiTeben, rom funqcionaluri in-tegraciis logika atarebs ara meqanikur, aramedndobiT xasiaTs, da TviT es procesi damokidebulia

bevr faqtorze. maTi azriT, politikuri integracia

SeiZleba gaxdes gare efeqtebis (mag. ekonomikuri qme-

deba) Sedegad adre miRebuli gauazrebuli, SemTxvevi-

Ti nabijebis Sedegi. vinaidan teqnikuri sakiTxebisgadawyvetis mizniT integracias Tan sdevs msgavsi sfe-

roebis funqciuri gadakveTa, romelsac eqspansionis-turi logikiT mivyavarT politikur transformaciam-

de, rac niSnavs formaluri kontrolis gadacemas zena-

cionalur doneze. am logikis Tanaxmad evrokavSirisusafrTxoebis politika aris saerTo sagareo da usaf-

rTxoebis politikidan amgvari cvlilebis Sedegi, ro-melic Tavis mxriv gamomdinareobs ekonomikuri da sa-

valuto kavSiridan. es ukanaskneli ki aris sabaJo kav-

Siris Sedegi. amitomac samxedro politikur sferoSi


82

integraciis adreuli mcdelobebi CaSlisTvis iyo gan-

wiruli.Tumca, neofunqcionalizms ar SeuZlia imis axsna

Tu ratom xdeboda ,,meore mxardaWeris“ ganviTarebaekonomikur integraciasTan paralelurad, an ratomdaiwyo is gansazRvrul istoriul periodSi da, an riT

dasruldeba. amas garda, TviT e. xaasic gamoricxavsusafrTxoebis da Tavdacvis sakiTxebs sakuTari Teo-

riidan, Tumca uSvebs imas, rom is SeiZleba miRebul iq-nes ekonomikur sakiTxebTan da resursebis Sesabamis

ganawilebasTan mimarTebiT22, romliTac faqtobrivad

dakavebulia 2004 wels Seqmnili evropis TavdacviTi

saagento, rogorc erTiani sagareo da usafrTxoebis

politikis Sesabamisi organo. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,rom usafrTxoebis politikis istoria am dromde aris

SeuCerebeli eqspansionisturi ganviTarebis istoria,neofunqcionalizmi SeiZleba CaiTavlos garkveul Te-oriul CarCod mravalricxovani aRwerilobiTi kvle-

vebis da SromebisaTvis, romlebic swavloben evropis

komisiis rols mis ganviTarebaSi.dReisaTvis evrokavSiri ayalibebs zenacionalur

struqturebs, romlebic dakavebulni arian Tavdacvis

da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebiT. SeiaraRebis evropuli

22 E.B., Haas, International Integration: The European and Universal Process,International Organization, 1962, Vol. 15, p. 368.


83

saagentos farglebSi evrokavSiris qveynebi cdiloben

gaaerTianon sakuTari samxedro-samrewvelo kompleq-

sebi. am logikidan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, romusafrTxoebis politikis struqturebis ganviTareba

miva erTiani evropuli armiis Seqmnamde. am mimarTule-biT pirveli mcdelobaa swrafi reagirebis evropuli

Zalebis formireba, samSvido misiebis warmoebisaTvis

samoqalaqo da samxedro personalis reestris Seqmna.zemoaRniSnuli Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT rea-

lizmis Teoria, rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobe-bis klasikuri skola, gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs

suverenitetis koncefciaze, aRiarebs nacionalur sa-

xelmwifos, nacionalur interesebs, romelTagan um-niSvnelovanesia usafrTxoebis TviTuzrunvelyofa

(sagareo usafrTxoeba). maTi azriT nacionaluri sa-xelmwifoebi arian anarqiuli struqturuli saerTa-

Soriso sistemis mTavari aqtorebi, romelTa SorisurTierTobebi dafuZnebulia urTierTundoblobasa

da dapirispirebaze23.struqturuli realizmi ki saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebis ganmsazRvrelad saerTaSoriso sistemisstruqturul maxasiaTeblebs miiCnevs da ara am siste-

mis Semadgenel nawilebs. aRniSnuli mimdinareoba da-

23 H. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peac,. NewYork, 1973.


84

kavSirebulia kenet uolcis saxelTan. neorealizmisfarglebSi arsebobs ramdenime xedva evropaSi integra-

ciuli procesebis asaxsneladac. maT Soris usafrTxo-

ebis da Tavdacvis erTiani politikis asaxsnelad. k.uolcis azriT, globaluri sistemis xasiaTi ganapiro-

bebs saxelmwifoebis qcevas da ara piriqiT. rogorc

aRvniSneT, neorelizmSi ganmsazRvreli aris struqtu-

ris gageba, romelic ganixileba rogorc ganawilebis

SesaZleblobebi (Zaldataneba da SezRudva), romleb-

sac sistema aqcevs sakuTar elementebad. q. uolci

fundamentur naSromSi ,,adamiani, saxelmwifo da omi“(1959) gamoyofs sam aseT struqturas (struqturuli

triada).pirveli - es aris yvela saxelmwifosaTvis mTavri

da saerTo - gadarCena. saxelmwifo moqmedebs saer-

TaSoriso urTierTobebis anarqiul garemoSi, romel-Sic maT ar gaaCniaT ndoba erTmaneTis mimarT da yu-radRebas mimarTaven mxolod sakuTri interesebis

dacvaze. anarqiuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebismTavari efeqtia sakuTari Tavis daxmarebis imperati-

vi, rac aiZulebs saxelmwifoebs daeyrdnon mxolod sa-

kuTar Tavs gadarCenisaTvis brZolaSi.meore principi gamoixateba saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebis monawileebis gansazRvriT. Tavis adreul


85

naSromebSi q. uolci iziarebda realizmis pozicias,romelis mixedviT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis er-TaderT aqtorad aRiarebuli iyo naciaonaluri saxel-

mwifo.mesame principi mdgomareobs saxelmwifos mis-

wrafebaze flobdes bevrad met potencials. am Tezis-

ma q. uolci miiyvana daskvnamde, rom naklebad Zlierisaxelmwifo dominirebuli qveynis winaSe gancdis gar-kveul ukmayofilebas, ris gamo mudmivad avlens mis-

wrafebas Secvalos sistemis balansi. Tuki maT es moa-

xerxes da daikaves hegemonis pozicia, maSin unda elo-dos axal gamowvevas sxva ukmayofilo saxelmwifoebi-

sagan. ZalTa balansis aseTi gansazRvreba kargad aR-wers saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs evropaSi axali is-

toriis periodSi. xolo, Semdeg zesaxelmwifoebis ar-

sebobas ,,civi omis“ dros. amgvari logikiT evropuliintegracia ganxilulia rogorc evropuli saxelmwi-

foebis pasuxi bipolarulobis gamowvevaze - mcdelo-

ba daebrunebinaT wamyvani saxelmwifos statusi.q. uolci ki akeTebs daskvnas, rom saerTaSoriso

struqturebi ganisazRvreba Sesabamisi epoqis ZiriTa-

di politikuri erTeulebis mier es iqneba qalaq-sa-

xelmwifoebi, imperiebi da nacionaluri saxelmwifoe-

bi. amrigad, Tuki evropis saxelmwifoebi urTierTSo-

ris SeinaCuneben balanss, maSin maT SeuZliaT̂ gamovid-


86

nen erTad da marTon sxva qveynebi. rac niSnavs, rom ev-rokavSiri SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc erTiani

aqtori saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, romelic mza-

daa upasuxos eTpolusiani msoflios gamowvevebs24.aseTi axsna saSualebas iZleva evropuli integraciaCavsvaT struqturuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

koncefciaSi. swored bipolaruli saerTaSoriso ur-TierTobebis sistemaSi evropulma integraciam miiRoimpulsebi ekonomikur da nawilobriv politikur sfe-

roebSi.amrigad, saerTaSoriso politikuri sistemis er-

Tianobis demonstrirebiT struqturuli neorealizmi

saerTaSoriso politikis avtonomiurobas usvams xazs.saerTaSoriso politikis es avtonomiuroba saerTaSo-riso urTierTobebis bunebis Teoriuli ganzogadebis

saSualebas iZleva.struqturuli neorealizmma bevri ram isesxa

klasikuri realizmisagan, maT Soris saxelmwifoebis,rogorc racionaluri da unitaruli moqmedi pirebis

Tezisi da Zalauflebis, rogorc saerTaSoriso poli-

tikis centraluri Temis cneba.struqturuli neorealizmi gadamwyvet mniSvne-

lobas aniWebs saerTaSoriso sistemis konfiguraciis

xasiaTs. saerTaSoriso sistema ganapirobebs saxelmwi-

24 D. Norris, Neorealism and the European Union Balance of Power in the Post-Cold War Era, 2002, 207 p. 40.


87

foebis gaTvlebs, qcevasa da urTierTqmedebas. amito-

mac saxelmwifoebis strategiuli TanamSromloba, gan-sakuTrebiT ki Tavdacvis sferoSi realistebisaTvis

yovelTvis iyo gamowveva misi axsnisaTvis. erT-erTiaseTi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT gaxda evropuli integ-

raciis problema, rac uolcisTvis gansakuTrebuli

movlenaa, romelic verasdros miiRebs samxedro da po-

litikuri kavSiris saxes25. mogvianebiT, roca saerTosagareo da usafrTxoebis politikam realuri xor-

cSesxma daiwyo, is miuTiTebda rom evrokavSiri gaxde-ba msoflio politikis aqtori mxolod mas Semdeg, rac

gardaiqmneba saxelmwifod, rac naklebad savaraudoa26.amave dros neorealistebma evropis ekonomikuri Ta-

namSromloba da nato miiCnies civi omis pirmSod, ro-melTa Seqmna ganpirobebuli iyo kapitalisturi bana-

kis konsolidaciis aucileblobiT, xolo mis dasrule-

bis Semdeg iwinaswarmetyveles misi daSla, rac evropas

CaZiravda me-19 s-is nacionalizmSi27.imis miuxedvad, rom evrokavSiris usafrTxoebis

da Tavdacvis politikis axsnisas neorealistebi gar-kveul sirTuleebs awydebian, es mimarTuleba SeiZleba

25 K. Walz, Theory of International Politics, London, 1979.26 K.Walz, Structural Realism After the Cold War, International Security, 2000,Vol. 25/1, p. 5–41.27 J. Mearsheimer, Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War,International Security, 1990, Vol. 15/1, p.46


88

sasargebloc iyos im egzogenuri mizezebis asaxsne-

lad, romlebsac wevri-saxelmwifoebi awydebian misi

Seqmnis gzaze. usafrTxoebis institutebSi nebismierclilebas neorealistebi ukavSireben situaciis prob-

lemis cvlilebas, romlebmac SeiZleba migviyvanos or-

ganizaciis Sesabamis transformaciamdec ki, romelic

Seiqmneba sruliad sxva miznisTvis.amrigad, struqturuli realizmis mixedviT sa-

kuTriv evrokavSiris integracia da Semdgom misi Tan-mdevi usafrTxoebis politikis Seqmna uSualo rezul-tati iyo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sistemaSi XX s-

is 80-90-iani wlebis mijnaze momxdari cvlilebebisa.kerZod sabWoTa safrTxis gaqroba, aSS-s, rogorc da-savleT evropis usafrTxoebis garantis da evropisrogorc SesaZlo sabrZolo Teatris mniSvnelobis Se-

susteba, ramac evropis qveynebi daayena sakuTariusafrTxoebis damoukideblad uzrunvelyofis auci-

leblobis winaSe28. erTaderTi zesaxelmwifos (aSS) ar-seboba TavisTavad iwvevs sxva qveynebis mxridan misi ba-

lansirebis aucileblobas, maT Soris TavdacviTi Za-lebis konsolidaciis da usafrTxoebis da, Tavdacvis

28 J. Howorth, The EU’s Security and Defence Policy: Towards a StrategicApproach, International Relations and the European Union, New York, OxfordUniversity Press, 2011, p.203.


89

saerTo politikis warmoebis29. germaniis gaerTianeba

aucilebels xdida mis institucionaluri, maT Soris

samxedro-politikur formiT Sekavebas, Tavi rom aeri-

debinaT germanuli hegemonobisaTvis evropaSi.klasikuri neorealizmis mixedviT evropuli in-

tegraciis mTavri mizani iyo ara saerTo potencialis

ganviTareba, aramed TanamSromlobis gziT calkeuli

saxelmwifoebis gaZliereba30. saerTaSoriso urTier-Tobebis anarqiulobis logikidan gamomdinare bipo-laruli sistemis dasruleba niSnavda evropuli saxel-mwifoebis dabrunebas mravalpolusobisa da ZalTa ba-

lansis Ziebisken. Tumca, civi omis dasrulebis Semdegmsoflio aRmoCnda erTi dominirebuli zesaxelmwifos

pirispir, ise rom mokle droSi arc ki arsebobda raime

axali alternativa, axali ZalTa balansis damyarebi-

saTvis.integraciuli procesebis ganviTarebaze pasuxis

gacemis mcdelobebis dros, neorealizmis bevrma ide-ologma moaxdina klasikuri realizmis kanonebis xela-

xali gaazreba da Camoayaliba axali xedvebi. mag., ,,Tav-

dacviTi“ relizmis momxreebi, saxelmwifoSi xedaven

racionalur aqtors, romelsac urCevnia dapirispire-

29 B. Posen, European Union Security and Defence Policy: Response to Unipolarity?Security Studies, 2006, Vol. 15/2.30 R. Gilpin, No-one Loves Political Realist, Security Studies, 1996, Vol. 5, № 3. p.19.


90

ba an TanamSromloba maTi interesebidan gamomdinare.amitomac, ZalTa balansSi isini moiazreben saxelmwi-foebis gaerTianebis ideas sakuTari potencialis gaz-

rdisaTvis31. aqedan gamomdinare, evropuli integracianeorealizmis mixedviT ganixileba rogorc mowinaaR-

mdegebs Soris kavSiri. es maT saSualebas aZlevs Sei-

narCunon mSvidobis mdgomareoba evrokavSiris wevr-saxelmwifoebs Soris da gaaZlieron maTi saerTo po-

tenciali sagareo safrTxeebTan mimarTebiT32. ufro

metic, neorelisti, uolTi gvTavazobs safrTxis ba-

lansis alternatiul Teorias, romelic gulisxmobsimas, rom sistemaSi saxelmwifoebi erTiandebian bev-rad ufro saSiSi da ara uZlieresi saxelmwifos wina-

aRmdeg33.amrigad, evropis integracia, maT Soris usaf-

rTxoebis sferoSi gamowveulia ara evropis saxelmwi-

foebis SiSiT aSS-is dominirebuli mdgomareobis, ara-med axali safrTxeebis Tu ZalTa axali polusebis war-

moqmnis gamo. msgavs azrs aviTarebs a. TriCeri da miu-

TiTebs, rom evrokavSiris samxedro TanamSromloba Ca-

31 C. Glasser, Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-Help, InternationalSecurity, 1995, Vol. 19, № 3, p. 60.32 P. Weilsman, Intimate Enemies: The Politics of Peacetime Alliances, SecurityStudies, 1997, Vol. 7, № 1, p. 191.33 S.M., Walt, The Progressive Power of Realism, American Political ScienceReview, 1997, Vol. 91, № 4, p. 933.


91

moyalibda civi omis Semdegom saerTaSoriso urTier-Tobebis sistemis transformaciis da axali safrTxee-

bis gaCenis Sedegad, romelTa winaaRmdeg brZolisaT-vis saxelmwifoebi iZulebulni arian gaaerTianon

erovnuli resursebi34.evropul integracias da miT ufro evrokavSiris

usafrTxoebis politikis Camoyalibebas zogierTi neo-

realisti xsnis rogorc ,,msubuq balansirebas“, rac

gulisxmobs aSS-Tan politikur da ara samxedro dapi-

rispirebas, romelic mimarTulia evrokavSiris, ro-gorc msoflio politikuri lideris rolis gazrda-

ze.35

aRsaniSnavia, rom evropuli saxelmwifoebi bev-rad ufro orientirebulni arian saerTaSoriso samar-Talis arsebuli normebis farglebSi gadawyviton sa-erTaSoriso krizisebi jer kidev integraciuli pro-

cesebis dasawyisidanve, maSin roca aSS-i ufro mimar-

Tavs mkacr, prevenciul RonisZiebebs da SeiaraRebu-

li Zalebis gamoyenebas. amitomac sakuTari Rirebule-

bebis dacva aSS-s gavlenis gareSe, aseve aerTianebs ev-

ropis saxelmwifoebs.

34 A. Treacher, From Civilian Power to Military Actor: The EU's ResistableTransformation, European Foreign Affairs Review, 2004, Vol. 9, № 1, p. 52.35 S.G.Brooks, W.C. Wohlforth, Hard Times for Soft Balancing, InternationalSecurity, 2005, Vol. 30, № 1, p. 91-93.


92

vinaidan evrokavSiri ar ganicdis aSS-s mxridan

pirdapir samxedro safrTxes, amitom is imyofeba aSS-Tan samxedro daxmarebiT damokidebulebaSi. mag., 1999wels kosovos krizisis dros evrokavSirma ver SeZlo

damoukidebeli samxedro moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba.ufro metic, aSS-Tan es damokidebuleba gavlenas ax-dens evrokavSiris ekonomikur da politikur urTier-

Tobebze sxva qveynebTan. aqedan gamomdinare, evrokav-

Sirs sWirdeba usafrTxoebis politika. rogorc b. po-

zeni aRniSnavs ,,Tuki evropelebs surT gavlena moaxdi-

non saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebaze. aucileblia aCve-

non globaluri SesaZleblobebi, maT Soris samxedro.36

erTpolusiani Tu mravalpolusiani msoflio wes-

rigis dros arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba, rom erTa-derTi zesaxelmwifos hegemonia SeiZleba Sesustebul

iqnes saxelmwifoTa dajgufebis mier, rac Tavis mxriv

SeiZleba gaxdes bipolarulobis Taviseburi saxe. Tum-

ca, aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflioSi arastabiluro-bis zrdam da axali safrTxeebis gamoCenam aseve SeiZ-leba daaCqaros saxelmwifoTa calkeuli jgufis in-tegraciuli procesebi bipolaruli sistemis aRdgenis

aucileblobis gareSec. am tendenciis dasturia Tun-

36 B.R. Posen, European Union Security and Defence Policy: Response toUnipolarity? Security Studies, 2006, Vol. 15, № 2, p. 159.


93

dac evrokavSiri da misi usafrTxoebis da Tavdacvis

politika.amrigad, neorelazimi cdilobs zogadad axsnas

evropis integracia da evrokavSiris usafrTxoebis po-litikis logika saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis siste-mis urTierTgavlenis da nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis

analizis gziT. evrokavSirs is aRiqvas rogorc saer-

TaSoriso urTierTobebis erTiani aqtors.erTis mxriv, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sis-

temis struqtura flobs gansazRvrul polarulobas,rac mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs ZalTa balanss.amave dros, sagareo safrTxis faqtori gvevlineba in-tegraciuli procesebis katalizatorad usafrTxoe-

bis da Tavdacvis sferoSi. sworedac evrokavSirisusafrTxoebis da Tavdacvis politikis Seqmna auci-lebli gaxda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sistemis

turbulenturobis periodSi. meores mxriv, evrokavSi-

ris wevri saxelmwifoebis warmateba samxedro-politi-kuri integraciis sferoSi cvlis arsebul ZalTa ba-

lanss, miT ufro Tu TviTon uwyobs xels saerTaSori-so urTierTobebis sistemis struqturis transforma-

cias.

moZraobis reJimi, romelic xasiaTdeba dinebis qaosuricvlilebiT.


94

amrigad, realizmze dafuZnebuli Teoriis mixed-viT evrokavSirSi yvelaferi xdeba wevri saxelwifoe-bis mTavrobebis interesebis mixedviT da araferi maTi

nebarTvis gareSe.realizmis Teoriuli skolis sawinaaRmdegod li-

beraluri Teoria saerTaSoriso sistemis mTavar aqto-rebad aRiarebs rogorc saxelmwifoebs, ise saerTaSo-

riso organizaciebs, transnacionalur gaerTianebebs,politikur partiebs da interesTa jgufebs, romelTaSoris urTierTobebi da maTi institucionalizacia

amcirebs anarqias, saerTaSoriso garemos konfliqtu-

robas, romelic gamowveulia rogorc politikuri,

ise ekonomikuri interesebiT. pluralistebi fiqro-

ben, rom evropuli integracia winaswargansazRvruliprocesia da Tu saxelmwifoebi integraciaSi erTvebi-

an, isini miiswrafvian ‘’saxelmwifoebis kavSirisaken”(Community of States), rac aucileblad gulisxmobs integ-

raciis maRal dones, Tumca aucileblad suverenite-

tis SenarCunebiT.aqtorebis farTo gageba da saerTaSoriso Tanam-

Sromlobis optimaluri Sefaseba ganapirobebs libe-ralebis dadebiT damokidebulebas evrokavSirisa da

misi institutebisadmi. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes,

rom liberalizmi aris ar erTiani koncefcia, aramed


95

garkveul Tanaziar TeoriaTa - demokratiuli, insti-

tucionaluri, komerciuli da a.S., rigi.miuxedavad imisa, rom liberalebi evropis integ-

racias xsnian rogorc omis Semdgomi demokratizaciis,ekonomikis aRdgenis, globalizaciis Sedegs da anar-

qiis daZlevis saSualebas, isini ar ganixilaven konkre-tulad usafrTxoebis da Tavdacvis sakiTxebs da mas

realistebs andoben. Tumca, liberalur Teoriebs Se-

uZliaT pasuxi gascen bevr kiTxvas, romelic dakavSi-rebulia evropul integraciasTan da mis usafrTxoe-

bis politikasTan. mag., sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis

TeoriiT SiZleba aixsnas, Tu ratomaa rom wevri-qvey-nebi ver axerxeben aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrule-

bas. urTierTdamokidebulebis Teoriis mixedviT SeiZ-leba aixsnas ratomaa ekonomikuri integracia warmate-

buli, vidre samxedro-politikuri. xolo natosa da ev-rokavSiris usafrTxoebis politikis Tanaarsebobisaxsna SesaZlebelia aliansebis ekonomikuri Teoriis

mixedviT.cnobilia, rom msoflio politikaSi evrokavSiri

asocirdeba ,,msubuqi Zalis“ politikis da usafrTxo-ebis gamowvevebze reagirebisaTvis arasamxedro in-

strumentebis upirates gamoyenebasTan.


96

evropis integraciis skolis erT-erTi mniSvne-

lovani mimarTuleba intergovernmentalizmi37 ki ev-ropis integracias ganixilavs saerTaSoriso da erov-nul doneebze gansazRvruli interesebis Tanxvedri-

saTvis saxelmwifoTaSoris reJims, romelic gavlenasaxdens zenacionalur doneze uflebebis gadacemis

kuTxiT mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebze. imdenad, ramde-nadac usafrTxoebis da Tavdacvis politikis kuTxiTgadawyvetilebebis miReba rCeba erovnul doneze daTema ar warmoadgens relevanturs Sidapolitikur

debatebSi, am Teoriis gamoyeneba analitkuri kuTxiT

saeWvoa, rasac calkeuli mcdelobebi kidevac adastu-

rebs. miuxedvad amisa is SeiZleba dagvexmaros mTavro-bebis poziciebis da maTi cvlilebebis asaxsnelad im

molaparakebebze, romelic exeba usafrTxoebis da Tav-

dacvis politikas, xolo maTi saSualebiT ki integra-

ciis warmatebebi an piriqiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am Teo-

riaSi Tavis gamoxatuleba hpova asev neorealizmmac.kerZod, roca saubari midis integraciul procesebSinacionaluri interesebis da nacioanluri mTavrobe-

bis gansazRvrul rolze. imis gamo, rom zenacionalu-ri institutebi marginalur rols TamaSoben evrokav-

37 A. Moravcsik, Preferences and power in the European Community: a liberalintergovernmentalist approach, Journal of Common Market Studies, 1993, Vol.31/4.


97

Siris usafrTxoebis politikaSi, Zalian bevri naSromi

swored am Teoriis suliskveTebiTaa dawerili.aranakleb sainteresoa sakiTxis ganxilva insti-

tucuionalizmis38, ufro swored ki misi erT erTi mim-

dinareobis istoriuli institucionalizmis39 WrilSi.es ukanaskneli evropis integraciis fenomens xsnis ev-ropuli usafrTxoebis institutebis mravalwliani

ganviTarebis saSualebiT, romelSic gulisxmoben ro-gorc natos farglebSi TanamSromlobis dadebiT ga-

mocdilebas, aseve struqturuli deficitis arsebo-

biT, romelic iwvevs axali institutebis Seqmnas. esskola aRiarebs pirovnebis rols istoriaSi da aqedangamomdinare TiToeuli misaRebi gadawyvetileba an ib-lokeba an eZleva SesaZlebloba Semdgomi institucio-

naluri ganviTarebisaTvis, rogorc es aris evropis in-

38 institucionalizmic ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos erTianmimdinareobad: is SeiZleba warmovidginoT met-naklebadgansxvavebuli „institucionalizmebis“ krebulad,komplementarulobis gansxvavebuli midrekilebebiT, romelTacaerTianebT interesi institutTa Seswavlisadmi da maTimniSvnelobis aRiareba. b.gi petersi gamoyofs Semdegmimdinareobebs: 1. normatiuli institucionalizmi; 2.racionaluri arCevanis Teoriis sinTezi institucionalizmTan; 3.istoriuli institucionalizmi; 4. empiriuli institucionalizmi;5. sociologiuri institucionalizmi; 6. interesTawarmomadgenlobis institucionaluri analizi.39 M. Morisse-Schilbach, Historischer Institutionalismus, Theorien der europäischenIntegration, 2006.


98

tegraciis Tu misi usafrTxoebis politikis SemTxve-

vaSi 1945 wlidan40.evropul integraciaze alternatiul Sexedule-

bas ayilbebs socialuri konstruqtivizmis Teoriac41.saerTod, konstruqtivistebi msoflios warmoidgenen

rogorc socialur konstruqcias, romelic Seqmnilia

adamianebis mier, maTi azrebis da ideebis meSveobiT.nebismier konstruqcias aqvs materialuri mxare, mag-

ram igi mxolod meorexarisxovania anu, fizikuri ele-menti arsebobs magram igi arafers warmoadgens inte-

leqtualuri elementis gareSe, romelic mas aZlevs

mniSvnelobas, gegmavs, organizebas ukeTebs da warmar-

Tavs.maT miaCniaT, rom azrs ufro didi mniSvneloba

aqvs saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebaSi vidre fizikur sag-

nebs, isini arafers warmoadgenen inteleqtualuri

komponentis gareSe. saerTaSoriso sistema maTi TqmiT

aris ideaTa kona, garkveuli naazrevi, normaTa siste-

mebi, romlebic mowesrigebul iqna garkveuli xalxis

mier garkveul droSi da garkveul adgilas. aqedan lo-

gikuri daskvna aris is, rom Tu fiqrebi da ideebi, rom-

lebic Seadgenen saerTaSoriso sistemas Seicvlebian,

40 C. Reynolds, Understanding the emergence of the European security and defencepolicy: An historical institutionalist analysis, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2010.41 T. Risse, Social Constructivism and European Integration, European IntegrationTheory, Oxford, 2004.


99

maSin Seicvleba TviTon sistemac. es xdeba imitom, rom

sistema arsebobs naazrevSi da ideebSi. maTi azriTTviT daxmareba da Zalismieri politika ar aris anar-qiis arc logikuri da arc mizezobrivi Sedegi da TukidRes Cven vcxovrobT TviT daxmarebis samyaroSi es

aris procesis Sedegi.marTalia isini aRiareben mTavar ontologiur

daskvnebs imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa

sistema efuZneba TviT daxmarebas, magram cdiloben aC-

venon, rom ar aris aucilebeli anarqiam warmoSvas

TviT daxmarebiToba. TviT daxmareba da Zalismieri po-

litika aris socialuri konstruqcia anarqiis piro-

bebSi. isini amtkiceben, rom TviT daxmareba mxolod

institutia da ara anarqiis bunebrivi danamati. igi sa-xelmwifoebma Seqmnes da saxelmwifoebsve SeuZliaT

Secvalon42.amrigad, am Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkiceben poli-

tikaSi kognitur aspeqtebs da institutebSi moiazre-

ben socialur konstruqciebs, romlebic gamoxataven

ideebs, Rirebulebebs, normebs da procedurebs, ro-gorc es evrokavSiris saxiTaa warmodgenili dReisaT-

vis. konstruqtivistuli analizis mixedviT evropuliusafrTxoebis Camoyalibebaze grZelvadiani Tanam-

42 A. Wendt, ,,Anarchy is What States Make of It: The social construction of PowerPolitics”, International Organization, 46/2, 1992, p. 395.


100

Sromloba da pozitiuri urTierTdamokidebuleba mas

gadaiyvans koleqtiur/saerToevropul identobaSi,romlis farglebSic saxelmwifoebi gansazRvraven Ta-

vianT viwro interesebs. al. vendtis azriT, es niSnavs,rom raoden egoisturi miznebiTac ar unda wamowyebu-

liyo TanamSromloba, man Secvala aRniSnuli miznebi

axali identobebisa da interesebis gaCeniT.evropis integraciisa da evrokavSiris usafrTxo-

ebis politikis analizisaTvis aseve sainteresoa evro-

peizaciis Teoria43, romlis Tanaxmadac evrokavSirisnormebis SeTviseba xdeba sagareo politikuri aqto-

rebis mier da gavlenas axdens maT aRqmaze/qcevaze. amTeoriiT SeiZleba aixsnas usafrTxoebis da TavdacvispolitikasTan mimarTebiT nacionaluri koncefciebis

dinamika/statika.evrokavSiris usafrTxoebis da Tavdacvis poli-

tikis calkeuli aspeqtis Sesaswavlad aseve sayurad-

Reboa identobis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac erovnu-li identoba rogorc socialuri fenomeni ganapiro-bebs interesebs da misTvis upiratesobis miniWebas sa-

gareo politikaSic. am TeoriiT SeiZleba aixsnas evro-kavSiris wevri qveynebis SeTanxmeba Tu SeuTanxmeblo-ba usafrTxoebis da Tavdacvis politikasTan mimarTe-

biT.

43 J.P. Olson, The Many Faces of Europeanisation, Journal of Common MarketStudies, 2002, Vol. 40/5.


101

amrigad, zemoT aRniSnuli Teoriebi marTaliasrulad ver xsnian evrokavSiris usafrTxoebis da Tav-

dacvis politikas, magram SeiZleba gamoyenebulni iq-

nen misi calkeuli aspeqtebis asaxsnelad. TiToeulganxilul Teorias aqvs sakuTari Camoyalibebuli xed-vebi evropuli integraciis da, Sesabamisad usafrTxo-ebisa da Tavdacvis politikis Seqmnis mizezebis Sesa-

xeb. erTni miiCneven, rom evrokavSiris usafrTxoebisda Tavdacvis politikis Camoyalibebis mizezebia saer-TaSoriso arenaze mimdinare procesebis Sedegad saga-reo faqtorebis gavlena da sakuTriv saerTaSoriso

sistemis struqtura; meoreni xazs usvamen evropuldoneze saxelmwifoebis TanamSromlobis uprecedento

da zenacionaluri struqturebis rols; xolo mesameni

koncentrirdebian Sida faqtorebis gavlenaze. Sesaba-misad, msgavsi xedvebis axsna mimdinareobs saerTaSori-

so, nacionaluri da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv faqtorebis

SeswavliT.


102

Гига Партенадзе

Теоретико-методологические основы изученияинтеграции Евросоюза и политики безопасности

Резюме

Обсуждение и анализ интеграции Евросоюза и политикибезопасности возможны в соответствии с теориямимеждународной политики, в частности: федерализма,неофункционализма, неореализма, либерализма/плюрализма,неолиберальной межправительственной теории,интерговернментализма, исторического институционализма,европейской идентичности, европеизации и конструктивизма.

Причину формирования интеграции Евросоюза иполитики безопасности возможно определить эндогенным иэкзогенным характером, в частности: она является итогомуглубления интеграции; как итог противостояния Евросоюза иСША и усиление политической роли Евросоюза на мировойарене; как ответ на современные вызовы международнойбезопасности; как итог инициатив государств-лидеровЕвросоюза и т.д.

Данные теории не могут в полной мере объяснитьполитику безопасности и обороны ЕС, однако, могут бытьиспользованы для определения отдельных аспектов. У каждойотдельной теории есть собственные сформированные взглядыпричин создания политики безопасности и обороны ЕС.


103

Некоторые полагают, что причинами создания политикибезопасности и обороны Европейского Союза являются,происходящие на международной арене процессы, влияниевнешних факторов, и собственно, структура международнойсистемы; другие подчеркивают роль беспрецедентногосотрудничества государств на европейском уровне инаднациональных структур; третьи концентрируются навлиянии внутренних факторов. Соответственно, разъяснениевзглядов происходит в процессе изучения международных,национальных и внутригосударственных факторов.

Giga Phartenadze

Theoretical-methodological basics of studying EuropeanUnion’s integration and security policy

Summary

The European Union’s integration and security policy can bediscussed in the context of international policy theories, in particular,federalism, neo-functionalism, neo-realism, liberalism/pluralism,historical institutionalism, European identity, Europeanization andconstructivism.

The reasons of developing European Union’s integration andsecurity policy can be defined by indigenous and exogenous factors.


104

It is a result of deepened integration, strained relations between theEU and USA and strengthened EU’s political role at the internationalarena, an answer to modern international security challenges, and aresult of EU’s leading countries’ initiative, etc.

These theories do not fully explain the European Union’ssecurity and defense policy but can be used in order to explaincertain aspects. Each theory has its own views about reasons forcreating European integration and defense policy. One considers thatreasons for developing the European Union’s security and defensepolicy are external factors at the international arena and the structureof international system. The other emphasizes the role of states’cooperation at European level and supranational structures. As forthe third they are concentrated on internal factors. Therefore, similarviews can be explained by international, national and state factors.


105

saxelmwifo simboloebis mniSvneloba dagamoyenebis specifika protokolSi

natalia lazba

Tanamedrove etapze, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis

transnacionalizaciis da internacionalizaciis,energetikuli resursebiT mdidar regionebsa da gav-

lenis sferoebisTvis brZolis, saerTaSoriso sistema-Si konfliqturobis zrdis fonze saxelmwifoTa Soris

urTierTobebSi diplomatiur, sagareo-politikurda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs gansakuTrebuli mniS-

vneloba eniWebaT.saerTaSoriso politikaSi saerTaSoriso samar-

Tlebrivi da moraluri normebis rolis zrdis kvalo-baze saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba kidev ufro metad ix-

reba konfliqtebis mogvarebis ,,rbili strategiisken“,romelSic diplomatiis roli upirobod mniSvnelova-

nia.saxelmwifoTaSorisi molaparakebebis diploma-

tiuri praqtika saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdebo-

da. Tavis droze diplomatiuri protokolis formi-reba ganapiroba Sesabamisi wesebis, regulaciis auci-

leblobam. ucxoeli delegaciebis daxvedra/gacileba

diplomatiuri protokolis TiTqmis yoveldRiuri,


106

rTuli saqmianoba gaxda. is xeli uwyobs politikuri,ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli da a.S. xasiaTis

sakiTxebis gadawyvetas. protokoli efuZneba ,,saerTa-

Soriso Tavazianobis“ princips, anu zogadad aRiarebu-li etikets, gaxda romelic aregulirebs saxelmwifo-Ta urTierTobebs da romelSic saxelmwifo simboli-kis gamoyenebas an/da misdami damokidebulebas gansa-

kuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba.aRsaniSnavia, rom arcerTi umaRlesi da maRali

formatis viziti, molaparakebis procesi, saqmiani ur-TierTobebi ar tardeba monawile qveynebis saxelmwifo

simbolikis fiqsaciis gareSe. amasTan dakavSirebiT,saerTaSoriso protokolis praqtikaSi arsebobs sa-

xelmwifo simboloebis saxelmwifo droSa, gerbi da

himni gamoyenebis etiketi.saxelmwifo simbolika saxelmwifos konstituci-

ur-samarTlebrivi statusis mniSvnelovan komponen-

tia. saxelmwifo simboloebis codna da dacva rogorc

qveyanaSi, ise mis sazRvrebs gareT aucilebelia yvela

moqalaqisaTvis, maTi Seuracxyofa ki eris da saxelmwi-

fos Rirsebis Seuracxyofad iTvleba. yovelgvari

upativcemloba, romelsac SeiZleba adgili hqondes

qveynis saxelmwifo simboloebis mimarT, SeiZleba gan-

xiluli iqnes, rogorc Segnebuli Seuracxmyofeli qme-


107

deba, romelic am konkretuli qveynis misamarTiT aris

mimarTuli.saxelmwifo simboloebi saSualebas gvaZleven, Se-

viswavloT konkretuli qveynis istoriuli warsuli,gavecnoT xalxTa kulturas, politikuri xelisufle-

bis xasiaTs da sxva. saxelmwifo simboloebi gansaz-

Rvraven qveynis politikur kursis strategias, xalxis

istoriul-kulturuli tradiciebis memkvidreobas.gerbis, droSis da himnis statusi da gamoyenebis

wesi Cven qveyanaSi dafiqsirebulia organul kanoneb-

Si gerbis, droSisa da himnis Sesaxeb.saxelmwifo gerbi aris kanonmdeblobiT damtki-

cebuli da heraldikurad gaformebuli saxelmwifos

emblema, romelic qmnis saxelmwifo erTgvar saxes sa-

erTaSoriso arenaze. igi warmoadgens suverenitetisa

da saerTaSoriso aRiarebis sagans. saqarTvelos kon-

stituciis me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad adgens saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo gerbis, rogorc saxelmwifo simbolos, aR-

werilobas, misi gamosaxvis formebs, gamoyenebis sfe-

ros da dacvis wess. misi gamoyenebis sferoebs warmo-

adgens: saxelmwifo organoebi da Tanamdebobis pirebi,romelTa samarTlebriv aqtebze, blankebze, beWdebsada Stampebze sruli saxiT gamoisaxeba saxelmwifo ger-

bi, maT Soris: a) saqarTvelos konstituciiT gaTvalis-


108

winebuli umaRlesi saxelmwifo organoebi da Tanamde-

bobis pirebi; b) saqarTvelos centraluri saarCevno

komisia; g) saqarTvelos diplomatiuri warmomadgen-

lobebi da sakonsulo dawesebulebebi, sazRvargareT

saqarTvelos sxva oficialuri warmomadgenlobebi; d)saqarTvelos prezidentis daqvemdebarebaSi arsebuli

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebi; e) saqarTve-

los saxelmwifo sasazRvro sakontrolo-gamSvebi pun-

qtebi; v) samxedro nawilebi; z) saxelmwifo rwmunebu-

lebi – gubernatorebi; T) aWaris avtonomiuri respub-likis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrulebe-

li organoebi; i) saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebi.2. savaldebuloa saxelmwifo gerbis sruli saxiT gan-Tavseba agreTve am muxlis pirveli punqtiT gaTvalis-winebuli organoebis Senobebis fasadze da sxdomaTa

darbazebSi, Tanamdebobis pirTa samuSao oTaxebSi. 3.saxelmwifo gerbi sruli saxiT gamoisaxeba: a) saerTa-

Soriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis dadebisas;b) saqarTvelos fulis niSnebze (banknotebsa da mone-

tebze); g) uflebamosili organoebis mier gacemul sam-

gzavro da piradobis damadasturebel dokumentebze.fizikur da kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebs,

agreTve politikur partiebsa da SemoqmedebiT kavSi-rebs ekrZalebaT saxelmwifo gerbis gamoyeneba Senobe-


109

bis fasadze, beWdebze, Stampebze, blankebsa da sxva

oficialur dokumentebze.saxelmwifo droSa warmoadgens qveynis saxelmwi-

fo Zalauflebas. diplomatiuri protokoli iTvalis-

winebs droSis gamoyenebis mkacr wesebs.saxelmwifo droSis aRmarTva xdeba mzis amos-

vlasTan erTad, xolo daSveba mzis CasvlasTan erTad.Tu droSa unda ekidos ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi,mas aucileblad dauSveben yovel saRamos da kvlav aR-

marTaven yovel diliT. Tu droSa unda iyos aRmarTu-

li 24 sT. da meti, masze aucileblad unda iyos xelov-

nuri ganaTeba.saxelmwifoebis umetesoba iTvaliswinebs am wess

da cdilobs maqsimalurad gaakontrolos misi Sesru-

leba yvela sajaro dawesebulebaSi, skolebis da umaR-

les saswavleblebis CaTvliT.droSis aRmarTva nebismier adgilas akrZalulia,

amisaTvis arsebobs specialurad gankuTvnili adgile-

bi saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi da samxedro nawilebSi,agreTve SesaZlebelia droSebis gamoyeneba ofocialu-

ri RonisZiebebis Catarebis dros.agreTve, ar SeiZleba erT flagStokze ori dro-

Sis aRmarTva - erTi meoris qvemoT. droSa arasodes ar

unda exebodes miwas, iataks an wyals. mas ar ayoleben

saflavSi. zog saxelmwifoSi sapatio dakrZalvis cere-


110

moniis dros droSa gadafarebulia kuboze. dakrZal-

vis Semdeg is gadaecema ojaxis wevrebs.samgloviaro dReebis gamocxadebis Semdeg dro-

Sas jer aRmarTaven flagStokis bolomde da mere Ca-

mouSveben mis naxevramde, droSas ebmeba Savi lenti. es

tradicia modis ingliseli mezRvaurebebisgan. brZo-

lebis Semdeg, droSas dauSvebdnen zustad misi zomis

mixedviT. manZili daSvebul droSamde simbolurad

eTmoboda sikvdilis uxilav droSas (dRes am wess iT-

valiswinebs mxolod didi britaneTSi).akrZalulia droSis araswori (ukuRma) aRmarTva,

rac eris an xalxis mimarT upativcemlobis demon-

strirebad iTvleba. Tanabari subieqtebis (mag. sa-

xelmwifoebi) droSebi yovelTvis mzaddeba erTi zomis

da aRimarTeba erT simaRleze.Tu ramdenime Tanabari droSa idgmeba vertikalu-

rad, iTvaliswineben Tanmimdevrobas: ufro privile-girebul adgilad iTvleba centri da mayureblidan

marcxena mxare.naklebad mniSvnelovani subieqtebis droSebi ar

SeiZleba iyos moTavsebuli ufro maRla, agreTve misizoma ar unda aRematebodes sxva mniSvnelovani subieq-

tebis droSebis zomas.yvelaze xSirad, qveynebis saxelmwifo droSebs,

erTdroulad gamofenis SemTxvevaSi, ganaTavseben an-


111

banis mixedviT, romelic Seesabameba saxelmwifoebis

saxelwodebas (laTinuri anbanis, an im qveynis anbanis

mixedviT, sadac xdeba droSebis gamofena).himni, rogors droSa da gerbi warmoadgens saxel-

mwifos oficialur simbolos da gamoxatavs droSisa

da gerbis ,,musikalur eqvivalents’’. himnis Sesrulebaxdeba oficialur ceremoniebze Sidapolitikur an sa-

erTaSoriso ceremoniebze. rogorc wesi, oficialur

Sexvedrebze, himnis Sesrulebis dros dgebian fexze.amrigad, yovel saxelmwifos gaaCnia simboloebis

gamoyenebis sakuTari wesi. Tumca yvela saxelmwifoSiumTavresia stumarTmoyvareobis da pativiscemis dac-

vis principi. amave dros simboloebis gamoyeneba pir-

dapir dakavSirebuli imaze Tu sad tardeba Sexvedra,monawile mxareebis Soris urTierTobis xarisxze da

a.S. erTi ram cxadia saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxel-mwifoTSoris Camoyalibebuli diplomatiuri urTier-Tobebis praqtika uaRresad mniSvnelovania saerTaSo-riso sistemis stabilurobis da saerTaSoriso mSvi-

dobis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi.


112


WipaSvili h. diplomatia, Tbilisi, 2008 w.WipaSvili h. diplomatiis anbani, Tbilisi, 1999 w.saqarTvelos organuli kanoni gerbis Sesaxeb,

2005 w.saqarTvelos organuli kanoni droSis Sesaxeb,

2008 w.saqarTvelos organuli kanoni himnis Sesaxeb, 2004

w.lazba n. saxelmwifo simbolika qveynis realobas

gamoxatavs, misi savizito baraTia. gazeTi ,,aWara’’,#119, 2016 w.

Лядов П. Ф. Международное сотрудничество идипломатический протокол [Электронный ресурс] // ПравовойИнформационно-аналитический журнал «Финансы. Право.Менеджмент». URL:http://www.flm.su/_elements/magazine/view_full.php?id

Кузьмин С. Дипломатический и деловой протокол иэтикет, М., 2013 г.


113

Наталия Лазба

Значение и специфика применения государственныхсимволов в протоколе

Резюме

Обязательными атрибутами каждого государстваявляются государственный герб, флаг и гимн, которыеолицетворяют символы его суверенитета. Каждый из этихсимволов выступает и используется в дипломатическомпротоколе в строго установленных случаях в соответствии собщепринятыми нормами и традициями стран. Правиламеждународной вежливости, на которых основанасовременная протокольная практика, требуют уважения ксимволам государства в межгосударственных отношениях.Отступление от этих правил принято рассматривать какпроявление неуважения к суверенитету государства, какоскорбление его достоинства.


114

Natalia Lazba

The meaning of state symbols and specific features of itsusage in protocol

Summary

Looking through basic state symbols used in practice ofinternational relations it is necessary to indicate that in each statethere are own rules of using symbols. All basic aspects requirefollowing of principles of mutual respect and hospitality. Usage ofsymbols is connected with reasons, place of meeting, and relationsbetween states. In this regard it is possible to talk about meaning ofsymbols in international relations as it is a way of courtesy formedwithin years, fixed in diplomatic protocol and necessary for friendlyrelations and achieving planned goals.


115

TurqeTi evrokavSiris gzaze - meocesaukunis reformebi

guram safariZe

TurqeTi saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvnelovani par-

tnioria. Tu aviRebT bolo 10 wlis monacemebs, saqar-

Tvelos sagareo savaWro brunvis daaxloebiT 16%TurqeTze modis. TurqeTi aris erTaderTi saxmeleTo

,,xidi“ saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris gaerTianebas So-

ris. garda amisa, mas gaaCnia evrokavSirTan integraci-

is gamocdileba mravali aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, racCvenTvisac sagareo ekonomikur da politikur priori-

tets warmoadgens.TurqeTis evrokavSirSi Sesvlis sakiTxi didi xa-

nia, dRis wesrigSi dgas. molaparakebebi am sakiTxze

ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs. Catarebu-

li reformebis miuxedavad, romlebic evrokavSirTan

integraciaSi unda daxmareboda qveyanas, evrokavSiri

axal-axal naklsa da mizezebs poulobs imisTvis, rom

gaaWianuros procesi. rogorc mkvlevarebi weren,TurqeTis evropis kavSirSi Sesvlis procesi Senelebu-

lia: mxolod 14 sakiTxi 33 mosalaparakebeli Temidan

gaixsna bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi (bolo gaixsna 2013


116

wlis noemberSi) da erTi droebiT daixura. [Chislett,2015]

TurqeTi evrokavSiris asocirebuli wevria 1964wlidan [European Communities, 1973]. 1996 wlidan igi ev-

rokavSirTan sabaJo kavSiris monawilea, ramac moiTxo-

va qveynisgan sabaJo gadasaxadebis, raodenobrivi Sez-Rudvebis da sxva barierebis sferoSi cvlilebebis gan-

xorcieleba [Togan, 2012]. cxadia, evropasTan integri-rebis Semdeg nabijs qveynisTvis evrokavSiris sru-

luflebiani wevroba warmoadgens.evrokavSirSi Sesvlaze formaluri ganacxadi

TurqeTma 1987 wels gaakeTa.12 weli dasWirda evrokav-

Sirs, raTa qveynisTvis kandidatis statusi mieniWebina.1999 wels kandidatis statusis miniWebidan kidev eq-

vsma welma ganvlo, sanam mxareebi uSualod molapara-

kebebis magidas miusxdebodnen. 2005 wlidan TurqeT-ev-rokavSiris molaparakebebis ZiriTad Temas adamianis

uflebaTa dacva warmoadgens [EuropeanComission, 2015].rac Seexeba TurqeTis ekonomikur mdgomareobas, mo-laparakebebis procesSi amaze evrokavSiris mxridan

sul ufro naklebi SeniSvnebi ismis.TurqeTis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis miswrafe-

bas Tavisi preistoria gaaCnia. saukuneebis ganmavloba-Si, TurqeTis osmaluri imperia supersaxelmwifos war-

moadgenda, Tumca, dasavleTis swrafma progresma Tan-


117

daTan warmoaCina imperiis arakonkurentunarianoba

sxvadasxva, maT Soris ekonomikis, sferoSi. pirveli

msoflio omis Sedegad imperia daiSala. metic, saf-

rTxe Seeqmna qveynis damoukideblobasac.qveynis modernizaciis aucilebloba dgeba maSin,

rodesac vlindeba sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT CamorCe-

na. amdenad, TurqeTi iZulebuli gaxda cvlilebebis

gzas dadgomoda. 1923 wels, respublikis daarsebis Sem-

deg, TurqeTma mustafa qemal aTaTurqis liderobiT,miznad daisaxa mankieri da araefeqturi saxelmwifoeb-rivi sistemis vesternizacia da dasavluri tipis saero

sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba. garkveuli ,,aqtivi“, rac

qveyanas im periodisaTvis gaaCnda, koloniuri warsu-

lis mqone qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, iyo saxelmwifoinstitutebis arseboba da saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis

gamocdileba, SedarebiT Zlieri armia da samxedro saq-

mis gamocdileba, razec dafuZnebuli gaxldaT qema-

listur-laicisturi44 reJimi aTwleulebis ganmavlo-

baSi.qveynis transformaciis Semdgomi ganviTareba

metwilad ganpirobebuli iyo evropaSi mimdinare rTu-

li procesebiT. Tanamedrove tipis dasavluri saxel-

44ლაიციზმი - სახელმწიფოში რელიგიის გავლენის წინააღმდეგ ბრძოლა;საფრანგეთში დაწყებული მოძრაობა სახელმწიფოსსეკულარიზაციისათვის.


118

mwifoebis Camoyalibebamde, ramac SemdgomSi SesaZle-

beli gaxada ufro mWidro integracia, evropam gauZlo

sxvadasxva gamowvevebs: ultramemarcxene socialis-

turi ideologiis zewolas, avtoritarizms, ekonomi-

kur krizisebs, ganaviTara demokratiis, adamianis uf-

lebebis dacvis, kanonis uzenaesobis, sityvis Tavisuf-

lebis poziciebi. TurqeTis ganviTareba evropaSi mim-

dinare xsenebuli movlenebis fonze gamoirCeoda imiT,rom gaweul iqna didi Zalisxmeva, raTa TurqeTi, ro-

gorc saxelmwifo, anaqronizmad ar warmoCeniliyo Ta-

namedrove evropis gverdze. marTalia, saboloo Sede-

gi, evrokavSiris sruluflebiani wevroba jer ar aris

miRweuli, Tumca amis perspeqtiva realurad arsebobs,rasac evropis kavSiris mesveurebic aRiareben.

cvlilebebis procesSi ZiriTadi aqcenti gakeTda

ekonomikur reformebze [Rahman, 2015]. meoce saukunis

20-iani wlebis gardaqmnebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

hqonda TurqeTis ganviTarebaSi.im droisaTvis TurqeTSi ubralod ar arsebobda

ganviTarebuli kerZo mewarmeobis tradiciebi. vaWro-

bas metwilad berZnebi, somxebi da ebraelebi eweodnen.samrewvelo simZlavreebis didi nawili ucxouri kapi-

talis warmomadgenelTa mflobelobaSi iyo. igive uc-xouri kapitalis meSveobiT warmoebda sarkinigzo mSe-


119

nebloba. sabanko kapitalis mxolod mexuTedi gaxldaT

samamulo warmoSobis.amdenad, damoukideblobis sakiTxi mwvaved idga.

aseT pirobebSi ekonomikis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Za-

lis funqcia saxelmwifom sakuTar Tavze aiRo. ekono-mikuri politikis mTavari mizani kerZo sakuTrebazedamyarebuli Turquli mewarmeobis ganviTareba gax-

ldaT. etatizmis45 Turquli gza, sabWourisgan gansxva-

vebiT, kerZo sakuTrebisa da bazris damcvelad mogvev-

lina.es periodi TurqeTis ekonomikis liberalizaciis

pirvel mcdelobadac SeiZleba miviCnioT, radgan ker-Zo mesakuTreoba liberaluri sabazro ekonomikis qva-

kuTxedia. Tumca, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri paterna-

lizmis gaZlierebis gza, ufro metad ucxoeTis kapi-

talze damokidebulebis SiSiT iqna arCeuli.am etapze qveyanaSi kerZo danazogebis ararsebo-

bis fonze, saxelmwifom Tavze aiRo msxvili proeqte-

bis ganxorcielebis pasuxismgebloba. SemdgomSi, mTe-li aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi kerZo seqtorisa da sa-

xelmwifos mWidro TanamSromloba, gansakuTrebiT

mrewvelobaSi, TurqeTis ekonomikis damaxasiaTebel

45ეტატიზმი-სახელმიფოს წამყვანი როლისაღიარება ცხოვრებისპრაქტიკულად ყველა სფეროში.


120

niSans warmoadgenda. aseTi TanamSromlobis kidev erT

magaliTs safinanso seqtori warmoadgens - sabankokreditze dabali saprocento ganakveTebi ganpirobe-

buli iyo saxelmwifos iniciativiT daarsebuli, mTli-anad an ZiriTadad saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi myofi ban-

kebis arsebobiT. garda amisa, mTavrobam mrewvelobasSeuqmna myari proteqcionistuli garemo saerTaSori-

so vaWrobis kuTxiT.saxelmwifo politika aseve iqna mimarTuli ucxo-

uri investiciebis rolis SezRudvaze. wlebis manZilzekapitalis nakadi sazRvargareTidan mraval winaaRmde-

gobas awydeboda. metic, meoce saukunis 30-ian wlebSiTurqeTis saxelmwifom mis teritoriaze arsebuli uc-

xouri sawarmoebi gamoisyida.mTavrobam seriozuli yuradReba dauTmo agra-

rul seqtors. Camoyalibda ,,saCvenebeli fermeruli

meurneobebi“. wlebis manZilze xdeboda rigi sasof-

lo-sameurneo produqtebis dotaciuri Sesyidva.ekonomikis ganviTarebis, etatizmis saxelwode-

biT cnobili amgvari sistema, araerTgvarovnadaa Sefa-

sebuli msoflioSi da TviT TurqeTSi. saxelmwifozeagebuli ekonomika atarebda yvela saxasiaTo mankier

niSans: sabazro Zalebze zewola, warmoebis araefeqtu-

roba, korufcia, teqnologiebis aTvisebis araefeqtu-

ri meqanizmi. Tumca, xelisuflebam Tavidanve CaTvala,


121

rom saxelmwifos mZlavri Carevis gareSe qveynis eko-

nomikas swrafad ,,Seavsebda“ ucxouri kapitali, rac sa-

SiSroebas Seuqmnida saxelmwifo suverenitets.etatizmis ekonomikuri sistema umniSvnelo cvli-

lebebiT gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebamde arsebobda,Tumca TurqeTis sazogadoebac da mTavrobac xedav-

dnen, rom igi warmoadgenda bariers kerZo sakuTrebazedamyarebuli sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibebi-

saTvis. imdenad, ramdenadac TurqeTis respublikamTavisi momavali evropuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobas

daukavSira, ekonomikis ganviTarebas ki didZali ucxo-

uri kapitalis mozidva esaWiroeboda, dRis wesrigSi

dadga sistemis liberalizaciis sakiTxi.reformirebis morigi etapi ganxorcielda 1950-

ian wlebSi. liberalizaciis es talRa mniSvnelovnad

ganapiroba sagareo politikurma faqtorebmac. am pe-riodSi TandaTan ufro gaizarda qveynis geopoliti-

kuri funqcia, gamomdinare misi strategiuli mdebare-

obidan, gansakuTrebiT, civi omis konteqstSi. aman ga-napiroba TurqeTis monawileoba mraval saerTaSoriso

organizaciaSi – TurqeTi natos erT-erTi uxucesi wev-

ri qveyanaa 1952 wlidan, rac mniSvnelovnad gansaz-Rvravs mis rols da moqmedebas saerTaSoriso arenaze

[Davutoglu, 2012]. garda amisa, TurqeTi ekonomikuri Ta-

namSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis (OECD),


122

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis da sxva avtoritetu-

li saerTaSoriso institutebis wevrs warmoadgens.evroatlantikurma ltolvam garkveuli sargeb-

lebi moitana qveynis ekonomikisaTvis. e.w. marSalis

gegmiT gaTvaliswinebulma amerikulma daxmarebam (maT

Soris, iafi kreditis formiT) SesaZlebeli gaxada sa-

gareo ekonomikuri proteqcionizmis Serbileba [Ustun,1997]. 1946-1964 wlebSi TurqeTma saerTaSoriso daxma-

rebis saxiT mTlianobaSi 1,5 mlrd.aSS dolarze meti

miiRo. 1964 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac TurqeTi evrokavSi-

ris asocirebuli wevri gaxda, amerikuli daxmarebebi

evrokavSiridan wamosulma dafinansebam Caanacvla.unda iTqvas, rom ekonomikuri liberalizaciisa-

ken gadadgmulma nabijebma, maT Soris Turquli lirisdevalvaciam, saTanado Sedegebi ver moitana eqsportis

gafarToebis da importis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT.Sida danazogebi, romlis safuZvelzec kerZo seqtoris

zrda unda momxdariyo, arasakmarisi aRmoCnda, ucxou-

ri kapitalis Semodineba winaswar Sefasebebze naklebi.aman valutis kursis mkveTri dacema gamoiwvia.

TurqeTi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daaxloebiT

igive scenars Sexvda meoce saukunis 70-ian wlebSic. am

periodSi moxda saxelmwifo investiciebis Semcireba,rac gamowveuli iyo sagadamxdelo balansis problemis


123

garTulebis molodiniT, saboloo jamSi ki aman Seamcira

ekonomikuri zrdis tempi. mTavroba garkveulwilad

kvlav Semobrunda proteqcionizmisken, [Onis, 2010] racaisaxa importSemcvleli mrewvelobis ganviTarebis po-

litikaSi. Tumca, importSemcvleli warmoebis politi-

kas TurqeTi adrec awarmoebda.meoce saukunis reformebs ekonomikur politika-

Si win uZRoda samxedro gadatrialebebi, romelic meo-

ce saukunis TurqeTis istoriaSi ramdenjerme moxda.[makaraZe; 2016] 1980 wlis morigi samxedro gadatriale-bis Semdeg TurqeTma daiwyo ekonomikuri stabilizacii-sa da ekonomikis liberalizaciis politikuri kursis

ufro mkveTrad gatareba. mzardi inflaciis fonze man

daxmarebis TxovniT mimarTa ssf-s, romelmac TurqeTis

ekonomikis liberalizaciis politikas mxari dauWira.sawyis etapze reformebi naklebi warmatebiT wa-

rimarTa. Turquli liris devalvacia ganuwyvetliv

mimdinareobda wlebis manZilze. 80-ian da 90-ian wlebSi

lira ufasurdeboda daaxloebiT 10-15%-iT yovelwli-

urad [Boratav, Yeldan, 2001] arsebobda mosazreba, rom va-lutis kursis mkveTri Semcireba xels SeuSlida inves-

ticiuri saqonlis imports, romelzec didwilad iyo

damokidebuli qveynis ekonomikuri zrda. amdenad,mTavroba Seecada SeenarCunebina liris sagareo kursi,Tumca qveynis SigniT liris msyidvelobiTunarianoba


124

ganuwyvetliv ecemoda. liris amgvari ormagi kursi ki-

dev mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda.am periodis erT-erT mimarTulebas reformebSi

fasebis liberalizacia warmoadgenda. igi gamoixata im

,,sabazo saqonlis“ CamonaTvalis SekvecaSi, romelzec

fasebi administraciulad dgindeboda. ganxorcielda

fasebis sruli liberalizacia kerZo seqtorSi. Sem-cirda sasoflo sameurneo produqtebis dotaciuri

Sesyidvis masStabebi. mTavrobam Sewyvita saxelmwifosawarmoebisTvis navTobproduqtebis SeRavaTiani ta-

rifebiT gacema.liberalizaciis RonisZiebebis Semadgeneli nawi-

li gaxldaT sabanko saprocento ganakveTis Tavisufa-

li formireba. am nabijma gamoiwvia sabanko depozite-

bis mkveTri zrda. Semcirda fulis brunvis siCqare da

aJiotaJuri moTxovna, ramac dadebiTi roli Seasrula

inflaciis moTokvaSi. savaluto rezervebis Senaxvisa

da operirebis reJimis decentralizacia, bankTaSori-

si fuladi bazris Seqmna, saxelmwifo da kerZo fasiani

qaRaldebis yidva-gayidvis waxaliseba axdenda sabanko

sferos liberalizacias. imavdroulad sasaqonlo baz-

ris liberalizaciam, sxva miznebTan erTad, gamoiwvia

,,Crilovani kapitalis“ nawilobriv mozidva.


125

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, pirveli Sedegebi arc Tu

STambeWdavi aRmoCnda. bankebSi moziduli depozitebinaklebad iqna gamoyenebuli mcire da saSualo biznesis

dafinansebaze, samagierod isini mimarTul iqna kapita-

lis eqsportze. es imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom investire-bis ufro mogebiani variantebi qveynis SigniT naklebad

Canda. bankebi did riskebs awydebodnen biznesis dafi-

nansebis Sedegad. ramdenime sabanko skandalis Semdeg-saxelmwifom gaamkacra sabanko kapitalis formirebi-

sa da funqcionirebis pirobebi. problemuri valebi

TviTon dafara, Tumca amiT biujets dabalansebis

kuTxiT problemebi Seuqmna.biujetis dabalansebis problemebi liberaliza-

ciis pirvel wlebSi isedac aqtualuri iyo. sakmaod ma-Rali sagadasaxado ganakveTebidan mcire odenobiT

Tanxebis mobilizeba xdeboda, damatebiTi sabiujetoxarjebi TurqeTis xelisuflebis mier ganixileboda

samomxmareblo moTxovnisa da, saerTod, ekonomikis ga-

mococxlebis saSualebad. biujetis deficitis dafi-nansebisaTvis ki gamoiyeneboda moklevadiani ucxouri

sesxebi, e.w. „cxeli fuli”, romelze damokidebulebac

TandaTan izrdeboda.reformebis procesSi aqcenti gakeTda piradi Se-

mosavlebis dabegvraze. ,,qamrebis SemoWera“, rogorcsaerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mier rekomendirebu-


126

li ,,uebari wamali“, am SemTxvevaSic iqna gamoyenebuli -saxelmwifom mniSvnelovnad Seamcira xarjebi.Tumca,es zomebi ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi Tavi aeridebinaT azi-

ur krizisadmi, romelic gasuli saukunis miwuruls

sakmao simZafriT iwvnia TurqeTma.reformebi Seexeboda danazogebis waxalisebasac,

rac iTvaliswinebda saxelmwifo kompaniebis privati-

zebas aqcionirebis gziT [Aksoy, 1993]. kerZo kompaniebs

miecaT saxelmwifo obieqtebis arendis saSualebac. sa-

xelmwifo kompaniebi uSvebdnen ,,Semosavlian aqciebs“,romlebic warmoadgendnen safondo birJaze kotire-

bul fasian qaRaldebs warmomdgenze, moqmedebis gan-

sazRvruli vadiT.saxelmwifo reformebis kidev erTi saintereso

meqanizmi iyo sazogadoebrivi aqcionirebis fondi, ro-melic exmareboda mosaxleobas ekonomikaSi danazoge-

bis dabandebis procesSi, ZiriTadad, sawarmoo infras-

truqturuli obieqtebis dafinansebis mizniT.Tu gavavlebT paralelebs, aSkaraa garkveuli

msgavseba saqarTveloSi Catarebul 90-iani wlebis re-

formebTan (magaliTad, fasebis liberalizaciis, valu-

tis Tavisufal mcurav kursze gadasvlis, privatiza-

ciis mimarTulebiT da sxva), Tumca, TurqeTisagan gan-sxvavebiT misi gatareba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo in-


127

stitutebis axlad mSeneblobis paralelurad mouxda,Tanac sabWoTa sistemis rRvevis Sedegad gaCanagebuli

ekonomikis safuZvelze, Zalze arastabiluri politi-

kuri situaciis pirobebSi. radikalur reformebs ki

stabiluri garemo esaWiroeba. Sedegad, TurqeTis re-formebma ufro xelSesaxebi Sedegebi moitana ekonomi-

kuri zrdis kuTxiT. unda iTqvas, rom orive SemTxveva-Si reformebis procesSi SeiniSneba saerTaSoriso sava-

luto fondis ,,xelwera“, romelic Tavisi arsiT dasav-

luria.


makaraZe e. TurqeTis saSinao politika 2000-2015wlebSi; gamomcemloba universali. Tbilisi 2016. 138gv.

Agreement establishing an Association between the EuropeanEconomic Community and Turkey. Official journal of the EuropeanCommunities. Volume 16. No C113. December 1973. 81p.

Aksoy A.S. Turkish Experience with Privatisation: AnOverview and Evaluation. Turkish Public Administration Annual,Vol 17-19, 1991-1993. pp.39-54.

Boratav K., Yeldan E. Turkey, 1980-2000: Financialliberalization, macroeconomic (in)-stability, and patterns ofdistribution. Ankara. 2001.73p.


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Chislett W. Turkey’s 10 yearsof EU accessionnegotiations:noendinsight. Elcano Royal Institute. Working Paper 14/2015. Spain.29p.

Davutoglu A. Transformation of NATO and Turkey’sPosition. Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. PERCEPTIONS,Spring 2012, Volume XVII, Number 1, pp.7-17.

Onis Z. Crises and Transformations in Turkish politicalEconomy. Turkish Policy, Quarterly. Volume 9, N3. 2010. Turkey.pp.45-61.

Rahman A., Ahmad W., Ali N., Ismail D., Adam F.Modernization of Turkey under kamal Ataturk. Asian SocialScience; Vol. 11, No. 4; 2015. Canada. pp.202-205.

Togan S. The EU-Turkey Customs Union: A model for FutureEuro-Med Integration. MEDPRO technical Report No.9/March2012. 23p.

Turkey 2015. Report. Commission staff working document.European Commission. Brussels, 10.11.2015. SWD(2015) 216 final.92p.

Ustun S. Turkey and the Marshall Plan: strive for Aid. TheTurkish Yearbook. Vol. XXVII. University college. London. 1997.pp.31-52.


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Гурам Сапаридзе

Турция на пути к ЕС - реформы ХХ векаРезюме

Турция является значительным экономическимпартнером для Грузии. По данным последних 10 лет,приблизительно 16% внешнеторгового оборота Грузииприходится на Турцию. Она является единственнымсвязыващим звеном между Грузией и Евросоюзом по суше.Кроме того, Турция интересна нам и по тому обстоятельству,что она имеет опыт интегрирования с Европейским Союзом напротяжении многих десятилетий, что является приоритетом идля нас, как в политическом, так и экономическом плане. Вданном труде рассматриваются те реформы Турции 20-огостолетия, которые дали возможность стране, развиватьэкономику, поднять социально-экономический уровеньнаселения, стать значимым партнером Евросоюза и иметьжелание и реальные претензии на членство в Европейскийсоюз.


130

Guram Safaridze

Turkey is on the way to EU - The reforms of thetwentieth century

Summary

Turkey is one of the most important partners of Georgia.According to the last 10 year’s statistics, about 16% of Georgia’sturnover falls on Turkey. Turkey is the only one land bridge betweenGeorgia and European Union. It also has the decades of experienceof integration with EU, which is the external economic and politicalpriority for Georgia. The research covers the reforms in turkeyduring 20th century which gave a possibility to country to developeconomy, rise the social-economic conditions of population, becamethe most important partner of EU and declare the serious ambition tobecome the full member of European Union.


131

nacionalizmi Tanamedrove msoflioSi

inga cincqilaZe

me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi globalizaci-

is saxiT Tavi iCina axalma movlenam, romelic sruliadsxva Rirebulebebs emyareba da ewinaaRmdegeba naciona-

lizms. globalizacia erovnuli sazRvrebisa da gan-

sxvavebebis moSlis, saerTo moqalaqeobis, erTiani ze-

nacionaluri ekonomikis, saerTo valutis, transnaci-onaluri korporaciebisa da saerTo kosmopolituri

kulturis gavrcelebis gamoxatulebaa. 90-ian wlebSi,roca globalizacia marTlac globaluri movlena gax-

da da faqtobrivad aRar darCa Zala, romelic am pro-cesis gavrcelebasa da ganviTarebas winaaRmdegobas

gauwevda, swored maSin ifeTqa nacionalizmis axalma

talRam, ramac umwvavesi eTnokonfliqtebis forma mii-

Ro.jerald delantis azriT (Delanty, 2002), axali na-

cionalizmis warmoSobisa da gavrcelebis mizezi eri-saxelmwifoebis krizisia, rac globalizaciis proce-

sis Tanmdevi movlenaa. eri-saxelmwifos dasustebis,mis funqciebSi saerTaSoriso aqtorebis (saerTaSori-

so organizaciebi, transnacionaluri korporaciebi,


132

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da sxva) SeWrisa da kom-pleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis pirobebSi Zlier-deba mosaxleobis opozicia da eTnikuri solidarobis

grZnoba ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens.globalizaciis pirobebSi ganviTarebadi qveynebi

upirveles yovlisa SeSfoTebuli arian maTi ekonomi-kis ucxour firmebze da transnacionalur korpora-ciebze daqvemdebarebiTa da dasavluri kulturis ma-

siuri gavcelebiT. ganviTarebul qveynebSi seriozulsaSiSroebad aRiqmeba masiuri migracia ganviTarebadi

qveynebidan, ramac rasizmisa da qsenofobiis zrda ga-

moiwvia. orive am SemTxvevaSi saqme namdvilad „antig-

lobalistur nacionalizmTan“ gvaqvs. is, rom baskebs

damoukidebloba surT, qurTebi TavianTi saxelmwifos

Sesaqmnelad ibrZvian, xolo franko-kanadelebs kvebe-kis kanadisagan gamoyofa aqvT ganzraxuli globaliza-

ciis eraSi axal Zalebs iZens, radgan erTis mxriv, sus-

tdeba saxelmwifo, xolo, meores mxriv, adamianis uf-

lebebi (am SemTxvevaSi erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis uf-

leba) sayovelTao da globaluri norma xdeba. entoni

smiti Tavis wignSi „erebi da nacionalizmi globalur

eraSi“ (Smith, 1995) amtkicebs, rom globalizaciis pro-

cesma, kerZod ki komunikaciebis axalma sistemam waaxa-

lisa patara socialuri da politikuri jgufebi, maT

Soris kulturuli da lingvisturi umciresobebi, Se-


133

eqmnaT da gaeZlierebinaT TavianTi kulturuli qseli.Tanamedrove msoflioSi eTnonacionalizmis gamococ-

xleba faqtia. smiti amis mizezebs kulturaSi eZebs.kerZod, globalizaciis epoqam komunikaciebis arnaxu-

li ganviTareba gamoiwvia, ramac mniSvnelovnad Searyia

erovnuli tradiciebi da kultura. irRveva tradiciu-li Rirebulebebi da amis SiSiT xalxi ubrundeba eTni-kuri gamorCeulobisa da religiuri cnobierebis radi-

kalur formebs da xsnas masSi eZebs. igi Tvlis, rom in-tegraciuli procesebi da globalizaciis Sedegebi

ver cvlis erovnuli identurobis, erovnuli kultu-risa da erovnuli xasiaTis upirates da dominantur

mniSvnelobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. erebi da na-cionalizmi globalizaciis epoqaSic rCeba Tanamed-rove msoflio wesrigis erTaderT realur sayrdenad

(Smith, 1995).smitis aseT mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegebian globa-

listebi, miiCneven ra, rom eri-saxelmwifoebisa da miTufro nacionalizmis epoqa ukve warsulis kuTvnile-

baa. maTi azriT, nacionalisturi gamosvlebic Zireu-

lad gansxvavdeba im klasikuri nacionalizmisgan, rac

warsuli epoqisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.ukanaskneli saukuneebis manZilze dasavleTi po-

litikurad, ekonomikurad da kulturulad gacilebiT

maRla idga, vidre nebismieri sxva civilizacia. aq mox-


134

da yvela didi aRmoCena mecnierebasa da teqnikaSi. aseTpirobebSi iqmneba warmodgena dasavluri civilizaciis

universalurobis Sesaxeb. dasavleTi, iyenebs ra mis

xelT arsebul grandiozul ekonomikur, politikur,finansur Tu propagandistul SesaZleblobebs, aqtiu-rad cdilobs dasavluri faseulobebi maqsimalurad

gaavrcelos mTel msoflioSi. es procesi, rac globa-

lizaciam kidev ufro daaCqara, islami fundamentalis-

tebis mier aRiqmeba, rogorc dasavleTis, kerZod, ame-

rikis SeerTebuli Statebis aSkara eqspansia. Tu gaviT-valiswinebT islamuri fanatizmis da terorizmis mas-

Stabebs SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es msoflios winaSe ar-

sebuli umwvavesi problemaa.Tanamedrove msoflioSi nacionalizmi ZiriTadad

vlindeba im xalxebis nacionalizmis saxiT, romlebic

ama Tu im qveyanaSi eTnikur umciresobas Seadgenen. am-gvari nacionalizmi mimarTulia saxelmwifos centra-lizebuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg da TviTgamorkve-

visTvis ibrZvis. TviTgamorkveva saerTaSoriso samar-

TalSi ganisazRvreba, rogorc erT teritoriazemcxovrebi xalxis ufleba TviTon gansazRvros sakuTa-ri politikuri statusi da ar iyos sxvis mier marTu-

li. swored am, sxva saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi myofi

eTnikuri umciresobis nacionalizms, romelic mimar-Tulia centraluri mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg da miz-


135

nad TviTgamorkvevas isaxavs, uwodeben mininaciona-

lizms.mininacionalizmi yovelTvis ar aris mimarTuli

sakuTari saxelmwifos Seqmnisken. igi SeiZleba avtono-

miisTvis, federaciis subieqtad qcevisTvis an samokav-

Sireo saxelmwifos SeqmnisTvis ibrZodes. aseT Sem-TxvevaSi centralur xelisuflebasTan konfliqti nak-

lebad mwvavea, Tumca umravles SemTxvevaSi mininacio-

nalizmi radikaluri moTxovnebiT gamodis, rac sece-

sias da srul damoukideblobas gulisxmobs. sworedesaa dRes mimdinare konfliqtebis didi umravlesobis

mizezi. separatizmi Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi umTav-

resi saerTaSoriso problema gaxda, xolo winaaRmde-goba TviTgamorkvevisa da saxelmwifos teritoriulimTlianobis principebs Soris namdvil dilemad iqca

(daviTaSvili, 2003).me-20 saukunis bolosaTvis msoflios suverenuli

saxelmwifoebis sam meoTxedze mets hyavda eTnikuri

umciresobebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba, rac eTniku-ri daZabulobisa da konfliqtebis seriozul winapi-

robas qmnis.eTnikur umciresobebSi gansakuTrebul yuradRe-

bas imsaxurebs is kategoria, romlebsac adgilobriv,mkvidr mosaxleobas uwodeben. es is xalxia, romlebic

TavianT istoriul teritoriaze cxovroben, magram


136

sxvadasxva istoriuli da politikuri garemoebebis ga-

mo umciresobad iqcnen. xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis prin-cipma ar unda daarRvios saerTaSoriso samarTlis sxva

pricipebi, kerZod, igi winaaRmdegobaSi ar unda movi-des teritoriuli mTlianobisa da sazRvrebis ucvle-

lobis principebTan. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu qveynismTavroba da mosaxleobis umravlesoba Tanaxmaa miani-Wos damoukidebloba eTnikur umciresobas da amdenadSecvalos sakuTari teritoria da sazRvrebi TviTga-

morkvevis principi realobad iqceva. aseTnairad gan-

xorcielda bangladeSis gamoyofa pakistanisagan 1971wels, eriTreis damoukidebloba eTiopiisagan 1993wels da Cexoslovakiis daSla CexeTisa da slovakeTis

respublikebad 1993 wels. xSir SemTxvevaSi dapirispi-reba eTnikur umciresobebsa da umravlesobebs Sorisukidures formebs iRebs da eTnikur wmendasa da geno-

cidSi gadadis. eTnikuri umciresobebi ukmayofilo

arian im mdgomareobiT, romelSic isini arian da ami-

tom arsebuli mdgomareobis Secvlas isaxaven miznad.moTxovnebi, romlebsac ayeneben mininacionalisturi

moZraobebi gansxvavdeba simZafriT. igi icvleba avto-

nomiidan srul damoukideblobamde. yvela maTganSi

moiZebneba rogorc zomieri, avtonomiuri mowyobis

momxreebi, ise ukiduresi separatistebi. pirvelni mi-dian kompromisze da kmayofildebian mxolod maTi uf-


137

lebebis aRiarebiT. meoreni mxolod srul Tavisufle-bas Tanxmdebian da am miznis misaRwevad ukidures for-

mebsac ar eridebian, maT Soris Zaladobas da terors.l. snaideri (Snyder, 1982) teroristebis oTx gavrcele-

bul saxes gamoyofs: 1) nacionalistebi, avtonomistebi

an sxva umciresobebi; 2) ideologiuri seqtebi da sai-

dumlo sazogadoebebi; 3) diasporaSi myofi sakuTari

samSoblodan mowyvetili jgufebi; 4) transnacionalu-

ri bandebi, romlebsac aqvT mxardaWera sxvadasxva

qveynebidan da organizaciebidan.mininacionalizmis agresiuloba da radikaluri

xasiaTi didad aris damokidebuli imaze Tu romeliqveynis eTnikuri umciresobebis nacionalizmzea sau-

bari. rogorc wesi dasavluri demokratiis qveynebSieTnikuri umciresobebis nacionalizmi naklebad agre-

siulia. amis mizezi gacilebiT maRali politikuri

kultura, saxelmwifoebriobis xangrZlivi istoria da

kanonis uzenaesobaa.Tanamedrove nacionalizmis aRorZinebis mizeze-

bis axsnas bevri mkvlevari cdilobs im Teoriuli mid-

gomiT, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT reaqcia globali-

zaciaze. am midgomiT Tanamedrove eqstremistuli na-

cionalisturi gamosvlebi, nacionalisturi ideolo-

giebis warmateba, eTnikuri dapirispirebebi da kon-


138

fliqtebi aris pasuxi im ekonomikuri da kulturuli

Rirebulebebis Secvlaze, rac globalizacias mohyva.


Delanty, G. & O’ Mahony, P. (2002). Nationalism and SocialTheory. London: Sage Publications.

Smith, A. (1995). Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era.Cambridge: Polity Press

Snyder, L. (1982). Global Mini-Nationalisms: Autonomy orIndependence. London: Greenwood Press

daviTaSvili, z. (2003). nacionalizmi da globali-

zacia. Tbilisi: fondi Ria sazogadoeba - saqarTvelo

Inga TsintskiladzeNationalism in Modern World

Summary

The article is about modern nationalistic movements and thereasons why they emerge. The process of globalization nowadaysopposes nationalism. Globalization is the process of internationalintegration arising from the interchange of world views, products,ideas and other aspects of culture. In a globalized world developing


139

countries are concerned about dependence on foreign firms andtransnational companies as well as massive spread of westernculture. As for developed countries here massive migration fromdeveloping countries is regarded as a serious threat and all this maylead to racism and xenophobia. Nowadays there are ethnic minoritiesin many different countries and sometimes their fight for rights takesradical forms.

Инга ЦинцкиладзеНационализм в современном мире

Резюме

Современные националистические движения и причиныих возникнавения обсуждаются в данной статье. Процессглобализации представляет собой противоположностьнационализма. Глобализация - это процесс международнойинтеграции, обмена товара, идей и других аспектов культуры. Вглобализированном мире развивающиеся страны обеспокоенызависимостью от иностранных фирм и транснациональныхкомпаний, а также массовым распространением западнойкультуры. Что касается развитых стран, здесь массоваямиграция из развивающихся стран рассматривается каксерьезная угроза и все это может привести к расизму иксенофобии. Существуют этнические меньшинства в разныхстранах и иногда их борьба за права принимает радикальныеформы.


140

sulieri usafrTxoeba saqarTveloserovnuli uSiSroebis sistemaSi

giga fartenaZeirakli manveliZe

Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi mimdina-reobs sazogadoebis sulieri da kulturuli moderni-

zaciis mtkivneuli da Seuqcevadi procesi, xdebatradiciuli faseulobebis da Rirebulebebis gadafa-

seba, yalibdeba da viTardeba cxovrebis axali normebi,romlebic gabatonebuli mdgomareobis mopovebas cdi-

lobs sazogadoebaSi. yovelive amis Sedegad aSkaradCans sazogadoebisaTvis sulieri da kulturuli pos-

ttransformaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebi.Tanamedrove etapze sulierma krizisma, romlis

aSkara niSnebsac ukve avlens saqarTvelo, safrTxisSemcvlelia Cveni sazogadoebis sulieri usafrTxoe-

bisTvis, radganac mkveTrad dasustebulia is sulieri

safuZvlebi, romlebic yovelTvis gamodiodnen ro-

gorc fundamenti, romelzec Sendeboda qarTuli sa-

zogadoeba. sulieri usafrTxoeba mniSvnelovanwilad

ganisazRvreba rogorc materialuri usafrTxoeba.socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri katak-

lizmebis Sedegad qarTuli sazogadoeba dgas sulieri


141

gaTiSulobis, sociokulturuli ganxeTqilebis, soci-aluri Rirebulebebis da sulieri kulturis krizisis

realobis winaSe. Sesabamisad, sulieri usafrTxoebis

uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi aris problemuri sakiTxi,radgan sazogadoebas, rogorc mTlianobas, arseboba

SeuZlia mxolod sulier-zneobrivi Rirebulebebis,rogorc sociumis sicocxlisunarianobis, misi sulie-

ri da mTlianobaSi, socialuri potencialis indikato-rebis safuZvelze. sulieri usafrTxoebis cneba pir-

dapir dakavSirebulia globalizaciur konteqstTan.aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos geopolitikuri sta-

tusis problemasTan - rogorc aRmosavlur da dasav-

lur civilizaciebs Soris gzajvaredini, adgili sadacikveTeba sxvadasxva politikuri sistemebis da tradi-

ciebis urTierT SeRwevadoba.sabWoTa totalitarizmis pirobebSi saqarTvelo

erTis mxriv Caketili sistemis nawili iyo da, bunebri-via mas dakarguli hqonda aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs

Soris urTierT damakavSirebeli gzasayaris funqcia,xolo meores mxriv, is daculi iyo dasavluri civili-

zaciis gavlenis negatiuri aspeqtebisagan. damouki-deblobis aRdgenis Semdeg ki saqarTvelo istoriuligeopolitikuri funqciis dabrunebis kvaldakval aR-moCnda didi civilizaciuri sainformacio nakadis pi-

rispir, risTvisac qveyana faqtobrivad ar iyo mzad.


142

globalizaciuri tendenciebi kulturaSi, religiuri

ekumenizmi, transnacionaluri konfesiebi siaxle aR-

moCnda qarTuli realobisaTvis. Sedegad safrTxis

qveS dadga erovnuli identobis sakiTxi.sazogadoebis sulieri usafrTxoeba, upirveles

yovlisa, dakavSirebulia misi sulieri sferos mdgoma-

reobasTan, misi kulturis, zneobriobis ganviTarebis

donesTan. samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom

„sulieri usafrTxoeba gamodis rogorc sazogadoebis

sulier-zneobrivi mdgomareobis da Camoyalibebuli

msoflmxedvelobrivi raobis, sabazo miznebisa da Ri-

rebulebebis potencialis, individualuri, jgufuri

da saerTo sazogadoebrivi interesebis, politikuri

institutebis, ideologiisa da kulturis xarisxobri-

vi maCvenebeli“. ufro metic „sulieri usafrTxoeba -aris sistema im pirobebisa, romlebic saSualebas aZle-ven kulturasa da sazogadoebas SeinarCunon sasicoc-xlod mniSvnelovani parametrebi istoriulad Camoya-

libebuli normis farglebSi“. amrigad, sulieri usaf-rTxoebis mocemuli gansazRvrebebi gulisxmobs mis

arsobriv mxares, romelic mdgomareobs im unarsa da

potencialSi, romliTac is axerxebs SeinarCunos dakvlav awarmoos sicocxlisunariani sazogadoebis pa-

rametrebi.


143

sulieri usafrTxoeba es aris saxelmwifos miermoqalaqeTa materialur da fsiqologiur komfortis

uzrunvelyofa, individualuri TviTrealizaciisa daTiToeuli pirovnebis SesaZleblobebis optimaluri

ganviTarebisaTvis pirobebis Seqmna, mosaxleobis ndo-

ba samarTaldamcavi organoebisa da sasamarTlosadmi,ndoba xelisuflebis SesaZleblobisadmi daicvas ada-

miani da ganamtkicos socialuri wesrigi, sazogadoe-bis unari daZlios qsenofobiis da nacionalizmis yve-

la forma, ganaxorcielos konfesiebs da eTnikur jgu-

febs Soris harmoniuli urTierTobebi.sulieri usafrTxoeba unda moicavdes eris kul-

turul, demografiul, genetikur da sxva sferoebs.xolo sulier safrTxed unda aRiqmebodes iseTi mov-

lenebi, rogoricaa ucxouri kulturis gavlenis gaZ-

liereba, „zneobis dakargva“, ucxo, axali „socialuri

da individualuri qcevis myari formebis, faseuloba-

Ta sistemis“ Camoyalibebis tendencia, romelTa qao-

turi - „dangreva erovnuli, sulieri TviTmyofadobis

dangrevas moitans“.saqarTvelos sazogadoebis deideologizaciis da

liberalizaciis kvaldakval gaCnda misi sulieri

usafrTxoebis axali gamowvevebi. sazogadoebriv aspa-

rezze gamodis axali Taoba, romelic aRzrdilia ,,ide-

ologiuri vakuumis“ pirobebSi, romelmac ar icis sxva


144

faseulobebi da Rirebulebebi, garda individualuri

keTildReobis da moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis, xoloTavsmoxveuli fsevdoRirebulebebis da faseulobebispirobebSi sustad axdens mis identificirebas saqar-

Tvelosa da mis kulturasTan, aseve misi interesebis

saerTo erovnulTan. msgavs sulier atmosferoSi kisakamod rTulia socialuri stabilizaciis probleme-

bis gadawyveta, miT ufro erovnuli identurobis

mdgradi ganviTarebis da SenarCunebis miRweva.amrigad, saqarTvelos sazogadoebis da politi-

kuri elitis mier sulieri usafrTxoebis gaazreba Se-iZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc saqarTvelos miererovnuli suverenitetis da kulturuli identurobis

dacvis, posttransformaciuli sociokultruli

krizisis daZlevis, Semdgomi socialuri da politiku-

ri modernizaciis savaldebulo komponenti.sulieri usafrTxoeba aris erovnuli usafrTxo-

ebis garanti, vinaidan erovnuli usafrTxoeba TavissisruleSi warmosdgeba sulieri usafrTxoebis faqto-

rad. sulieri da erovnuli usafrTxoeba ar SeiZlebaarsebobdnen erTmaneTis gareSe, piriqiT ganapirobeben

erTmaneTs. magaliTad, im uamrav problemas, romlebicdakavSirebulia Tanamedrove saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fos erovnul usafrTxoebasTan, Tavisi bunebiT gaaCni-aT sulieri ganpirobebuloba da isini warmoadgenen


145

qveyanaSi sulieri krizisis Sedegs (krizisuli movle-

nebi sazogadoebis saojaxo-saqorwino sferoSi, ojaxu-

ri Zaladobis, ganqorwinebebis zrda, axalgazrdobis

deviacia, damnaSaveoba, socialuri daavadebebis zrda

da mosaxleobis socialuri ganwyobis daqveiTeba, qse-

nofobia da sxv.). magram Tavis mxriv, msgavsi negatiuri

movlenebis eskalacia, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian

qveynis erovnul usafrTxoebas, aris saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifos social-politikuri reformirebis Sedegi,romelic ganxorcielda saqarTvelos istoriuli, po-

litikuri, kulturuli, socialuri realiebis gauTva-

liswineblad, uniaTod, xalxis sawinaaRmdegod da da-

naSaulebrivad.sazogadoebis sulieri faqtorebi, sulieri at-

mosfero axdens arsebiT gavlenas erovnuli usafr-Txoebis mdgomareobasa da mis qvesistemebze im sabazo

normebiT da faseulobebis meSveobiT, romlebicgvevlinebian sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis determinan-tebad da motivacias aZleven individebis da jgufebis

qcevas.amrigad, sulieri usafrTxoebis faqtori mniS-

vnelovania erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis

saqmeSi, vinaidan sazogadoebis sulieri cxovreba mniS-vnelovan rols TamaSobs erovnuli identobis dacvis

procesSi.


146

sazogadoebis sulier sferoSi mimdinare proce-sebi Tavis gamoxatulebas hpovebs dominirebuli soci-

aluri da politikuri ideebis formirebaSi, aseve sa-zogadoebis makonstituirebeli ideologiis erTob-

liobaSi.ideologia racionalur doneze warmoadgens

konkretuli sazogadoebis materialur-teqnikuri da

sameurneo-ekonomikuri cxovrebis pirobebis specifi-

kur kompleqss, romelic ganisazRvreba konkretulisazogadoebis qcevis modelebis da socialurad mniS-vnelovani normebis xasiaTidan da Sinaarsidan gamom-

dinare. Sesabamisad, xdeba ideologiis integrarulifunqciis realizacia sazogadoebaSi, riTac miiRwevaam ukanasknelis erTianoba erTiani faseulobebis da

normebis safuZvelze. Aseve, warsuli tradiciis da mo-mavlis perspeqtivis erTiani xedva da am ukanasknelis

realizebis gzebis dasaxva. zogadad ideologia asa-

xavs, axdens konceptualizacias da asabuTebs sazoga-

doebis mTavar kulturul-istoriul upiratesobebs.yvelaferi es erTobliobaSi warmoadgens erovnuli

identobis Semadgenel nawilebs, romelTa dacva da

warmoeba aris erovnuli usafrTxoebis birTvi.erovnuli usafrTxoeba da sulieri usafrTxoeba

yvelaze mWidrod dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan, vinai-dan erTmaneTisTvis warmoadgenen rogorc stabilu-


147

robis, ise riskebis da muqarebis wyaros. samecniero

literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom usafrTxoebis sferossaxelmwifo regulirebis efeqturobis umniSvnelova-nes maCvenebels warmoadgens xelisuflebis unari gaa-

neitralos negatiuri zemoqmedebebi, ganaxorcielos

safrTxeebis neitralizacia, nebismieri xasiaTis da

masStabis muqarebis likvidacia.miuxedavad imisa, rom liberalur-demokratiul

sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifos maregulirebeli zemoqme-

debisa da Carevis xarisxisadmi frTxili midgomisa,romelic SeiniSneba socialur-politikuri ganviTare-

bis liberaluri paradigmis CarCoebSi, dgeba momenti,rodesac es Careva Zalze mniSvnelovani da aucilebeli

xdeba. sazogadoebis sulieri usafrTxoebis uzrun-velyofis procesi mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia po-litikuri Zalebis dainteresebaSi, xeli Seuwyon suli-erad janmrTeli da warmatebuli sazogadoebis ganvi-

Tarebas, rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis garanti.erovnuli usafrTxoebis institucionaluri

gansaxiereba xdeba erovnuli usafrTxoebis sistemaSi,risTvisac qveynaSi iqmneba specialuri, dadgenili kon-struirebuli institutebis da dawesebulebebis er-

Toblioba, aseve saSualebebi, meTodebi. isini mimarTu-

lia, rom saimedod daicvan erovnuli interesebi. sul-ier usafrTxoebas Tu ganvixilavT erTiani erovnuli


148

usafrTxoebis sistemis erT-erT qvesistemad, maSin au-cilebelia is gamovlindes sakuTari institucionalu-

ri reprezentaciiT.Cvens SemTxvevaSi sulieri usafrTxoebis insti-

tucionalizaciaSi vgulisxmobT socialuri normebis,wesebis, statusebisa da rolebis gansazRvrisa da gam-

yarebis process, maT iseT sistemaSi moyvanas, romel-sac eqneba raime sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebis dakma-

yofilebis mimarTulebiT moqmedebis unari.zogadad sulieri usafrTxoebis instituciona-

lizacia qarTul realobaSi unda iTvaliswinebdes ise-

Ti struqturis Seqmnas, romelic daicavs pirovnebas,sazogadoebas da saxelmwifos informaciis destruqc-

iuli xasiaTis gavlenisagan, romelic Seicavs im ideebsda romelTa gavrcelebac akrZaluli unda iyos kanon-

mdeblobiT.amrigad, Tanamedrove realobaSi sulieri usaf-

rTxoeba unda iyos saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxo-

ebis sistemis erT-erTi qvesistema, romelic sazoga-doebas miscems saSualebas SeinarCunos sasicocxlomniSvnelobis parametrebi istoriulad Seqmnili axali

da Zveli normebis mijnaze. sazogadoebis ganviTarebisgardamaval etapze normaTacvlis procesis istoriu-

li CarCoebidan gamosvla, rac SeiZleba gamowveuli

iyos sxvadasxva socialur-ekonomikuri, politikur-


149

kulturuli faqtorebiT gamoiwvevs sazogadoebis de-zorientacias istoriulad Seqmnil RirebulebaTa sis-

temaSi. sulieri erTobis darRveva gamoiwvevs sakuT-

riv sazogadoebis destruqturizacias da piriqiT. ad-reuli Sua saukuneebis gvian etapze saqarTveloSi swo-red sazogadoebis sulieri erTobis gaZliereba win uZ-

Roda erTiani feodaluri monarqiis Seqmnas.sulieri faqtorebis moqmedeba garkveulwilad

gansazRvravs im misaRebi mniSvnelovani politikuri

gadawyvetilebebis soci-okulturul konteqsts, ro-

melic exeba erovnuli usafrTxoebis problemas. Aseve,sulieri faqtorebs mniSvnelovani wvlili SeaqvT

erovnuli identobis gansazRvraSi. politikaze sulie-

ri faqtorebis gavlena vlindeba imiTac, rom erovnu-li miznis miRwevisaTvis Zalisxmevis mimarTva ayali-

bebs politikis gansazRvrul xarisxs. aqedan gamomdi-

nare, politika moicavs ara mxolod formalur mxare-

ebs, romlebic CarTulia politikur sistemaSi da Sesa-

bamis institucionalur struqturebSi, aramed aseve

gulisxmobs politikur sistemasTan, elitebTan da

partiebTan, saxelmwifosTan da mis struqturebTan,politikur programebTan da gancxadebebTan da maTSimoyvanil miznebTan mimarTebiT mosaxleobis urTier-

Tobebis specifikur aqsiologias. yvelaferi es, gav-

lenas axdens erovnuli usafrTxoebis mdgomareobaze.


150

saerTod sulieri usafrTxoebis, rogorc erov-nuli usafrTxoebis qvesistemis aucilebel nawils un-

da warmoadgendes saxelmwifos, sazogadoebis da pi-

rovnebis interesebis harmoniuli Tanawyoba, urTier-Tpasuxismgebloba pirovnebis saxelmwifosadmi da pi-

riqiT. saqarTveloSi ki am sferoSi daubalanseblobis

Sedegad SeiniSneba saxelmwifosa da pirovnebis, sazo-

gadoebisa da pirovnebis, saxelmwifosa da arasaxel-mwifoebrivi struqturebis urTierTgamoricxvis niS-

nebi, vlindeba xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis dasxvadasxva donis Cinovnikebis Tanamdebobrivi ufle-bamosilebis da saxelmwifo resursebis borotad ga-

moyenebis niSnebi, izrdeba moqalaqeTa undobloba xe-

lisuflebisadmi. yovelive es dRis wesrigSi ayenebserovnuli usafrTxoebis sistemaSi sulieri usaf-rTxoebis safrTxeebis donis Semcirebis strategiis

SemuSavebis aucileblobas, romelmac unda uzrunvel-yos saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis zogadad

erovnuli identobis dacva. unda gatardes adekvaturisaxelmwifo politika mosaxleobis sulieri da mora-

luri aRzrdis sferoSi, unda moxdes masobrivi komu-nikaciis saSualebebis destruqciuli rolis Semcire-ba da ucxouri religiuri organizaciebis uaryofiTi

gavlenis Sesusteba.


151

saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia

iTvaliswinebs ,,kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis, plura-

lizmis, Semwynareblobis, samarTlianobis, adamianis

uflebebis, rasis, enis, sqesis, religiis, raime jgufi-

sadmi kuTvnilebis, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebis

ganurCevlad, adamianTa Tanasworobis principebs. sa-

xelmwifos erT-erTi prioritetia mravaleTnikuri damravalkonfesiuri saqarTvelos mosaxleobis warmo-madgenlebis Tanabari CarTuloba qveynis sazogadoeb-

riv da politikur cxovrebaSi“. aseve ,,saqarTvelosprioritetia kulturuli mravalferovnebisa da erov-

nuli TviTmyofobis SenarCuneba da ganviTareba. mis-

Tvis mniSvnelovania, xeli Seuwyos sxvadasxva eTnikurijgufis integracias da qveynis aRmSeneblobaSi Car-

Tvas. saqarTvelo qmnis pirobebs am jgufebis idento-bisa da kulturis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebis-

Tvis“46. Tumca igive koncefcia saerTod ar exeba sa-

kuTriv qarTuli identobis dacvis aucileblobas.Amrigad, koncefciaSi gaTvaliswinebulia zogadad sa-

zogadoebis moraluri faseulobebis, qveynis kultu-ruli da samoqalaqo Rirebulbebis dacva da gantkice-

ba.sulieri usafrTxoebis, rogorc erovnuli usaf-

rTxoebis qvesistemis mizani unda iyos sazogadoebaSi

46 საქართველოს ეროვნული უსაფრთხოების კონცეფცია, თბ., 2012 წელი


152

sulieri faseulobebis CamoyalibebisaTvis sazogado-ebrivi kontrolis civiluri formebis da xerxebis Se-

muSaveba, romelic upasuxebs qveynis erovnul intere-

sebs; patritizmis da samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis

gaZliereba samSoblos winaSe; moqalaqeTa Tavisufle-bis da uflebebis uzrunvelyofa samarTlebrivi da

organizaciuli meqanizmebis srulyofilebiT; funda-menturi moraluri Rirebulebebis da tradiciebis

dacva da gaZliereba.sulieri usafrTxoebis mizani aseve unda iyos

harmoniuli, maRali Segnebis, moraluri faseulobebis

da Rirebulebebis matarebeli pirovnebis ganviTareba,romelic unda flobdes saerTo polituikur, sama-

rTlebriv kulturas, Seqmnas optimaluri socialurida politikuri pirobebi misi unarebis ganviTarebi-

saTvis, srulfasovani realizaciisaTvis, uzrunvel-yos misi idividualuri uflebebi da Tavisufleba da

daicvas yovelgvari fizikuri, moraluri, politiku-

ri, ekonomikuri da religiuri Zaladobisagan.nebismier sistemas da Sesabamisad, qvesistemas

axasiaTebs garkveuli struqtura. sakuTriv es ukana-

skneli calkeuli elementebisagan Sedgeba. Tu gaviTva-liswinebT sulieri usafrTxoebis Tvisobriv da Sina-arsobriv maxasiaTeblebs SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdeni-

me elementi, kerZod:


153

sulieri usafrTxoebis struqturis erT-erTimniSvnelovani elementia kulturuli damoukideblo-

ba, rac ar gulisxmobs sulier izolacias. Tumca iTva-liswinebs sazogadoebis unars daicvas tradiciebi dastabiluri socio-kulturuli aRwarmoeba sxva kul-

turebTan urTierTqmedebis dros, aicilos globali-zaciis uaryofiTi mxareebis gavlena lokalur da

erovnul kulturaze.sulieri usafrTxoebis struqturis meore mniS-

vnelovani elementia sazogadoebis demokratiuli po-

litikuri sistemis stabiluri funqcionireba. poli-tikurad stabiluri demokratiuli sazogadoebis pi-

robebSi garantirebulia Tavisufali sityvis dacva,aRmsarebloba, daculia moqalaqis piradi sulieri da

informaciuli usafrTxoeba, uzrunvelyofilia jansa-

Ri politikuri konkurencia saarCevno sistemaSi, maRa-

lia partiaTa Soris politikuri dialogis kultura,farToa mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi arasam-Tavrobo sazogadoebrivi da religiuri organizacie-

bis monawileoba, SezRudulia sxvadasxva destabili-

zaciis momxdeni faqtorebi.sulieri usafrTxoebis struqturis mesame mniS-

vnelovania elementia adeqvaturi moTxovnileba da Se-

sabamisad, moqmedi erovnuli ganaTlebis, jandacvis da

kulturis sistemebis adeqvaturi funqcionireba. ma-


154

Ti mimarTva mosaxleobis realur moTxovnebisken, racuzrunvelyofs mTavrobis mier SemuSavebuli humani-taruli da socialuri strategiis ganviTarebis po-

tenciur Sesrulebas.Tanamedrove etapze sulieri usafrTxoeba erov-

nuli usafrTxoebis kompleqsis Semadgeneli nawili

gaxda. sul ufro aucilebelia xdeba sulieri faqto-

rebis, rogorc identurobis sawyisis gaazreba, vinai-dan globalizaciis da sazogadoebis deideologiza-ciis Sedegad warmoqmnili safrTxeebis gamowvevebispirispir sulieri faqtorebi gansakuTrebul mniSvne-

lobas iZens.sulieri usafrTxoebis politikuri Semadgenlo-

ba da misi institucionalizaciis aucilebloba saqar-Tvelos politikur sivrceSi bunebrivia moiTxovs misi

gansazRvruli aspeqtebis politologiur Seswavlas.saqarTvelos sazogadoebis da politikuri eli-

tis mier sulieri usafrTxoebis gaazreba SeiZlebaganxilul iqnes rogorc saqarTvelos mier erovnuli

suverenitetis da kulturuli identurobis dacvis,posttransformaciuli soci-okulturuli krizisis

daZlevis, Semdgomi socialuri da politikuri moder-

nizaciis savaldebulo komponenti.Tanamedrove realobaSi sulieri usafrTxoeba

unda iyos saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis sis-

temis erT-erTi qvesistema, romelic sazogadoebas


155

miscems saSualebas SeinarCunos sasicocxlo mniSvne-lobis parametrebi istoriulad Seqmnili axali da Zve-

li normebis mijnaze.

Гига ПартенадзеИраклий Манвелидзе

Духовная безопасность в системе национальнойбезопасности Грузии

В условиях глобализации происходит болезненный инеобратимый процесс духовной и культурной модернизацииобщества, переоценка традиционных ценностей, формируютсяи развиваются новые нормы жизни, которые пытаются завоеватьгосподствующее положение в обществе. После всего этоговидны негативные итоги духовной и культурнойпостмодернизации.

Вследствие социально-экономических и политическихкатаклизмов грузинское общество оказалось перед лицомдуховных проблем, социокультурной разобщенности, кризисомсоциальных ценностей и духовной культуры.

Таким образом, вопрос обеспечения духовнойбезопасности является проблемным вопросом, так как общество,как единое целое, может существовать только лишь,основываясь на духовно-нравственные ценности.Жизнеспособность социума, его духовность и единство на


156

основе индикаторов социального потенциала напрямую связаныс контекстом глобализации, и соответственно, с проблемойгеополитического статуса Грузии как перекрестка восточной изападной цивилизаций, места, где пересекаются различныеполитические системы и существует относительнаяпроницаемость традиций.

В современной реальности духовная культура должнаявляться одной из подсистем национальной системыбезопасности Грузии, которая даст возможность обществусохранить жизненно необходимые исторически созданныепараметры на стыке новых и старых норм. На переходном этаперазвития общества выход из исторических рамок процессаизменения норм, вызванные различными социально-экономическими и культурно-политическими факторами,спровоцирует дезорганизацию общества в созданной системеценностей.


157

Giga PhartenadzeIrakli Manvelidze

Spiritual security in Georgian national security systemSummary

In the globalization era a painful and irreversible process ofsocial spiritual and cultural modernization is going on. Traditionalvalues are changing; new norms of life are developing. As a result ofthis negative results of social spiritual and cultural transformation arevivid.

As a result of socio-economic and political challengesGeorgian society stands in front of spiritual problems and crisis ofsocial values and spiritual culture. Therefore, spiritual security is aproblematic issue as society as a whole can exist while havingspiritual values. Spiritual security is directly connected withglobalization as well as Georgian geopolitical status as it is at thecrossroads of eastern and western civilizations where differentpolitical systems and traditions intermingle.

In modern reality spiritual security must be one of thesubsystems of Georgian national security system which will give thesociety an opportunity to keep vital parameters at the crossroads ofnew and old norms. In the transitional period of social developmentthe process of changing norms which is due to different social-economic, political-cultural factors will cause social disorientation inhistorically created value system.


158

TurqeTis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebiszogierTi aspeqti

guram safariZe

ssf-is klasifikaciiT TurqeTi formirebadi baz-

ris mqone ekonomikad ganixileba.am tipis qveynebs axal

industriul qveynebsac uwodeben.igi xasiaTdeba ucxo-

uri kapitalisadmi gaxsnilobiT, aqtiuri savaWro-eko-

nomikuri da finansuri urTierTobebiT, ganviTarebu-

li infrastruqturiT.meoce saukunis miwurulis aziuri krizisi Tur-

qeTsac mZlavrad Seexo [Weisbrot; 2007]. xelisuflebisqmedebebisa da ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi msof-lioSi dadebiTi ekonomikuri koniunqturis wyalobiT,

TurqeTis ekonomika gamovida krizisidan. 21-e saukunisdasawyisisaTvis TurqeTis mTliani Sida produqtierT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT ukve uaxlovdeboda

bulgareTis da rumineTis maCveneblebs. amis Semdeg man

kidev ufro swrafi zrda aCvena, vidre Tundac evro-

kavSirSi axlad gawevrianebulma qveynebma, romlebic,Tavis mxriv, evrokavSiris saerTo maCvenebelze ufro

swrafad izrdebodnen [Dahlman; 2004][Bayar; 2011]TurqeTs gaaCnia ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis xel-

sayreli demografiuli situacia, mZlavri saganmanaT-


159

leblo sistema (139 universiteti, 3 mln studenti, 400aTasi kursdamTavrebuliT yovelwliurad) [Fitzaptrickand others; 2009], TviTkmari da eqsportze orientirebu-

li soflis meurneobada mrewveloba, CineTis SemdegmsoflioSi umsxvilesi Turquli samSeneblo kompanie-

bi 90-mde qveyanaSi 200 mlrd dolaramde Rirebulebis

mSeneblobas awarmoeben, qveyana warmoadgens energeti-

kul da satransporto satranzito kvanZs, mas gaaCnia

daaxloebiT 45 aTasi erTeuli moculobis satvirTo

avtomobilebis parki, 50 sazRvao da 45 aeroporti.stamboli londonis Semdeg meore aeroportia evropa-

Si. garda amisa, msoflio safinanso bazarze TurqeTi

mZlavri safondo birJis meSveobiT figurirebs.TurqeTs gaaCnia regionuli lideris pretenzia -

2023 wlisaTvis 10 yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynebis si-aSi Sesvla da teqnologiuri modernizaciis miRweva

[Wheeler; 2013][Agarwal; 2014].makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi, romliTac dRes

TurqeTi xasiaTdeba, saSualebas iZleva vamtkicoT,rom TurqeTis pretenziebi regionuli lideris pozi-

ciaze realuria (ix. cxrili 1)

cxrili 1. TurqeTis ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi

2010-2015wwmaCvenebeli zomis erTeu- 2010 2011 2012 2013* 2014* 2015*


160

li

mS p mln aSS dola-ri

736 774 786 820 800 717

mSp zrdis tem-pi

% 8,9 8,8 2,6 4,0 2,9 3,8

inflacia % 6,1 6,4 9,8 6,16 7,4 8,2umuSevroba % 9,5 9,2 9,2 9,7 9,9 10,5

2003 wlidan ekonomikuri zrdis saSualo wliuri

tempi 4%-s aRemateba.2016 wlis pirveli naxevrisaTvis mSp-is zrdis

prognozi wliur 3,9 %-s Seadgenda, rac dasturdeba

OECD-is ivlisis kvleviT.mniSvnelovani biZgi ekonomikis zrdas gasuli sa-

ukunis 80-90-iani wlebis liberalurma reformebma

misces, rac ocdameerTe saukuneSic gagrZelda. manam-

de arsebuli, proteqcionizmze damyarebuli paterna-

listuri ekonomikuri sistema, marTalia, icavda kerZo

sakuTrebas, magram zRudavda ucxouri kapitalisa da

importis Semodinebas qveyanaSi. ekonomikuri libera-lizaciisaken mimarTuli mcdelobebi winaaRmdegobas

mSp-is absoluturi monacemebi gamoxatulia aSS dolarSi damoicavs ra liris kursis damokidebulebis cvlileba aSSdolarTan, aCvenebs klebas 2014 da 2015 wlebSi, sinamdvileSi amwlebSi mSp agrZelebda zrdas, rac asaxulia kidec cxrilis meorestriqonSi mSp zrdis tempis monacemebiT.


161

awydeboda. saxelmwifo ZiriTadad sakuTari ,,ZalebiT“cdilobda finansuri vakuumis amovsebas, ris gamocerovnuli valuta gamudmebiT ganicdida inflacias da

devalvacias [Chen and others; 2014].inflaciisa da valutis kursis dastabilurebam

mkveTrad gazarda TurqeTSi importis moculoba. miu-xedavad TurqeTis ekonomikis sakmaod maRali saerTa-

Soriso konkurentunarianobisa (eqsportis monaceme-

bis absoluturi maCveneblebi izrdeba), qveynis saga-

reo-savaWro balansi uaryofiTia.saerTod, swrafad xdeba TurqeTis saerTaSoriso

integracia. Tu gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebamde saga-

reo-savaWro brunvis Sefardeba mSp-sTan Seadgen-

da15%-s (xangrZlivi proteqcionistuli da importSem-

cvleli politikis Sedegi), 2015 wlis monacemebiT igi

50%-s aRwevs. TurqeTis sagareo savaWro brunvis TiT-

qmis naxevari evrokavSirze modis. magaliTad, Turqu-

li eqsportis 46,6%-ismomxmarebels 2011 wlis monace-

mebiT evrokavSiri warmoadgenda.TurqeTis ekonomikas axasiaTebs sagareo savaWro

brunvis deficitis zrdis grZelvadiani trendi. Tu,magaliTad, 2004 wels uaryofiTi savaWro saldo 34,4mlrd aSS. dolari iyo, 2011 wels 100 miliard aSS. do-


162

lars gascda. Tumca, bolo wlebSi SeiniSneba trendis

Secvla klebisaken.cxadia, savaWro deficitis zrda safrTxis Sem-

cvelia saxelmwifos ekonomikuri stabilurobisTvis,Tumca ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mocemul etapze esgauareseba metwilad gamowveulia TurqeTis finansu-

ri stabilurobis zrdiT. investiciuri mimzidvelobis

zrdas Sedegad mohyva ucxouri kapitalis modineba.aseve izrdeba samomxmareblo, maT Soris impor-

tul saqonelze moTxovna. es iwvevs uaryofiTi saga-

reo savaWro saldos zrdas rogorc pirdapir (impor-

tis zrda), aseve samomxmareblo kreditze moTxovniszrdis gamo portfeluri investiciebis Semomavali na-

kadebis zrdiT.investiciebi moedineba TurqeTis uZrav qoneba-

Sic, gansakuTrebiT TurqeTidan samuSaosaTvis migri-

rebuli mosaxleobis mxridan. evropaSi, ufro metad

germaniaSi, migrirebuli adamianebi sul ufro anazRa-

urebad poziciebze gadadian. es ki moqmedebs rogorc

TurqeTSi gadmoricxuli gzavnilebis raodenobaze,aseve sxvadasxva saxis investiciebze, maT Soris, inves-

ticiebze uZrav qonebaSi. Turqul uZrav qonebaSi aban-

deben sxva qveynebis warmomadgenlebic.


163

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani momenti, romelic aba-

lansebs mzard sagareo-savaWro deficits, aris Tur-qeTSi kargad ganviTarebuli saerTaSoriso turizmi

da satranzito transporti, romlebic ucxouri valu-

tis ,,Tavisi fexiT“ Semomtani dargebia [Aydin-Duzgitandtheothers; 2013]

ufro detalurad TurqeTis sagareo-savaWrobrunvis monacemebi qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSia warmod-

genili (ix. cxrili 2)

cxrili 2. TurqeTis sagareo vaWrobis monacemebi 2009-2013 ww.

(mlrd aSS dolari)2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

saqonelbrunva 243 299,3 375,7 389 403,5 399,8 351,1eqsporti 102,1 113,8 134,9 152,5 151,8 157,6 143,9importi 140,9 185,4 240,8 236,5 251,6 242,2 207,2saldo -38,8 -71,6 -105,9 -84,0 -99,8 -84,6 -63,4eqsporti/importi, % 72,5 61,4 56,0 64,4 60,3 65,1 69,4

damatebiTi sabiujeto xarjebi (deficiti) samom-

xmareblo moTxovnas acocxlebs. finansdeboda mokle-

vadiani ucxouri sesxebiT, ,,cxeli fuliT“, romelic,Tavis mxriv, damokidebuli iyo koniunqturaze. qveyana

mivida krizisamde 2001 wels.sabazro meqanizmisa da sa-xelmwifos gegmiuri moqmedebis SerwymiT moxda stabi-lizaciis programis realizeba socialuri politikis


164

dafinansebiT. 2009 wlis vardnis mere advilad aRadgi-

na zrda inflaciis normaluri tempis SenarCunebiT. Zi-

riTadad Sida moTxovnis zrdiT (gare sesxebis parale-

lurad). iuridiulad damoukidebel sawarmoebs saxel-mwifom gaumarTa infrastruqtura da sxva mxrivac da-

exmara.bolo periodSi sagareo sesxebis problema sa-

xelmwifodan realur seqtors gadaeca. saxelmwifo

TandaTan amcirebda biznes-urTierTobebSi sakuTari

monawileobis xarisxs. TurqeTi saxelmwifo obieqte-

bis privatizebasac axdenda. aq sainteresoa garkveuliSedareba evrokavSiris postkrizisul RonisZiebebsa

da TurqeTis ekonomikur politikas Soris. rogorc vi-

ciT, evrokavSirma finansuri da ekonomikuri krizisi-dan Tavis dasaRwevad finansuri seqtori gaaTavisuf-

la saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis gazrdis xarjze.zogierTi problemuri kompania praqtikulad naciona-

lizebuli iqna. TurqeTSi piriqiT moxda, oRond am Sem-

TxvevaSi TurqeTma sagareo sesxebi „gadaakisra“ kerZo

seqtors, nawilobriv Caanacvlara sagareo sesxebi Sida

valebis aRebis xarjze, kerZo finansurma bazarma ki

ucxouri kapitalis mozidvaze daiwyo muSaoba [Dervisand the others; 2004]


165

kidev erTi saintereso tendenciaa sainvesticio

xarjebis Semcireba saxelmwifos mxridan. Tu saxel-

mwifo investiciebi 2003 w. Seadgenda qveynis mSp-is

7,2%-s, 2009-2010 wlebSi isini ganaxevrda da Seadgenda

mSp-is 3%-idan 4%-mde, rac niSnavs, rom qveyana Tanda-

Tan gajerda saxelmwifo investiciebiT.saxelmwifo moxeleebis xelfasebis mniSvnelovani

zrda ar xdeba. samagierod, TurqeTi sul ufro da uf-

ro mets xarjavs socialur prioritetebze –jandacva-

ze, pensiebsa da soc. uzrunvelyofaze. tardeba regi-onTaSorisi gamoTanabrebis politika gadasaxadebis

meSveobiT. regionebis uTanabroba, nawilobriv, axlac

warmoadgens TurqeTis problemas. ganaTlebisa da

umuSevrobis, maT Soris umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone

pirTa dasaqmebis problemebi, genderuli gansxvaveba

ganaTlebasa da dasaqmebaSi rCeba. Tumca Sromis bazari

SedarebiT moqnili gaxda. Magram jer kidev problema-turia axalgazrdebis da qalebis dabali xvedriTi wi-

li.21-e saukunis dasawyisidan TurqeTis xelisufle-

bis saTaveSi mofi samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebispartiis mier warmoebuli politika ekonomikaSi arisneoliberalizmis da paternalizmis garkveuli simbio-

zi. xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg isini Seecadnen Ta-visufali bazrisadmi erTguleba ar eqciaT sabazro


166

fundamentalizmad, mTavroba ki daemsgavsa evropuli

modelis socialur saxelmwifos, romlis prioritetsmoqalaqeebis sabazo moTxovnebis dakmayofileba war-

moadgens. amiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, TurqeTi Seecada ori

miznis miRwevas: mosaxleobis, amomrCevlis gulis moge-

basac da evropis moTxovnebis Sesrulebas. zogjer so-

cialuri mxardaWeris meqanizmebi aSkarad partiul-politikuri agentebis rolSic gamodian.

sagareo savaWro saldos deficiti naklebad aris

gamowveuli biujetis deficitiT, ramdenadac Tur-

qeTs am kuTxiT kargi maCvenebeli aqvs. TurqeTis eko-nomika ar funqcionirebs iseTi uzarmazari biujetis

deficitiT, rogorc Tundac evrozonis qveynebi. amde-

nad, arc saxelmwifo valis odenoba aqvs sagangaSo. Se-

darebisaTvis, evrozonis 20 qveynis saerTo saxelmwifo

valis Sefardeba maTsave mSp-s jamur moculobasTan

2010 wlisaTvis 87%-sSeadgenda; xolo deficiti calke-

ul wlebSi zog qveyanaSi - mSp moculobis 6%-ze ufro

maRali (maastrixtis kriteriumebiT biujetis defici-ti evrokavSiris qveynebSi gansazRvrulia araumetes

mSp-is 3%-isa; saxelmwifo vali ar unda aRematebodes

mSp-is 60 %-s). 2015 wlis TurqeTis saxelmwifo biuje-

tis deficiti Seadgenda mSp 1,4%.


167

saxelmwifo vali 2015 wlis seqtembrisaTvis Se-

fasda 238 mlrd. dolarad. romlis ufro meti nawili

(152,2 mlrd.) ganTavsebulia Turqul liraSi. mokleva-

diani sagareo vali 130 mlrd dolars Seadgens. 2016wlisaTvis dasafaria 180 mlrd-mde. mTavroba saerTod,efeqturad moqmedebs saxelmwifo valis SemcirebisaT-

vis. Tu 2001 wels vali mSp-s 77,9%-s Seadgenda, 2014 wli-

saTvis igi Camovarda 33%-mde. Tumca, ekonomikuri

zrdis miznebidan gamomdinare, mTavroba aRar uf-rTxildeba valis aRebas da ufro Tamamad iyenebs eko-

nomikis stimulirebis fiskalur berkets.ucxouri investiciebidan Warbobs evrokavSiris

qveynebidan Semosuli kapitali. Tumca, evrokavSirisgafarToebis Sedegad investiciebis nawili gadamisa-

marTda SemoerTebul qveynebSi.amdenad, miuxedavad TurqeTis ekonomikis maRali

saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobisa, sagareo savaW-

ro saldos deficiti izrdeba (Tu ar CavTvliT bolo

ramdenime wels). amas ki xels uwyobs: 1) ekonomikis sa-

investicio mimzidveloba; 2) importis zrda; 3) defici-

turi biujetis arseboba.Rodesac rTuldeba politikuri da ekonomikuri

mdgomareoba, rac mimdinare etapze TurqeTis sinam-

dvileSi saxezea, investorebi aRar endobian TurqeTis


168

ekonomikas, arc reitinguli saagentoebi wyaloben. Se-

imCneva kapitalis gaqceva, rac Turquli liris dacemas

uwyobs xels. iqac, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri politi-

kis msgavsad, cdiloben balansis xvrelebis amovsebas.qveynis savaluto rezervebi bolo periodisaTvis Ca-

movida 100 mlrd. dolarze dabla, rac Seadgens qveynis

samTvian sagareo brunvaze naklebs. aris inflaciis sa-

SiSroeba. cxrilidan 1 kargad Cans, rom bolo wlebSiinflaciis maCvenebeli jer kidev Sorsaa evropuli

,,standartebisagan“. Tumca gacilebiT ukeTesi mdgoma-

reobaa, vidre mTeli aTwleulobis ganmavlobaSi iyo.siriaSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma, ruseTTan urTi-

erTobis daZabvam, navTobis fasabis cvlilebasTan daaSS dolaris gamyarebasTan dakavSirebulma situaciam,TurqeTi mimdinare etapze axali gamowvevebis winaSe

daayena, romlis gamklaveba mas dRes uxdeba.am fonze TurqeTis centraluri bankis qmedebebi

SedarebiT pasiurobiT gamoirCeva. SesaZloa politi-

kuri zewolis gamo. gasul welSi erdogani faqtiurad

aZalebda centralur banks ganakveTis Semcirebas. rac

aisaxeboda sasesxo bazarze - 10-wliani saxelmwifo ob-

ligaciebis Semosavlianoba 10 %-ze meti niSnulidan

oriod TveSi 9 %-mde Semcirda. sakredito-sadefol-

tosvopebis (sadefolto dazRveva) Rirebuleba obli-


169

gaciis mflobelebisaTvis, aseve daeca. principSi, gan-

viTarebuli qveynisaTvis arc Tu cud maCveneblamde,rom qveynis gadaxdisunarianobas safrTxe Seqmnoda

[Gormez; 2008]saboloo jamSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ocdameerTe

saukune TurqeTma dinamiurad daiwyo ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis da ekonomikuri politikis TvalsazrisiT.TurqeTis makroekonomikuri ganviTarebis maCveneble-

bi sul ufro metad uaxlovdeba im normativebs, rom-lebsac moiTxovs evrokavSiri wevrobis sakuTari kan-

didatebisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom aris garkveuliproblemebi rogorc ekonomikuri sistemis gaxsnilo-

bis, ise makroekonomikuri ekonomikuri politikis gan-

xorcielebis TvalsazrisiT, aSkarad ikveTeba poziti-

uri tendencia, romelic TurqeTis ekonomikur siste-mas erTiani evropuli ojaxis sruluflebian wevroba-

ze pretenziis gamoTqmis uflebas aZlevs.


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Гурам Сапаридзе

Некоторые аспекты вступления Турциив ЕС

Резюме

Турция динамично вступила в 21-й век в планеэкономического развития и экономической политики.Показатели экономического развития страны близки к темотметкам, которые требуется для вступления в союз. Не смотряна определенные проблемы, как в плане открытости экономики,так и в плане осуществления экономической политики в целом,четко определяется позитивная тенденция, которая дает правоиметь претензию, стать полноправным членом единойЕвропейской семьи.


172

Guram Safaridze

Some Aspects of the Turkey’s integration in the EuropeanUnion

Summary

Turkey started the 21st century in a dynamic way in terms ofeconomic development and economic policy. The figures ofmacroeconomic development getting close to those standards theEuropean Union requires for candidate countries. Although there arecertain problems related to the openness of the economic system andimplementation of macroeconomic policy, the positive trendappeared that gives Turkey the right to pretend for the fullmembership of united European Family.


173

sajaro mmarTveloba

Public AdministracionПубличное управление

municipaluri warmonaqmnis teritoriisekologiur-landSafturi mdgradi

ganviTareba - garemos mdgomareobismunicipaluri marTva

zviad burWulaZe

dReisaTvis municipaluri warmonaqmnis terito-

riis ekologiur-landSafturi mdgradi ganviTareba

aris erT-erTi prioritetuli mimarTuleba saqarTve-

los teritoriis administraciul-samarTlebrivi mar-

Tvis struqturaSi.municipaliteti aris sazogadoebis socialur-

struqturuli erTeuli da imavdroulad rogorc wesi

qalaqi da misi mimdebare adgilebi, romelebic mocu-

lia marTvis erTiani sistemiT.teritoriis ekologiur-landSafturi mowyoba,

rogorc sistema mravalsaxovani RonisZiebebisa (eko-


174

logiuri, socialuri, ekonomiuri da sxv.) wyvets mi-

waTsargeblobis racionalizaciis problemebs, misa-

Rebs administraciul-teritorialuri dayofis do-nisTvis warmoebis sameurneo organizaciisa da bune-

baTsargeblobis konkretul pirobebSi. dRes terito-riis miwaTmowyobis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas ufro met

yuradRebas uTmoben teritoriis socialur-ekonomi-

kur Taviseburebebis aRniSvnas. amitom tradiciul so-

cialur –ekonomikur dasabuTebebs teritoriis aTvi-sebisas aucileblia axldes misi obieqturi ekologi-

ur-landSafturi analizis detalebic.teritoriis dagegmarebis sakiTxi aris fundamen-

taluri moTxovna, romlis safuZvezec yalibdeba muni-

cipalitetis ekologiuri, ekonomiuri da socialuri

ganviTarebis, teritoriis gamoyenebis, qalaqmSeneblo-

biTi RonisZiebebis, kapitaluri mSeneblobis obieqte-

bis ganviTarebis, ekologiur-landSafturi da teqno-genuri xasiaTis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis prog-

ramebi.teritoria unda ganvixiloT Sromis resursebTan,

kapitalTan da samecniero-teqnikur progresTan er-

Tad, rogorc ZiriTadi bunebrivi resursi da ekonomi-

uri zrdis mniSvnelovani faqtori. amitom teritoriismdgradi da efeqturi gamoyenebisTvis saWiroa miwaT-


175

mowyobis regulirebis iseTi meTodebiT sargebloba,romelic mimarTuli iqneba nacionaluri simdidris

gazrdisken, sazogadoebis mdgomareobis gaumjobese-

bisken da ekologiur-landSafturi potencialis Se-

narCunebisken.municipaluri warmonaqmnis sivrciTi safuZveli

moicavs TavisTavSi, rogorc bunebriv garemos, aseve

xelovnurad Seqmnili teritoriis ganaSenianebas, ro-

melic dasayrdenia misi gegmarebiTi karkasisa. am faq-

torebis Serwyma ayalibebs raionis garemos, romelic

warmoadgens bunebriv, arqiteqturul gegmarebiT, eko-

logiur, socialur-kulturul da sxva pirobebis er-

Tobliobas.rogorc aRvniSneT, municipaluri warmonaqmnis

mniSvnelovani elementia bunebrivi garemo, landSaf-

ti. Tanamedrove qalaqmSenebloba, iseve rogorc lan-

dSaftis dizaini ganicdis did cvlilebebs. icvleba

Teoria, meTodologia, midgomebi da instrumentebidasaxlebuli adgilebis sivrcis gardasaxvisa da

struqturirebisa Sesabamisad realobisa, romelic iT-valiswinebs met komfortsa da cxovrebis ukeTes xa-

risxs.municipaluri raionis teritoriis resursuli

potencialis analizis dros yvela mis aspeqtSi (ekono-


176

mikurSi, bunebriv-ekologiurSi, teritorialurSi, is-

toriul kulturulSi, satransporto-komunalurSi)unda Catardes teritoriis kompleqsuri Sefaseba, Ca-moyalibdes raionis ganviTarebis funqcionaluri pri-

oritetebi, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes misi sainves-

ticio ganviTarebis kvanZebi, ganisazRvros is RonisZi-

ebebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs teritoriis ekologi-

ur-landSafturi rolis srulyofas.municipaluri warmonaqmnis teritorialuri da-

gegmvis mizani da amocanebi mkafiod unda iyos organi-zebuli im arsebuli yvela resursis maqsimalurad

efeqtur gamoyenebaze, mosaxleobis socialuri ke-

TildReobis amaRlebis xelSewyobaze.teritoriis ekologiur-landSafturi organiza-

cia yalibdeba bunebrivi da urbanuli subsistemebis

urTierTobis safuZvelze, ramac unda uzrunvelyos

miwaTsargeblobis ekonomiuri, socialuri da qalaq-mSeneblobiTi amocanebis kompleqsuri gadawyveta eko-

logiurad usafrTxo organizaciis pirobebi.aqve unda aRiniSnos rom, rodesac vexebiT eko-

logiur-landSaftur safuZvelze teritoriis mdgradganviTarebis meTodologias da ekonomikuri meqaniz-

mebis marTvis sakiTxebs, samamulo praqtikaSi es prob-lema arasrulyofiladaa gamokvleuli da saWiroebs

Sesabamis mecnierul dasabuTebas. ar ganixileba teri-


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torialur landSafturi struqturebis kavSirebi te-

ritoriis organizaciis elementebTan; ar aris siste-

muri midgoma landSafturi faqtorebis gamoyenebisas,rac ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom miRebuli iqnesefeqturi mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebi terito-riis proeqtirebisas miwaTmowyobis organizaciis miz-

niT.teritoriis miwaTmowyobis ekologiuri Semcve-

lobis Seufasebloba kvlav rCeba arsebiTad, misi da-niSnuleba ar SeiZleba Semoifarglos miwis politikis

realizaciis CarCoebiT. bunebrivi warmomavloba da

landSaftis mdgomareoba, xarisxi, gansxvavebuloba,miwis dargobrivi sargeblianoba gansazRvravs teri-toriis unars Seasrulos warmoebis saSualebis fun-

qcia.imavdroulad dadgenilia, rom landSafti asru-

lebs sazogadoebriv rols kulturul, ekologiur,bunebriv da socialur sferoSi da aris sabazo kompo-

nenti bunebrivi da kulturuli memkvidreobisa, xelsuwyobs mosaxleobis keTildReobis zrdas da xalxis

cxovrebis xarisxis amaRlebas, aris mTavari sabazo re-sursi ekonomikis mravali seqtoris ganviTarebisa da-

kavSirebuli landSaftTan, rac saboloo jamSi xels

uwyobs mdgradi ganviTarebis pirobebis gadasvlas.


178

rodesac vexebiT municipaluri raionis terito-

riis ekologiur-landSafturi mdgradi ganviTarebissakiTxebs aq is aucileblad unda ganvixiloT qalaq-

mSeneblobiT politikasTan erTad, im RonisZiebebTa

konteqstSi, rogoricaa socialur-ekonimikuri, eko-

logiuri, finansuri da sainvesticio politika, gamom-dinare municipaluri raionis teritoriis qalaqmSe-neblobiTi organizaciis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli mi-

marTulebidan. am SemTxvevaSi qalaqmSeneblobiTi da-gegmva unda efuZnebodes teritoriisa da dasaxlebu-

li adgilebis mdgradi ganviTarebis principebs, rom-lis drosac qalaqmSeneblobiTi saSualebebiT uzrun-velyofili xdeba cxovrebisa da saqmianobisTvis sa-

surveli garemos Seqmna, rac imavdroulad gulisxmobsmomavali TaobebisaTvis bunebrivi resursebis racio-

nalur gamoyenebas. aRniSnuli naSromis gaanalizebi-

dan Cans, rom teritoriis mdgradi ganviTarebis prin-

cipebis realizaciis ZiriTadi kriteriumebia: qalaq-mSeneblobis ganviTarebaSi sainvesticio da ekonomiku-ri mimzidvelobisken swrafva municipaluri raionis

socialur, ekonomiuri da bunebrivi potencialis ra-

cionaluri gamoyenebis safuZvelze;zaralis aRmofxvra, romelic adgeba garemos,

aseve bunebriv resursebis dacvasa da kvlav warmoq-

mnas, bunebriv memkvidreobas ekosistemis balansis Se-


179

narCunebis saSualebiT; miwaTsargeblobisa da mSeneb-lobis sferoSi gamafrTxilebeli RonisZiebebis miRe-

ba, aseTma midgomam SeiZleba impulsi misces terito-

riis materialuri, socialur-ekologiur, finansur da

adamianur resursebs. teritoriis qalaqmSeneblobiTiganviTarebis aseTi mimarTuleba saSualebas mogvcemsavamaRloT dasaxlebuli adgilebis konkurentunaria-nobis done sustad aTvisebul teritoriebze da xeliSeuwyoT ufro perspeqtiul dasaxlebul punqtebSiekonomiur da socialuri zrdis SesaZlo koncentra-

ciis uzrunvelyofas. dRes saqalaqo komfortis mi-

marT damokidebuleba kardinalurad icvleba. aSkarad

Cans rom imisaTvis, rom moxdes adamianis ukeTesi mdgo-mareobis uzrunvelyofa saWiroa meTodurad iyos is

kontaqtSi bunebriv garemosTan, rameTu es aris Tvise-

ba cocxali organizmisa. Tanamedrove qalaqebSi urba-

nulma procesebma migviyvana iqamde, rom bunebrivi Se-madgenlis moculoba urbanizirebul teritoriazeSemcirda kritikul mdgomareobamde da samwuxarod

procesi dResac grZeldeba. amdenad aucilebeli xdebawarsulis qalaqmSeneblobiTi praqtikisa da Teoriisaxleburi gaazreba da masSi aqtiurad Semoyvana dRe-vandeli dRis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad axali veqtori-

sa, rogoricaa bunebrivi garemos qalaqis struqtura-

Si Semoyvana.


180

dRes ukve aRar saubroben landSaftze ganyenebu-

lad, rom ar axsenon misi qalaqmSeneblobiTi buneba,rameTu landSafti aris garemo. dRes XXI saukuneSi, es

aris sruliad sxva mcneba, rogoricaa "landSafturi

urbanizmi", romelic pirdapir dakavSirebulia axalitipis qalaqmSeneblobiTi struqturis regeneraciisproblemasTan da moicavs bunebriv komponentebs maRa-

li teqnologiebis safuZvelze. landSafturi dizainis

Teoria agebulia Semdegze, rom bunebas damatebuli

arqiteqturuli obieqti es aris qalaqis garemo. aseTi

garemo aris swored mTavari instrumenti XXI saukunisqalaqebSi maRali donis komfortis Seqmnis da qalaqis

mdgradi ganviTarebisa.rogorc cnobilia, konkretuli teritoriis

mdgradi ganviTareba niSnavs biosferoze anTropoge-nuri datvirTvebis sididis mocemuli teritoriis bu-nebrivi resursebis tevadobasTan SesabamisobaSi moy-

vanas da amiT ekologiuri balansis SenarCunebas. imi-

saTvis, rom SenarCunebuli iqnas ekologiuri balansi

aucilebelia CamovayaliboT teritoriis "ekologiuri

karkasi". teritoriis, romelzec yalibdeba es karkasi,30%-40% ekuTvnis ekologiur karkass.

karkasi unikaluria yoveli obieqtisaTvis (dasax-

lebuli adgilisTvis) is aucilebelia Seiqmnas yvela

Rirebul istoriul kulturuli, bunebriv ekologiu-


181

ri da rekreaciuli daniSnulebis teritoriebis eta-

pobrivad SenarCunebis gziT. optimaluri damokidebu-

lebiT da urTierT ganTavsebiT ganaSenianebuli, Tavi-sufali da araurbanizirebuli bunebrivi da gamwvane-

buli teritoriebiT. qalaqis ekologiur karkass geg-

marebiTi TvalsazrisiT ageben misi sididis, qalaq-Twarmomqneli bazis profilis da biosferos Tavisebu-

rebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. urboekologiuri struqtu-

ris agebisas aucilebelia, upirvelesi: qalaqis (dasax-

lebuli adgilis) msxvili masivebis gaerTianeba teri-toriaze arsebuli ekologiuri karkasis elementeb-

Tan; meore: tyis masivebisa da qalaqis Siga gamwvanebu-

li sivrceebis, parkebis, bulvarebis, skverebis mibma

erTian sistemaSi; karkasis SedarebiT avtonomiuri na-wilebis qalaqis gegmarebiT struqturaSi SeRwevis uz-

runvelyofa, kerZod sacxovrebel raionebSi, mikrora-

ionebSi, samrewvelo da komunalur zonebSi.meTodologiuri safuZvlebi urboekologiis sis-

temis Camoyalibebis dros moicavs:- teritoriis qalaqmSeneblobiT-ekologiur ana-

lizs;- biosferoze anTropogenuri datvirTvis donis

gansazRvras;


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- qalaqmSeneblobiT-ekologiuri doqtrinis da-

muSavebas regionalur pirobebSi;- teritoriis urboekologiuri zonirebis norma-

tivebis damuSavebas;urboekologiis praqtikuli safexurebia:- mkafio gamijvna urbanizirebuli teritoriebisa

da Ria bunebrivi sivrcisa;- bunebrivi karkasis xazobrivi elementebis ganvi-

Tareba, agreTve mwvane gzebis da safexmavlo gamwvane-

buli gzebis ganviTareba;- ekologiuri RerZebis Camoyalibeba landSaf-

tur dominantebTan erTad, agreTve wyalsacavebis da

mdinareTa napirebis gaTvaliswinebiT;efeqturad funqcionirebadi urboekologiuri

sistemis damuSaveba SesaZlebelia gamomdinare regio-

naluri bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis analizis Sem-

deg. ZiriTad maCveneblebs regionis bunebrivi lan-

dSaftisa ganekuTvneba: klimati, reliefi, hidrosis-

tema, niadagi, mcenareuloba.bunebrivi landSaftis regionaluri Tavisebure-

bebis da misi urbanizirebuli aspeqtebis analizs miv-

yavarT im daskvnamde, rom urboekologia warmoadgens

bunebriv-qalaqmSeneblobiT sistemas, romelic undaefuZnebodes Tanmimdevrulad gatarebul qalaqmSeneb-


183

lobiTi ekologiis politikas, gamomdinare Semdegis-

gan:- limitirebul anTropogenul ekologiur dat-

virTvas;- darRveuli teritoriebis ekologiur rekon-

struqcias;- buferuli, sakompensacio zonebis (tye, Ria siv-

rce, wyalsacavi) Seqmnas;- mravaldoniani, mravalfunqciuri gamwvanebis

sistemis da bunebrivi karkasis xazobrivi elementebis

Seqmnas (mwvane derefnebi).bunebaTsargeblobisa da garemos dacvis sferoSi

saxelmwifosa da municipalur warmonaqmns Soris mar-

TvelobiTi funqcia, es aris organizaciuli, aRmasru-

lebeli da gamkargulebeli qmedebebis sistema, mimar-Tuli bunebisa da bunebaresursuli kanonmdeblobiTi

normebis dacviTa saqarTvelos teritoriaze. saxel-mwifos funqcias bunebrivi resursebis marTvisas aqvs

gaorebuli midgoma. erTis mxriv, saxelmwifo uSualodTviTon aris mesakuTre bunebrivi obieqtebisa da re-

sursebisa. is uflebamosilia isargeblos saxelmwifos

misTvis miniWebuli ganmanawilebeli ufleba-movaleo-

bebiT, xolo meores mxriv rodesac saqme exeba saxel-

mwifo bunebriv resursebs, ganawilebas mosargebleb-


184

Tan, mflobelebTan da arendatorebTan, Zalian mniS-

vnelovania gamoiCinos jansaRi demokratizmi, im mxriv,rom misces kanonier mosargebles bunebrivi obieqte-bis sargeblobis Tavisufleba da Tavad gadawyvitossakiTxebi dakavSirebuli bunebrivi resursebis dacvi-

sa da racionaluri gamoyenebisa.bunebriv-ekologiuri resursebis municipaluri

marTvis meqanizmis formireba unda efuZnebodesmTlianad raionisa da regionis urTierTdakavSirebul

urTierT ganpirobebul ganviTarebas. aucilebelia sa-xelmwifoebrivi marTvis praqtikisa da meTodologiis

memkvidreoba. ekologiuri problemebis efeqturi ga-dawyveta SeiZleba miRweuli iqnas adgilobrivi TviT-marTvelobiTi organoebisa da saxelmwifo marTvis

organoebis SeTanxmebuli saqmianobis niadagze.municipaluri warmonaqmnebis ekologiuri poli-

tikis damuSaveba da realizacia iTvaliswinebs mis or-

ganizaciul, informaciul, teqnikur, samarTlebriv da

finansur uzrunvelyofas. dReisaTvis aseTi uzrun-

velyofis damuSaveba, aris mecnierTa da arqiteqtor-

Ta saqmianobis erT – erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba. au-

cilebelia aRiniSnos, rom sxvadasxva municipaluriwarmonaqmnebisaTvis am problemaTa gadawyvetis gzebiar aris erTgvarovani da is eqvemdebareba adgilobrivi

specifikis gaTvaliswinebas. urboekologiuri karka-


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sis proeqtireba unda moxdes Sualedur stadiaSi te-ritoriuli dagegmarebis dokumentebis damuSavebis

dros, teritoriis satransporto da sainJinro karka-

sebis daproeqtebisas, gansaxlebis sistemis Camoyali-bebisa da mosaxleobis perspeqtiuli raodenobis vara-

udiT. kompleqsuri analizisa da mocemuli Sejerebu-li saproeqto gadawyvetilebebis Semdeg dargobrivsferoSi yalibdeba integraluri saproeqto gadawyve-tebi teritoriis ganviTarebasTan mimarTebaSi urboe-kologiuri karkasis sistema unda idges erT rigSi sap-roeqto winadadebebTan ekonomikisa da infrastruq-

turis ganviTarebis sferosTan erTad. amrigad urboe-kologiuri sistema axdens uSualo zemoqmedebas eko-logiurad dasabuTebuli saproeqto gadawyvetilebeb-ze municipalur warmonaqmnebSi teritoriis ganviTa-

rebis strategiis gansazRvrisas.garemos dacvis sferoSi marTvas aqvs rigi Tavi-

seburebebi : obieqturi, romelic ganpirobebulia re-

gionis socialur – ekonomiuri pirobebiT da subieq-

turi, romelic ganpirobebulia politikuri procese-

biT, saxelmwifo organoebis reorganizaciiT da nor-

matiuli samarTlebrivi xazis cvlilebiT.CamoTvlili Taviseburebebi iTxovs iseTi mar-

Tvis sistemis Seqmnas, romelic erTis mxriv saSuale-bas iZleva operatiulad reagireba moaxdinos yoveli-ve obieqtur da subieqtur cvlilebebze xarisxis da-


186

kargvis gareSe da ganapirobos garemos mdgradi moce-

muli xarisxi. meores mxriv sistemam xeli unda Seuwyos

bunebaTmosargebleebs iseTi pirobebis SeguebaSi, ker-Zod ar gaarTulon bunebasTan urTierTobis procesSi

damokidebuleba.amrigad, zemod aRniSnulidan gamomdinare mi-

Rebuli mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetileba, rom iyos eko-

nomiurad gamarTlebuli, ekologiurad misaRebi dasocialurad dasabuTebuli saWiroa teritoriis muni-cipaluri marTvisas gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes urboeko-

logiuri karkasis roli, rac SesaZleblobas mogvcemsvareguliroT anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis done lan-dSaftze da imavdroulad Tavi avaridoT SesaZlo kon-

fliqtur situaciebs. aRniSnuli midgoma gansakuTre-

biT mniSvnelovania teritoriuli dagegmarebis dros,radganac saproeqto gadawyvetilebebis miReba sxva-

dasxva teritoriuli sistemis Seqmnisas (satranspor-

to, sainJinro da sxv.) TanxvedraSi unda iyos terito-riis ekologiur organizaciasTan da kerZod urboeko-

logiur karkasTan.


187

Звиад Бурчуладзе

Экологически-ландшафтное устойчивое развитиетерриторий муниципальных образований –

муниципальное управление окружающей средыРезюме

На сегодняшний день не существует четкосформулированной методики для территориально-экологической организации в муниципальных образованиях, чтопривило к высокому уровню экологической деградации иобразованию конфликтных ситуации на этих территориях - икак результат - на лицо уменьшение уровня жизни. Исходя изэтого, в данной статье делается акцент на необходимостьведения эффективной экологической муниципальной политики,что положительно повлияет на экологическую ситуацию нетолько непосредственно в муниципальных образованиях, но ина регионы и государство в целом.


188

Zviad Burchuladze

Sustainable development of municipal entity’s ecologylandscape – municipal management of environment

Summary

Currently we have not distinctly formed methodicalindications within the territorial planning about ecological-territorialorganization in municipality formations, what led us to highecological degradation quality on these territories, as well to raisingthe conflict situation, as a result we got decreasing the livingstandards, that’s why in the article one pays attention to the necessityof holding effective municipality ecological politics, what wouldhave a positive influence over the ecological situation not only forthe concrete municipality creatures, but as well for the whole regionand state.


189


И.М. Смоляридр. Экологические основы архитектурногопроектирования, М., Издательство Центр "Академия" 2010;

Владимеров В.В. Расселение и окружающая среда М; -Стройиздат 1982;

saluqvaZe g. qalaqmSeneblobiTi ekologia. gamom-

cemloba teqnikuri universiteti, 2007;Ландшафтный урбанизм - постиндустриальный этап

градостроительной отрасли. 2014 (Документ экобиблиотеки).Бринза Н., Ильина И. Ландшафтно-экологические

принципы градостраительного развития Москвы. Ландшафтнаяархитектура и дизайн, №01.04 2004;

Волкова В.А, Резникова А.В. Методологические аспектыформирования экологического каркаса городской территории.Труды всероссийской научной конференции с международнымучастием. Казань, 2009;

Б.И.Когуров, Оценка эколого-хозяйственного состояниятерритории административного района // Б.И. Иогуров, Ю.П.Иванов География и природные ресурсы. 1987. №4.стр. 49-54.


190

maskomunikacia

Массовая коммуникацияMass Communication

politikuri reklamis regulirebiszogierTi aspeqti

irine cincaZe

iseve rogorc nebismier sferoSi, politikaSic pi-

ars mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. Tu gavixsenebT nebis-mieri politikuri lideris winasaarCevno programebs

da kampaniebs, an nebismieri samTavrobo uwyebis moRva-

weobas, naTlad davinaxavT, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba

eniWeba piars politikur cxovrebaSi.politikuri piaris mTavar funqciad sainforma-

cio-sakomunikacio procesis warmarTva aRiqmeba.dRes saqarTveloSi politikuri partiebi da li-

derebi piars yvelaze metad sazogadoebaSi garkveuliimijis damkvidrebisa da winasaarCevno kampaniebis or-

ganizebisaTvis iyeneben. piar specialistebi qmnian li-derebisa da partiebis imijs da awodeben mas sazogado-


191

ebas. isini swavloben sazogadoebriv azrs da masze

ageben TavianT sakomunikacio kampaniebs.politikuri piar kampaniebi SeiZleba iyos gare

sazogadoebaze orientirebuli. magaliTad, qveynis

imijis, reputaciis gaumjobesebis, Secvlis survili.gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgeba aseTi piar kampaniebis Ca-

tarebis aucilebloba administraciis reJimis, poli-tikuri orientaciis Tu qveynis prioritetebis Sec-

vlis Semdeg. aseve piar kampaniebi aucilebelia qveyana-

Si xelsayreli sainvesticio klimatis, misi turistu-

li da kulturuli mimzidvelobis imijis SeqmnisaTvis.rac Seexeba politikur reklamas, is sarCevnoo

kampaniis erT-erTi gadamwyveti elementia. esaa tradi-

ciuli satelevizio sareklamo rgolebi, plakatebi,transfaratebi, furclebi. amgvar reklamas eqsperte-

bi ganmartaven, rogorc bazris konkurenciis instru-

ments, romlis ZiriTadi amocanebia: - garkveuli poli-tikuri Zalebis politikuri platformis arsi gadmos-

ces misawvdomi emociuri, lakonuri, originaluri da

advilad dasamaxsovrebeli formiT; ganawyos amomrCe-

veli mis mxardasaWerad, Seqmnas fsiqologiuri ganwyo-

ba, rac ganapirobebs simpaTiebis mimarTulebas da Sem-

deg adamianis moqmedebasac.47

47 ,,არჩევნები და პოლიტიკური მარკეტინგი“ - მაცაბერიძე მ. თბ. 1997 წ.


192

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba politikur rekla-

mas ganmartavs, rogorc masobrivi informaciis saSua-

lebebSi gasuli iseTi Sinaarsis reklamas, romelicmiznad isaxavs saarCevno subieqtis arCevisTvis xelis

Sewyobas/xelis SeSlas, romelic Seicavs winasaarCevno

kampaniis niSnebs, an mowodebas sareferendumod/saple-biscitod gamotanili sakiTxis gadawyvetis sasargeb-

lod, an sawinaaRmdegod. 48

politikuri reklamis daniSnulebaa gaamartivosrTuli politikuri programebi da is gasagebi eniT mia-

wodos amomrCevels. Sesabamisad, informirebuli arCe-

vanis xelSewyobisTvisac, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs

imas, Tu rogor regulirdeba da ramdenad xelmisaw-vdomia reklamis ganTavseba politikuri subieqtebis-

Tvis.gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania satelevizio po-

litikuri reklamis sakiTxi iseTi tipis qveynebSi, ro-

goricaa saqarTvelo, sadac informaciis gavrcelebisumTavres saSualebad rCeba tele media da mosaxleobis

90% meti informacias satelevizio arxebidan iRebs.49

saqarTveloSi politikuri reklamis ganTavsebis

wesebs ori kanoni aregulirebs: 1. saqarTvelos saar-

48 ,,PR - კამპანიები PR -პრაქტიკაში“- ლომინაძე ს., ტექნიკურიუნივერსიტეტი, თბ. 200949 NDI - საზოგადოებრივი აზრის კვლევა - 2013


193

Cevno kodeqsi50. 2. kanoni mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb. buneb-

rivia orive erTnairad gansazRvravs, rogorc fasiani,ise ufaso politikuri reklamis ganTavsebis wess mauw-

yebelTa eTerSi. magaliTad: ,,sazogadoebrivi mauwye-

beli, sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobis aWaris televizia

da radio, agreTve saTemo mauwyebeli valdebuli ari-

an, maTi momsaxurebis zonaSi mimdinare saarCevno kam-

paniis dros TavianT eTerSi yovel saaTSi araumetes 60wamiT usasyidlod da aradiskriminaciulad ganaTav-son TiToeuli kvalificiuri saarCevno subieqtis mier

maTTvis wardgenili winasaarCevno reklama. sazogado-ebrivi mauwyebeli da sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis aWa-

ris televizia da radio valdebuli arian, kvalifici-

uri saarCevno subieqtis garda, yvela sxva partiisa dasaarCevno blokis winasaarCevno reklamis gansanTav-

seblad gamoyon dro, romelic am subieqtebs Soris Ta-

nabrad ganawildeba. 51

iqve ganmartebulia, rom ,,saerTo mauwyeblobisganmaxorcielebeli erovnuli mauwyebeli valdebuliasaerTo arCevnebisas saarCevno kampaniis dros Tavis

eTerSi yovel 3 saaTSi aranakleb 90 wamiT usasyidlod

50 საქართველოს საარჩევნო კოდექსი-მუხლი50 - მედიის მიერწინასაარჩევნო კამპანიის გაშუქების ზოგადი რეგულირებები51 საქართველოს კანონი მაუწყებლობის შესახებ- მუხლი 66 -წინასაარჩევნო რეკლამა


194

da aradiskriminaciulad ganaTavsos TiToeuli kvali-ficiuri saarCevno subieqtis mier misTvis wardgenili

winasaarCevno reklama. ar SeiZleba subieqtis mier ga-mouyenebeli drois Semdgom damateba misi kuTvnili

sxva droisTvis.“52

politikuri reklama SeiZleba iyos rogorc fasi-

ani, ise ufaso. TiToeul maTgans Tavisi dadebiTi da

uaryofiTi mxareebi gaaCnia. politikuri reklama pir-

dapir gamomdinareobs saqarTvelos konstituciis 28-e

muxlidan, romelic gansazRvravs erT-erT princips -saarCevno uflebas.

gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, yofili sabWoTa kav-

Siris qveynebSi, fasiani politikuri reklamis ganTav-

seba ZiriTadad ori mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli: fasianpolitikur reklamas arsebobisTvis mebrZol sainfor-

macio saSualebebisTvis sareklamo Semosavali moaqvs;akrZalvis SemTxvevaSi, reklama Sefarulad mainc gava

eTerSi saredaqcio masalis niRbiT53.fasiani politikuri reklamis dadebiT mxareze

saubrisas aRsaniSnavia kidev ori argumenti: ufaso

politikuri reklamisagan gansxvavebiT, fasiani poli-tikuri reklama mediasaSualebebis saqmianobaSi iseTi

52 იქვე53 მედია და არჩევნები. იაშა ლანგი. თბ.2004


195

Carevis magaliTia, romliTac es ukanaskneli iRebs er-Tgvar sargebels da axalgazrda demokratiis qveynebSi

fasian politikur reklamas gaaCnia SesaZlebloba,eTerSi ar gaaSvebinos mauwyebels faruli reklama.

ufaso politikuri reklamis gadanawilebis sa-kiTxi umniSvnelovanesia winasaarCevno periodSi medi-

is CarTulobis TvalsazrisiT. gadanawileba TiToeul

qveyanaSi sxvadasxva saxisaa, rac am qveynis konstitu-

ciuri mowyobidan gamomdinareobs. reklamis telema-uwyebelze ufasod ganTavsebis SemTxvevaSi xelSewyoba

xdeba saarCevno subieqtebis status-kvos SenarCunebis

saxiT. sxva kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT sakiTxs, ufaso poli-tikuri reklama icavs sityvis da gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

lebas, romelic gaaCnia saarCevno subieqts.54

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom politikurireklamis Sinaarsis gansazRvrisas aucilebelia rekla-

mis damkveTma daicvas Semdegi ZiriTadi principebi:reklama miznad unda isaxavdes saarCevno subieq-

tis arCevnisTvis xelis Sewyobas/xelis SeSlas;reklamaSi naCvenebi unda iyos saarCevno subieqti

an/da misi arCevnebSi monawileobis rigiTi nomeri;reklama unda Seicavdes winasaarCevno kampaniis

niSnebs.

54 მედია და არჩევნები. იაშა ლანგი. თბ.2004


196

politikuri reklamisTvis savaldebuloa samive

punqtSi gawerili principebis dacva, winaaRmdeg Sem-

TxvevaSi, sareklamo rgoli politikur reklamad ar

CaiTvleba.


macaberiZe m. , arCevnebi da politikuri marketingi

Tb. 1997 w.lominaZe s., PR - kampaniebi PR -praqtikaSi, teqnikuri

universiteti, Tb. 2009NDI - sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva - 2013saqarTvelos kanoni mauwyeblobis SesaxebsaqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi

media da arCevnebi. iaSa langi. Tb.2004


197

Ирина Цинцадзе

Некоторые аспекты регулирования политическойрекламы

Резюме

В политике, как и в любой другой сфере, значительноеместо отводится пиару. Если вспомнить предвыборныекампании или программы какого-либо политического лидера,или деятельность любого государственного учреждения, томожно четко проследить насколько большую роль играет пиар вполитической жизни.

В статье речь идет о предназначении политическойрекламы, в частности, какова роль и функция политическойрекламы, каким образом происходит упрощение сложныхполитических программ и их преподнесение избирателям наболее доступном языке. Также рассматривается вопрос орегулировании и доступе размещения рекламы дляполитических субъектов.


198

Irine Tsintsadze

Some Aspects of the Political Advertising RegulationSummary

In politics, like in any other field, a significant role is playedby public relations (PR). The analysis of the pre-election campaignsor programsled by any political leader, or the activities of anygovernment agency has shown the importance of PR in political life.

The article deals with the main objectives and goals ofpolitical advertising, in particular, with the purpose and function ofpolitical advertising, how such complex political programs could besimplify and presented to the voters in aplane, clear language. Wealso consider the issue of advertising regulation and access forpolitical subjects.


199

identoba

ИдентичностьIdentity

religia evropuli identobis fonze

cira futkaraZe

qarTuli kultura dasavlur (evropul) civili-

zacias ganekuTvneba. saqarTvelo erT-erTi pirveli

qveyanaa, sadac qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad

aRiares, xolo evropuli (dasavluri) samyaro swored

qristianobas daefuZna. Tumca saqarTvelos evropi-

sadmi kuTvnilebis argumentad mxolod religiur-sar-wmuneobrivi safuZvlis moSvelieba verc sazogadoebissxvadasxva fenebSi da verc politikur istebliSmentSi

ver poulobs farTo mxardaWeras. ismis kiTxva:- ra aris amis mizezi?- religiuri da kulturuli identobis sakiTxis

simwvavis mravalmizezobrioba. arsebul problemas ki-

dev ufro amZafrebs is faqti, rom pirovnebis idento-ba mis mier erTdroulad sxvadasxva socialuri rolis


200

SesrulebaSi gamoixateba. individis mier socialur-kulturuli nimuSebis, normebis, Rirebulebebis aTvi-

seba da gaziareba, sakuTari adgilis damkvidreba araris erTgvarovani procesi da garkveuli cvlilebebi-

Tac xasiaTdeba. swored identobis meqanizmi gadam-

wyvet rols asrulebs socialuri struqturis, kul-turuli tradiciebis SenarCunebisa da gadacemis pro-

cesSi. anu, Cveni azrovneba da qceva icvleba situacii-

dan gamomdinare da, + rogor vaxdenT TviT situaciis

(faqtis) interpretacias.- ra aris religia, rac ase izidavs adamianebis

sakmaod did nawils?religia ZiriTadad aris darwmunebis instituci-

onalizirebuli, tradiciulad ganmsazRvreli cere-

moniebis sistema ; zogjer religia ganixileba, rogorc

universaluri sistema, romelic aRmocendeba indivi-dis moTxovnilebis Sedegad gaigos Tavisi mdgomareoba

awmyoSi Tu momavalSi. religiis mimdevarTaTvis arse-bobs saerTo warmodgena uzenaesi arsebis Sesaxeb daSinagani darwmuneba idealuri cxovrebis arsebobisa

gardacvalebis Semdeg.Tu saTauris Temas davubrundebiT - religia ev-

ropuli identobis fonze - Cvens win dgeba Semdegi kiT-


201

xvebi: 1)vin var me? ; 2)vin arian sxvebi? ; 3)vin da ra niS-

niT SeiZleba iyos zRvars SigniT da zRvars miRma?anu, mizani Cveni sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ara

imdenad gaSlaa me-koncefciis, ramdenadac mcdelobaharmoniis miRwevis Tavis sazogadoebaSi da misi mxar-

daWera. SesaZloa iTqvas, rom TviTSefasebaze garkve-

ul zegavlenas axdens -„ras fiqroben sxvebi Cemze da

Cems megobrebze?- vin var me? - winadadebis daboloeba individua-

luri SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare - mag. me - patio-

sani, me - maRali, me - gulwrfeli; me - morwmune; magramroca gvinda xazi gavusvaT socialur kavSirebze jgu-

fur identurobasTan, maSin vambobT me -kaToliki, me -qristiani, me - musulmani, me - evropeli da a.S.

Cven aRvniSneT, rom pirovnebis identoba mis miererTdroulad sxvadasxva socialuri rolis Sesrule-

baSi gamoixateba. adamians erTi ki ara, uamravi me gaaC-

nia: me-mSoblebTan, me - samuSaoze, me -megobrebTan. anu,am SemTxvevaSi -urTierTdakavSirebuli me imyofeba

socialur erTianobaSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu individi

ganicdis damokidebulebas raRacis an viRacis mimarT,aqvs gawyvetili kavSiri ojaxTan, megobrebTan, kole-

gebTan, individs SeuZlia dakargos socialuri kavSi-


202

rebi, romlebic gansazRvraven mis identobas, msgavse-

bas sxvebTan.Tanamedrove socialuri fsiqologia Tavisi

kvlevebis mravalferovnebiT yuradRebas amaxvilebs

Semdeg garemoebebze: situaciis Zalaufleba; pirovne-

bis Zalaufleba da azrovnebis mniSvneloba.[5]anu, Cven yvelani Svilebi varT sakuTari kultu-

ris da garSemortymuli sinamdvilis; Cven agreTvevarT Semqmnelebi sakuTari socialuri samyaros da yo-

velive amis fonze adamianTa qmedeba sxvadasxvagvaria,imitom rom isini gansxvavebulad azrovneben. [5]

socialur mecnierebebSi identobas SeiZleba Sev-

xedoT sxvadasxva rakursiT-socialuri identoba,kulturuli identoba, eTnikuri identoba, da a.S. so-

cialuri identoba warmoaCens me-s ‘’socialur’’ as-

peqts, misi identobis aRqmas, romelic uSualod kav-

SirSia cnebasTan ‘’Cven’’, romelic ukavSirdeba jgufis

wevrobis gancdas. identobis meqanizmi gadamwyvetrols TamaSobs socialuri struqturis da kulturu-

li tradiciebis SenarCunebis da gadacemis procesSi.ra aris am procesis, dinamikis mamoZravebeli

birTvuli Zala?- identifikacia, rogorc me-s TviTganviTarebis

mTavari, centraluri meqanizmi. identifikaciaSi na-


203

gulisxmevia individis socializacia, socialuri ro-

lebis miReba da adaptacia, sociokulturuli modele-

bis aTvisebis procesi. radgan Cveni naSromis gamyolixazi vropuli identobaa religiaTa sxvadasxvaobis

fonze, am konteqstSi swored individTa identifika-

cias vgulisxmobT. aq saubaria im mravalricxovan masa-

ze, milionobiT adamianze, romlebic sxvadasxva konti-

nentebidan Camosuli , Tavmoyrilni arian evropis kon-

tinentze.„evropaSi Tanacxovroben sxvadasxva ideebisa da

religiebis mravalricxovani mimdevrebi. amdenad Se-

uZlebelia homogenur erTobaze saubari. evropuliidenturoba ver amova erTi konkretuli istoriuli

realiidan. aseTi mcdelobebi Seicaven erTi kultu-ris meoreze upiratesobis warmoCenis riskis SesaZleb-

lobas, rasac mohyveba diskriminacia. maT Soris emig-

rantebisa. erTgvarovani evropa arasodes arsebula da

arasasurvelicaa misi arseboba“ - miiCnevs rizebrod-

ti[1].religiis sociologis TvalsazrisiT Tanamedro-

ve evropa warmoadgens heterogenur proeqts, xoloreligiuri tradiciebisaken apelirebas da RmerTisxsenebas evropul konstituciaSi rizebrodti ucqe-

ris skeptikurad. misi TvalsazrisiT, aseTi faqtebixels uwyobs kulturaTa dapirispirebas da sasikeTos


204

arafers sZenen integracias. is Tvlis, rom erTaderTi

„religia“, romelic SeiZleba Caidos evropuli iden-

turobis safuZvelSi -es aris samoqalaqo sazogadoeba,sadac wmidaTawmidaa adamianis uflebebisa da Tavi-

suflebis dacva[1].saqarTvelo mierTebulia mravalmxriv saerTaSo-

riso SeTanxebebs, aseve iziarebs rigi saerTaSoriso

deklaraciis moTxovnebs, romlebic Seicaven debule-

bebs religiis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. kerZod:„adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia“

me-2, me-18, 26-e da 29-e muxlebis mixedviT, deklaraci-iT gamocxadebuli yvela ufleba da yvela Tavisufle-ba miniWebuli unda hqondes yvela adamians ganurCev-

lad raime gansxvavebisa, saxeldobr rasis, kanis feris,sqesis, enis, religiis, politikuri Tu sxva rwmenis,erovnuli Tu socialuri warmomavlobis, qonebrivi Tu

sxva mdgomareobisa. yovel adamians aqvs azris, sindi-

sisa da religiis Tavisufleba [2].identuroba, msgavsi „ Cven-evropelebi“ SeiZleba

mivceT interpretacia, rogorc gaerTianeba, romelicfuZeSi nergavs iseTi evropuli Rirebulebebis arse-

bobas, rogoricaa: pirovnebis Tavisufleba, libera-

luri ekonomika, religia, uflebebis demokratiuli

normebi, eTnokulturalizmi. es aris mTavari Rirebu-


205

lebebi ara mxolod evropaSi, aramed mis farglebs ga-

reTac.evropuli konvenciiT daculi religiisa da

rwmenis arsebiTi uflebis Sesaxeb ganxilul saqmeebSi

evropulma sasamarTlom naTeli gaxada, rom saxelmwi-

fom ar unda scados religiisa da rwmenis gansazRvra,da rom es cnebebi aseve icaven „aTeistebs, agnostiko-

sebs, skeptikosebsa da am sakiTxisadi gulgrilad gan-

wyobil pirebs“ da, Sesabamisad, icaven yvelas- „swams an

ar swams RmerTi da misdevs Tu ara aRmsareblobas“. am

saqmeebSi aseve aRniSnulia, rom religia an rwmena Zi-riTadad piraduli da subieqturia da aucilebeli araris maTi dakavSireba religiuri instituciebiT mo-

wesrigebul rwmenasTan[3].Zveli indoeTis mefe aSoka (III s. Cv.w. aR-mde), Ta-

vis ediqtebSi werda: „ujeroa martooden Tavisi Temis

pativiscema an upirobod sxvisi Temis SebRalva... unda

movusminoT da pativi mivagoT doqtrinebs, romlebsac

sxvebi misdeven“[4].aqve SeiZleba movixsenioT Sua saukuneebis 630

wlis medinas konstitucia. igi warmoadgens xelSekru-lebas medinis macxovreblebsa da musulmanur Tems

Soris, romlis mixedviT adgilobrivi adaT-wesebi da-

culad cxaddeboda, musulmanebi, qristianebi da iude-


206

velebi erTni arian miuxedavad religiuri gansxvavebi-

sa. yvelas ufleba hqonda darCeniliyo Tavis rwmenaze

„ ar miayeno ziani iudevelebs, romlebic Cveni arian,ar daexmaro maT vinc ilaSqrebs maT winaaRmdeg “[4].

Aamrigad, evropuli identurobis erTerTi mTava-

ri maxasiaTebeli socialuri identurobaa, rac warmo-

adgens individis me-koncefciis nawils, romelic mom-

dinareobs misi socialuri jgufis wevrobidan, Rire-

bulebebisa da emocionalur mniSvnelobasTan erTad,rac dakavSirebulia jgufis wevrobasTan. es jgufi Se-

iZleba iyos ojaxi, eTnikuri an religiuri jgufi da a.S. aRmsarebloba da sityvis Tavisufleba adamianis

fundamenturi uflebaa. adamianis goneba damoukideb-

lad, sxvaTa Carevis gareSec unda axerxebdes religii-

dan misTvis sasurvelis, sasargeblos, aucilebelis

gadmoRebas, romlis ganxorcielebasac TviTon moaxer-

xebs Tavis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. gasaTvaliswinebe-

lia is garemoebac, rom sxvaTa religiebsac sakuTari

Rirseba gaaCnia, risi Seuracxyofac dauSvebelia; anu,rwmenis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasac garkveuli saz-

Rvari gaaCnia.


207


,,axleburad gaazrebuli evropa religiis gare-

Se“- news.ge/ge/news/story/47007-venis samecniero forumismonawileni msjeloben evropaze religiis gare-

Se.24.02.2013religiis Tavisufleba qarTul kanonmdebloba-

Si: gamocema momzadebulia kavSiri „21-e saukunis“ mi-

er. gamocemaze muSaobda p. gaCeCilaZe Tb. 2013patriarchate.ge/geo/

FRA-saxelmZRvanelo diskriminaciis akrZalvis

erovnuli samarTlis Sesaxeb. evropis sabWo .2013.http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Handbook non discri LawKAT.pdf

PMMG - religiuri Tavisuflebisa da toleran-

tobis saxelmZRvanelo-2016 w.http://www.pmmg.org.ge/res/uploads/Religious Freedom andTolerance Guide Book. Pdf

Девид Майерс “Социальная психология “ Изд.Москва/Питер. стр.29; 1997.


208

Tsira PutkaradzeReligion on the background of European Identity

SummaryThis article deals with the multi-causality of severity of the

religious and cultural identity.In particular, a person’s identity issimultaneously expressed in the different social roleperformance.Because the sharing and assimilation of the individual'ssocial and cultural patterns, norms, values, find your own place is nota uniform process, which is characterized by certain changes.Thework suggests that the mechanism of identity plays a vital role atpreservation of social structure, cultural traditions and into transferprocess.Our thinking and behavior is changing from the situationand, + how we make an interpretation of the self-situation (fact).

The Identity, like "we Europeans" can be given aninterpretation as a union, that in the basis introduces existence ofEuropean values, such as:Personal freedom, liberal economy,religion, democratic norms of the rights, ethno-culture.These are themajor values not only in Europe, but also outside its borders.

To summarize the work, it should be said, thatreligion andfreedom of speech are fundamental human rights. The human's mindindependently, without the intervention of others, should getdesirable, useful, necessary things from religion, the realization ofwhich he/she manages in his/her everyday life. It is noteworthy, thatother religions have their own dignity, insult of which is not allowed,that is, the freedom of expression of belief has certain limits.


209

Цира ПуткарадзеРелигия на фоне европейской идентичности

РезюмеСтатья посвящена мульти-причинной тяжести

религиозной и культурной самобытности. В частности, личностьчеловека выражается в различной производительностисоциальной роли. Поскольку обмен и усвоение социальных икультурных моделей личности, норм, ценностей, не являетсяоднородным процессом, который характеризуетсяопределенными изменениями. Работа предполагает, чтомеханизм идентичности играет жизненно важную роль всохранении социальной структуры, культурных традиций и впроцессе передачи. Наше мышление и поведение меняются отситуации и, на то, как мы делаем интерпретацию собственнойситуации (факт).

Идентичность «мы европейцы» возможноинтерпретировать как объединение, что в основе вводитсуществование европейских ценностей, таких, как: личнаясвобода, либеральная экономика, религия, демократическиенормы прав, этно-культуры. Это основные ценности не только вЕвропе, но и за ее пределами.

Подводя итоги работы, следует сказать, что религия исвобода слова являются основными правами человека. Следуетотметить, что другие религии имеют свои собственныедостоинства, оскорбление которых не допускается, то есть,свобода выражения веры имеет определенные пределы.


210

samarTali

LALLLLAWПраво

xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba daTavisuflebis xelovneba

linda SalamberiZe-verZaZe

xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis, rogorc erT-erTiumniSvnelovanesi principis gareSe Tanamedrove saxel-

Sekrulebo samarTlis warmodgena SeuZlebelia. xel-Sekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi warmoadgens mxare-

Ta nebis kerZo avtonomiis specialur SemTxvevas. mxa-reTa kerZo avtonomia kerZo samarTlis moqmedebissferoSi subieqtTa arCevanis Tavisuflebas gulis-

xmobs. aRniSnuli principi uzrunvelyofili da dacu-

lia saqarTvelos konstituciiT. saqarTvelos konsti-tucia specialur normas saxelSekrulebo Tavisufle-

baze ar Seicavs. erTaderTi, raSic igi SeiZleba amovi-

kiTxoT, esaa 39-e muxlis me-2 punqti, romelSic naTqva-

mia: ,,saxelmwifo valdebulia xeli Seuwyos Tavisufa-

li mewarmeobisa da konkurenciis ganviTarebas. akrZa-


211

lulia monipoliuri saqmianoba, garda kanoniT daSve-

buli SemTxvevebisa...”55 saerTaSoriso savaWro brunva-Si saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba miCneulia bazarzeorientirebuli konkurentiani saerTaSoriso ekonomi-

kuri wesrigis safuZvlad.319-e I muxlis Tanaxmad, ,,kerZo samarTlis subieq-

tebs SeuZliaT kanonis farglebSi Tavisuflad dadonxelSekrulebebi da gansazRvron am xelSekrulebaTa

Sinaarsi. maT SeuZliaT dadon iseTi xelSekrulebebi,romlebic kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris, magram

ar ewinaaRmdegeba kanons. xelSekrulebis TavisuflebaqarTuli samarTlis reformis seriozul monapovars

warmoadgens.56

sazogadoebivi urTierTobis dinamikuri ganviTa-

rebis absoluturi gaTvla SeuZlebelia. amitomac, ro-

gori srulyofilic ar unda iyos xelSekruleba, mainc

arsebobs iseTi sakiTxebis wamoWris Sansi, romelzecpasuxi mxareebs molaparakebis dros ar gauTvaliswine-

biaT, zogjer piriqiT xdeba da mxareebi specialurad

toveben SeuTanxmebel sakiTxebs. maT aseT qcevas SeiZ-

leba sxvadasxva mizezi hqondes. aris rigi sakiTxebi,romelTa gaTvaliswinebac winaswar SeuZlebelia. aseveSeiZleba mxareebma sadavo sakiTxebze SeTanxmebas miaR-

55 საქართველოს კონსტიტუცია56 სამოქალაქო სამართლის კოდექსი


212

wion; mxareebma SeiZleba imsjelon movlenebis ganviTa-

rebis ama Tu im scenarze da mividnen daskvnamde, romerTi romeliRac konkretuli scenaris ganviTareba

gamoricxulia, praqtikulad ki sawinaaRmdego moxdes

da a.S. aseT dros Seqmnili vakuumis Sevsebis erT-erTi

racionaluri gza xelSekrulebis ganmartebaa, romel-

sac Tavisuflad SeiZleba vuwodoT xelovneba. xelov-

neba imitom, rom ganmartebis sxvadasxva meTodis kombi-nirebul gamoyenebas aucileblad sWirdeba inovaciuri

da ,,arastandartuli” azrovneba, raTa gamosavali swo-

red iq moiZebnos, sadac is erTi SexedviT, saerTod ar

Cans.Tavisuflebis principidan gamomdinare, garige-

biTi (saxelSekrulebo) kerZo avtonomia, samoqalaqo

samarTlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi safuZvelia. kerZo av-

tonomiiT sargebloba niSnavs piris uflebas, TviTonairCios potenciuri kontrahenti da daamyaros masTan

iseTi urTierToba, romelic maT saerTo survilebs Se-

esabameba. rac niSnavs xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisuf-

lebas. xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis Tavisufleba ki gamoi-

xateba mxareTa mier xelSekrulebis SinaarsSi. kerZod,mxareebs Tavadve SeuZliaT mogvianebiT xelSekrule-

bis garkveuli muxlebi Secvalon an gaauqmon. xelSek-rulebis tipis TavisuflebaSi moisazreba mxareTa uf-

leba, Tavad gansazRvron Tu ra tipis xeSekrulebas da-


213

deben, e.i. Tavadve ,,moigonon” maTi urTierTobebis,valdebulebebisa da uflebebis yvelaze ukeT amsaxve-

li xelSekrulebis tipi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo ko-deqsi TiTqmis yvela gavrcelebuli tipis xelSekule-

bas Seicavs (477-992). miuxedavad amisa, mxareebs SeuZli-

aT, kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli tipis xelSeru-

lebebis calkeuli debulebis Camoyalibebisas, gadaux-

vion kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil Sinaarss.aseve arsebobs formis Tavisufleba, rac imaSi ga-

moixateba, rom mxarebs SeuZliaT dadon xelSekruleba

werilobiT an zepirad. kerZo avtonomia Tanamedrove

kerZo samarTlis safuZvelTa safuZvelia, magram igi

SeuzRudavi arasodes yofila. kerZo avtonomiis far-

glebi, rogorc wesi, kanoniT ganisazRvreba, an garige-bis formas exeba an garigebis Sinaars anda sxva garemoe-

bebi udevs safuZvlad. zogjer kodeqsiT imperatiu-lad adgens winaswar gansazRvruli formis dacvis val-

debulebas. kerZo avtonomiis SezRudva SeiZleba ga-

mowveuli iyos saxelSekrulebo usafrTxoebiTac.kerZo avtonomia aseve gulisxmobs TviTpasuxis-

mgeblobas. Tu piri darwmunebulia, rom ver Seasru-

lebs valdebulebas da mas amisaTvis pasuxs mosTxoven,maSin ar unda dados aseT xelSekruleba.

saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba Zvel qarTul sa-

marTalSic dasturdeba, kerZod, qiravnoba-nasyidobis


214

urTierTobebSi. gansakuTrebiT mtkiced moikida fexi

am principma XIX saukunidan. saxelSekrulebo Tavisuf-leba brunvis monawilis damoukideblobis gansakuTre-

buli gamovlinebaa. igi samarTlis subieqts kerZo sa-marTlebriv sivrceSi Tavisufali moqmedebis SesaZle-

bobas aZlevs. sakuTrebis Tavisufleba swored rom Ta-

visufali brunvis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. samoqalaqokodeqsis mTeli sxeuli am TavisuflebiTaa gaJRenTi-

li. swored saxelSekrulebo TavisuflebaSi vlindeba

pirovneba, rogorc qonebrivi uflebebis matarebeli

subieqti.sayovelTaod cnobili principi, rom nebadarTu-

lia is rac kanoniT akrZaluli ar aris, yvelaze univer-saluri formiT samewarmeo urTierTobebSi gamoixate-

ba.Tavisuflebis aRiareba samarTlebriv principad

niSnavs, rom ,,individs Tavis sferoSi aqvs sakuTari

survilisamebr moqmedebis ufleba ise, rom amis gamo

man raime samarTlebrivi danaklisi ar miiRos... indivi-dis uflebrivi Tavisuflebis garegnul gamoxatule-

bas warmoadgens nebis Tavisufleba”. nebis Tavisufle-

ba safuZvlad udevs garigebis Tavisuflebas, xelSek-rulebis monawileTa kerZo samarTlebriv avtonomias

da a.S.


215

xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebisas, wina planze gad-

movida ,,susti mxaris” momxmareblis dacvis interesi

da es ukanasknelic saxelSekrulebo samarTlis erT-erT umTavres postulatad Camoyalibda.

rac ufro farTo iqneba xelSekrulebis dadebis

farglebi, miT ufro meti saSualeba eqnebaT ekonomi-

kis monawileebs, Tavisuflad dadon xelSkrulebebi.xelSekrulebis subieqtebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT

SearCion momavali TavianTi partniorebi. esaa erT-er-

Ti garanti samoqalaqo brunvis Tavisuflebisa. xel-Sekrulebis viTarebaSi yvela yvelas potenciuri par-

tnioria. amis Tavisuflebis saZirkveli, nebis gamovle-

nis TavisuflebaSia. Tavisufali nebis gamovlena, ker-

Zo interesis arsebobis aucilebeli garemoebaa. nega-

tiuri azriT, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflad dadeba gu-

lisxmobs imas, rom aravin araa valdebuli, dados xel-

Sekruleba. subieqtebis SerCevis TavisuflebaSi Cans

xerxemali kerZo samarTlisa, is realoba, rom xelSek-rulebis dadebis iZuleba TviT am xelSekrulebis mona-

wileTa Tavisufali nebis gamovlenis rezultatia.mxolod interesi aiZulebs subieqtebs, dados xelSek-

ruleba garkveul pirTan.saxelSekrulebo Tavisufle-bis amgvari gageba Seesabameba evropuli valdebulebi-

Ti samarTlis unifikacia-harmonizaciis process.


216

mxareebi TviTon gansazRvraven xelSekrulebis

Sinaarss. ar SeiZleba kanonma xelSekrulebis monawile-

Ta nebis gamovlena ararad aqcios. kanons SeuZlia da-adginos Tavisuflebis farglebi da ara am Tavisufle-

bis gamovlenis yvela detali. amitomacaa, rom xelSek-

rulebis Sinaarsis kanonSi mocemuli normebi, mxolod

dasaSvebi farglebis gamomxatvelia. mxareebi TviTon

gansazRvraven xelSekrulebis Sinaarss. mTavaria xel-Sekrulebis Sinaarsi ar gascdes ama Tu im konkretuli

institutis arsebobas. Tuki mxareebi uCveulo (brunvi-

saTvis miuRebel)pirobebze SeTanxmdebian, es xelSek-

rulebis baTilobis safuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes. kanon-

ma ar SeiZleba gansazRvros is, rac xelSekrulebis mo-

nawileTa mier ganisazRvreba.aqve minda aRvniSno, rom xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis

gansazRvra valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi institutia.saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis warmoSoba mxareTa ne-

bazea damokidebuli. Tumca am safuZvlis nebelobiTi

xasiaTi ar gulisxmobs, rom igi mTlianad Tavisufalia

sakanonmdeblo nebelobisagan. amis dasturia is, romxelSekrulebis Sinaarsis Camoyalibeba swored impe-ratiuli da dispoziciuri normebis urTierTkavSiriT

xdeba.ar SeiZleba kanonma detalurad daadginos nebis-

mieri xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi, radganac es SeuZlebe-


217

lia da amave dros arasasurvelic. kanons SeuZlia da-adginos Tavisuflebis farglebi da ara am Tavisufle-

bis gamovlenis yvela detali. kerZo samarTlebriv ur-

TierTobebSi ufro Warbobs dispoziciuri normebi,romlebic mxareebs Tavisuflad aZlevs SesaZlebobas,urTierTSeTanxmebiT daadginon konkretuli saxelSek-

rulebo urTierTobis maregulirebeli wesi. xolo Tu

mxareebi ar isargebleben am SesaZleblobas, maSin val-

debulni arian miiRon da Seasrulon is wesebi, romel-sac dispoziciuri norma sTavazobs urTierTobis mona-

wileebs da romlebic iqcevian imperatiul wesebad.57gansxvavebiT dispoziciuri normebisagan, mxareebsufleba ara aqvT Secvalon imperatiuli normiT dadge-

nili wesebi, romlebic savaldebulod Sesasrulebe-

lia. gansakuTrebiT imperatiul xasiaTs atarebs is

normebi, romlebic aregulireben valdebulebis dar-

Rvevis SemTxvevaSi warmoSobil urTierTobebs.kanonSi xSirad gamoyenebulia gamonaTqvami ,,Tu

xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli”,rac gulisxmobs, rom mxareebs SeuZliaT sxvagvarad mo-

iqcnen da Tu ase ar aris, maSin maT Soris urTierToba

57 ლ. ჭანტურია, შესავალი საქათველოს სამოქალაქო სამართლის ზოგადნაწილში. თბ. 1997 წ. გვ. 92-98.


218

ukve kanoniT regulirdeba da konkretul SemTxvevaSi

adgili eqneba mxareTa nebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas.arsebobs normiT dadgenili wesebi, romelic sa-

xelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi myofma mxareebma SeiZ-

leba Secvalon realuri SesrulebiT, magram Tuki mxa-

reebi mas sadaod gaxdian, davis SemTxvevaSi upirate-

soba mieniWeba normiT dadgenil wess.gamoTqma – ,,xelSekruleba” unda iyos samarTlia-

ni - mTel saxelSekrulebo samarTals ki ar moicavs,aramed im sferoebs, sadac yvelaze metadaa mosalodne-li saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis uaryofiTi Sedege-

bi. samarTali ver iqneba gulgrili saxelSekrulebo

Tavisuflebis mimarT. am Tavisuflebas SeiZleba erT-erTi mxarisaTvis arasasurveli Sedegi mohyves. ,,mola-

parakebis dros erTma mxarem” SeiZleba Tavs moaxvios

meores xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi. SeiZleba meore mxare

,,TvaldaxuWuli” daTanxmdes xelSekrulebis pirobebs

saqmeSi ,,naklebi gamocdilebis gamo”. ekonomikuri Za-lebis Tavisufal TamaSs SeiZleba Tanasworoba da har-

monia ki ar mohyves, aramed, erTis ekonomikuri batono-

ba meoreze. amitomac saWiroa mdgomareobis borotadgamoyeneba samarTlebriv CarCoebSi Cajdes da ase Seiz-

Rudos konkurenciis uaryofiTi Sedegebi.s.s. kodeqsis me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili amas pirdapir

avaldebulebs mxareebs: ,,samarTlebrivi urTierTobis


219

monawileni valdebulni arian keTilsindisierad gana-

xorcielon TavianTi uflebebi da movaleobani”. samar-

Tali krZalavs ara marto iseT moqmedebebs, rac motyu-

ebaSi da ZaladobaSi gamoixateba, aramed, igi meurveobs

mxares, roca xelSekruleba usamarTlo Sinaarsis mqone

aRmoCndeba. aseTi CareviT kanonmdebeli icavs ara mar-

to brunvis konkretul monawiles, aramed samoqalaqo

brunvis dacviT, socialur funqciasac asrulebs.58

xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis absolu-turobas aseve zRudavs doqtrinasa da praqtikaSi aRia-

rebuli e.w. ,,regulirebadi” xelSekrulebebi. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom xelSekrulebis pirobebis samarTliano-

basa da ,,susti mxaris” dacvis ideebma xelSekrulebisTavisuflebis samarTlebriv SinaarsSi garkveuli ko-

reqtivebi Seitana, ar SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom es prin-cipebi erTmaneTTan ierarqiul damokidebulebaSi ari-an da romelime maTgans aproriulad eniWeba upirate-

soba meoresTan SedarebiT. samarTlebriv sistemaSiTiToeul maTgans Tavisi adgili gaaCnia da Tavis fun-

qcias asrulebs. maT Soris koliziis warmoSobisas sa-boloo gadawyvetilebis miReba sasamarTlo praqtikis

saqmea.

58 სამოქალაქო სამართლის კოდექსი


220

Линда Шаламберидзе-Вердзадзе

Свобода договора и искусство свободыРезюме

Договорная свобода в древнегрузинском правеподтверждается с XIX века. В международном торговомобороте договорная свобода определяется как основамеждународного порядка ориентированного на конкурентныйрынок.

Именно в договорной свободе проявляется личность, каксубъект носитель права собственности.

Не смотря на наибольшее значение оборота гражданскихдоговоров, они не имеют претензию быть совершенными ивсесторонними. Одной из рациональных возможностейзаполнения вакуума в образующемся договоре, является егоинтерпретация (определение), которое свободно можно считатьискусством. Является оно искусством потому, что прииспользовании различных комбинированных методовобязательно необходимо инновационное и «нестандартное»мышление для правильного поиска выхода из сложившихсяпроблем. В любом случае, договор между сторонами долженпредставлять итог достигнутого консенсуса.


221

Linda Shalamberidze-Verdzadze

Contractual Freedom and art of LibertyResume

First notice about Contractual Freedom case has beenconfirmed in XIX century Georgian law. Contractual Freedomconsidered as basement of competitive international economic orderwithin international trade system and reveals person as subject ofbearing property rights. Civil legal contract sphere does not presentsas comprehensive and absolutely perfect despite its importance.Interpretations (elucidation) of the legal contract presents rationalway (or tool) of filling the vacuum which can be called as art. Usingof different methods of explanations needs innovative andsubstandard thinking in order to find out solution there where it's atfirst glance does not seems. In any case, contract must presentsresults of consensus reached by parties. Separate elements of contractcan be lowered on constitutional agreement mark.

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PROCEDINGS

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Вопросы социальныхнаук

Problems of Social Sciences

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