old.sou.edu.geold.sou.edu.ge/files/samecniero mushaobis koordinacia/ssu_shromebi... · soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebis IX tomSi (eko-nomikur mecnierebaTa seria) warmodgenilia

soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis

S r o m e b i

IX

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seria

gamomcemloba `meridiani” Tbilisi — 2011

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebis IX tomSi (eko-nomikur mecnierebaTa seria) warmodgenilia universitetis TanamSro-melTa samecniero Sromebi ekonomikuri mecnierebis sxvadasxva mimar-Tulebebisa da biznesis administrirebis aqtualur problemebze.

krebuli gankuTvnilia rogorc Sesabamisi dargebis specialis-tebisa da studentebisaTvis, ise farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis.

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebis

mTavari saredaqcio sabWo: istoriis mecnierebaTa doq-tori, profesori joni afaqiZe (Tavmjdomare); fizika-maTemati-kis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori malxaz aSordia; isto-riis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori lia axalaZe; samarTlis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori vefxvia gvaramia; istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori zurab papasqiri (Tavmjdo-maris moadgile); qimiis doqtori, profesori zurab faCulia; filosofiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori elguja qavTa-raZe; filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori leda qo-balia; ekonomikis doqtori, profesori daviT jalaRonia.

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriis

saredaqcio kolegia: ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqto-

ri, profesori revaz xarebava (mTavari redaqtori); ekonomi-kur mecnierebaTa doqtori, asoc. profesori revaz basaria; ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori giorgi berula-va; asoc. profesori madona gelaSvili (pasuxismgebeli mdivani); asoc. profesori larisa TakalanZe; ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori zurab lipartia; asoc. profesori devi Sonia, asoc. profesori daviT jalaRonia.

© soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti — 2011

SOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITY

PROCEEDINGS OF SOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITY

IX

S e r i e s o f E c o n o m i c a l S c i e n c e s

Publishing House “Meridiani” Tbilisi – 2011

The IX volume of “PROCEEDINGS OF SOKHUMI STATE UNIVER-SITY” (Economical Sciences Series) represents the researches Sokhumi State Universities emploee’s on the topical issues about actual problems of develop-ment economics of country.

The edition is intended for the specialists, students, and general readers.

CHIEF EDITORIAL COUNCIL OF “PROCEEDINGS OF SOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITY”:

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Joni Apakidze (Head of the

Council); PhD in History, Associate Professor Lia Akhaladze; Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences, Professor Malkhaz Ashordia; PhD in Law, Associate Professor Vepkhvia Gvaramia, PhD in Philosophy, Asso-ciate Professor Elguja Kavtaradze, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Leda Kobalia; PhD in Economics, Professor David Jalagonia; PhD in Chemistry, Professor Zurab Pachulia; Doctor of Historical Scien-ces, Professor Zurab Papaskiri (Deputy head of Council).

EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICAL

SCIENCES SERIES Doctor of Economical Sciences, Professor Revaz Kharebava (Edi-

tor-in-Chief), Doctor of Economical Sciences, Associate Professor Revaz Basaria; Doctor of Economical Sciences, Professor George Berulava; PhD in Economics, Associate Professor Madona Gelashvili, PhD in Economics, Associate Professor Davit Jalagonia; Doctor of Economical Sciences, Professor Zurab Lipartia PhD in Economics, Associate Profes-sor Devi Shonia; PhD in Economics, Associate Professor Larisa Takalan-dze.

© Sokhumi State University – 2011

5

S i n a a r s i

e k o n o m i k a: T e o r i a d a p r a q t i k a

revaz xarebava. agraruli warmoebis aRorZinebis

safuZveli kooperatiuli da integrirebuli organizaciuli formirebebis ganviTarebaa ......................... 9

revaz basaria. gadasaxadis arsis da mniSvnelobis sworad gagebisaTvis ...................................................................... 28

madona gelaSvili. SromiTi bazris formirebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi ............................................................................................ 34

zurab lipartia, maia gelaSvili, roin TaTeSvili. regionis konkurentunarianobis strategiuli analizi da Sefasebis indeqsebi .................................................. 40

murman kvaracxelia. ilia WavWavaZisa da niko nikolaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebani da saqarTvelos erovnuli ekonomikis sakiTxebi ...................................................................... 45

irma molaSxia. sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa saqarTveloSi ................................................................................... 51

biznesis administrireba

daviT jalaRonia. obligaciebis aRricxva .............................. 59 devi Sonia. klientebTan urTierTobebis marTvis

Tanamedrove (CRM) sistemada misi roli Tanamedrove biznesSi .................................................................... 65

emzar kakulia. biznesis Rirebulebis Sefasebis midgomebi da standartebi ........................................................... 73

irma dixaminjia. strategiuli cvlilebebi da menejmenti. 82 jandri zarandia. sameurneo meqanizmi — rogorc

ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sistema ....................................... 88 larisa TakalanZe. menejmenti rogorc

konkurentunarianobiszrdis wyaro ......................................... 95 marina tabataZe. ganviTarebis strategiis finansuri

elementebi TviTmmarTvel erTeulebSi .................................. 99 marine xubua. komerciul bankebSi finansuri analizis

Catarebis organizaciis srulyofis sakiTxebi ..................... 105 nana kacitaZe. sawarmoo organizaciebis sareklamo saqmianobis efeqtianoba ............................................................... 111 nino xarebava. sawarmoo firmis finansuri strategiuli

miznebis formirebis algoriTmi ...............................................

118

6

Teimuraz Sengelia. globalizacia da saerTaSoriso biznesis marTva CineTSi ................................................................

125

zurab lipartia, eliso lanCava. ekonomikuri organizaciis (sawarmos) marTvis srulyofis sakiTxebi peter drukeris efeqtiani menejmentis principebis konteqstSi ........................................................................................ 135

kvali naTeli lorik marSania ................................................................................... 150 revaz xarebava. mcire mogoneba kolegaze da megobarze.

lorik marSania ................................................................................ 154 avtorebi .............................................................................................. 161 avtorebi (inglisur enaze) ............................................................. 162

7

C O N T E N T S

Economics: Theory and Pract ice

Revaz Kharebava. The Development of Cooperat and Integrated Organizations is the Base of the Agricultural Revival .............................. 9

Revaz Basaria. For the Correctly Understanding of the Taxation Essence ...................................................................................................... 28

Madona Gelashvili. Aspects of Labor Market Formation ......................... 34 Zurab Lipartia, Maia Gelashvili, Roin Tateshvili. Strategic Analysis

and Estimation Index of the Regions Competitiveness ............................. 40 Murman Kvaratskhelia. Economical Views Of Ilia Chavchavadze

and Niko Nikoladze and Georgian National Economic Issues ................. 45 Irma Molashkhia. Food Security in Georgia .........................................… 51

Business Administration

David Jalagonia. Accounting of the Bonds …............................................ 59 Devi Shonia. The Customer Relationship Management System (CRM)

and its Impact on the Profitability of Companies ...................................... 65 Emzar Kakulia. Business Value of Assessment Approaches and

Standards ................................................................................................... 73 Irma Dikhaminjia. Strategic Changes and Management ........................... 82 Jandri Zarandia. Economic Mechanism – as the System of Economic

Relations .................................................................................................... 88 Larisa Takalandze. Management as a Source of Competition Growth .... 95 Marina Tabatadze. Financial Elements of Self-Governments’

Development Strategy ............................................................................... 99 Marine Khubua. Issues of Improvement of Financial Analysis

at the Commercial Banks .......................................................................... 105 Nana Katsitadze. Advertising Effectiveness of Enterprises

on Georgian Market .................................................................................. 111 Nino Kharebava. The Algorithm of Formation of Strategic Goals

of Organization .......................................................................................... 118 Teimuraz Shengelia. Globalizacion and Management of International

Business in China ...................................................................................... 125 Zurab Lipartia, Eliso Lanchava. Some Practical Considerations

On Strategic Management Of Corporations In The Context Of Peter Drucker Effective Management Principles ................................. 135

8

Blessed Memory

Lorik Marshania ........................................................................................ 150 Revaz Kharebava. Short Memory about My Colleguae and Friend.

Lorik Marshania ....................................................................................... 154 Authors (In Georgian) ................................................................................ 161 Authors ....................................................................................................... 162

9

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi t. IX. 2010


e k o n o m i k a: T e o r i a d a p r a q t i k a

revaz xarebava

agraruli warmoebis aRorZinebis safuZveli kooperatiuli da integrirebuli organizaciuli

formirebebis ganviTarebaa qveynis agraruli warmoebis aRorZinebis problemebis gan-

xilvis mTels periodSi mogvixda mravali, urTierTgamomricxa-vi, zedapiruli programebis, winadadebebisa da komentarebis mosmena. Tanac gakvirveba gamoiwvia im garemoebam, rom arc erT profesional ekonomists, romelic ki garkveulia soflisa da soflis meurneobis warmoebis anatomiaSi, Sesabamisad, proble-mebSi da gaTviTcnobierebuli aqvs maTi gadawyvetis mimarTu-lebebi, am procesSi monawileoba ar miuRia.

problemis aqtualurobidan gamomdinare, dagvianebiT, mag-ram mainc CavTvaleT saWirod, rom gamogveTqva Cveni mosazreba (sakuTari praqtikuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT) sasof-lo-sameurneo warmoebis aRorZinebis safuZvelTa safuZvlis Sesaxeb. saubaria ganviTarebul qveynebSi aprobirebul agra-ruli warmoebis organizaciuli formebis saqarTvelos sof-lis meurneobaSi danergvis aucileblobaze, rac adre Tu gvian gardauvalia. yoveli dagvianebuli dRe qveynis soflis meurneobas aSorebs aRorZinebis realuri perspeqtivebidan.

aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia soflis meurneobis sami-nistrom SeimuSaos moqmedebis gegma am mimarTulebiT. miTume-tes, rom aRmosavleT evropis postsocialistur qveynebSi aq-tiurad inergeba mowinave qveynebSi aprobirebuli agraruli warmoebis organizaciuli formebi.

didi xnispraqtikuli gamocdilebis analizidan gamomdi-nare arasworad migvaCnia imis mtkiceba, rom SeuZlebelia qvey-nis soflis meurneobis aRorZineba SevZloT mxolod ojaxuri (fermeruli) meurneobebis bazaze. imitom, rom erTis mxriv, ojaxuri (fermeruli) interesebi nakarnaxevia misi bunebiT da mimarTulia sakuTari keTildReobis (materialuri moTxovne-bis da Tavisufali drois) zrdaze da ara sasursaTo bazris ga-jerebaze. meore — meurneobriobis am formiT arc erT ganviTa-rebul qveyanaSi soflis meurneobis warmoebis ganviTarebas dRevandel donemde ar miuRwevia. mesame — miuxedavad pirveli ori Tezisisa, ojaxur (fermerul) meurneobas ukavia sakmaod

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didi adgili yvela qveynis soflis socialur-ekonomikuri gan-viTarebis procesSi. igi asaqmebs mosaxleobis did nawils, unar-Cunebs qveyanas erovnul TviTmyofadobas, tradiciebs, kultu-ras da aseve Seaqvs garkveuli wvlili qveynis mosaxleobis sur-saTiT dakmayofilebis saqmeSi. swored, amiT aris gamowveuli qveynebis zrunva mTlianad soflis ganviTarebaze, romlis Se-madgeneli nawili aris ojaxuri meurneobebi. rasakvirvelia aseT midgomas saWiroebs qarTuli soflis ganviTarebac.

magram es sul sxva problemaa, vidre sursaTis bazris for-mireba. amitom strategiul Secdomad migvaCnia dRes qarTul sinamdvileSi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ojaxuri (ferme-rul) meurneobisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba. qveynis statis-tikis departamentis erTi monacemiT saqarTvelos soflis me-urneobaSi funqcionirebs 600 aTasi ojaxuri fermeruli meur-neoba,1 meore monacemiT 800 aTasi da mesame — 726 aTasi.2 miuxe-davad cifrebis aseTi gansxvavebulobisa es niSnavs imas, rom soflad mcxovrebi yoveli ojaxi mikuTvnebulia meurneobrio-bis ojaxur (fermerul) formas, rac SeiZleba CaiTvalos, ro-gorc Tanamedrove moTxovnebis araadekvatur movlenad.3

evrokavSiris qveynebSi miRebulia ojaxuri (fermeruli) meurneobis erTiani ekonomikuri zoma (90-iani wlebis meore naxevris monacemebiT is Seadgenda 1200 evros), romlis mixedvi-Tac xorcieldeba ojaxisaTvis fermeruli meurneobis statu-sis mikuTvneba. aSS-Si aseve miRebulia maCvenebelTa sistema, romelic gansazRvravs meurneobriobis fermeruli formis mi-kuTvnebis wess (fermaSi daxarjuli Sroma ar unda iyos saerTo daxarjuli Sromis 50%-ze naklebi da realizebuli produqcia aranakleb 1000 aSS dolaris moculobiT. rasac misi dadgenis momentSi Seesabameboda ori msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis, an 4 heqtarze warmoebuli xorblis, an 1 heqtarze warmoebuli simin-dis Rirebuleba). ruseTSi glexuri (fermeruli) meurneobebi gamijnulia piradi damxmare sawarmoebis cnebidan, ris Sedega-dac qveyanaSi, romelsac gaaCnia 230 mln heqtari savarguli,

1 statistikuri weliwdeuli 2008. saqarTvelos statistikuri depar-tamenti. Tb., 2009, gv. 179. 2 saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba. statistikuri publikacia 2009. Tb., 2010. gv. 22. 3 sxva monacemebiT 1992 w. 772,5 aT. soflad mcxovrebi komls gadaeca 763 aT. sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli, saSualod komlze — 0,89 ha, xolo 1996 w. monacemebiT 40, 2 aT. moijares gadaeca sargeblobaSi 471 aT. sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli (saSualod 1 moijareze 11,8 ha). 4,2 aT. iuridiul pirs ijaraSi gadaeca 432 aT. ha, saSualod 102,9 ha. (ix.: g. doRonaZe. miwis reorma saqarTveloSi: mimdinareoba da Sedegebi. —saqarTvelos ekonomikur-mecnierebaTa akademiis Sromebi, VIII. Tb., 2010, gv. 297-298).

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fermerTa raodenoba ar aRemateba 300 aTas erTeuls.1 msgavsad zemoT moyvanili magaliTebisa aucilebelia, saqarTveloSic moxdes fermeruli meurneobisa da ojaxuri piradi meurneobe-bis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna. rasakvirvelia, es forma darCeba moZravi sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, radgan adgili eqneba erTi kategoriis meurneobis gadasvlas meore kategoriaSi. mTavaria is, rom Cven yovelTvis gvecodineba ra procesebi mimdinareobs soflis meurneobaSi da rogori struqturiT aris is warmodge-nili qveynis sursaTis bazris formirebis procesSi. dRes saqar-TveloSi ojaxur-fermerul meurneobebSi produqciis saxeebis mixedviT iwarmoeba produqciis 92-dan 100%-mde.2 amavdroulad, Camoyalibebulia myari tendencia aRniSnuli formis wilis wli-dan wlamde sul ufro zrdis. es momenti mTlianobaSi ganviTare-bul qveynebSi mimdinare analogiuri procesebis sawinaaRmdegoa.

Cveni xedviT is Zalisxmeva, romelsac qarTuli saxelmwifo avlens soflis meurneobis kvlavwarmoebis aRorZinebisaTvis ZiriTadad asaxavs agraruli politikis swor veqtorebs. Tumca dargis arsebuli mdgomareobis analizidan irkveva problema, romelic warmoadgens qarTuli agraruli warmoebis aRorZine-bis safuZvelTa safuZvels, ratomRac rCeba yuradRebis miRma. saubaria agrarul warmoebaSi farTod gavrcelebul arafinan-sur sameurneo meqanizmze-kooperatiul da integraciul-orga-nizaciul formebze, romelTa efeqtianobis xarisxi arc erT qveyanaSi ar badebs eWvs, Tundac imitom, rom dRes ganviTare-bul qveynebSi problemaa ara sursaTis bazris gajereba, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi Warbwarmoebis Tavidan acileba saxelmwifos Carevis safuZvelze, rac metyvelebs dasaxelebuli organiza-ciuli formebis maRal efeqtianobaze.

Tu Cven gvsurs saxelmwifos xelSemwyobi Zalisxmeva, pir-vel rigSi misma finansurma da fasismierma RonisZiebebma maT-Tvis dakisrebuli Sedegebi mogvces, dadebiTad unda gadawydes meurneobriobis mravalferovnebis damkvidreba, rac aucileb-lad uzrunvelyofs safinanso-sakredito da fasismieri meqa-nizmebis efeqtianad gamoyenebas.

bunebrivia, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier agraruli war-moebis aRorZinebaze mimarTul Zalisxmevas sWirdeba Semxvedri iniciativebi adgilebidan, sxva SemTxvevaSi, rogorc amas ganvi-Tarebuli qveynebis praqtika gviCvenebs, SeuZlebeli iqneba sa-surveli Sedegebis miRweva.

soflis ganviTarebisa da soflis meurneobis warmoebis aRorZinebisadmi midgomis siswore mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gar-

1 М. Трейси. Сельское хозяйство и продовольствие в экономике развитых стран. Пер. с англ. СПб., 1999. 2 saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2009. gv. 17.

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damaval periodSi saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs bevr sabazro funqcias, romelsac rogorc wesi, unda asrulebdnen TviT sa-soflo-sameurneo sawarmoebis sxvadasxva organizaciuli for-mebi da tipebi. dRevandel situaciaSi misi ganxorcieleba uwevs saxelmwifos. mTavari mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom qveyanaSi jer-jerobiT araa Camoyalibebuli msxvili sawarmoebi, romle-bic, rogorc wesi, iqmneba kooperirebis, vertikaluri da hori-zontaluri integrirebisa da sxvadsxva saxis dargobrivi kavSi-rebis formirebis safuZvelze. mxolod aseT gaerTianebebs Ses-wevT unari, rom TviTonve gadawyviton sursaTis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa: fermeruli meur-neobis nawilobrivi dafinanseba, materialur-teqnikuri da war-moebis sxva saSualebebiT momarageba, warmoebuli produqciis realizacia da a.S. amasTan, msxvil sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmo-ebs gaaCniaT mTeli rigi upiratesobebi ojaxur (fermerul) me-urneobebTan SedarebiT.

aseTi saxis sawarmoebi rogorc wesi, floben didi mocu-lobis sakuTar finansebs, gaaCniaT sabanko kreditebis da sxva wyaroebidan investiciebis mozidvis saSualeba. isini qmnian sa-kuTar sawarmoo da socialur infrastruqturas, romliTac sargeblobs mTlianad soflis mosaxleoba. am saxis formebi efuZneba sawarmoo operaciebis meqanizacias, inovaciuri teq-nologiebis gamoyenebas, axali seleqciuri jiSebis danergvas memcenareobasa da mecxoveleobaSi, qmnian sakuTar Sesanax da gadammuSavebel sawarmoebs, uSveben produqcias didi moculo-biT da SedarebiT dabali danaxarjebiT. yovelive amis Sedegad izrdeba moTxovnileba kvalificiur kadrebze, rac uzrunvel-yofs maTi konkurentunarianobis zrdas rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve mis gareT.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi miuxedavad fermeruli meurneo-bis siWarbisa, paralelurad funqcionireben kooperatiuli fermebi, arasaojaxo tipis msxvili komerciuli sasoflo-sa-meurneo sawarmoebi da sxva. TviT saojaxo fermebi TavianTi formebiT, moculobiT, organizaciuli struqturiT da a. S sak-maod mravalferovania.

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom sasoflo-sameurneo sawar-moebi cvalebadi ekonomikuri garemosadmi adaptaciis proces-Si imyofebian mudmivad ganviTarebad mdgomareobaSi. amitom Ta-namedrove soflis meurneobaSi Znelia saubari sasoflo-same-urneo unificirebul tipebze da formebze, miTumetes, saqarT-velos sinamdvileSi.

yvelaze martivia sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis dayofa naturalur da sasaqonlo meurneobad. meurneobis saqonliano-ba ganisazRvreba mis mier warmoebuli produqciis im nawiliT, romelic bazarze iyideba am dasaxelebis produqciis saerTo

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raodenobidan. bunebrivia samecniero-teqnikuri progresis pi-robebSi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis saqonlianobis xarisxi ganicdis mudmiv zrdas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove ganviTarebul samyaroSi srulad naturaluri soflis meurneo-bis arseboba SeuZlebeblia, ramdenadac igi moixmars samrewvelo warmoSobis mravali saxis saqonels, warmoebis saSualebebs, in-formacias, mecnierul-teqnikur miRwevebs da a. S., rac imas niS-navs, rom maT unda gayidon warmoebuli produqciis nawili, ris Sedegadac droTa ganmavlobaSi izrdeba soflis meurneobis da-mokidebuleba warmoebis saSualebebis bazarze da Sesabamisad iz-rdeba sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmos saqonlianobis done.

cnobilia, rom agraruli warmoebis sferos gansxvavebu-loba ekonomikis sxva dargebis sawarmoebisagan ganpirobebulia imiT, rom igi erTis mxriv, moicavs biologiur procesebs, meo-res mxriv, ki ekonomikuri elementebis erTobliobas. masSi, ro-gorc biologiur-ekonomikuri sistema ganmsazRvreli adgili ukavia adamians, mis meurneobriobis kulturas, erovnul tra-diciebs, niWs, unar-Cvevebs, romlebzedac bevradaa damokidebu-li dargSi mimdinare biologiuri da ekonomikuri procesebis racionaluri Sejereba da sasurveli Sedegebis miReba. aseT sim-biozur biologo-ekonomikuri sistemis gadamwyvet elements warmoadgens Sedegebze orientirebuli organizaciuli faqto-rebi, kerZod ganviTarebuli qveynebis sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi aprobirebuli meurneobriobis formebi da tipe-bi. Cveni Rrma rwmeniT mxolod aqedan unda daiwyos soflis meurneobis warmoebis aRorZinebasTan dakavSirebuli Ronis-Ziebebis gatareba, (rac ar gamoricxavs paralelurad teqni-kur, teqnologiur da sxva procesebs). saxelmwifo regulire-bis sxva berketebi, gansakuTrebiT fasismieri da finansuri iq-neba naklebad efeqtiani optimaluri ekonomikuri sistemebis (sawarmoebis) ar arsebobis pirobebSi. saubaria imaze, rom erov-nul agrarul seqtorSi msgavsad ganviTarebuli qveynebisa, un-da Camoyalibdes saxelmwifo regulirebis sasoflo-sameurneo subieqtebi — sworad da efeqtianad organizebuli agraruli sa-warmoebis tipebi da formebi, romlebic SeZleben miiRon da op-timalurad gamoiyenon saxelmwifo xelSemwyobi RonisZiebebi da pirvel rigSi finansuri da fasismieri meTodebis meSveobiT.

zemoT Camoyalibebuli Tezisidan gamomdinare agraruli seqtoris efeqtiani funqcionirebis safuZvlad migvaCnia mi-si marTvis aprobirebuli da rentabelurad momuSave organi-zaciuli formebis (tipebis) Camoyalibeba. rac uzrunvelyofs warmoebis organizaciuli formebis Sesabamisobas ekonomiku-ri ganviTarebis garemos ganuxrel cvlilebebTan. sxva SemTx-vevaSi, rogorc amas praqtika gviCvenebs qveynis soflis me-urneobis saqmianoba warmatebuli ar iqneba.

14

ganviTarebul qveynebSi Tanamedrove sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebs, maTi organizaciuli-sawarmoo formebis mixedviT yofen sam jgufad: saojaxo, koleqtiuri da samewarmeo (ant-repeneruli). rogorc cnobilia pirveli miekuTvneba iseTi formis sawarmos, romlis marTva xorcieldeba upiratesad er-Ti ojaxis mier. meurneobriobis aseT tips ewodeba ojaxuri sa-soflo-sameurneo sawarmo. meore formas, romelmac farTo gamoyeneba hpova praqtikaSi, miekuTvneba koleqtiuri sasof-lo-sameurneo sawarmo. igi gulisxmobs muSakebis mier warmoe-bis saSualebebis erTobliv flobas da meurneobis erTobliv marTvas da mesame forma-samewarmeo (antrepeneruli) meurneob-rioba warmoadgens msxvil sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmos, rom-lis mesakuTreebi uSualod ar monawileoben warmoebis proces-Si, magram marTaven sawarmoo procesebs da iyeneben daqirave-bul Sromas.

miuxedavad aq motanili sami tipis sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis formebis gansxvavebulobisa, maT Soris sazRvrebi aris Zalian moqnili. (cxrili — 1).

ojaxuri meurneoba samewarmeo meurneobisagan gansxvave-biT Tavisi saqmianobiT ar miiswrafvis mogebis maqsimizaciisa-ken, aramed misi amocanaa sargeblianobis funqciis zrda. aqve ar SeiZleba ar avRniSnoT, rom sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmos organizaciuli formis zemoT moyvanili sami tipidan yvelaze ufro mdgradia meurneobriobis ojaxuri forma misi saqmiano-bis Sedegebis mixedviT (Tu mas ar moaqvs fuladi Semosavali, (mepatrone ar iSorebs miwas), radgan is xedavs ufro sxva arafi-nansur sargeblobas Tavisi fermis saqmianobidan.

cxrili — 11

ojaxuri koleqtiuri samewarmeo

funqcionirebis mizani

ojaxis keTildReoba

koleqtivis keTildReoba

mogeba

mogebis ganawileba

Sida ojaxuri moxmareba

Sromis an wilis mixedviT

ganawileba

mogeba da xelfasi

warmoebis moculoba

TviTeqsploatacia dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofa

saWiro maqsimaluri

mogebis sidide marTva valdebulebebis

ojaxuri ganawileba

saerTo kreba daqiravebuli mmarTveli,

arCeviTi gamgeoba

analogiurad, koleqtiur meurneobebs SeuZliaT gaagr-Zelon funqcionireba maSinac ki, roca adgili aqvs maTi saqmia-

1 Е. В. Серова. Аграрная экономика. М., 2002, gv. 55-62.

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nobis ekonomikur araefeqtianobas (zarals), Tundac imisaTvis, rom SeinarCunon minimaluri donis dasaqmeba da Tavisi wevrebis minimaluri Semosavali.

samewarmeo (antrepeneruli) forma ki valdebulia mesa-kuTres moutanos mogebis saSualo norma, winaaRmdeg SemTxveva-Si ferma gakotrdeba da gaiyideba. amitom samewarmeo ferma cdilobs, ara marto SeinarCunos sursaTis bazris wili, aramed SesaZleblobis farglebSi gazardos igi, radgan orientirebu-lia mogebis miRebaze.

evropisa da amerikis kontinentis qveynebis sasoflo-same-urneo saqmianobis organizaciis sxvadsxva tipebis xangrZliv periodSi funqcionirebis SedarebiTi analizi uCvenebs, rom ojaxuri ferma ufro mdgradi formaa. imis gamo, rom mas SeuZ-lia Sekvecos Sida saojaxo moTxovnebi da amiT Seamsubuqos ekonomikuri koniunqturis ryeva. garkveuli xarisxiT amis gake-Teba SesaZlebelia meurneobriobis koleqtiuri formis dro-sac, magram absoluturad miuRebelia antrepeneruli (samewar-meo) tipis meurneobriobis pirobebSi. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi mewarme valdebulia gasces xelfasi daqiravebul muSebze. ami-tom Tu fermis Semosavlianoba moTxovnis Semcirebis Sedegad ecema, aseTi fermis mesakuTre Rebulobs Semcirebul mogebas, rac sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi iwvevs kapitalis gadinebas sxva sferoebSi.

amasTan, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze moTxovnis Sem-cirebis SemTxvevaSi warmoebis organizaciis samewarmeo (ant-repeneruli) forma iZleva imis saSualebas, rom Semcirdes da-saqmebulebis raodenoba da am gziT Semcirdes produqciis mi-wodeba. es ki SeuZlebelia koleqtiuri meurneobriobis piro-bebSi, radgan warmoiqmneba problemebi koleqtivis yvela wevris dasaqmebaSi.

ojaxur meurneobaSi ojaxi TviTon wyvets Tu ra xarisxiT gauwios eqsploatacia Tavis erTobliv ojaxur Sromas. sxvadas-xva tipis sawarmoebSi gamoiyeneba marTvis gansxvavebuli for-mebi. ojaxur fermaSi es wydeba martivad, movaleobis bunebri-vi ganawilebiT ojaxis wevrebs Soris. koleqtiur sawarmoebSi marTva agebulia demokratiul principebze da saerTo krebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze, xelmZRvanelobis arCevisas. samewarmeo meurneobebi SeiZleba mowyobili iyos sxvadasxva-nairad. ferma SeiZleba ekuTvnodes erT ojaxs, amavdroulad aucilebeli araa fermeris, an iyos aqcionerebis sakuTreba, magram orive SemTxvevaSi warmoebis operatiuli marTva xorci-eldeba daqiravebuli mmarTvelis mier, romelTac gaaCnia gar-kveuli damoukidebloba sameurneo gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.

fermeruli meurneoba rCeba ra Tavisi ekonomikuri arsiT ojaxur meurneobad, Tanamedrove industrialur qveynebSi mas

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SeiZleba gaaCndes sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi statusi. magali-Tad, aSS-Si fermeruli meurneoba SeiZleba iyos wminda ojaxuri individualuri, romelsac miekuTvneba fermeris absoluturi umravlesoba. SeiZleba iyos partnioruli, anu egreTwodebuli sruli amxanagoba, romelSic Sedis erTmaneTTan naTesaurad urTierTdakavSirebuli ori-sami ojaxuri ferma. gansakuTrebiT ojaxuri fermis mesame saxe, romelic gavrcelebulia aSS-Si, aris ojaxuri kooperativebi, anu Cveulebrivi saaqcio sazogadoe-bebi (rogorc wesi daxuruli tipis). amerikis soflis meurneoba-Si korporaciuli fermebis umetesi nawili (fermebis saerTo ra-odenobis 90%) miekuTvneba swored ojaxuri tipis fermebs.1

ojaxuri meurneoba. rogorc ukve avRniSneT, ganviTare-bul qveynebSi sasofli-sameurneo sawarmos ZiriTad formas war-moadgens ojaxuri fermeruli meurneoba, ganviTarebad qveynebSi ki upiratesad gavrcelebulia glexuri meurneobebi. ojaxuri meurneobebis am or saxes Soris arsebobs didi gansxvaveba, mag-ram es ufro socialuri antropologiis TvalsazrisiT. am uka-nasknelis saxis meurneobebi warmoadgenen danawevrebul, izo-lirebul socialur fenas. maTi sameurneo funqcionireba efu-Zneba naklebad ganviTarebul, arasrulyofil sasoflo-sameur-neo warmoebis sabazro faqtorebs. miuxedavad amisa specialur kvlevebSi, romlebic eZRvneba am problemas, glexur da ferme-rul meurneobas miakuTvneben ojaxuri tipis sasoflo-sameur-neo sawarmos nairsaxeobas.2 Cveni azriT zemoT CamoTvlili yve-la Tviseba, romliTac xasiaTdeba ganviTarebad qveynebSi fer-meruli saqmianobis organizaciuli tipi, Seesabameba saqarTve-los Tanamedrove soflis meurneobaSi Camoyalibebul oja-xur fermerul meurneobebs. zogadad, am poziciidan gamomdina-re, agraruli ekonomikis marTvis formebis kvlevis erT-erT mi-marTulebas warmoadgens maTi ekonomikuri qcevis saerTo niS-nis dadgena, romelic gamomdinareobs warmoebis organizaciis ojaxuri wesidan, xolo maTi gansxvavebuloba meurneobriobis sxva tipebidan vlindeba ojaxur sasoflo-sameurneo sawar-mos sam ipostaciaSi: pirveli — agraruli firma, romelic ori-entirebulia produqciis warmoebaze; meore — SromiTi meurne-oba, romelic qmnis keTildReobas (sikeTes) ojaxis samuSao Za-lis gamoyenebiT; mesame — samomxmareblo sawarmo, romelic av-lens moTxovnilebebs samomxmareblo saqonelze (momsaxureba-ze), miiswrafvis maTi dakmayofilebisaken.

swored, ojaxuri meurneobis aseTi mravalfunqciuri me-urneobrioba aniWebs maT ekonomikur qcevas gansakuTrebulo-bas. magram yoveli ojaxuri meurneoba, romelic arsebobs ze-

1 В. Назаренко. Рынок продовольствия на западе. М., 2008, gv. 64. 2 Г. И. Шмелев. Аграрная Полика и Аграрные Отношения. М., 2000, gv. 83.

17 2. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi

moT CamoTvlil sam ipostaciaSi, ar gamoixateba yovel maTganSi cal-calke. rogorc ojaxuri ferma, aseve ojaxuri sawarmo as-rulebs sawarmoo funqcias. pirveli maTgani moixmars warmoe-buli produqciis sakmaod did raodenobas sakuTari samomxma-reblo saWiroebisaTvis, maSin roca, agraruli ferma zogadad ar moixmars mis mier warmoebuli produqciis udides nawils. garda amisa ojaxuri ferma, rogorc wesi warmoebaSi gamoiye-nebs ojaxis Sromas, xolo agraruli ferma daqiravebuli muSa-kis Sromas. da bolos, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, ojaxuri fermis mizania ojaxis keTildReoba, xolo agraruli firmis — mogebis maqsimizacia.

ojaxuri ferma, rogorc yoveli SromiTi meurneoba da yo-veli ojaxi, romelic cxovrobs sakuTari samuSao Zalis gacemis xarjze iRebs Semosavals ojaxis samuSao Zalis qiraod gacemis xarjze. orive ekonomikuri erTeuli iwvevs sargeblianobis funqciis maqsimizacias, romelSiac Sroma gamodis rogorc da-moukidebeli cvalebadis xarisxSi (TvisebaSi). magram ojaxur meurneobas gaaCnia Sereuli Semosavali, romelic Sedgeba Sro-mis anazRaurebisagan da meurneobis funqcionirebis Sedegad miRebuli mogebisagan. amitom ojaxur fermaSi warmoebis struqturis organizaciis problema uSualod dakavSirebulia ojaxis Semosavalze. yoveli saxis sxva ojaxuri meurneoba, ro-melic cxovrobs SromiTi SemosavliT Rebulobs xelfass da mis winaSe ar dgas arCevanis problema, ra, rogor da visTvis awar-moos Semosavlis maqsimizacia.

iseve, rogorc yoveli momxmarebeli ojaxuri ferma miis-wrafvis sakuTari keTildReobis amaRlebisaken. sargeblianobis funqciaSi, romlis maqsimizaciisaken miiswrafvis orive ekonomi-kuri erTeuli. mocemul SemTxvevaSi damoukidebeli cvladebis rolSi gamodis moxmarebuli saqoneli da momsaxurebis raodeno-ba. magram ojaxur fermasa da sxva saxis samomxmareblo meurneo-bebs Soris sxvaoba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ojaxuri fermidan gansxvavebiT martivi samomxmareblo meurneoba ar aris CarTuli warmoebaSi da amitom aseTi ojaxis Sroma ar Sedis misi sargebli-anobis funqciaSi. ojaxur fermas ar SeuZlia ar iswrafvodes Ta-visufali drois zrdisaken, romelic warmoadgens samuSao dro-is sididis sapirispiro maCvenebels. ojaxuri fermis es Tavise-bureba ganapirobebs misi ekonomikuri qcevis specifikas.

amrigad, ojaxuri ferma, rogorc yoveli ekonomikuri er-Teuli, miiswrafvis sargeblianobis funqciis maqsimizaciisa-ken, anu sakuTari keTildReobis zrdisaken. rogorc ukve av-RniSneT, es keTildReoba Sedgeba ori elementisagan — fuladi Semosavlisa da Tavisufali droisagan. ojaxis fuladi Semo-savali mocemul SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens moxmarebuli saqon-lisa da momsaxurebis sazoms. amasTan, sargeblianobis funqciis

18

es orive komponenti imyofeba urTierT winaaRmdegobaSi: rac mets muSaobs ojaxi, miT naklebi Tavisufali dro rCeba mas sxva Tanabar pirobebSi — metia misi Semosavali, da piriqiT. keTil-dReobis yoveli done SeiZleba miRweul iqnes Tavisufali dro-isa da Semosavlis sxvadasxva Tanafardobis SemTxvevaSi.

zemoT moyvanili analiziT irkveva, rom ojaxuri fermis sazrunavia piradi keTildReobis warmoeba da ara sazogado-ebis kvebis produqtebiT uzrunvelyofa, sursaTis bazris gajereba. swored amiT aris gamowveuli is faqti, rom miuxe-davad ojaxuri fermebis siWarbisa, yvela ganviTarebul qve-yanaSi maTi xvedriTi wona sasaqonlo sursaTis warmoebaSi ar aRemateba 20-30% da xasiaTdeba klebadi tendenciiT.1

koleqtiuri sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmo. koleqtiuri sawarmo warmoadgens specifikur, organizaciul-sawarmoo for-mas. wminda saxiT es aris sawarmo, romelic mTlianad miekuTvneba mis muSakebs. sameurneo saqmianobis marTva xorcieldeba arCevi-Ti organoebis mier, ZiriTadi sakiTxebis gadawyvetis xmis ufle-ba gaaCnia mis yvela wevrs toluflebianobis uzrunvelyofiT, miuxedavad maT mier odesRac sawarmoSi Setanili wilis sididi-sa, muSaobis staJisa da sxva pirobebisa. aseT sawarmoSi miRebuli Semosavali vlindeba Sromis anazRaurebisa da sawarmos mogebis saxiT. Sesabamisad koleqtiuri sawarmos yoveli muSaki erTdro-ulad aris fermis TanamesakuTre da amavdroulad am fermis da-qiravebuli muSaki. amrigad saojaxo meurneobis analogiiT ko-leqtiuri ferma atarebs ori saxis funqcias: rogorc samewar-meo ferma, romelic qiraobs muSaks da rogorc SromiTi koleq-tivi, romelic cxovrobs sakuTari samuSao Zalis gayidvis gziT. meurneobriobis mocemuli formis es gansakuTrebuloba gan-sazRvravs agreTve misi ekonomikuri qcevis specifikurobas.

erTi SexedviT koleqtiuri meurneobriobis sargebliano-bis funqcia saojaxo meurneobriobis funqciis analogiuria da Sedgeba fuladi Semosavlebisa da SromiTi koleqtivis erTob-livi Tavisufali droisagan. sinamdvileSi aseTi meurneobis ko-leqtiuri muSaki dainteresebulia saerTo fuladi Semosavlis zrdaSi, radgan es situacia pirdapir aisaxeba misi individua-lurad moxmarebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis zrdaze. amas-Tan, roca igi meurneobaSi muSaobs, dainteresebulia Tavisufa-li drois raodenobis zrdaSi, rac garkveuli xarisxiT upiris-pirdeba mis survils, rom gazardos sakuTari materialuri ke-TildReoba.

rodesac Cven vixilavdiT ojaxur meurneobas, vgulisxmob-diT, rom ojaxis yvela wevris interesi erTmimarTulia da maTi qceva nakarnaxevia erTidaigive interesebiT. SromiT koleqtiv-

1 А. Г. Папцов. Экономика аграрного сектора развитых стран. – М., 2009, gv. 104.

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Si aseTi varaudi ukve SeuZlebelia (calkeuli SemTxvevebis ga-monaklisiT). koleqtivis yoveli wevri erTdroulad aris mesa-kuTre da daqiravebuli muSaki. misi interesebis materialur gamoxatulebas warmoadgens sawarmos Semosavlis is nawili, ro-melsac igi iRebs Sromis anazRaurebis saxiT, anu misi interesia imaSi, rom gaizardos Semosavlis is nawili, romelic nawildeba koleqtivis wevrebis mier biznesSi Cadebuli Sromis proporci-ulad. aq adgili aqvs urTierT gamomricxav interess — rac mets uxdis sawarmo muSaks Sromis mixedviT miT naklebi Semosav-lis nawili rCeba biznesis gasafarToeblad, investiciebi-saTvis da piriqiT.

koleqtiur meurneobaSi warmoiqmneba kidev erTi proble-ma, rac ar dgas ojaxuri meurneobis winaSe: koleqtivis wevrebs Soris Semosavlebis diferenciacia. ojaxur meurneobaSi, ro-ca gamoiyeneba gaTanabrebiTi ganawilebis principi es problema saerTod ar dgas. miuxedavad amisa praqtikaSi gaTanabrebiTi ga-nawileba gamoiyeneba Zalian iSviaTad, radganac sxva Tanabar pi-robebSi, is iwvevs SromiTi motivaciis Semcirebas da warmoebis efeqtianobis dacemas. koleqtiuri meurneobisaTvis (ferma) da-maxasiaTebelia Semdegi Tvisebebi: 1

1. warmoebuli produqciis mTliani moculoba iyideba bazarze (sabazro fasebiT), amitom realizaciidan mi-Rebuli amonagebi tolia SromiTi koleqtivis fuladi Semosavlebis;

2. koleqtiuri Semosavali iyofa or nawilad, Semosavlis erTi nawili xmardeba sawarmos TiToeuli wevris mier daxarjuli Sromis anazRaurebas (Sromis raodenobisa da xarisxis mixedviT), meore nawili iyofa muSakebis mier koleqtiur meurneobaSi qonebrivi Senatanis pro-porciulad, an koleqtivis wevrebis mixedviT gaTanab-rebiTi principis safuZvelze;

3. koleqtivis yovel wevrs gaaCnia Semosavlis mxolod er-Ti wyaro — koleqtiuri warmoeba. sawarmo valdebulia misces yvela mis wevrs warmoebaSi monawileobis ufleba da ar daiqiraos damatebiTi samuSao Zala garedan;

4. sawarmoo funqcia damokidebulia warmoebis mxolod erT faqtorze — Sromaze. maSasadame ar aris sawarmoo danaxarjebi da fuladi amonagebi emTxveva sawarmos saerTo fulad Semosavlebs;

5. warmoebas ar gaaCnia sezonuri xasiaTi; 6. ar aris gafarToebuli kvlavwarmoeba. sawarmos mTli-

ani Semosavali gamoiyeneba moxmarebaze.

1 Сельскохозяйственная кооперация: Теория, методология, мировой опыт. Минск, 2000.

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rogorc cnobilia, soflis meurneobaSi sxva dargebisagan gansxvavebiT Sromis gansazogadoebis procesi mimdinareobda gansxvavebul formebSi. soflis meurneoba naxevrad naturalu-ri yofidan gamosvlis procesSi erwymoda kapitalistur samya-ros. igi pirvel rigSi eqceoda savaWro kapitalis batonobis qveS, Semdeg ki finansur da samrewvelo kapitalis daqvemdeba-rebaSi. am procesis pirveladi formebi warmoadgenda produq-ciis Sesyidvebs. Semsyidveli erTdroulad imyofeboda myid-velTan uSualo kontaqtSi, romlis drosac igi erTdroulad gadacemda uSualo mwarmoebels mza produqciis momxmareblebis survilebs (xarisxi, raodenoba, dro da a.S). sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis mwarmoebelsa da maT saboloo momxmareblebs Soris droTa ganmavlobaSi Cndeba uamravi Suamavlebi, rac iwvevs eg-reTwodebuli fasismieri jaWvis warmoqmnas da am jaWvSi sasof-lo-sameurneo produqciis mwarmoeblis fasis xvedriTi wilis Semcirebas moxmarebis saboloo fasis struqturaSi. es tenden-cia mudmiv ganviTarebaSia. rac ufro metad izrdeba SuamavalTa raodenoba `mindori — maRazia~, miT ufro mcirdeba fermeris fa-sis xvedriTi wona saboloo produqciis RirebulebaSi.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi glexuri meurneoba rCeba iuridi-ulad da meurneobrivad damoukidebeli, magram amavdrou-lad erTveba integraciul procesebSi, agreTve xdeba am pro-cesebze ekonomikurad srulad damokidebuli resursebis moxmarebisa da produqciis gasaRebis sakiTxebSi, teqnolo-giebis, seleqciis, informaciis da a.S sameurneo saqmianoba-ze gavlenis mraval mimarTulebebze.

amrigad, istoriulad da logikurad agraruli seqto-ris ganzogadoebis pirvel formad mogvevlina soflis meur-neobis integracia monaTesave dargebTan.

radgan kapitalis mTavari mizani aris mogeba, xolo am miz-nis msxverpli xdeba pirvel rigSi glexobis interesebi, integ-raciuli procesebis ganviTarebis pirobebSi wvril glexur me-urneobas ar SeeZlo da arc axla SeuZlia konkurencia gauwios msxvil sawarmoebs sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis gadamuSave-bisa da gasaRebis sferoSi da amitom igi iZulebulia daeTan-xmos am procesSi monawile sxva jgufebis pirobebs da maTTan in-tegrirebis meSveobiT miiRos misi sasurveli Sedegebi.

sasoflo-sameurneo kooperacia. sasoflo-sameurneo war-moebis ganzogadoebis meore formas, romelic warmoiSva msxvi-li kapitalisturi sawarmoebis zewolis sawinaaRmdegod warmo-adgens sasoflo-sameurneo kooperacia.

glexoba Tavisi saqmianobis kooperirebis procesSi da amavdroulad Tavisi ojaxuri meurneobis SenarCunebiT qmnis sawarmos, romelsac Tavisi zomis mixedviT savsebiT SeuZlia iyos konkurentunariani.

21

agraruli warmoebis vertikaluri integraciis zemoT ganxiluli formebi erTidaigive Sedegs iZleva. glexuri meur-neobidan gamoiyofa calkeuli funqciebi da yalibdeba mocemu-li momentisaTvis optimaluri masStabis warmoeba. amasTan, glexuri ojaxuri meurneoba, inarCunebs sawarmoo erTeulis funqcias, Tumca modificirebuli saxiT.

miuxedavad amisa soflis meurneobisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-lia warmoebis ganzogadebis samrewvelo forma da am gziT iqmne-ba Tanamedrove sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebi, romlebSic da-saqmebulia momuSaveTa SedarebiT didi raodenoba, iwarmoeba produqciis didi moculoba. aseTi saxis sawarmoebi miekuTvne-bian antreperenalurs (samewarmeos), an koleqtiuri tipis sa-warmos.

agrosamrewvelo integracia. rogorc ukve iTqva, mwarmo-ebelsa da bazars Soris Tanamedrove soflis meurneobis warmo-ebis produqciis moZraobis procesSi monawileobs specializi-rebuli firmebis mTeli industria (specializirebuli struq-turebi, produqciis Segroveba, gadamuSaveba, daxarisxeba, Se-fuTva da Senaxva, transportireba, sursaTiT vaWroba). moce-mul situaciaSi kvebis produqtebis uSualo mwarmoebels (fer-mers) aranairi kontaqti ar aqvs mis saboloo momxmarebelTan, rac aZlierebs sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis uSualo mwar-moebelze, fermerze, garedan zemoqmedebas. radganac es proce-si aris obieqturi da iTxovs am procesebis marTvis permanen-tul srulyofas, iqmneba integrirebuli firmebi, romlebic Tavis Tavze iReben soflis meurneobaSi warmoebuli produqci-is moZraobis mTel jaWvze kontrolis pasuxismgeblobas. anu, soflis meurneobaSi warmoebuli produqciis mindvridan sabo-loo momxmareblamde mitanis procesis uzrunvelyofas. aseTi kontroli SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ramodenime formiT da ata-rebdes vertikaluri integraciis saerTo maxasiaTeblebs.

amrigad, vertikaluri integracia sxva araferia Tu ara erTi firmis (integratoris) kontroli warmoebisa da gasa-Rebis ori an ramodenime Tanmimdevrul stadiaze. warmoebisa da gasaRebis qveS igulisxmeba yovelgvari procesi, romlis mim-dinareobis dros produqciis Tavdapirveli Rirebuleba iz-rdeba mis winwawevaze gaweuli danaxarjebis proporciulad.

agrosamrewvelo seqtorSi aseTi integratorebis rolSi Cveulebrivad gamodian gadammuSavebeli an savaWro firmebi, romlebic bazris moTxovnebisadmi sruli Sesabamisobis mizniT sakuTar kontrols uqvemdebareben sasoflo-sameurneo pro-duqciis mwaroebel firmebs. integratori firma aformebs grZelvadian xelSekrulebas soflis meurneobis produqciis uSualo mwarmoebelTan, an pirvelad dilerebTan. kontraqtSi mkacrad xdeba produqciaze moTxovnebis parametrebis gawera,

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misi warmoebis teqnologia, miwodebis vadebi da fasebi. zog SemTxvevaSi kontraqtebSi aisaxeba mwarmoeblisaTvis resurse-bis miwodebis pirobebi. mocemul situaciaSi fermeri kargavs kontrols sakuTar produqciaze, an misi warmoebisa da gasaRe-bis procesebze. mas ar SeuZlia Secvalos teqnologia, warmoe-bis saSualebebis SeZenis wyaroebi da myidvelebi.

sawarmoo koncentracia yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia axali da dakonservebuli xilis, kartofilis, Teslebisa da xorcis warmoebaSi. Zneli misaxvedri ar unda iyos, rom ganxi-luli tipis integracia damaxasiaTebelia im sasoflo-sameur-neo seqtorebisaTvis, romlebSic produqtiulobaSi da pro-duqciis xarisxSi didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia seleqcias.

magaliTad, evropisa da amerikis kontinentis ganviTa-rebul qveynebSi kartofilis gadammuSavebeli sawarmo Cveu-lebrivad akontraqtebs garkveuli naTesi farTobis mTel produqcias. am SemTxvevaSi warmoebs sabiTumo fasis dadge-na, romelic SemdgomSi SeiZleba iyos konkretizirebuli kartofilis xarisxis mixedviT. gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo kontraqtSi Cveulebrivad afiqsirebs kartofilis xarisxs da misi moyvanis agroteqnikas (irigacia, Teslbrunva). imi-saTvis, rom miRebul iqnas sasureveli xarisxis kartofili, kontraqtori uwevs fermerebs teqnikur daxmarebas, awvdis fermerebs warmoebis saSualebebs. kartofilis gadamamuSa-vebeli sawarmoebi kontraqts deben pirvel rigSi kartofi-lis msxvil mwarmoeblebTan, rac bunebrivia, ganapirobebs soflis meurneobis am dargSi warmoebis koncentraciis pro-cesis gaZlierebas.1

vertikaluri integraciis meore saxe — sakuTrebis integ-racia, zogjer mas aseve uwodeben kooperaciul integracias. sakuTrebis integracia niSnavs mesakuTreobis samarTlis gavrcelebas warmoebisa da gasaRebis or an ufro met stadia-ze. es saxe aris integraciis ufro Rrma varianti, romlis drosac integratori firma integrirebiT aqtivebis did nawils Rebulobs sakuTrebaSi.

amasTan, integratori firma fermasTan erTad SeiZleba flobdes sasursaTo jaWvis sxva sawarmoebs: magaliTad, kombi-nirebuli sakvebis warmoebis qarxanas, gadammuSavebel an sat-ransporto sawarmos. ganviTarebul qveynebSi integraciis ori-ve dasaxelebuli tipebis gavrceleba araerTgvarovania qveyne-bisa da dargebis mixedviT. magaliTad, aSS-Si mebostneobaSi warmoebis kooperaciul gaerTianebebSi moqceulia 25%, sakuT-rebis integraciis mixedviT 40%, kartofili Sesabamisad 55-

1 В. Назаренко. Рынок продовольствия на западе. М., 2008, gv. 64.

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40%, mecxoveleobaSi 11-30%, kvercxis warmoebaSi 45-70%, qaT-mis xorcis warmoebaSi 80%.1

CamoTvlili da sxva tipis sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebis Camoyalibeba xels uwyobs axali seleqciuri jiSebis, teqnikisa da teqnologiebis danergvas warmoebaSi. sabolood am mimarTu-lebiT sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ganviTareba iwvevs Sromis efeqtianobis amaRlebas da sxva progresul movlenebs qveynis agrarul seqtorSi. korporatiuli da sawarmoo koncentracia saSualebas iZleva ganxorcieldes fermerebis dainteresebis amaRleba teqnologiuri siaxleebis danergvaSi.

arsebobs kargad cnobili meore jgufis faqtorebi, rom-lebic ganapirobeben agrarul seqtorSi vertikaluri integra-ciis ganviTarebas. es procesi dakavSirebulia agraruli warmo-ebis specifikasTan: warmoebis grZelvadiani cikli, bunebrivi pirobebi, moTxovnisa da miwodebis dabali elastiuroba, da-bandebuli kapitalis SedarebiT dabali rentabeloba da ga-mosyidvis xangrZlivi periodi, warmoebuli produqciis grZelvadiani Senaxvis SedarebiTi SeuZlebloba, gamyidve-lebis didi raodenoba teqnikur-teqnologiuri, organiza-ciul-marTvelobiTi siaxleebisadmi dabali reaqcia da a.S. yvelaferi es xdis soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoebas sakmaod sariskos da araprognozirebads. vertikaluri integ-racia, rogorc organizaciuli forma gansakuTrebiT sawarmoo procesebis kontraqtirebis saxe, saSualebas iZleva sasoflo--sameurneo warmoebis riskebis nawilis gadatanas fermerebi-dan integrator firmebze. radgan am SemTxvevaSi izrdeba ga-saRebis garantia winaswar dadgenili fasebiT. amrigad, ver-tikaluri integracia gansazRvruli moculobiT xelsayre-lia sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis mwarmoeblebisaTvis.

amasTan, vertikaluri integracia agrosawarmoo seqtorSi iwvevs dadebiT socialur movlenebs. misi ganviTarebiT tra-diciuli fermeruli meurneoba radikalurad icvleba. fermeri TandaTanobiT kargaven kontrols sakuTari produqciis warmo-ebaze, radgan integratori firmebi mniSvnelovani xarisxiT iReben sakuTar Tavze produqciis fasis cvlilebis risks. maSa-sadame fermeri Rebulobs mis mier moweuli produqciis Rire-bulebas. integraciis procesSi myofi fermeris ojaxis tradi-ciulad Sesasrulebeli mravali funqcia gadadis koordina-torze. amavdroulad fermeri nel-nela kargavs mcire mewarmis Tvisebas da sul ufro iZens daqiravebuli muSakis formas. ze-moT Camoyalibebuli procesis Sedegi aris is, rom izrdeba sa-soflo-sameurneo warmoebis koncentracia da Sesabamisad qve-yanaSi mcirdeba fermeruli meurneobis raodenoba (amavdrou-

1 М.Трейси. Сельское хозяйство и продовольствие.., gv. 219.

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lad SenarCunebulia ojaxuri meurneobebi). fermeri, romelic ekuTvnis msxvil integrirebul erTeuls mniSvnelovani naklebi xarisxiT xdeba damokidebuli adgilobriv TviTmarTvelobaze, rac iwvevs tradiciuli soflis meurneobis wyobis rRvevas da soflad TviTmarTvelobis gavlenis Semcirebas fermerul me-urneobebis saqmianobis Carevis TvalsazrisiT.

kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriis mTel periodSi gle-xurma meurneobam uCvena Tavisi struqturis gamoyofis SesaZ-lebloba ufro msxvili maStabebiT sxva glexur meurneobebTan gaerTianebisaTvis. amis Sedegad istoriulad Camoyalibda gle-xuri kooperativebi. amavdroulad TviT glexuri meurneoba praqtikulad rCeba damoukidebel ekonomikur erTeulad, yve-la am formisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TvisebebiT. kooperatiuli sawarmo ki inarCunebs kavSirs glexur meurneobebTan da inarCu-nebs glexuri saojaxo warmoebis yvela Taviseburebas, maT So-ris mdgradobas. rogorc ukve avRniSneT, kooperativis mizani ar aris gamoyenebul kapitalze mogebis miReba, aramed koopera-tivSi Sesuli glexuri meurneobis sameurneo interesebis mom-saxurebaa. kooperatiuli sawarmos sidide aseve ganisazRvre-ba ara sabazro koniuqturiT, aramed misi wevrebis moTxovni-lebebiT. sxva sityvebiT, glexuri kooperacia warmoadgens glexuri fermeruli meurneobis ganviTarebul formas, an saojaxo meurneobis koleqtiurad organizebul nawils.

kooperaciuli moZraobis ganviTarebis praqtikam SeimuSa-va sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativis saqmianobis mTeli rigi principebi, romelTa formulireba SeiZleba Semdegnairad:

1. ekonomikur interesebze dafuZnebuli nebayofloba, subieqtis mier gaerTianebis mizanSewonilobis gazia-reba;

2. kooperativis saqmeebze kontroli, mmarTvelobiTi organoebis arCeviToba, gadawyvetilebis miReba prin-cipis mixedviT, èrTi wevri-erTi xma~;

3. funqcionireba sakuTari safrTxeebiTa da riskebiT, monawileobis materialuri pasuxismgebloba;

4. aramomgebiani funqcionireba. kooperativis mTavari mizania ara mogebis miReba, aramed masSi monawileobi-dan garkveuli sargeblis miReba (Semosavlis zrda, an danaxarjebis Semcireba, sameurneo saqmianobis piro-bebis gaumjobeseba). magram, mocemuli principi ar niS-navs imas, rom kooperaciuli formiT organizebul warmoebaSi adgili ara aqvs Semosavlis danaxarjebze gadaWarbebas. anu, imas, rasac firmaSi uwodeben moge-bas, xolo kooperativSi — wminda Semosavals; aramom-gebianobis principi niSnavs, rom mTlianad wminda Se-mosavali ubrundeba kooperativis monawileebs pro-

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porciulad. Semosavlis aseT dabrunebas kooperati-vis wevrebisaTvis ewodeba kooperatiuli anazRaureba;

5. kooperativis wevrebis uSualo monawileoba mis opa-ricebSi, kooperativis Semosavlis monawileTa pro-porciulad ganawileba da ara masSi Cadebuli kapita-lis mixedviT. es principi Tavdapirvelad gamoiyureba, rogorc arademokratiuli, usamarTlo (magaliTad, kooperativSi Cadebuli kapitalis mixedviT), magram Tu gavixsenebT, rom kooperativis mizani aris ara mo-gebis miReba kapitalze, aramed calkeuli saojaxo fermis funqcionirebis gagrZeleba, monawileebis op-timaluri funqcionireba, maSin es principi xdeba uf-ro gasagebi.1

kooperativis saxeebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom sawarmoo ko-operativi aris warmoebis organizaciis naklebad moZravi for-ma (xasiaTdeba cvalebadi bazris mimarT dabali reaqciiT), is sa-Sualebas aZlevs fermerebs (romlebic Tavidan warmoadgendnen bazris izolirebul calkeul erTeulebs), rom CaerTon saerTo ekonomikur sistemaSi.

droTa ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva qveynebSi iqmneboda koope-rativebi, romlebic asrulebdnen fermerebisaTvis sxvadasxva saxis momsaxurebas. istoriulad pirveli da dRes yvelaze gav-rcelebuli kooperativis formas warmoadgens gasaRebis koo-perativi, romelic uzrunvelyofs fermeruli produqciis ko-leqtiur gasaRebas. msxvil sabiTumo gamyidvels dRes bazarze gaaCnia aSkara upiratesoba, radgan igi qmnis sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis msxvil da daxarisxebul partias, awarmoebs dafaso-ebas da SefuTvas, Senaxvas, iyenebs savaWro markas, reklamas da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi ojaxur meurneobebs kooperativebSi gaerTia-nebis SemTxvevaSi eZlevaT SesaZlebloba konkurencia gauwion msxvil Suamavlebs sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis bazrebze.

kooperaciis meore forma, romelic specializebulia fer-merebis resursebiT momaragebaze, ewodebaT mommaragebeli ko-operativebi. aseTi formis kooperativis ZiriTadi funqciaa miawodos fermerebs warmoebis saSualebebi.

mesame saxis kooperativebs ewodebaT momsaxurebis (servi-suli) kooperativi, romelic awvdis fermerul meurneobas sxva-dasxva saxis momsaxurebas. magaliTad, irigacia, zooveterina-luri da agronomiuli momsaxureba, energoresursebis miwode-ba, kavSirebi da a.S.

kooperativebi, romlebic uSualod aerTianeben ferme-rebs, atareben pirveladi an lokaluri adgilobrivi ferme-

1 Р. П. Харебава. Становление рыночных отношений в аграрном секторе. Волгог-рад, 2002, gv. 179‐180.

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bis saxels. isini ZiriTadad ganlagdebian SedarebiT patara te-ritoriebze da aerTianeben erTi an ramodenime soflismosax-leobas.

mTlianad qveynis maStabiT yalibdeba kooperativebis er-Tiani sistema, romelic moicavs pirvelad kooperativebs. pirveladi kooperativebi erTiandebian zonalurSi. zonalu-rebi regionul gaerTianebebSi, asociaciebSi, xolo regionu-li asociaciebi qmnian nacionalur kooperatiul kavSirebs, romlebic SeiZleba iyos dargobrivi (xorcis warmoeba, rZis warmoeba, xilis warmoeba, yurZnisa da Rvinis warmoeba da a.S). dargobrivi kavSirebi, rogorc wesi iReben uflebamosilebas pirveladi kooperativebisagan, rom Seasrulon maTi komerci-uli funqciebi, maT Soris saeqsporto saqmianobaSic. gansa-kuTrebiT, rac mniSvnelovania aseTnairad Camoyalibebuli organizaciuli struqturebi ufro swrafad erkvevian ferme-rul da sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebis problemebSi da ope-ratiulad Rebuloben Sesabamis RonisZiebebs, lobireben fer-merebis interesebs qveynis parlamentSi, mTavrobasTan da soflis meurneobis saministrosTan. Sesabamisad soflis me-urneobis saministro Tavisufldeba misTvis ardamaxasiaTebe-li funqciebis Sesrulebidan, rac aZlevs saSualebas am uka-nasknels Tavis saqmianobis mTeli simZimis centri gadaitanos dargis ganviTarebis strategiul problemebze.

qveynis sasoflo-samuerneo warmoebisa da mTlianad sof-lis swraf ganviTarebaze, didi gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos sak-redito kooperativebis Camoyalibebam. aseTi saxis koopera-tivebs mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia fermeruli meurneobebis moTxovnilebebis finansuri saxsrebiT uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. fermeruli meurneobebis dakreditebis am formas ar sWirdeba didi reklama, radgan man praqtikaSi daamtkica Tavisi efeqtia-noba. amitomaa, rom igi swrafad vrceldeba ruseTSi, ukrainaSi da sxva postsocialistur qveynebSi. magram, es calke Temaa da is saWiroebs ufro Rrma analizs, Seswavlas, ganzogadebas imi-saTvis, rom sakredito kooperativebis gamoyeneba gaiTavisos aramarto glexobam, aramed qveynis agraruli seqtoris marTvis Sesabamisma organoebma da izrunon misi praqtikaSi danergvaze, radgan kreditis miwodebis aseTi forma mniSvnelovnad amci-rebs sabiujeto resursebis gamoyenebis aucileblobas.

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REVAZ KHAREBAVA

THE DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERAT AND INTEGRATED ORGANIZATIONS IS THE BASE

OF THE AGRICULTURAL REVIVAL The author of this article provides with the estimations with regard

to the development of Agricultural sector of Georgia and various points of view for accomplishing these ideas. He expresses dissatisfaction with the incompetence and lack of knowledge in order to resolve the problem. Besides, he proposes to introduce organizational forms of administration of the agricultural sector of the developed countries to the Georgian rural sector, namely development of cooperative movement and other integra-tive forms. The article provides grounded reason, considering the nature of the family farming, for the impossibility of the development of the ru-ral sector of the country. The author discusses all forms of organization of agricultural enterprise: family farming, collective farming, entreprene-urial farming and underlines the significance of the last two ones, as they are the most appropriate forms that are able to drive the country out of stagnation condition and supply market with all products. In his opinion, involvement of Ministry of Agriculture and local government institutions in this process is also very important.

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revaz basaria

gadasaxadis arsis da mniSvnelobis sworad gagebisaTvis

gadasaxadis arsebobas xangrZlivi, mravalaTaseuli wle-

bis istoria aqvs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gadasaxadi da saxelmwi-fo (ufro sworad, saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni, da ara saxel-mwifo dRevandeli gagebiT) erTi xnisa arian. adamianis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi arsebis warmoSoba Tavidanve gulisxmobda misi moTxovnilebebis ZiriTadad Segnebuli sameurneo saqmianobiT (SromiT) dakmayofilebas. amis Sedegad iqmneboda da iqmneba misi cxovrebis SenarCunebis da gvarovnebis gagrZelebisaTvis saWi-ro materialuri dovlaTi, sikeTe. amasTan droTa ganmavlobaSi TviT adamianebis erTobliobisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebam, Sromis danawilebis warmoSobam da misi mwarmoeblurobis gaz-rdam, amis kvalobaze ki sasaqonlo meurneobis da kerZo sakuT-rebis warmoqmnam da sxva movlenebma ganapiroba rogorc adamia-nebis Cveulebrivi moTxovnilebebis mkveTrad gafarToeba. ise Tvisebrivad axali, gansxvavebuli moTxovnilebebis da maTi dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro saqonel-momsaxurebis warmoebis aucilebloba.

es `Tvisebrivad axali momsaxureba~ aris pirvel rigSi ada-mianTa erTobliobis (jgufis, Temis, sazogadoebis) wevrebis normaluri Tanaarsebobis da Tanacxovrebis uzrunvelyofa, aseTi Tanasaqmianobis wesebis SemuSaveba da dacva, agreTve sxva erTobliobebTan urTierTobis mogvareba (maTgan Tavis dacva an maTi damorCileba). aseTi saerTo saqmianobis mowyoba-mogva-reba Cveulebriv sasaqonlo urTierTobebze dayrdnobiT (sa-qonlis individualuri yidva-moxmareba) ver xerxdeba. amitom sazogadoeba iZulebuli gaxda gamoeyo Tavisi Semadgenlobidan Sesabamisi resursebiT aRWurvil pirovnebaTa jgufi, romelic ikisrebda (romelsac daekisreboda) am ukve principulad, Tvi-sebrivad Secvlil pirobebSi sazogadoebis wevrTa Tanaarsebo-bis problemebis regulireba-marTva.

aseTi saqmianoba da masze adamianebis daspecializeba faq-tobrivad ukve profesiuli saxelmwifo saqmianobaa, saxelmwi-fo Cinovnikebis, armiis, policiis da sxv. sazogadoebrivad sa-sargeblo momsaxurebis, sikeTis, dovlaTis, erToblivi erov-nuli produqtis (erovnuli Semosavlis) warmoebaa; aseTi fase-

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ulobebis Seqmnas ki anazRaureba sWirdeba da swored es anazRa-urebaa gadasaxadi (begara).1

amasTan es gadaxda, TviT momsaxurebis (sikeTis) Tvisebri-vi gansxvavebuloba-specifikobis gamo, ganapirobebs daZalebis gamoyenebis aucileblobas. saqme is aris, rom aseTi momsaxureba rom miiRon da moixmaron, adamianebma Sesabamisi sazRauri unda gaiRon saxelmwifos Sesanaxad, dafaron misi xarjebi. magram sa-xelmwifo qveynis mosaxleobas mTlianad da erTnairad emsaxu-reba, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdeni gadaixada misma wevrma da gadaixada Tu ara saerTod. policiis mier sazogadoebis ama Tu im wevris (individis) dacva (e.i mis mier moxmarebuli sikeTis mo-culoba) ar aris damokidebuli, imaze, aanazRaurebs Tu ara in-dividi am momsaxurebas. am movlenas literaturaSi gamoricxvis SeuZleblobas uwodeben: Cveulebrivi saqonlis (vTqvaT, fex-sacmlis) adamianis mier moxmareba gamoricxavs sxva individebs imave saqonliT sargeblobisgan; saxelmwifo momsaxurebis erTi individis Tu individebis jgufebis mier moxmarebisas sxvebis gamoricxva ar xdeba.

es imas niSnavs, rom aseTi saqonel-momsaxurebis (sazoga-doebrivi sikeTis) moxmarebas da anazRaurebas Soris pirdapiri kavSiri ar arsebobs: sikeTe SeiZleba moixmaro misi Rirebule-bis anazRaurebis gareSe. amas isic emateba, rom sazogadoebis mier aseTi momsaxurebis SekveTa-SeZena xdeba koleqtiurad, xo-lo anazRaureba individualurad; sazogadoeba (mis mier arCeu-li organoebi) wyvets mTlianobaSi saxelmwifos Senaxvis xarje-bis (saxelmwifo momsaxurebis) moculobis sakiTxs, am ` mocu-lobis` anazRaureba ki ekisreba sazogadoebis wevrebs, Tanac sxvadasxva zomiT. amitom aris, rom sazogadoebis TvalSi (da zogjer ki mecnierebis mosazrebaSic) gadasaxadi warmoCindeba rogorc Rirebulebis erTi mimarTulebiT, anu unacvalgebod, gadaadgileba.

Cveni azriT, mcdari debulebaa gatarebuli saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi, sadac vkiTxulobT, rom gadasaxadi aris biujetsa da sxva saxelmwifo fondebSi `savaldebulo upirobo Senatani, romelsac ixdis gadasaxdis gadamxdeli, gadaxdis au-

1 `gadasaxadis~ da `begaris~ sinonimebad xmarebis marTlzomierebis sa-kiTxi da mosazreba, rom nebismieri gadasaxadi begaraa gadamxdelisaT-vis, damuSavebul-dasabuTebuli iqna Tavis droze finansebis samecnie-ro kvleviT institutSi: ix.: i. mesxia, r. basaria. saqarTvelos sagada-saxado sistemis srulyofis sakiTxebi. Tb., 2001; r. basaria. sagadasaxa-do sistemis da ekonomikis begariT datvirTvis Camoyalibeba damouki-debel saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba. — kreb.: `gardamavali periodis safinanso-ekonomikuri problemebi~, t. VI. Tb., 2002, gv. 92-108; v. basa-ria, r. basaria. gadasaxadi sikeTe da ukeTureba? Tb., 2003.

30

cilebeli, araekvivalenturi da usasyidlo xasiaTidan gamom-dinare~.1 garda imisa, rom enobrivi TvalsazrisiT miuRebelia erT ase mokle winadadebaSi erTfuZiani oTxi sityvis xmareba, Sinaarsobrivadac masSi metad seriozuli Secdomaa daSvebuli. sworia ueWvelad profesori g. malaSxia, rodesac miuTiTebs, rom gadasaxadis rogorc saxsrebis araekvivalenturi, usasyid-lo gadaadgilebis gageba miuRebelia, rom mas SecdomaSi Sehyavs àra marto Teoriuli azrovneba, aramed gadasaxadis gadam-xdelTa uzarmazari armia~.2

sazogadoebrivi sikeTis anazRaurebis specifikuroba, ro-melzedac gvqonda saubari, arTulebs misi moqmedebis da safa-suris adekvaturobis dadgenas, maSin rodesac Cveulebrivi sa-qonlis mimarT amas Tavisufali bazari advilad axerxebs moTx-ovna-miwodebis gawonasworebis safuZvelze. es da sxva zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebi ganapirobebs sazogadoebaSi begaris gadax-disgan Tavis aridebis ganwyobas, sazogadoebrivi sikeTis nak-lebi anazRaurebiT (an saerTod aunazRaureblad) miTviseba--moxmarebis survils.

gadasaxadisadmi aseT, misi arsidan gamomdinare imanentur damokidebulebas kidev ufro ganamtkicebs is movlena, rom sa-xelmwifo, gansakuTrebiT despoturi mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebeli Tavisi momsaxurebis safasurs sul ufro aRiqvams misTvis, rogorc Zlierisa da gansakuTre-bulisTvis, damsaxurebuli saukeTeso pirobebis Seqmnis wyaro--saSualebas. esec rom ara, nebismieri saxelmwifo warmonaqmns, rogorc marTvis Teoria amtkicebs, TviTzrdis, Tavisi saqmia-nobis moculobisa da mniSvnelobis (faseulebis) gazviadeba--gazrda axasiaTebs; amas emateba agreTve isic, rom xelisufleba yovelTvis racionalurad rodi gamoiyenebs ekonomikidan amo-Rebul gadasaxads.

ase rom qveyanaSi saerTo gadasaxadis moculoba pirdapir dakavSirebulia xelisuflebis profesiuloba-pasuxismgeblo-basTan, mis demokratiulobasTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, rac uf-ro arademokratiulia saxelmwifo, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, ro-gorc wesi, miT ufro araoptimaluri, nametnavad konfiskaciu-ri da sazianoa xelisuflebis Careva ekonomikis funqcionireba-Si, rac upirvelesad sagadasaxado politikaSi poulobs asaxvas. saqme isaa, rom aseTi saxelmwifos zemoqmedeba biznesze, misgan kanonierad Tu ukanonod amoRebuli begara, Tavisufeli sasa-marTlos da sajaroobis (maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo

1 saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi. Tb., 2008, xazgasma Cemia — r.b. 2 g. malaSxia. gadasaxadebis obieqturobis da efeqtianobis problema. — kreb.: `gardamavali periodis safinanso-ekonomikuri problemebi~, t. III. Tb., 1999, gv.96.

31

biujetis xarjebis gawevaSi) ararsebobis da xSirad saxelisuf-lo struqturebis, partiebis da klanuri Zalebis mier Zalauf-lebis borotad gamoyenebis gamo, am ukanasknelTa korporaciu-li da piradi interesebis dakmayofilebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. amasTan aseT pirobebSi ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos realuri Care-vis gaangariSeba-gaTvla garTulebuli da SeuZlebelic kia.

es ki imas niSnavs, rom muxruWdeba investireba ekonomikaSi, ferxdeba misi ganviTareba, da es exeba ara marto samamulo in-vesticiebs. ucxoel investorebs ara aqvT aseT pirobebSi zusti informacia, rom realurad gaerkvnen imaSi, Tu ramdenad Sede-giani da usafrTxo iqneba investiciebis Cadeba aseTi qveynis ekonomikaSi. aq veravin getyviT danamdvilebiT, Tu rogoria sa-gadasaxado tvirTi (wnexi), vinaidan gadaxdebis nawili saxelmwi-fo reketis gamo biujetSi ver xvdeba, xolo erTobliv Sina pro-duqtSi biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlis kuTri wonis maCvene-beli (romliTac Cveulebrivad zomaven am wnexs) arafrismTqme-li informaciaa.

yvelaferi zemoTqmuli (da sxva mizezebi) ganapirobebs sa-xelmwifos (misi Senaxvis xarjebis, anu gadasaxadebis) moculo-bis sworad gansazRvris sirTules, imas, rom Zalze Znelia qve-yanaSi gadasaxadis optimaluri odenobis migneba; amitom ekono-mikis sagadasaxado ganakveTiT datvirTva xSirad saWiro-sasar-gebloze metia.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom ga-dasaxadi aris sazogadoebisa da misi wevrebis normalurad fun-qcionirebisaTvis saWiro wesebis dammuSavebeli da gamtarebe-li specialuri organos (saxelmwifos) Senaxvisa da saqmianobis xarjebis specifikuri (iZulebiTi, savaldebulo-kanonmdeblo-biTi) anazRaureba, romelic saWiroa am organos mier sazogado-ebisaTvis gaweuli polotikur-administraciuli, ekonomikuri da socialuri momsaxurebis dasafaravad, agreTve kerZo sakuT-rebis moculobaze kontrolisaTvis. aqve isic unda daematos (da es gadasaxadis arsis gansazRvris gagrZelebaa faqtobri-vad), rom ekonomikidan realurad amoRebuli gadasaxadis mTli-ani moculoba praqtikulad arasdros ar aris optimaluri; ami-tom is yovelTvis oradi xasiaTisaa, orWofulia: erTdroulad sikeTec aris da ukeTurebac. es ganmarteba mTlianobaSi ar ga-moirCeva gansakuTrebuli originalobiT, is mniSvnelovanwilad interpretaciaa cnebisa: `taxation~, rac ucxour literaturaSi gvxvdeba.1 amasTan mkiTxveli advilad SeniSnavs, rom Cven gansa-kuTrebiT aRvniSnavT, rom gadasaxadis moculoba oradi xasia-

1 mag,: Финансы. Оксфордский толковый словарь. Англо-русский. Изд-во. Весь Мир,. М., 1997, gv. 413; Словарь современной экономической теории Мак-Милана. М. 1997, gv. 485.

32

Tisaa da, rogorc wesi, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: erTi sazoga-doebisaTvis aucilebeli saqonel-momsaxurebaa (es sasargeblo da gardauvalia, erToblivi Sina produqtis Seqmnaa); meore ki kerZo seqtoridan gadametebulad amoRebuli an araracionalu-rad gamoyenebuli begaraa (es ki zedmeti da araaucilebeli tvi-rTia, maSasadame, sazianoa ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis, mTli-anad sazogadoebisaTvis).

gadasaxadis arisis aseTi gageba, begarisadmi aseTi midgoma naTlad migvaniSnebs, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs qveynis eko-nomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis sagadasaxado politikis sworad gansazRvra-gatarebas, ekonomikis gadasaxadiT optimalurad datvirTvis mignebas, ramdenad aqtualuri da aucilebelia am saqmis gadamwyveti adamianebis da mTlianad struqturebis ma-Ralprofesiuloba, perspeqtivisaken mimarTuli saxelmwifoeb-rivi azrovnebis unari. sagadasaxado datvirTvis orive mxares (naklebisaken Tu zedmetisaken) gadaxra sazianoa ekonomikisaT-vis, mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis: pirvel SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ekonomikidan amoiReba imaze naklebi gadasaxadi, vidre es saWi-roa sazogadoebrivi sikeTis (saxelmwifo momsaxurebis) auci-lebeli moculobis warmoebisaRvis, es imas niSnavs, rom saxelm-wifo saWiro doneze ver Seasrulebs Tavis ZiriTad funqciebs; meore SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo ekonomikidan amoiRebs imaze met gadasaxads, vidre es aucilebelia sazogadoebis nor-maluri funqciebisaTvis (amaSi Sedis moziduli saxsrebis ara-racionalurad gamoyenebac), faqtobrivad es iqneba im saxsrebis ganiaveba, romlebsac biznesi maRalSedegianad gamoiyenebda.

sagadasaxado politikis koncefciurad gadawyvetis Tval-sazrisiT, Cveulebrivad ufro aqtualuria im amocanis gadawy-veta, rom ekonomikidan ar iqnes amoRebuli zedmeti begara. nak-leb savaraudoa, rom saxelmwifo (xelisufleba), romelic Tvi-Ton awesebs qveyanaSi gadasaxadebs (Tavisi Tavis Senaxvis xar-jebs), Tu raime saswauli ar moxda, daizaralebs Tavis Tavs da optimalurze nakleb saxsrebs amoiRebs ekonomikidan. amitom ZiriTadi amocana swori sagadasaxado politikis SemuSavebi-saTvis imaSi gamoixateba, Cveni azriT, rom qveynis xelisufle-baSi damkvidrdes da cxovrebaSi gatardes ekonomikaSi sagadasa-xado datvirTis SesaZleblad Semcirebis (`minimizaciis~ ) sar-geblobis ganwyoba. ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrun-velsayofad aseve aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifo biujetis xar-jvas axasiaTebdes maqsimaluri gamWvirvaloba da sajarooba.


REVAZ BASARIA

FOR THE CORRECTLY UNDERSTANDING OF THE TAXATION ESSENCE

The payment of a fee the usual goods in comparison with, the taxa-

tion is qualitative new, State service compensation, during the (service) rule of exclusion is not valid, therefore, there is no direct connection be-tween the consumption and compensation. But it's not the cost of move-ment in one direction. Herewith, withdrawn from the economics taxation size often is more than necessary (the real value of service); Plus also the withdrawn part of the funds to use non- optimum by the authority. These factors are conditioned by a double character of the taxation: One part of its (a moderate loading of the economics and correctly use of withdrawn) is kindness, and the second part (over-withdrawn and non- optimum uti-lized) – is unkindness.

34

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi t. VIII, 2010


madona gelaSvili

SromiTi bazris formirebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi

Sromis bazris Seswavla aucilebelia dasaqmebis donis gan-

sazRvrisaTvis. Sromaze moTxovna da miwodeba axdens SromiTi bazris formirebas, xolo wonasworoba SromiT bazarze gan-sazRvravs sruli dasaqmebis dones, wonasworobis darRveva — an arasrul dasaqmebas (umuSevrobas) an Warb dasaqmebas. gansxvave-buli ekonomikuri skolebi araerTgvarovnad xsnian SromiTi bazris problemebs. kerZod ki, moTxovnisa da miwodebis urTi-erTsawinaaRmdego zemoqmedebas Sromaze sxvadasxva ekonomikur realobidan gamomdinare.

Sromis bazari — warmoebis faqtorTa sistemis, ekonomiku-ri zrdis pirobebis umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilia. ro-gorc sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri cxovrebis ganuyo-feli sfero, Sromis bazari asrulebs mravalmxriv funqcias: swored Sromis bazarze ganisazRvreba xelfasis sidide, misi formebi da momuSaveTa daqiravebis pirobebi, maTi dasaqmeba da struqtura, umuSevrobis dinamika, samuSao Zalis mobiluroba, momuSaveTa SesaZleblobebi da a. S.

Sromis bazari — sabazro urTierTobaTa gansakuTrebuli rgolia, romelSic xorcieldeba saqonlis — `samuSao Zalis~ _ SeZena. igi gulisxmobs adamianis sakuTrebas Tavis samuSao Za-laze, romelic saqoneli xdeba bazarze da Semdgom realizdeba SromiT saqmianobaSi. saxelmwifos zemoqmedeba Sromis bazarze XX saukunis damdegs ZiriTadad calkeul RonisZiebebze daiyva-neboda, romelic mimarTuli iyo umuSevrobis Semcirebisaken. SemdgomSi, gansakuTrebiT didi depresiis da Semdgom periodSi gaZlierda Sromis bazris saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba, ro-melmac xeli Seuwyo samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis zrdas, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas da umuSevrobis Semcirebas.

XXs. 70-iani wlebis SuaxanebisaTvis aRmoCnda, rom Sromis bazris regulirebis keinsianuri meTodebi ekonomikuri zrdis Senelebis pirobebSi xels uwyobda inflacias da Camoyalibda Sromis bazris regulirebis axali modeli, romlis safuZveli gaxda monetaristuli koncefciebi. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda Sromis bazris regulirebis axali praqtika _ aq-tiuri politika Sromis bazarze. misi arsi maRali dasaqmebisaT-vis ufro xelsayreli sabazro SesaZleblobebis Seqmnaa, rac

35

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens Tanamedrove periodSi, ro-desac umuSevroba masobrivi da mudmivi gaxda.

Sromis Tanamedrove bazarze mZlavr zegavlenas axdens mecnierul-teqnikuri revolucia da sainformacio sazogadoe-baze gadasvla. amasTan dakavSirebuli raodenobrivi da Tvise-obrivi cvlilebebi Sromis bazarze, uwinares yovlisa, Tavs iCens mis struqturaSi. izrdeba momuSaveTa zogadsaganmanaT-leblo da profesiuli momzadebis done, mkveTrad maRldeba in-Jiner-teqnikur da mecnier-muSakTa, menejerTa da aseve momsa-xurebis sferos kvalificiur momuSaveTa xvedriTi wili.

TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba Sromis qarTuli bazari. jer kidev ekonomikur reformebamde samuSao Zala ar ganixileboda rogorc saqoneli. dRevandeli Sromis bazari uaRresad dauba-lansebeli, xolo xelfasebi sakmaod dabalia. ekonomikuri kri-zis daZlevis, ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofis, konkurenciis da warmoebis racionalizaciis gaZlierebis kvalobaze aucileb-lad unda moxdes umuSevrobis Semcireba, momuSaveTa Semadgen-lobisa da raodenobis optimizacia, xelfasis donis amaRleba.

sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi, saqarTvelos-Tvis iseve rogorc sxva postkomunisturi qveynisTvis, damaxa-siaTebeli gaxda mosaxleobis dabali Semosavlebi, SezRuduli fiskaluri resursebi da ganuviTarebeli sabazro institutebi. politikurma arastabilurobam, ekonomikis dargobrivma krizi-sebma da mouwyobelma sagareo urTierTobebma eqstremaluri viTareba Seqmna saqarTveloSi da Zalze gaamwvava socialur-e-konomikuri problemebi. yovelive es ki refleqsurad aisaxa Sromis bazris ganviTarebaSi: mkveTrad Semcirda dasaqmeba, war-moiSva regionuli da genderuli disproporciebi da umuSevro-bam, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdobaSi, xangrZlivi xasiaTi miiRo.

dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi Sromis bazris arsebuli struq-tura ZiriTadad dafuZnebelia demografiuli, socialur-eko-nomikuri da institucionaluri faqtorebis zemoqmedebaze. da-qiravebiT dasaqmebulebi dRemde ver gaxda ekonomikis warmar-Tveli ZiriTadi Zala, romelsac SeuZlia qveyanaSi Sromis mwar-moeblurobis zrda uzrunvelyos.

`vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg mkveTrad Seicvala xeli-suflebis damokidebuleba Sromis bazrisadmi, daiwyo aqtiuri institucionaluri politikis ganxorcieleba. reforma iTva-liswinebda dasaqmebis saxelmwifo institutebis reorganiza-cias, dasaqmebis droebiTi programebis ganxorcielebas da ra-dikalur cvlilebebs sagadasaxado da Sromis kanonmdeblobaSi.

2003-2007wlebSi samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficienti stabilur wliur klebas avlenda. 2008 wlis pirvel naxevarSi ki es tendecia Seicvala. 2007 wlis pirvel naxevarTan SedarebiT aRniSnuli maCvenebeli, saSualod, 5 procentuli punqtiT gai-

36

zarda da Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis 64,7 procenti Se-adgina. 2004 wlis Semdeg mas aseTi maRali donisTvis ar miuRwe-via. aRiniSneboda samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficientis kvartaluri zrdac, Tumca es sezonuri faqtoris xarjze xde-bida da meore kvartalSi pirvelTan SedarebiT 4,5 procentuli punqti Seadgina.1

mTliani dasaqmebis wili mTlian samuSao ZalaSi 2008 wlis pirvel naxevarSi, wina wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT 2,5 procentuli punqtiT gaizarda da saSualod 86,5 procenti Se-adgina. zrda iyo 2008 wlis meore kvartalSic da wina kvartal-Tan SedarebiT 1,1 procentuli punqtiT gaizarda da 87 procen-ti Seadgina. mTlianma dasaqmebam 2008wlis pirvel naxevarSi, ab-solutur gamosaxulebaSic moimata, rogorc wliur, ise kvar-talur WrilSi. 2008 wlis pirvel or kvartalSi mTliani dasaq-mebis maCvenebelma 2004 wlis dones gadaaWarba da 2003 wlis do-nes miuaxlovda, rodesac es maCveneblebi ufro maRali iyo.

samwuxarod es tendecia Semcirebisken wavida ukve 2008 me-oTxe kvartlidan da Sesabamisad sagrZnoblad Semcirda saerTo dasaqmebis done.2 marTalia, 2008 wlis pirvel naxevarSi mTliani dasaqmeba wliur gamoxatulebaSi gaizarda, magram es ganxorci-elda ZiriTadad TviTdasaqmebis xarjze. daqiravebiT dasaqme-bulTa wili amave periodSi 1,9 procentuli punqtiT Semcirda da saSualod 35,4 procenti Seadgina. meore kvartalSi es maCve-nebeli pirvel kvartalTan SedarebiT 2,6 procentuli punqtiT Semcirda da 34,2 procentiT ganisazRvra.

amdenad, 2008 wlis pirvel naxevarSi daqiravebiT dasaqme-bis SesaZleblobebi CamorCeboda TviTdasaqmebis SesaZleblo-bebs. Semcirda agreTve Sromisunariani asakis mqone mosaxleo-bis maCvenebelic, riTac aixsneba samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficientis mniSvnelovani zrda. dasaqmebis maCvenebelma saa-nalizo periodSi 5,8 procentuli punqtiT wliuri zrda aCvena. TviTdasaqmebis wili gaizarda, xolo daqiravebiT dasaqmebul-Ta wili Semcirda. aseTive dinamika arsebobda absolutur gamo-xatulebaSic.3

1 n. WiTanava, l. TakalanZe. socialuri ekonomika. Tb., 2008, gv. 201. 2 saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi. kvartaluri mimoxilva. Tb., 2008, gv. 48. 3 saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi. kvartaluri mimoxilva, gv. 54.

37

cxrili #1. umuSevrobis done (aTasi kaci).1

wlebi

15

wl

is d

a u

fr

os

i as

akis

mo

sax

leo

ba umuSevroba

umuSevrobis do-ne(%)

araaqtiuri mosaxleoba 15-70 wlis

asakSi

sul

umu

Sev

-r

ob

is

do

ne (

%)

Sromisuna-riani asakis mosaxleoba w

leb

i

sul

2000 3148,1 212,2 10,3 12,2 2000 3148,1 212,2

2001 3191,1 235,6 11,1 13,4 2001 3191,1 235,6

2002 3239,5 265,0 12,6 14,9 2002 3239,5 265,0

2003 3104,9 235,9 11,5 13,4 2003 3104,9 235,9

2004 3151,1 257,6 12,6 14,9 2004 3151,1 257,6

2005 3162,3 279,3 13,8 16,3 2005 3162,3 279,3

2006 3249,5 274,5 13,6 16,4 2006 3249,5 274,5

2007 3350,8 261,0 13.3 15,8 2007 3350,8 261,0

Sromis sarTaSoriso organizaciis meTodologiiT gaanga-

riSebuli umuSevroba 2008 wlis pirvel naxevarSi wina wlis ana-logiur periodTan SedarebiT 1,5 procentuli punqtiT Semcir-da da eqvs TveSi saSualod 13,6 procenti Seadgina. 2008 wlis me-ore kvartalSi es maCvenebeli 1,1 procentuli punqtiT naklebi iyo pirveli kvartlis Sesabamis maCvenebelze, rac SeiZleba se-zonuri dasaqmebis SesaZleblobis amsaxveli iyos.

saqarTvelos Sromis bazari jerac Camoyalibebis proces-Sia da naklebad efeqtiania. igi segmenturia: naklebad dinami-kur dargebSi dasaqmebis maRali wili qveyanaSi Sromis dabal mwarmoeblurobas gansazRvravs. ekonomikuri zrdis miuxeda-vad, mis dargobriv struqturaSi zrdis maRali tempebi, ro-gorc wesi, im sferoebze modioda, romlebsac samuSao adgile-bis SezRuduli odenobiT zrdis SesaZlebloba hqondaT. mcire da saSualo biznesis ganuviTareblobis Sedegad daqiravebiT dasaqmeba ver gaizarda da TviTdasaqmebam farTo xasiaTi miiRo.

1 saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamenti. Tb., 2008, gv. 67.

38

Sromis bazris ganviTareba adamianis SromiTi potencialis aqtivizacias unda emyarebodes, rac mcire da saSualo biznesis stimulirebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. yoveli sakanonmdeblo da institucionaluri RonisZieba, romelic mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis xelSewyobaze iqneba orientirebuli, sagadasaxado tvirTis Semsubuqeba iqneba es, Tu sabanko kreditisa da axali teqnologiebis xelmisawvdomobis gazrda, an kidev profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemis gaumjobeseba, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis matebisa da Sromis bazris racionalizaciis mniSvnelovan ber-ketad SeiZleba gadaiqces.

qveyanaSi dRes arsebuli Sromis bazris struqtura mniS-vnelovanwilad ganaTlebis arsebuli sistemis mdgomareobiT aris ganpirobebuli. umaRlesi ganaTlebis reformasTan erTad maRalkvalificiuri specialistebis momzadebisTvis aucilebe-lia dangreuli profesiul-teqnikuri ganaTlebis sistemis rea-bilitacia Sromis bazris Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.

profesiuli momzadebisa da gadamzadebis programebis re-alizacia bolo 10-15 wlis manZilze faqtobrivad TviTdinebaze iyo miSvebuli. umuSevarTa gadamzadebis axali qmediTi insti-tutebis Camoyalibeba xels Seuwyobs dasaqmebis zrdas. pirvel rigSi, axalgazrdebs Soris, romelTa ekonomikurad aqtiuri kontingenti yvelaze sustadaa gamoyenebuli.

aRmasrulebuli xelisufleba uSualod Tavis Tavze ar un-da iRebdes mosaxleobis SromiT mowyobas; misi zemoqmedeba da-saqmebis zrdaze gamarTuli sakanonmdeblo bazisa da xelsayre-li biznes-garemos SeqmniT unda Semoifarglos, rac stimuls aZlevs kerZo mewarmeebs Seqmnan axali samuSao adgilebi. amas-Tan, saxelmwifom dasaqmebis politikis SemuSavebaSi farTod unda gamoiyenos misi SekveTiT (Sesabamisad, dafinansebiT) ker-Zo institutebis mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevebi, daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi. am mizniT mizanSewonilia momzadebisa da ga-damzadebis organizebaze tenderebis Catareba kerZo institu-tebis monawileobiT.

specialur yuradRebas moiTxovs xandazmulTa Sromis ba-zaric. sagadasaxado kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebi jerjero-biT ver uzrunvelyos msxvil sawarmoebSi gadamxdelTa socia-luri Senatanebis mniSvnelovan zrdas da soliduri sapensio sistemis efeqtianobas. pensionerTa socialuri uzrunvelyofa kvlav rTul mdgomareobaSi rCeba, xolo dasaqmebis asakobrivi struqtura `daberebuli~. yvelaze swrafad ganviTarebad dar-gebSi (safinanso Suamavloba, kavSirgabmuloba, transporti, mSenebloba da sxv.) samuSao adgilebis raodenoba sakmaod SezR-udulia. amitom saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa da pen-sionerTa raodenobis Sefardebis gaumjobeseba uaxloes moma-valSi damokidebuli iqneba ara imdenad zemoxsenebul dargebSi

39

dasaqmebis zrdaze, aramed sxva darebSi (pirvel rigSi, mrewve-lobaSi, soflis meurneobasa da vaWrobaSi) dasaqmebis struq-turis arsebiT gaumjobesebaze, TviTdasaqmebulobis daqirave-bulobiT masobriv Canacvlebaze. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwi-fo valdebulia daiwyos mravalsqemiani sapensio sistemis da-nergva. unificirebul erovnul pensias TandaTanobiT unda Cae-nacvlos diferencirebuli pensiebi, rac SeuZlebelia personi-ficirebuli sistemebis danergvis gareSe. sapensio sistemis re-formebma xeli unda Seuwyos Sromis bazris `gaaxalgazrdave-bas~ da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas.

da bolos, saqarTveloSi daiwyo faqtobrivad socialuri politikis axali etapi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia socia-luri dacvis universaluri sistemidan siRatakeze orientire-bul adresul daxmarebaze gadasvla. am instituciur cvlile-bebTan erTad saxelmwifom socialuri dacvisa da uzrunvelyo-fis programebis ganxorcielebisas sabaziso kriteriumad unda aiRos Sromis bazris efeqtianoba da dasaqmebis zrda. mxolo aq-tiuri socialuri politikis ganxorcielebiT iqneba SesaZlebe-li umuSevrobis da àxali Raribebis~ kontingentis zrdis pro-cesis SeCereba.

MADONA GELASHVILI

ASPECTS OF LABOR MARKET FORMATION

Human resource market has one of the most important roles in eco-nomic development. Human resource is a part of social-economic deve-lopment, its main functions are – human resource market is terminating minimal wages, also it has important influence on creating structure of this market. Today Georgian human resource market is influenced by de-mographic, social-economic and institutional factors. This article will try to analyze above mentioned issues.

40



zurab lipartia, maia gelaSvili, roin TaTeSvili

regionis konkurentunarianobis strategiuli analizi da Sefasebis indeqsebi

regionuli ekonomikuri politikis msoflio gamocdile-

bis analizidan gamomdinare vaskvniT, rom erTiani, mkacrad formirebuli, tipiuri meTodologia da meTodika regionuli politikis formirebisa ara aris SemuSavebuli. Sesabamisad, Ti-Toeuli qveyana Tavisi ganviTarebis saxelmwifoebrivi strate-giidan da resursuli potencialis gaTvaliswinebiT, amuSavebs sakuTar regionul ekonomikur politikas.

Tanamedrove etapze saqarTvelos strategiul miznad qveynis ekonomikuri, safinanso, komunikaciuri, kulturuli, civilizebuli mimarTulebebiT evropuli da aziuri regionis damakavSirebel rgolad gadaqceva gvevlineba. Sesabamisad, gan-sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens qveynis regionuli ekonomiku-ri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebisa da prioritetebis gansazRvra-realizeba, raSic mniSvnelovani roli regionul mravalferovnebas, calkeuli regionebis konkurentunarianobis gansazRvra-gamoyenebas eniWeba. swavluli ekonomistebis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebidan gamomdinareobs, rom `calkeuli qvey-nis midgoma konkurentunarianobis mimarT damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra meTodebsa da saSualebas iyenebs esa Tu is qveyana axal pi-robebSi riskis Semcirebisa da arsebuli SesaZleblobebis maqsi-malurad gamoyenebis dros. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba saxelmwifos ekonomikuri da politikuri interesebis Sesabami-sad erovnuli usafrTxoebis miznebis ganxorcielebas~.1

rogorc cnobilia, konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis meTo-dikis formirebis aqcenti misTvis prognozirebadi xasiaTis mi-niWebaze gakeTebuli. amasTanave yvelaze ufro aRiarebuli h. amstrongis mier SemuSavebuli konkurenciis kriteriumTa gan-xilva sazogadoebis progresis uzrunvelyofis mimarTulebiT qveynis masStabebs warmoadgens. xolo regioni, ganixileba ro-gorc firmaTa konkurenciis formirebisaTvis mniSvnelovani garemo.2 aqve mogvyavs cnobili mecnieris m. porteris xedva, romlis erovnul rombSi regioni warmodgenilia adgilobrivi

1 e. baraTaSvili, j. zarandia. saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebis ekonomika. Tb., 2007, gv. 41. 2 H. Amstrong, J. Taylor. Regional Economics and policy. New York: Wheatsheaf, 1993, p. 218.

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pirobebis erTobliobiT: momTxovni momxmareblebi, Zlieri konkurentebi, resursebis Zlieri mimwodeblebi da mZlavri damxmare dargebis kompleqsi (`samrewvelo klasteri~).1

konkurencia rogorc Siga, aseve msoflios bazarze ubiZ-gebs erovnul mwarmoeblebs gadavidnen, axal sawarmoo teqno-logiebze, gazardon gamoSvebuli produqciis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi da asortimenti, meti yuradReba dauTmon mecnie-rul-teqnologiuri progresis danergvas da amiT xeli Seuwyon ekonomikuri zrdisa da efeqtianobis ufro maRali maCveneble-bis miRwevas. amave dros, Tavisufali vaWroba momgebiania mom-xmareblisaTvisac, vinaidan misaReb fasebSi produqciis ufro farTo asortimentis SeZenis saSualebas aZlevs mas.

regionis konkurentunarianobaze moqmedi faqtorebis klasifikaciidan (ix. nax. 1) gamomdinareobs, rom konkurentu-narobaze zemoqmedebis faqtorebi ajgufeben: a) pozitiur da b) negatiuri zemoqmedebis faqtorebad:

nax. 1 regionebis konkurentunarianobis formirebis faqtorebis klasifikacia

1 М. Портер. Международная конкуренция. Изд. «Международные отношения», М., 1993, gv. 296.

regionis konkurentunarianobis formirebis faqtorebi

pozitiuri zemoqmedebis faqtorebi

— regionis sawarmoTa zrda — investiciebis Semodineba — teqnikuri progresis

aTviseba — regionuli ekonomikis

struqturis Sesabamisoba teqnikuri progresis donesTan

— regionuli ekonomikis organizacia da misi marTvis xarisxi

— regionis produqciaze Sida moTxovna — regionis produqciaze sagareo moTxovna

negatiuri zemoqmedebis faqtorebi

— arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis gaZliereba regionSi

— regionis negatiuri imiji — privatizaciisa da fasebis

liberalizaciaze danaxarjebi

— regionul meurneobriobis sferoebSi kriminalizaciis maRali done

— dotaciaze myofi regionebis mravalricxovnoba

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globalizaciisa da lokalizaciis Tanamedrove tendenci-ebis fonze, regionuli ganviTarebis regulirebis procesebi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, saqarTve-los damoukideblobis mopovebisa da sazogadoebrivi urTier-Tobebis radikaluri transformaciis pirobebSi, rodesac qvey-nisaTvis aucilebelia msoflio meurneobaSi Tavisi erovnuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebi-saTvis Sesabamisi meqanizmebis SemuSaveba da realizacia.

praqtika uCvenebs, rom konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis amJamad arsebul meTodikaTa umravlesoba gaTvaliswinebulia mTlianad qveynis masStabze, xolo regionis konkurentunaria-nobis kvlevisadmi ori ZiriTadi midgoma dominirebs:

pirveli midgomiT regions ganixilaven, rogorc firmis konkurentunarianobaze zemoqmed garemos;

meore midgomiT TviT regioni ganixileba, rogorc konku-renciis konkurentunarianobis subieqti.

regionuli konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis meTodika, romelic moicavs maCveneblebis SerCevis, monacemTa Segrove-bis, monacemTa skalirebisa da kompleqsuri indeqsis safuZvel-ze regionis konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis etapebs, uzrun-velyofs Sesabamisi im monacemTa bazis Seqmnas, romlis saSua-lebiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba konkurentunarianobaze moqmedi faqtorebis raodenobrivi Sefaseba. agreTve im maCvenebelTa gaTvla, romelic ar aris oficialur statistikaSi.

monacemTa skalireba xorcieldeba konkretuli regionis maCveneblisa da regionebs Soris minimaluri maCveneblebis sxvaobasTan regionebSi amave maCveneblebis maqsimaluri da mi-nimaluri mniSvnelobebis sxvaobis SefardebiT.

jj

jij

aa

aa

minmax

min

(1)

an

jj

jij

aa

aa

minmax

min1

(2)

miRebuli SerCeva warmoadgens yvela regionisTvis TiToe-

uli arCeuli maCveneblis mixedviT mikroindeqsTa erTobas, ro-melTa mniSvneloba 0-sa da 1-s Sorisaa. am dros 1 saukeTeso maC-venebelia, 0 — yvelaze uaresi.

regionis konkurentunarianobis indeqsis gamoTvlas axorcieleben Semdegi formulis gamoyenebiT:

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i

jj

jijcomp xx

xxI

1 minmax

min

(3) Sesabamisad, regionis konkurentunarianoba Sefasebuli

iqneba Semdegi maCveneblebiT:

1) regionis konkurentuli upiratesobis maCveneblebi:

a) regionis faqtoruli (resursuli) upiratesoba; b) regionis investiciuri upiratesoba; g) regionis infrastruqturuli upiratesoba; d) regionis inovaciuri upiratesoba; e) regionis instituciuri upiratesoba; v) regionis dargobrivi struqturis progresuloba.

2) regionis konkurentunarianobis saSedego maCveneblebi:

a) mTliani regionuli produqtis moculoba mosaxleobis erT sulze;

b) mTlian regionul produqtSi eqsportis wili; g) mTliani regionuli produqtis zrdis tempi. Sesabamisad, regionis faqtoruli upiratesobis Sefase-

bisTvis gamoyenebul iqneba kerZo maCveneblebi: Sromis nayofie-reba, regionis SefardebiTi upiratesoba, ZiriTadi fondebis ukugeba. kerZod:

ZiriTadi fondebis ukugebis indeqsi regionis mo-saxleobis erT sulze ZiriTadi fondebis moculobas axasiaTebs;

regionis investiciuri upiratesobis maCveneblad regionis mosaxleobis erT sulze investiciebis mo-culoba gamoiyeneba;

regionis infrastruqturuli upiratesobis maCve-neblad gamoyene-buli iqneba saavtomobilo gzebis simWidrove 1 kv.km-ze;

regionis inovaciuri upiratesobis Sefaseba analo-giurad xdeba, maCveneblad ki regionSi kvlevebisa da maTi damuSavebis sferoSi dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wi-li iqneba gamoyenebuli;

regionis informaciuli upiratesobis maCvenebe-lad regionSi mTlianad dasaqmebulebSi informaciis damuSavebis sferoSi dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wili ga-moiyeneba.

regionis instituciuri upiratesobis maCveneblad

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aRebulia: regionSi sabazro institutebis ganviTa-reba mosaxleobis maCvenebelze mcire sawarmoTa ricxovnebis Sefardeba;

regionis mTavrobis pozicia regionTaSoris kon-kurenciaSi (regionis biujetis Semosavlebis done erT sulze) zemoT warmodgenili meTodiT SesaZle-belia TiToeulis maCveneblis gansazRvra.

analogiurad gamoiTvleba regionis konkurentuli upi-ratesobis saSedego maCveneblebis (mTliani regionuli pro-duqti mosaxleobis erT sulze, mTlian regionul produqtSi eqsportis wili, mTliani regionuli produqtis zrdis tempi) indeqsebi.

amrigad, saqarTveloSi efeqtiani regionuli ekonomikuri strategiis SemuSavebisa da realizaciis procesSi priorite-tul mniSvnelobas iZens qveynis regionebis bunebriv-resursu-li potencialis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswineba, romelic did zegavlenas axdens mis sabazro specializaciasa da Sromis teri-toriul danawilebaze, regionis socialur-ekonomikur kom-pleqsSi racionaluri da dabalansebuli efeqtiani meqanizmebis gamoyeneba-damkvidrebaze qveynis biznes praqtikaSi.

Tanamedrove etapze qveynis mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTa-rebis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia winmswrebi strategiis ganxorcieleba, romelic iqneba aqtiuri, profilaqtikuri, ra-Ta Tavidan aviciloT ekonomikuri safrTxis Sedegebi, destabi-lizaciis faqtorebi. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelom unda monaxos Tavisi adgili msoflio ganviTarebasa da usafrTxoebaSi, Sro-mis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi.

ZURAB LIPARTIA, MAIA GELASHVILI, ROIN TATESHVILI

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATION INDEX OF THE REGIONS COMPETITIVENESS

The Strategic Analysis of Region Competition and the Estimation of Indexes in the Context of Safe development of Economic. In the pre-vious scientific article we have represented the intelligence of the foreign countries experiences in the regulation of the economical politics and the theories about the regional development of the country, The strategic analyse of regional competition. In conclusion we have represented that it will be possible to achieve the complex development of each region in the country with the help of using the effective system of control we have also mentioned the advantages of Region competition.

45



murman kvaracxelia

ilia WavWavaZisa da niko nikolaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebani da saqarTvelos erovnuli

ekonomikis sakiTxebi dialeqtikuri WeSmaritebaa — TaobaTa cvlis garduvalo-

ba. mas bunebrivad Tan sdevs adamianTa cxovrebis materialuri da sulieri yofis metamorfoza, da rac mTavaria, xSirad Seum-Cnevlad magram mainc gardaiqmneba eric da qveyanac. Cveni qvey-nis ekonomikuri cxovrebac am qartexilebSi gamovlili da gamow-rTobili didi saidumloebiT moculi fenomenia, romelic gansa-kuTrebuli kataklizmebiT gamoirCeoda XIX-XX saukuneebSi.

saqarTvelos istoria omis, aneqsiisa da okupaciis Tanmde-vi procesebiT iyo mudam gajerebuli. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT am orasi wlis istorias, vnaxavT, rom Cveni wina Taobebi Tavisebu-rad ibrZoda sxvadasxva da gansakuTrebiT, ruseTis imperiis ko-loniuri uRlis winaaRmdeg. istoriaSi cnobili ajanyebebi (mTiuleTis — 1802-1804 ww, kaxeTis —1812-1813 ww, imereTis — 1819-1820 ww.) rusulma saokupacio reJimma sisxlSi CaaxSo. momavalma qarTvelma Taobebma igrZnes, rom ruseTTan aseTi pirdapiri SeiaraRebuli brZoliT mizans ver miaRwevdnen. saWi-ro iyo imperiasTan brZolis meTodebis Secvla.

saqarTvelos istoria imasac gvaswavlis, rom momdevno axali Taobebis brZola ufro Sedegiani aRmoCnda. maT `Tergda-leulebi~, anu `pirveli dasi~ uwodes. ilia WavWavaZem, akaki we-reTelma, niko nikolaZem, iakob gogebaSvilma, vaJa-fSavelam da am dasis (igive `partiis~) warmomadgenlebma ajanyebebis nacv-lad erovnuli brZolis mTavar iaraRad da meTodad mSvidobia-ni brZola airCies. aseTi brZolis mTavari asparezi ganaTleba, kultura da social-ekonomikuri ganviTareba gaxda.

`pirveli dasis~ moRvaweTagan qarTuli ekonomikuri azris istoriaSi gansakuTrebul figuras warmoadgens ilia WavWavaZe da niko nikolaZe. istoriuli wyaroebi adastureben, rom niko nikolaZem ilia WavWavaZesTan erTad ara marto Seqmna `saerTo niadagis~ Teoria, aramed praqtikuladac scada am Teoriis principebis ganxorcieleba. am principebidan ki, mTavaria ro-gorc niko nikolaZe werda, — `yvela sazogadoebriv ZalTa erT kvalSi Cayeneba da am erTiani ZaliT erisa da qveynis winsvla—ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa~. vfiqrobT, rom dRevandel saqar-TveloSi mTavari swored is aris, rom yvelam erTad SevZloT Cvens winaSe mdgomi miznebis ganxorcieleba mSvidobiani gziT

46

da amasTan, socialur-ekonomikuri progresis saSualebiT. am miznebidan, upirveles yovlisa, mTavari da ZiriTadia —

erovnuli damoukidebloba, romelic warmoudgenelia erovnu-li ekonomikis ganviTarebiis gareSe. magram ilia WavWavaZesa da niko nikolaZes kargad esmodaT, rom erovnuli damoukideblo-ba SeuZlebelia ganxorcieldes qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare maT miznad daisaxes qarTuli kapitalizmis Taviseburi modelis Seqmna. Cvenma Tao-bebma unda Seiswavlon ilias da niko nikolaZis memkvidreoba mi-si kargad gagebisa da praqtikaSi ganxorcielebisaTvis. Cveni naSromis mizanic swored esaa.

am did moazrovneebs sworad hqondaT gacnobierebuli erovnuli ekonomikis momavlis gzakvali. pirveli, rasac niko nikolaZe moiTxovda, iyo is, rom saqarTvelom gamoiyenos Tavi-si xelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi da geopolitiku-ri mdgomareoba imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas Zlieri erovnuli ekono-mika. amave dros misi didi damsaxureba isic aris, rom man wamo-iwyo bevri praqtikuli proeqtis ganxorcielebac am mizniT. maTgan sayuradReboa foTis portis mSenebloba da energetika.

foTis pirveli meris postze muSaobisas man gansazRvra am SavizRvispira qalaqis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. igi werda, rom foTis mTavari funqcia unda gaxdes evropasa da azias So-ris savaWro-ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganviTareba.1 dRevandel pirobebSi es funqcia kidev ufro izrdeba, magram saWiroa, rom amisaTvis TviTon foTisa da misi portis srulyofa da ganviTa-reba iqnas uzrunvelyofili. es dRevandeli gadasaxedidan swo-rad da obieqturad danaxuli perspeqtiva iyo.

rac Seexeba niko nikolaZis memkvidreobidan saqarTvelos energetikuli ganviTarebis sakiTxs, unda iTqvas, rom man aqac didi samomavlo mniSvnelobis amocana dagvitova XXI saukunis Ta-obebs. mas kargad hqonda gaazrebuli Cveni qveynis hidroresur-sebis potenciuri SesaZleblobebi, magram amasTan garkveul na-Tel perspeqtivas xedavda eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebaSi qa-risa da mzis energiis aTvisebis didi potenciuri SesaZleblobe-bis TvalsazrisiT. dResac didi jixaiSis mis saxlmuzeumSi inaxe-ba mis mier Seqmnili qaris pirveli generatori saqarTveloSi.

magram CvenTvis dRes mTavaria saukunis problema — rogo-ri saqarTvelo unda SevqmnaT XXI saukuneSi da am mxvriv ra SeiZ-leba gamoviyenoT rogorc erovnuli, ise saerTaSoriso gamoc-dilebidan. cxadia, rom orive aucilebeli faqtoria Cveni qvey-nis samomavlo ganviTarebisaTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, garkveuli politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri analiziT SevecdebiT vaCvenoT demokratiuli procesebis Taviseburebani gardamava-

1 niko nikolaZe. Txzulebani. t. III:1872-1873. Tb., 1963, gv. 65.

47

li periodis saqarTveloSi, romlebic saerTo SexedulebiT qarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis safuZvels warmoadgens pos-tkomunisturi transformaciis saqarTvelos dRevandel gar-damaval periodSi.

cnobilia, rom ilia WavWavaZem, romlis mier daarsebuli erovnuli banki XIX-XX saukuneebis saqarTveloSi yvela mniSvne-lovani wamowyebis iniciatori iyo, safuZveli Cauyara parla-mentarizmis tradicias. aRniSnuli `bankis krebebi~ qarTuli demokratiis nimuSad aris miCneuli maSindel saqarTveloSi. amitom mimaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi demokratiis ganviTarebis problemebis kvleva SeuZlebelia ilia WavWavaZis `saerTo nia-dagis~ Teoriis gareSe. im Teoriisa, romlis ekonomikuri mxare ilias mkvlelobis Semdeg win wamoswia niko nikolaZem.

ilia WavWavaZes, niko nikolaZes da maT Tanamoazreebs kar-gad esmodaT, rom erovnuli ekonomikis gareSe arc erovnuli saxelmwifo SeiZleba arsebobdes da amitom didi dro da ener-gia Sealies erovnuli ekonomikis strategiis Seqmnas. maSinac da dResac am strategiis swor gaazrebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-loba aqvs Cveni momavali ganviTarebisaTvis. kapitalizmi es, upirveles yovlisa, integraciuli da globalisturi procese-bis erTobliobaa da aq Cven Tu ar movZebneT Cveni adgili da ro-li, maSin momavalic ar gveqneba.

`qarTuli kapitalizmis modeli~ — es `saerTo niadagis~ Teoriis umTavresi monapovaria. msoflios yvela xalxi da maTi ekonomikebi kapitalizmis principebze viTardeba, magram yvela maTgans Tavisi erovnuli Taviseburebani gaaCnia. sxva aris kapi-talizmi da Sesabamisad, erovnuli ekonomika iaponiaSi da sxva inglisSi, germaniaSi, norvegiaSi Tu israelSi. rogori unda iyos qarTuli kapitalizmi da masze dafuZnebuli Cveni erovnu-li ekonomika — ai, problema, romlis gadawyvetac Cveni qveynis erT-erTi upirvelesi amocanaa.

ilia WavWavaZes da niko nikolaZes kargad esmodaT, rom erovnuli ekonomika es aris regionul ekonomikaTa ganviTare-bis produqti da maTi Taviseburi maTematikuri jami. saqarTve-los mTa-bari sxvadasxva regionul Taviseburebebs Seicavs da yvelafers amas gaTvaliswineba sWirdeba qveynis ekonomikuri strategiisa da misi Sesatyvisi ekonomikuri politikis SemuSa-vebasa da ganxorcielebaSi. yvelaze zogadi gaazrebiT Cveni qve-yana Tavisi bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT ori didi regionisgan Sedgeba — dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi. ilia WavWavaZem da niko nikolaZem Taviseburad gadainawiles funqciebi da pirvelma maTganma qarTl-kaxeTis da saerTod, aR-mosavleT saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis konceptualuri principebi daamuSava, xolo meorem, dasavleT saqarTvelosi.

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amasTan dakavSirebiT, jer kidev XXs. 90-ian wlebSi ìlia-logTa klubis~ iniciativiT Seiqmna mecnier-mkvlevarTa klubi regionul ekonomikaTa koncefciis SesamuSaveblad. Tbilisis universitetSi gaimarTa diskusia, amasTan monawileoba miviReT poloneTis qalaq lublinSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso konferen-ciaze, sadac es sakiTxebi iqna wamoweuli da mecnierTa yuradR-eba daimsaxura. erTi sityviT, Teoriul aspeqtSi axlo warsu-lis Cveni didi moRvaweebis memkvidreoba damuSavebulia. axla mTavaria, rom Teoriidan praqtikaze gadavideT. sxvanairad xom, rogorc ilia ityoda, `mecniereba uqmi Wkvis uqmi varjiSia~.1

aRniSnuli diskusiebis dros SemuSavda da ivane javaxiSvi-lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetma gamosca sa-mecniero krebuli — `qarTuli saxelmwifo~ 2. misi ZiriTadi na-wili miZRvnilia qarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis socialur-ekonomikuri problemebisadmi. aq minda davayeno afxazeTTan da dasavleT saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli rigi sakiTxebi:

pirvel rigSi unda xazgasmiT iTqvas, rom afxazeTi da mTe-li dasavleT saqarTvelo istoriulad yovelTvis erTiani po-litikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri regioni iyo. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ araerTi matiane cneba àfxazeTs~ ganixilavs ro-gorc dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmniSvnel sityvas. gavixsenoT Tundac daviT aRmaSenebeblis samefo regalia — `mefe afxazTa, qarTlTa, ranTa da kaxTa...~, sadac àfxazeTi~ mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli politikuri regaliaa. tradici-iT es TviT XIX saukuneSic gadmovida da igi ilia WavWavaZisa da niko nikolaZis publicistikaSic aisaxa.

kerZod, maT SeimuSaves idea, rom kapitalizmis ganviTare-bas dasavleT saqarTveloSi, maT Soris afxazeTSi, erTiani kor-poraciuli sistemis Seqmna unda daedos safuZvlad. am mizniT kolxeTis dablobze, rionis qvemo dinebasa da foTis mimdebare teritoriaze unda Seqmniliyo didi savaWro-samrewvelo da sa-soflo-sameurneo dasaxleba — `kolxida~, romliTac moxdeboda produqciis gatana Savi zRvisa da xmelTaSua zRvis regionebSi.3 sxvaTaSoris unda aRiniSnos, rom am ideis ganxorcieleba scada lavrenti beriam, Sesrulda garkveuli saproeqto samuuSaoebic, magram meore msoflio omis dawyebam SeaCera es procesi.

XXs. samocian wlebSi am proeqtiT seriozulad dainteres-da cnobili amerikeli diplomati da Semdeg ki, metad warmatebu-li biznesmeni averel harimani. igi pirobas iZleoda, rom mTel am regions èvraziis Sveicariad~ gadaaqcevda, magram kremlis ma-Sindelma xelmZRvanelobam proeqti `kolxida~ CaSala da afxa-

1 ilia WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. t. ? Tb., 1989, gv. 570. 2 qarTuli saxelmwifo . Tb., 2003. 3 niko nikolaZe. Txzulebani. t. 3,1872-1873, gv.125.


zeTi antiqarTuli politikis placdarmad aqcia, romlis mizani dRes yvelasTvis naTelia: `gaTiSe da ibatones~ imperiuli po-litikiT kremlis Tanamedrove mesveurebi cdiloben moaxdinon afxazeTis iseTive aneqsia da asimilacia, rogorc es gaakeTes asi wlis win jiqeTsa da CerqezeTSi.

ìliologTa klubma~ am ramdenime wlis win moiZia da gaax-la zemoTxsenebuli `kolxidasa~ da agreTve e.w. `harimanis~ proeqtebi da igi daukavSira evrokavSiris `konfliqtebis mSvi-dobiani daregulirebis~ ideas. kerZod, Cven vayenebT ideas, rom Seiqmnas ori didi korporaciuli sameurneo dasaxleba saqarT-veloSi: zemoTxsenebuli `kolxida~ da agreTve, ìliawminda~ aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (ivrispireTSi, daviT garejsa da da-lis wyalsacavs Soris). kargi iqneba Tu investori dainteresde-ba aRniSnuli proeqtebiT, rac vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos regio-nul ekonomikaTa ganviTarebaSi.

amis dasasabuTeblad ramdenime argumenti SeiZleba movi-tanoT. esenia:

1. pirveli: Tavis droze, kerZod, ferganis tragediis Sem-deg, evrokavSirma meore msoflio omis dros Sua aziaSi gadasaxlebul mahmadiani mesxebis (e.w. `Turqi mesxebis~) reabilitaciis programa miiRo. am mizniT gamoiyo mniS-vnelovani finansuri saxsrebi — 100 milionamde evro. sa-qarTvelos mTavrobas ki mosTxoves Sesabamisi samar-Tlebrivi bazis Seqmna (saqarTvelos parlamentma 2008 wels miiRo repatriaciis kanoni), magram dRemde arc erT xelisuflebas seriozulad ar ufiqria maT ganxor-cielebaze da ìliawmindas~ mSeneblobac dRes faq-tobrivad dakonservebulia. rac Seexeba proeqt `kolxi-das~, igi dRes saerTod miviwyebulia, maSin roca aWari-dan, raWa-leCxumidan da svaneTidan eko-migrantTa Ca-saxlebisTvis aseve mniSvnelovani saxsrebia gaTvaliswi-nebuli.

2. Tavis droze israelis saxelmwifo Seiqmna Zveli `kibu-curi~ sameurneo dasaxlebebis safuZvelze da dRevan-deli israelis ekonomikaSi maT rogorc ityvian, lomis wili aqvT. ilia WavWavaZe da niko nikolaZe moiTxovdnen, rom aseTive `xodabunuri~ tipis sameurneo korporacie-bi Seqmniliyo saqarTveloSic. Seiqmna kidec ramdenime ebrauli `kibucis~ msgavsi qarTuli `xodabuni~, magram, samwuxarod, am procesma ganviTareba ver hpova. dadga dro, Cvens erovnul ekonomikaSi `xodabunebis~ sasoflo-sameurneo korporaciebs farTo gza mivceT. Cven mzad gvaqvs maTi socialur-ekonomikuri dasabuTebac, rac Se-iZleba ganxorcieldes lizinguri investiciebis mozid-

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viT, romelic SedarebiT nakleb saxsrebs Txoulobs. am gziTac SeiZleba mobilizebuli iqnas mniSvnelovani fi-nansuri da materialur-teqnikuri saxsrebi `kolxidasa~ da ìliawmindas~ proeqtebis realizaciisTvis, rac Ta-vis mxriv aTasobiT adamians daasaqmebs. es sakiTxi sa-xelmwifo politikis rangSi unda iqnas ayvanili. swored dasaqmebis problemis gadawyveta warmoadgens Cvens mTavar arguments zemoaRniSnuli proeqtebis ganxorci-elebisTvis, romelsac didi biZgi misces XIX saukunis ekonomikuri azris iseTma titanebma, rogorebic iyvnen ilia WavWavaZe da niko nikolaZe.

MURMAN KVARATSKHELIA

ECONOMICAL VIEWS OF ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE AND NIKO NIKOLADZE AND GEORGIAN

NATIONAL ECONOMIC ISSUES

Some aspects of 19th century Economic views in Ilia Chavchavad-ze and Niko Nikoladze creativity are discussed in the article. Their parti-cular method of approach about the country arrangement is emphasized. “Kolkhida” and “Iliatsminda” projects are accentuated and also their im-portance nowadays.

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soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi t. IX, 2010


irma molaSxia

sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa saqarTveloSi

msoflios sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebSi qveynis erovnuli

usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovan `struqturul bloks~ sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad kompleqsuri RonisZiebebis gatareba warmoadgens.

sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa niSnavs qveyanaSi sakmao resursebis arsebobas, janmrTeli cxovrebisaTvis auci-lebeli raodenobis usafrTxo sakvebis SeZenis TvalsazrisiT. sursaTis sakmarisobis da xelmisawvdomobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebia: Semosavali, sursaTis TviTwarmoeba da transfer-tebi, agreTve sursaTis fasebi.

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis moxmarebaSi sursaTs didi xved-riTi wili uWiravs. 2009 wlis monacemebis mixedviT, mosaxleo-bis sasursaTo xarjebis wili mTlian samomxmareblo xarjebSi 2005 welTan SedarebiT Semcirda 62%-dan 53%-mde. klebadi ten-denciiT xasiaTdeba mosaxleobis mier sakvebi energiis medianu-ri moxmareba (kkal./dReSi sulze) bolo wlebSi Sesabamisad: 2005 wels — 2390 kkaloriis dRiuri moxmareba 2009 wlisaTvis 2150 kkaloriamde Semcirda,1 rac Cveni mosaxleobis arasrul-yofili sicocxlisunarianobis maCvenebelia. rogorc viciT, optimaluri sicocxlisunarianoba 2500-3500 kkaloriis dRiuri moxmarebis pirobebSi miiRweva. 2007-2009 ww. erT sulze kvebis produqtebis wliuri moxmarebis rekomendirebuli fiziologi-uri normebisa da faqtiuri moxmarebis oficialuri monaceme-bis safuZvelze dgindeba, rom maT Soris mTeli rigi produqte-bis mixedviT arasasurveli disproporciebia. (cxrili 1). ro-gorc 2009 wlis oficialuri monacemebidan Cans, moxmarebis re-komendirebuli fiziologiuri normisgan CamorCeniT xasiaTde-ba rZisa da rZis produqtebis (2.4-jer), xorcisa da xorcis pro-duqtebis (2.2-jer), bostneulis (1.9-jer), kartofilis (1.1-jer), kvercxis (1.7-jer), yurZnis (1.8-jer) moxmarebis parametrebi. fiziologiur normas aWarbebs Saqris (2.8-jer), zeTis da cximis (1.2-jer), purisa da purproduqtebis (1.1-jer) moxmarebis maCve-neblebi.2

1 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba, statistikuri publikacia 2009. Tb., 2010. 2 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. saqarTvelos soflis

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sursaTis wliuri moxmarebis rekomendirebuli fiziologiuri norma da faqtiuri moxmareba

saqarTveloSi1 cxrili 1.

dasaxeleba

moxmare-bis reko-mend. fi-

ziol. norma

wliuri moxmareba erT sulze (kg)

2007 2008 2009

puri da purproduqtebi 130 141 150 138 rZe da rZis produqtebi 315 155 162 131

xorci da xorc produqtebi 55 28 27 25.5 bostneuli 100 58 59 53 kartofili 50 47 48 44

kvercxi 150 85 91 90 zeTi da cximi 6 8 7 _

Saqari 15 40 42 _ xili, yurZeni 65 37 35 36

rogorc vxedavT, adgili aqvs kvebis fiziologiuri norme-

bis moTxovnebis darRvevas anu arasrulfasovan kvebas. mosax-leobis kvebis racionSi ZiriTadi wili modis purze, Saqarze da zeTze, risi mizezic mosaxleobis Zalze dabali msyidvelobiTi unari SeiZleba iyos. magaliTad, 2008 wlisaTvis erT sulze sa-Sualo Tviurma Semosavlebma 126.7 lari, xarjebma ki — 128.8 la-ri Seadgina.2 es tendencia, samwuxarod, dRevandel pirobebSic grZeldeba. saqarTveloSi inflaciis donem 12.3%-s miaRwia, rac gansakuTrebiT sasursaTo produqciis fasebze aisaxeba. 2011 wlis ianvris monacemebiT fasebi sursaTze da ualkoholo sas-melebze 25.2 procentiT gaizarda,3 rac gare faqtorebiT, sur-saTze maRali saerTaSoriso fasebiTaa ganpirobebuli, kerZod ki, 2010 wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi mom-xdari bunebrivi stiqiuri movlenebisa da mTeli rigi qveynebis mier sasursaTo produqciis eqsportis SezRudviTaa gamowveu-li. amiT aixsneba fasebis mateba saqarTveloSic, purisa da pur-produqtebis jgufze — 20.0%-iT, Saqarsa da sakonditro nawar-mze — 166%-iT, zeTsa da cximze — 35.5%-iT, bostneulsa da baRCe-ulze — 50.8%-iT, xilsa da yurZenze — 38.3%-iT.4 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organiza-

meurneoba, statistikuri publikacia 2009. Tb., 2010, gv. 83-92. 1 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri.., gv. 83-92. 2 saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis saministro, statistikis de-partamenti. statistikuri weliwadeuli 2009, Tb., 2010, gv. 57; 60. 3 www.geostat.ge. 4 www.geostat.ge.

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ciis (FAO) monacemebiT, sasursaTo saqonlis indeqsi mniSvnelov-nadaa gazrdili msoflio masStabiTac. magaliTad, aSS-Si niu-iorkis birJaze Saqris fasma bolo 30 wlis maqsimums miaRwia.

inflaciaze gavlena iqonia iseTma subieqturma faqtor-mac, rogoricaa aSS federaluri sarezervo bankis mier fulis masis gazrda, kerZod, fulis beWdvis gadawyvetileba 600 mlrd. aSS dolaris odenobiT. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki fulze moTxovnis gazrdas saprocento ganakveTebis SemcirebiT axor-cielebs.

sursaTis globaluri deficitis pirobebSi qveynanaSi pri-oritetad rCeba agrobiznesis ganviTareba. imisaTvis, rom amaR-ldes xorbaliT TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficienti, romelic 2009 wlis monacemebiT 8%-s Seadgens, saWiroa sxva qveynebis mo-winave meurneobebis gamocdilebis gaziareba, saTesle meurneo-bis gaumjobeseba da soflis meurneobis kvalificiuri kadre-biT, maT Soris swavluli agronomebiT uzrunvelyofa. magali-Tad, xorblis mosavlianobis 3-jer gazrdis mizniT, yvarelSi Semotanil iqna amerikuli saTesle xorbali, Catarda seminare-bi fermerebisaTvis, ramac momavalSi unda gaaumjobesos xor-blis warmoeba Cvens qveyanaSi. dabali TviTuzrunvelyofis koe-ficientebi (Tuk) aRiniSneba ZiriTadi kvebis produqtebis, ker-Zod, xorcis Tuk-i _ 47%, bostneulis _ 76%, mcenareuli ze-Tis _ 20%, Saqris _ 0%, es ukanaskneli 2008 wlis Saqris warmo-ebis SewyvetiT aixsneba, es maCvenebeli wina wlebSi, kerZod, 2003 wels 51%-s, xolo 2007 wels — 42% Seadgenda, qveyanas dReisaT-vis Saqris maragis saxiT sakmao raodenobis resursi gaaCnia. 2009 wlis monacemebiT, qveyanaSi SedarebiT pozitiuri maCveneb-lebi gvaqvs simindiT (92%), kartofiliT (93%), kvercxiT (101%), rZe da rZis produqtebiT (92%), yurZniT (118%) TviTuzrunvel-yofis mxriv.1 imedia momavalSi fermerTa saSualo fenis Camoya-libeba, agromewarmeTa dafinansebis efeqtiani programebisa da proeqtebis ganxorcieleba donorebTan TanamSromlobiT, gaz-rdis adgilobrivi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebas. qveyanaSi agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyobis mizniT xorcieldeba mikro agro sesxebis gacema 1000-15000 la-ramde, 3-24 Tvemde vadiT, klebadi saprocento ganakveTiT — 2.7%-dan TveSi, rac finansurad daexmareba agrobiznesiT dain-teresebul pirebs.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi aSS saerTaSori-so saagentos (USAID) mier dafinansebuli proeqti Àgvantage~ 2007 wlidan aqtiur finansur mxardaWeras uwevs kvebis produq-cis mwarmoebel adgilobriv kompaniebs, raTa maT SeZlon warmo-ebaSi progresuli teqnologiebis danergvis gziT umaRlesi xa-

1 www.geostat.ge.

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risxis qarTuli produqciis warmoeba. ase, magaliTad, Àgvanta-ge~-s proeqtis mxardaWeriT moxda imereTis raionSi `Ternal-Cais~ fabrikis teqnikuri gadaiaraReba. fabrikaSi damontaJda Tanamedrove danadgari, romelic axmobs, grexs da axarisxebs Cais. aseTi danadgarebis saSualebiT `Ternal-Cais~ fabrika yo-velwliurad afasoebs saukeTeso xarisxis mwvane elitarul Ca-is 100 gramian paketebSi, 10 tona weliwadSi. momavalSi Sps `Ter-nal-Cais~ warmoeba erTiorad gaizrdeba da igi SeZlebs sauke-Teso xarisxis mwvane elitaruli Cais gatanas, rogorc adgi-lobriv, ise ucxour bazarze — ukrainaSi.1

ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTvelos agrarul seqtorSi ganxor-cieldebulma pirdapirma ucxourma investiciebma 2007 wlis mo-nacemebiT — 15.5 mln. lari, 2008 wels — 7.8 mln. lari, 2009 wels — 22.3 mln. lari, xolo 2010 wlis I-III kvartlis monacemebis mixed-viT — 5.8 mln. lari Seadgina. rogorc xedavT, es investiciebi me-tismetad mcirea da sruliad arasakmarisia dargis ganviTarebaSi seriozuli nabijebisaTvis. rac Seexeba kvebis mrewvelobaSi gan-xorcielebul investiciebs, misi moculoba wlebis mixedviT Sem-degnairad warmogvidgeba: 2007 wels — 172.3 mln. lari, 2008 wels — 105.6 mln. lari, 2009 wels — 95.6 mln. lari.2

adgilobrivi da ucxouri investiciebis Sedegad saqarTve-loSi amuSavda da sarekonstruqcio da teqnologiuri gadaia-raRebis samuSaoebi Catarda uamrav sawarmoSi, romlebic umaR-lesi xarisxis kvebis produqcias awarmoeben. dReisaTvis saqar-TveloSi da mis farglebs gareT cnobilia araerTi kerZo kompa-nia, romlis mier gamoSvebuli produqcia Seesabameba saerTaSo-riso standartebs. ase, magaliTad, saqarTveloSi naturaluri wvenebis, aseve rZisa da rZis produqtebis lideria — mraval-profiliani `ji-em-Ti~ jgufis wevri `sante ji-em-Ti produqte-bi~, aseve warmatebiT sargeblobs bazrebze Sps àromaproduq-tis~ mier warmoebuli naturaluri wvenebi, jemebi, murabebi. dReisaTvis yvelaze cnobili qarTuli Rvinis mwarmoebeli kom-paniebia: `badagoni~, `GWS~, `Teliani veli~, `TbilRvino~, `bag-rationi~, àlaverdi~, àleqsandreuli~, `mildiani~. 2007 wels msoflioSi yvelaze premialur saerTaSoriso konkursze lon-donSi `TbilRvinos~ mier wardgenili xuTive saxeobis Rvino (sa-feravi, winandali, xvanWkara, mukuzani, qinZmarauli) medlebiT dabrunda, xolo s/s `daviT sarajiSvili da eniselis~ koniakebs saerTaSoriso gamofenebsa da konkursebze 17 granpri, 109 oq-ros, 44 vercxlis da 11 brinjaos medali aqvT mopovebuli, anu es kompania msoflios im saukeTeso sawarmoTa ricxvSia Sesuli, ro-melTa produqciac warmoebis umaRlesi xarisxiT gamoirCeva.3

1 http://georgia.usaid.gov. 2 www.geostat.ge. 3 www.gws.ge.

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miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis ekologiurad sufTa sasoflo-sameurneo kvebis produqciis warmoebis SesaZlebloba, kvebis nawarmis didi nawili mzaddeba importuli resursebiT an saerTod mza saxiT Semodis importi-ori kompaniebis daxmarebiT. amitomac qveynis sasursaTo bazar-ze sursaTis deficiti jer-jerobiT ar SeiniSneba, Tumca, ro-gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, produqciis siuxve miRweulia ara qvey-nis SigniT warmoebuli produqciiT, aramed importis xarjze. amaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom bolo wlebSi (2006-2009 ww.) soflis meurneobis xvedriTi wili mTlian Sida produqtis struqturaSi yovelwliurad klebulobs, kerZod, 11.2%-dan 8.3%-mde daeca, Tumca zogierTi saxis produqciis warmoeba 2009 wels wina welTan SedarebiT gaizarda. magaliTad, karto-filis — 11.1%-iT, bostneulis — 3.0%-iT, msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis xorcis — 14.04%-iT.1

Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos ekonomika upiratesad orienti-rebuli unda iyos sursaTis TviTdakmayofilebaze. Cvens qveya-nas gaaCnia xelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebisaTvis. misi efeqtianobis asa-maRleblad, saWiroa saxelmwifos Careva. am mxriv dadebiT mov-lenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos saqarTvelos mTavrobis 50 Tviani programis mixedviT 2009-2012 wlebisaTvis 200-ze meti sasof-lo-sameurneo produqciis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmos Seqmna, mTavrobis mier sarwyavi arxebis reabilitaciisaTvis finansuri saxsrebis gamoyofa, eqsportis waxaliseba, soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli glexebisa da fermerebisaTvis xelSemwyobi piro-bebis Seqmna — agrobiznesis ganviTarebisaTvis SeRavaTiani kre-ditebis gacema, lizingis praqtikis danergva, rac gulisxmobs komerciul bankebTan SedarebiT dabalprocentiani sesxebis ga-cemas soflis meurneobisa da kvebis mrewvelobis dargebis gan-viTarebisaTvis saWiro teqnikis SesaZenad. sagulisxmoa saxel-mwifos iniciativa — Seqmnas xorblis sakuTari maragebi da gana-xorcielos maTi dazRveva sxvadasxa saxis riskebisagan. sadazR-vevo kompania àidi jgufi~ gamoexmaura am iniciativas da daviT garejis dedaTa monastris aRorZinebis fondis xorbali uamin-dobisa da sxva riskebisagan daazRvia. aseve aRsaniSnavia is faq-ti, rom momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis mizniT Seqmnili axa-li savaWro qselis (80 savaWro obieqtis `nugeSis~ gaxsna, rom-lis jixurebSi 100-ze meti dasaxelebis umaRlesi xarisxis, ro-gorc adgilobrivi wamyvani mwarmoeblebis kvebis produqtebi, aseve importirebuli produqcia, romelzec saqarTveloSi moTxovna gansakuTrebiT maRalia SedarebiT dabal fasebSi gai-

1 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri.., statistikuri pub-likacia 2009.., gv. 83, 84, 87.

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yideba, rac mosaxleobisaTvis damatebiT 6-15%-ian danazogs gulisxmobs.

mosaxleobis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis dacvisa da xarisxi-ani sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis mizniT, mTavrobis iniciativiT 2010 wels soflis meurneobis saministrom moamzada kanonpro-eqti `sursaTis uvneblobis saagentos~ Seqmnis da amasTan `vazi-sa da Rvinis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi teqnikuri cvlilebebis ganxorcie-lebis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifos funqciaa zedam-xedveloba gauwios sursaTis warmoebas, Senaxvisa da realiza-ciis pirobebs.

sursaTis warmoebis problema mWidro kavSirSia ekologi-uri usafrTxoebis sakiTxebTan. iseve, rogorc mTel msoflio-Si, saqarTveloSic ekologiuri situaciis gauareseba (miwis mo-savlianobis Semcireba, wylebis dabinZureba radiaciuli da qi-miuri narCenebiT, bunebrivi resursebis degradacia, rac dakav-Sirebulia iseT bunebriv movlenebTan, rogoricaa: gvalva, wyaldidoba, setyva, xanZari da a.S.) aferxebs mecxoveleobisa da memcenareobis dargebis ganviTarebas. mosaxleobas surs sufTa, bunebrivi nedleulisagan da bunebrivi meTodebiT warmoebuli sursaTi moixmaros da daculi iyos dabinZurebuli da falsifi-cirebuli, genmodificirebuli produqciisagan. momavalSi ag-robiowarmoeba yvelaze swrafad mzardi seqtori unda gaxdes saqarTveloSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom 2006 wels saqarTvelos pa-ralmentma daamtkica `saqarTvelos kanoni agrobiowarmoebis Se-saxeb~, romelic Seiqmna evrogaerTianebis kanonmdeblobis mi-xedviT. imisaTvis, rom evrokavSirSi saqarTveloSi warmoebul produqciis Setanaze aranairi SezRudva ar arsebobdes, saWiroa maT mier saqarTvelos sasursaTo uvneblobisa da serTificire-bis sistemebis aRiareba. amiT aixsneba axlo xanebSi produqciis standartebis (nimuSebis) Semqmneli fizioqimiuri laboratori-is gaxsna, romlis aRWurva 400 aTasi evro dajda, igi ZiriTadad mimarTulia axali kvlevebis Casatareblad, sizustis dasadgenad da produqcviis xarisxisadmi ndobis asamaRleblad.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi xorcieldeba saxelmwifos sasursaTo potencialis mkveTr zrdasTan dakavSirebuli Ro-nisZiebebi, romlebmac unda uzrunvelyos momavalSi mosaxleo-bis sursaTiT stabiluri momarageba sakuTari warmoebis xar-jze, sasursaTo krizisis daZlevisa da mosaxleobis sursaTiT momaragebis saqmeSi jer kidev arsebobs problemebi, romlebic moiTxovs daisaxos maTi gadawyvetis gzebi.

qveynis mosaxleobis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvel-sayofad saWiroa gaizardos adgilobrivi agrarul-samrewvelo da sasursaTo produqciis wili mSp imis gamo, rom soflis meur-neoba warmoadgendes saqarTvelos ekonomikis wamyvan dargs, au-cilebelia misi reabilitaciisaTvis saWiro raodenobis inves-

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ticiebis mozidva, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciisa da sursa-Tis warmoeba-realizaciaSi saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gazia-reba, dargis kvalificiuri kadrebiT dakompleqteba, kvebis mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis sawarmoebis modernizacia maTi Tanamedrove teqnikiT aRWurva, teqnologiuri procesis srulyofa; agrobiznesis mxardaWera saxelmwifos mxridan, ker-Zod, warmodgenili biznes-gegmis mixedviT saukeTeso proeqtis ìafi kreditis~ programis dafinansebis gagrZeleba: adgilob-rivi warmoebis produqciis sareklamo qselis gaumojbeseba, romelic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs falsificirebul pro-duqciasTan brZolaSi; sasursaTo saeqsporto produqciis war-moebisa da realizaciis xelSemwyobi pirobebis Seqmna, sursaTis importze naklebi damokidebulebisaken swrafva; ZiriTadi saxe-obis kvebis produqtebis maragis Seqmna; sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis dazRvevis sistemis amoqmedeba; saxelmwifos mier agromecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis finansuri mxardaWera (grantebis gamoyofa).

amrigad, samamulo warmoebis sasursaTo produqciaze qveynis mosaxleobis moTxovnilebis srulad dakmayofileba bevrad aris damokidebuli zemoT CamoTvlili mimarTulebebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaze. sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrun-velyofa ki qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri damoukideblo-bis garantiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani pirobaa.

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IRMA MOLASHKHIA

FOOD SECURITY IN GEORGIA

State national security major “Structural Block” is implementation of complex events in country’s food safety sphere. Sufficiency and avai-lability of safety food for healthy life determining factors are: Income, self-production, supports, also food prices. Herewith, medial ~calories consumption~ appear as a food security indicator. In 2007-2009 per per-son of population daily ~calories consumption~ is characterized with decreasing tendency. Accordingly, it is reduced from 2390 to 2150 kilo-calories, that is the indicator of imperfect viability of population. This is explained by the fact that in 2011 prices on food and soft drinks increa-sed with 25.2% which in the different countries of world was caused by natural disaster and export restriction of food products by whole ranges of countries. In condition of food global shortage, development of agro-business in the country in the priority. For full satisfaction of population demand on food, it is necessary to increase local food production, own reserves of food, to have active trade and fiscal balance. We also think that sharing of international experience for agricultural product and food production realization is required; improvement of domestic product ad-vertising network which plays an important role in the fight against coun-terfeit products. Staffed with qualified personnel of agriculture and food production sector, retraining of employees at the level of modern stan-dards, requirement of necessary investment for agricultural rehabilitation, agricultural activity and insurance system implementation, support of ag-robusiness by the government, which is expressed by financing of “Che-ap Loans” program and creation of leasing companies. We think that it will facilitate our country's population food self-ensure.

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daviT jalaRonia

obligaciebis aRricxva

Tanamedrove pirobebSi investirebuli kapitalis damadas-

turebeli fasiani qaRaldis gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens obligacia. obligacia, esaa emitentis savalo valdebuleba fa-siani qaRaldis saxiT. igi adasturebs investoris (obligaciis mflobelis) uflebas miiRos obligaciis nominaluri Rirebu-leba winaswar dadgenil droSi da ekonomikuri sargebeli pro-centis saxiT. obligaciis emitenti SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifo, municipaluri mmarTvelobis organo an sxva iuridiuli piri. rogorc wesi, emitentis mier fasiani qaRaldis gayidva warmo-ebs fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze. amasTan, Tu ki fasiani qaRaldi bazarze iyideba pirveli mflobelis mier, mas pirveladi bazari ewodeba. momdevno mflobelis mier misi gayidvis SemTxvevaSi ki, meoradi bazari.

sainvesticio bazarze arsebuli praqtika adasturebs, rom potenciuri investorebis mier obligaciebis SeZena SeiZleba moxdes safondo birJebze, sainvesticio bankebis meSveobiT, an kidev pirdapir, sainvesticio bankebis gareSe. sainvesticio ban-kebi obligaciebis Tavdapirvel SeZenas axorcieleben Sedare-biT dabal fasad da garkveuli riskebis xarjze, aseTi obliga-ciebis gayidvas awarmoeben SedarebiT maRal fasad. sxvaoba Se-Zenili obligaciebis Rirebulebasa da maTi gayidviT miRebul fass Soris warmoadgens sainvesticio bankis ekonomikur sarge-bels mogebis saxiT. fasiani qaRaldebis gayidvasTan mimarTeba-Si riskebis arsebobas ganapirobebs sainvesticio bankebis mier SeZenili obligaciebis Semdgom gayidvasTan da ekonomikuri sargeblis miRebisTan dakavSirebul sabazro sirTuleebi.1

buRaltruli aRricxvis TvalsazrisiT aucilebelia gani-sazRvros obligaciebis sabalanso Rirebuleba. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac obligaciebis SeZena xdeba moklevadiani sainvesticio periodiT, saerTaSoriso standartebiT obligaciebis Sefaseba xdeba TviTRirebulebasa da neto sarealizacio Rirebulebas Soris umciresi TanxiT. amasTan, investiciebis TviTRirebule-ba moicavs obligaciebis SeZenasTan dakavSirebul iseT dana-xarjebs, rogoricaa: brokeris anazRaureba, baJi, sakomisio ga-dasaxadebi, sabanko momsaxurebis danaxarjebi.

1 Учет ценных бумаг. Под редакцией профессора Д. А. Ендовицкого. М., 2010, gv. 99-100.

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investiciis Sefasebisas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eni-Weba obligaciebis nominaluri Rirebulebis mimarT winaswar ga-mocxadebuli da bazarze realurad arsebuli saprocento ga-nakveTebis Tanafardobas. amasTan, sabazro saprocento ganakve-Ti SeiZleba emTxveodes, ufro maRali an kidev, ufro dabali iyos gasayidi obligaciebis nominaluri Rirebulebis mimarT gamocxadebul saprocento ganakveTze.1

maSasadame, migvaCnia rom obligaciebis yidva-gayidvisas, buRaltruli aRricxvis TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli unda iqnas sami SesaZlo SemTxveva, rodesac:

gamocxadebuli da sabazro saprocento ganakveTebi emTxveva erTmaneTs;

gamocxadebuli saprocento ganakveTi dabalia sabaz-ro saprocento ganakveTze;

gamocxadebuli saprocento ganakveTi maRalia sabaz-ro saprocento ganakveTze.

rodesac gamocxadebuli da sabazro saprocento ganakve-Tebi emTxveva erTmaneTs, maSin obligaciis mimdinare Rirebu-leba, anu moqmedi sabazro saprocento ganakveTiT diskontire-buli ZiriTadi valisa da masze daricxuli saprocento Semosav-lis mimdinare Rirebuleba tolia maTi nominaluri Rirebule-bisa. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gamocxadebuli saprocento ganak-veTi dabalia sabazro saprocento ganakveTze, obligaciis sa-bazro Rirebuleba nominalur Rirebulebaze dabla ecema da in-vestors eqmneba SesaZlebloba Sesyiduli obligaciiT miiRos imdeni Semosavali, ramdensac is miiRebda sabazro saprocento ganakveTis pirobebSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gamocxade-bulTan SedarebiT maRali sabazro saprocento ganakveTis pi-robebSi obligaciebi iyideba fasdaTmobiT. im SemTxvevaSi, ro-desac gamocxadebuli saprocento ganakveTi ufro maRalia, vidre sabazro saprocento ganakveTi, obligaciebi iyideba fas-namatiT, anu premiiT.

rogorc Cans, samive SemTxvevaSi obligaciis faqtobrivi myidveli, anu investori, momavalSi miiRebs ori saxis Semosa-vals:

investirebuli kapitalis (ZiriTadi Tanxis) Rire-bulebas;

saprocento Semosavals. Tavis mxriv, gasayidi obligaciebis fasi bazarze warmoad-

gens am ori fuladi Semosavlis mimdinare Rirebulebas, diskon-tirebuls realuri sabazro saprocento ganakveTiT. saerTaSo-riso standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT, swored mimdinare Rirebu-

1 В. В. Качалин. Финансовый учет и отчетность. М., 1996, gv. 289-293.

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lebiT xorcieldeba obligaciebis buRaltruli aRricxva. ob-ligaciis mimdinare (sabazro) Rirebulebis cvlilebidan gamom-dionare icvleba gadasaxdeli da/an misaRebi saprocento xar-jisa da saprocento Semosavlis moculoba.

imisaTvis, rom obligaciis saboloo ganaRdebis momenti-saTvis misi sabazro da nominaluri Rirebulebebi gautoldes erTmaneTs, aucilebelia fasnamatiT an fasdaklebiT warmoSo-bili sxvaobis Tanxebis amortizacia. buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebiT gamoiyeneba amortizaciis da-ricxvis wrfivi meTodi. amortizaciis daricxva xdeba investi-ciis mTels periodSi, proporciuli wiliT.

obligaciis fasdaTmobiT gayidvisas fasdaTmobis TanxiT sawarmo movales (obligaciis gamyidveli) ezrdeba saprocento xarji, sawarmo investors (obligaciis myidveli, mflobeli) ki, saprocento Semosavali. obligaciis fasnamatiT gayidvisas sa-warmo movales (obligaciis gamyidveli) umcirdeba saprocento xarji, sawarmo investors (obligaciis myidveli, mflobeli) ki, igive TanxiT saprocento Semosavali.

obligaciebis yidva-gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli operacie-bis praqtikui aspeqtebis gansaxilvelad ganvixiloT Semdegi ma-galiTebi: I. gamocxadebuli da sabazro saprocento ganakve-Tebi emTxveva erTmaneTs.

magaliTi 1. sawarmom 70000 laris nominaluri Rirebu-lebis obligacia gayida 5 wlis (periodi) vadiT. gamocxade-buli da bazarze arsebuli saprocento ganakveTebi daemTxva erTmaneTs da Seadgina 10 procenti.

am monacemebis safuZvelze obligaciis mimdinare (sabaz-ro) Rirebuleba, anu moqmedi sabazro saprocento ganakveTiT diskontirebuli ZiriTadi valisa da masze daricxuli sapro-cento Semosavlis mimdinare Rirebuleba toli iqneba maTi no-minaluri Rirebulebisa. gveqneba: 70000X(VI,10%,5)+70000X10%(V,10%,5) =70000X0,62092+7000 X 3,79079=70000

PV1 — obligaciis mimdinare Rirebuleba; PVA — procentis Tanxis anuiteti. obligaciis yidva-gayidvasTan dakavSirebul sameurneo

operaciebze iqneba Semdegi buRaltruli gatarebebi: sawarmo movale (obligaciis gamyidveli)

debeti fuladi saSualebebi — 70000 lari; krediti gasanaRdebeli obligaciebi — 70000 lari.

sawarmo investori (obligaciis myidveli) debeti investiciebi — 70000 lari; krediti fuladi saSualebebi — 70000 lari.

periodebis mixedviT saprocento Tanxis: 7000 lari (70000X10%), gadaxdaze da miRebaze iqneba Semdegi buRaltruli gatarebebi:

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sawarmo movale (obligaciis gamyidveli). debeti saprocento xarjebi — 7000 lari; krediti fuladi saSualebebi — 7000 lari.

sawarmo investori (obligaciis myidveli) debeti fuladi saSualebebi — 7000 lari; krediti saprocento Semosavlebi — 7000 lari.

obligaciis (ZiriTadi Tanxis) ganaRdebaze iqneba Semdegi buRaltruli gatarebebi:

sawarmo movale (obligaciis gamyidveli) debeti gasanaRdebeli obligaciebi — 70000 lari; krediti fuladi saSualebebi — 70000 lari.

sawarmo investori sawarmo (obligaciis myidveli) debeti fuladi saSualebebi — 70000 lari; krediti investiciebi — 70000 lari.

II. gamocxadebuli saprocento ganakveTi dabalia sabaz-ro saprocento ganakveTze.

magaliTi 2. sawarmom 70000 laris nominaluri Rirebu-lebis obligacia gayida 5 wlis (periodi) vadiT. gamocxade-buli saprocento ganakveTi Seadgens 10 procents, sabazro saprocento ganakveTi ki, 12 procents.

obligaciis sabazro Rirebuleba toli iqneba: 70000X(V1,12%,5) +70000X10%(V,12%,5)=70000X0,56743+7000X3,60478=64953,6

rogorc Cans, obligaciaze fasdaTmobis Tanxam Seadgina: 5046,4 lari (70000-64953,6). swored, fasdaTmobis TanxiT izrdeba gadasaxdeli pro-

centis xarji:

obligaciis nominaluri Rirebuleba: 70000 lari;

gadasaxdeli procentis Tanxa: (7000 X 5 periodi) 35000 lari;

obligaciaze gadasaxdeli mTliani Tanxa: (70000 + 35000) 105000 lari;

obligaciis sabazro Rirebuleba: 64953,6 lari;

saprocento xarji: (35000 + 5046,4) 40046,4 lari. fasdaTmobiT obligaciebis yidva-gayidvisas iqneba Semde-

gi buRaltruli gatarebebi: sawarmo movale (obligaciis gamyidveli)

debeti fuladi saSualebebi — 64953,6 lari; debeti fasdamToba obligaciaze — 5046,4 lari; krediti gasanaRdebeli obligaciebi — 70000 lari.

sawarmo investori (obligaciis myidveli) debeti investiciebi — 64953,6 lari; krediti fuladi saSualebebi — 4953,6 lari.

rogorc avRniSneT, unda moxdes fasdaTmobis mTliani Tan-xis yovelwliuri amortizacia periodebis mixedviT. saamorti-

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zacio TanxasTan, saprocento xarjebTan da SemosavlebTan da-kavSirebuli sameurneo operaciebis buRaltrul aRricxvaze iqneba Semdegi buRaltruli gatarebebi:

sawarmo movale (obligaciis gamyidveli) debeti saprocento xarjebi (40064,5 : 5) 8009,0 lari; krediti fasdamToba obligaciaze (5046,4 : 5) 1009,0 lari; krediti fuladi saSualebebi (35000 : 5) 7000,0 lari.

sawarmo investori (obligaciis myidveli) debeti fuladi saSualebebi 7000,0 lari; debeti investiciebi 1009,0 lari; krediti saprocento Semosavlebi 8009,0 lari.

III. gamocxadebuli saprocento ganakveTi maRalia sabaz-ro saprocento ganakveTze.

magaliTi 3. sawarmom, 70000 laris nominaluri Rirebu-lebis obligacia gayida 5 (xuTi) wlis vadiT. gamocxadebuli saprocento ganakveTi Seadgens 10 procents, sabazro sapro-cento ganakveTi ki, 8 procents.

obligaciis sabazro Rirebuleba toli iqneba: 70000X(V1,8%,5)+70000X10%X(V,8%,5)=70000X0,68058+7000X3,99271=75586

rogorc Cans, obligaciaze fasnamatis Tanxam Seadgina: 5586 lari (70000 — 75586)

swored, fasnamatis anu premiis TanxiT mcirdeba gadasax-deli procentis xarji:

obligaciis nominaluri Rirebuleba: 70000 lari; gadasaxdeli procentis Tanxa (7000 X 5) 35000 lari; obligaciaze gadasaxdeli mTliani Tanxa: (70000+35000) 105000 lari. obligaciis sabazro Rirebuleba 75586 lari; saprocento xarji (35000 - 5586) 29414 lari. fasnamatiT obligaciebis yidva-gayidvisas iqneba Semdegi

buRaltruli gatarebebi: sawarmo movale (obligaciis gamyidveli).

debeti fuladi saSualebebi 75586 lari; krediti gasanaRdebeli obligaciebi 70000 lari; krediti premia obligaciaze 5586 lari.

sawarmo investori (obligaciis mflobeli) debeti investiciebi 75586 lari;

krediti fuladi saSualebebi 75586 lari. rogorc avRniSneT, unda moxdes fasnamatis mTliani Tan-

xis yovelwliuri amortizacia periodebis mixedviT. saamortizacio TanxasTan, saprocento xarjebTan da sap-

rocento SemosavlebTan dakavSirebuli sameurneo operaciebis buRaltrul aRricxvaze iqneba Semdegi buRaltruli gatarebe-bi:

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sawarmo movale (obligaciis gamyidveli) debeti saprocento xarjebi (29414 : 5) 5882,8 lari; debeti premia obligaciaze ( 5586 : 5) 1117,2 lari;

krediti fuladi saSualebebi (35000 : 5) 7000,0 lari. sawarmo investori (obligaciis mflobeli)

debeti fuladi saSualebebi 7000,0 lari; krediti saprocento Semosavlebi 5882,8 lari. krediti investiciebi 1117,2 lari;

amrigad, obligaciebis aRricxvisas, investiciebis Ziri-Tad TanxasTan erTad, mniSvnelovania saprocento Semosavleb-Tan da saprocento xarjebTan dakavSirebuli sameurneo opera-ciebis buRaltrul aRricxvasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganxilva da Seswavla.

DAVID JALAGONIA

ACCOUNTING OF THE BONDS

Article offers discussion of the issues related to determination of the book value of securities evidencing investments. In this respect, the emphasis is made on significance of correlation between declared interest rate and actual interest rate at market on the par value of the securities. There is mentioned that market interest rate may be equal, higher or lo-wer than declared interest rate on par value of the bonds subject to sale. Hence, attention is concentrated on the factors impacting change of inte-rest costs and interest incomes and their recording.




devi Sonia

klientebTan urTierTobebis marTvis Tanamedrove (CRМ) sistemada misi roli Tanamedrove biznesSi

CRM (Customer Relationship Management) – es aris myidveleb-Tan proaqtiuri urTierTobebis marTvis koncefcia. es aris mu-Saobis sistema, romelic orientirebulia klientebis moTxov-nebze, klientebTan proaqtiur muSaobaze. sxva sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT es sistema gamiznulia gayidvebis srulyofilebis-ken. CRM aris koncefcia, strategia da ideologia, romlis sa-fuZvelsac klientze orientirebuli biznesi warmoadgens. igi momxmareblebTan urTierTqmedebis modulia, romlis drosac komunikaciis yvela xerxi da saSualeba, maTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan erTad, klientebis molodinebis, gadawyve-tilebebisa da upiratesobebis winaswar ganWvretaze muSaobs. mis mTavar amocanas kompaniisa da misi produqtebis mimarT mom-xmareblis loialurobis amaRleba warmoadgens.

CRM-is (Customer Relationship Management) cneba gansakuT-rebiT aqtualuri XXs. 90-ian wlebSi gaxda. SemdgomSi misi da-niSnuleba TandaTan kidev ufro gafarTovda da amJamad nebis-mieri kompaniis biznesis efeqturad warmarTvisTvis mas udide-si mniSvneloba eniWeba. CRM sistemebze mTels msoflioSi maRa-li moTxovnaa. mZafri konkurenciis pirobebSi klientebTan ur-TierToba gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZens. ucxourma kompani-ebma msgavsi sainformacio sistemis danegva sakmaod didi xnis win daiwyes. ra aris CRM? ratom aris igi aucilebeli biznesis efeqturad warmarTvisTvis? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema uda-vod saintereso iqneba yvela dainteresebuli pirisaTvis.

Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos is, rom sistemuri midgoma biznesSi ar warmoadgens sruliad axals. Zalian bevri kompania didi xania rac mas iyenebs Tavis praqtikaSi da amyarebs pirda-pir da Rrma urTierTobebs TavianT myidvelebTan. aseTi piradi urTierTobebis damyarebis stili, masobrivi moTxovnis saqon-lis gamoCenis dros, industriul epoqaSi gandevnil iqna stan-dartuli servisis Sedegad manam, sanam arsebobda saqonlisa da momsaxureobis ukmarisoba, konkurenciis done iyo dabali, xo-lo gasaRebis bazrebi ki izrdeboda saqonlisa da momsaxureo-bis miwodebasTan erTad.

dRes civilizaciis progresma, Seqmna iseTi garemoeba, rom postindustrialur epoqaSi, produqtebis martivi miwodeba, ga-

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daxdisunariani myidvelebis siWarbis drosac ki ver iZleva misi sasurveli gasaRebis SesaZleblobas. dabali fasebi, aqtiuri reklama da tradiciuli marketingi ver iZleva warmatebuli ga-yidvebis garantias. es imas niSnavs, rom biznesSi dadga Semobru-nebis dro cnobili, magram daviwyebuli meTodebisaken - piradi, personificirebuli gayidvebisaken.

specialistebis azriT, dRes msoflioSi ukve ar arsebobs gayidvadi keTildReobisa da momsaxureobis deficiti. arsebobs keTildReobis momxmareblebis, myidvelebis deficiti. kompanie-bi erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven momxmareblebis fulze. mom-xmarebeli ki, romelic daiRala saqonlisa da sareklamo lo-zungebis mravalferovnebiT (romlebic TiTqmis mxolod dasa-xelebebiTa da SefuTviT gansxvavdebian), ukve ar reagirebs ma-sobriv sareklamo kampaniebze. firmebi gasaRebis gaaqtiurebi-saTvis, saqonlis nacvlad — saqonel-brendis, saqonlis moxma-rebisagan utilitaruli sargeblis nacvlad — brend-nivTis da-uflebiT miniWebuli siamovnebis gayidvas iwyeben. dRes axali brendebis dasatrialeblad ixarjeba udidesi Tanxebi, magram aRiarebulia isic, rom TviTon es Tanxebic TiTqos arafris ga-rantias ar iZlevian.

swored amitom ubrundebian dRevandeli firmebi, kompani-ebi da korporaciebi mTels msoflioSi personificirebul ga-yidvebs. avtomatizirebuli sainformacio sistemebis, call-cen-trebisa da analitikuri monacemTa bazebis (mb) gamoyenebiT. ma-Ti gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli da rentabeluri xdeba muSaoba yo-vel klientTan ise, rom TiTqos is iyos erTaderTi.

gayidvebSi warmatebisaTvis, metad mniSvnelovania myid-velze vicodeT yvelaferi: ra hqvia mas da ramdeni wlisaa is, sad cxovrobs, hyavs Tu ara ojaxi, risi yidva uyvars, rogori dasveneba moswons, sad da rogor akeTebs is amas da a. S.

sinamdvileSi, adamians uyvars yuradReba misi personisad-mi. is Riziandeba `civi~ miRebiT bankSi, uyuradRebobiT maRazi-aSi, rigSi dgomiT poliklinikaSi. amitomac misi saWiroebebi-sadmi nebismier yuradRebas miesalmeba da imaxsovrebs. is kompa-nia, romelic yoveli misi momxmareblisadmi avlens did yurad-rebas, xdeba sayvareli da pativcemuli misi klientebisagan. klienti mimarTavs mis momsaxureobas isev da isev, riTac zrdis kompaniis gayidvebis moculobas, mis mier produqtis winsvlaze zedmeti xarjebis gareSe. statistikis mixedviT, dakmayofile-buli klienti warmatebul yidvaze uambobs mis xuT nacnobs, romlebic aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, didi albaTobiT mimar-Taven imave firmas.

aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove kompania ukve warmoudge-nelia biznes-programuli uzrunvelyofis gareSe. rac ufro

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mwvavea konkurancia, miT ufro aucilebeli xdeba biznes-pro-cesebis avtomatizireba. msoflio praqtikaSi ukve gamocdilia da gamoiyeneba biznes-sistemebi, romlebic organizaciis saqmia-nobis yvela sferos moicaven — finansuri aRricxva-analizidan dawyebuli, warmoebis procesiTa da personalis marTviT dam-Tavrebuli. es sistemebi cnobilia ERP — korporaciuli resur-sebis marTvisa da dagegmvis sistemebis (Enterprise Resourse Plan-ning), CRM — klientebTan urTierTobis marTvis sistemebis (Cus-tomer Relationship Management) da sxva saxelebiT.

CRM — sistema klientze orientirebuli sainformacio sis-temaa, romelic erTis mxriv klientebis dakmayofilebasa da maT SenarCunebas emsaxureba, xolo meores mxriv, uzrunvelyofs kompaniis saqmianobis optimizacias.

arsebobs mravalferovani literatura da masala, rome-lic eZRvneba klientebTan urTierTobis marTvis sistemas.1 maT-Si CRM -is ganmaretebebi sam ZiriTad aspeqtSi erTiandeba:

teqnologiebSi;

klientis sasicocxlo ciklSi;

strategiebSi. teqnologiurad CRM sistema gayidvebisa da klientebTan

muSaobis mTlian cikls emsaxureba. momxmareblis sasicocxlo cikls CRM oTx fazaSi ganixilavs: mozidva, garigebebis dadeba, momsaxureba da mxardaWera, gafarToveba. CRM-is strategia ki mimarTulia kompaniis konkurentuli upitratesobis Seqmnaze da misi Rirebulebis zrdaze.2

efeqturi, Rirebulebaze orientirebuli CRM — sistemis strategiul amocanebs miekuTvneba:

kompaniis reorganizacia kadrebTan, menejmentTan, in-frastruqturasTan da procesebTan mimarTebaSi;

gayidvebis, Semosavlebis zrda;

samomxmareblo gamocdilebis gaumjobeseba;

momxmareblebze monacemTa bazis SenarCuneba da misi gafarToveba;

momxmarebelTa loialurobis donis gazrda; produqtuli inovaciis gaumjobeseba; gayidvebis aRricxvis gaumjobeseba;

1 Vince Kellen. CRM Measurement Framevorks. march, 2002, gv. 3, eleqtron. versia: http://www.performance-measurement.net/assets/bluewolf/Article_0403.pdf. Lawrence Ang, Francis A. Buttle. ROI on CRM: A customer-journey approach, gv. 2, eleqtron. versia: http://www.impgroup.org/uploads/papers/4225.pdf 2 CRM Internation across Marketing. Sales, and Servise. December, 2002, gv.15. — www.siebel.com.

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saqmiani riskis Semcireba. klientebTan urTierTobebis marTvis CRM — sistemebis er-

T-erTi umsxvilesi momwodebeli firma – Siebel, momxmareblebTan mimarTebaSi sami funqciisaTvis (marketingi, gayidvebi, servisi) gamoyofs Semdeg CRM – procesebs:

marketingi — momxmarebelTa segmentacia, kompaniebis marTva, marketingis Sinaarsis marTva, momxmareblebi-sa da garigebebis marTva;

gayidvebi — prognozirebis da gayidvebSi monawile kadrebis marTva, klientebis SesaZleblobebisa da Sek-veTebis marTva;

servisi — momsaxurebis gaweva, SekveTebisa da momsa-xurebis analizi, momxmarebelTa dakmayofilebis mar-Tva.1

klientebTan urTierTobebis marTvis sistemebis saSuale-biT, kompaniebi ageben SedarebiT myar da momgebian urTierTkav-Sirebs momxmareblebTan. amcireben operaciul xarjebs. am mxriv metad sainteresoa firma McKinsey & Company-s monacemebi: Tu klientebTan urTierTobis marTvis sistemaSi momxmareblis Se-narCunebis xarjebs

aviRebT, rogorc 1-s, maSin axali momxmareblis mozidvaze xarjebi unda gaizardos 5-10 jer, xolo adre dakarguli mom-xmareblis Semobrunebis xarjebi ki — 50-100 jer.2 xazs usvams ra klientebis loialurobis finansur mniSvnelobas, frederik reixeldi aRniSnavs, rom: `kompaniebs SeuZliaT TiTqmis 100% gazardon mogeba, Tu isini TavianT klientebs 5% - iT ufro me-tad Seakaveben (gaxdian loialurebs)~.3

momxmarebelTa loialuroba, rogorc erT-erTi mTavari marketinguli aqtivi, pirdapir ukavSirdeba momxmarebelTa dak-mayofilebis dones. dakmayofilebuli momxmareblebi dadebiT zegavlenas axdenen marketinguli investiciebis rentabelobaze, xolo daukmayofilebeli momxmareblebi ki — negatiurs.

sakosultacio firmis — The Boston Consulting Group-is mona-cemebiT, 2001 wels, internetiT sacalo samomxmareblo saqon-lis evropelma `Zalian dakmayofilebulma~ momxmareblebma da-xarjes meti saSualebebi (saSualod 1074 evro weliwadSi), vidre `daukmayofilebelma~ momxmareblebma (saSualod — 628 evro we-liwadSi); isini ufro xSirad yidulobdnen (saSualod weliwad-

1 CRM Internation across Marketing. Sales, and Servise. December, 2002, gv.15. — www.siebel.com. 2 Vince Kellen. CRM Measurement Framevorks. march, 2002, gv. 3, eleqtron. versia: http://www.performance-measurement.net/assets/bluewolf/Article_0403.pdf. 3 Frederick E. Reichheld W. Earl Sasser Jr. Zero defections: Quality comes to servi-ces. – Harvard Business Reviev. September-October, 1990, gv.105.

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Si — 15,0 transaqcia), vidre `daukmayofilebeli~ myidvelebi (sa-Sualod 6,2 transaqcia weliwadSi); isini erT transaqciaze iZen-dnen did kalaTas saqonlebisa (saSualod weliwadSi — saqonel-Ta 5 kategoriaze mets yidulobda `Zalian dakmayofilebul~ momxmarebelTa 50%, xolo `daukmayofilebeli~ momxmareblebis — 19%). momxmarebelTa dakmayofilebis maRali done zrdis xel-meore Sesyidvebis raodenobas da rekomendaciebsac Sesyidveb-ze, rac TavisTavad uzrunvelyofs gayidvebisa da Sesabamisad mogebis zrdas.1

klientebTan urTierTobebis marTvis (CRM) sistemaSi in-vesticiebis Cadeba, momxmarebelTa loialurobis — rogorc marketinguli aqtivis mTavari maxasiaTeblis gazrdas niSnavs. aqedan gamomdinare, samomxmareblo loialurobis Sesaqmnelad klientebTan urTierTobebis marTvis CRM sistemebma dReisaT-vis farTo gavrceleba hpova mTels msoflioSi. CRM sistemebSi investiciebis msoflio bazari 2005 wels Sefasda 148 miliardi dolariT. amave wlis monacemebiT,klientebTan urTierTobebis marTvis CRM sistemebSi investiciebis wliuri zrdis tempma aS-S-Si Seadgina 9%, evropis qveynebSi — 25%.2

firma IDC Research -is kvlevebis Tanaxmad, kompaniebis xar-jebi momxmarebelTa eleqtronul momsaxurebaze 2005 wels Se-adgenda 76 miliard dolarze mets.3 aRiarebulia, rom klien-tebTan urTierTobebis marTvis sistemis efeqturi muSaoba uz-runvelyofs rentabelobis zrdas weliwadSi 1-2%-iT. sxva mar-ketinguli da gasaRebiTi xarjebis ekonomia ki, klientebis miz-nobrivi segmentis SedarebiT zustad gansazRvris xarjze - 10%-s uaxlovdeba, drois efeqtianobis Sedegad, TiToeul mene-jerze Semosavali weliwadSi izrdeba 10-12%-iT. klientebis dakmayofilebis amaRlebis saSualo done weliwadSi daaxloe-biT 3%-ia.4

CRM sistemis SerCeva da dargSi misi efeqtianobis Sefase-ba metad problematuri sakiTxia, ramdenadac dReisaTvis msof-lioSi arsebobs 1000-ze meti gadawyvetileba, romlebic miekuT-vneba CRM klass.

klientebTan urTierTobebSi CRM midgomebs Zalian didi momavali aqvs biznesSi. odesRac reklama iTvleboda vaWrobis

1 S. Rasch. The Multichannel Consummer. Report. 2001, July. The Boston Consulting Group. – www.bcg.com. gv. 27, 29. 2 Lawrence Ang, Francis A. Buttle. ROI on CRM: A customer-journey approach, gv. 1, eleqtron. versia: http://www.impgroup.org/uploads/papers/4225.pdf . 3 Defying the Limits, CRM: The Key to Superior Business Performance. 2005. gv. 2. — www.crmproject.com. 4 Бизнес-Форум IT. №3, 2004, gv. 14.

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mamoZraveblad, xolo mwarmoeblebi cdilobdnen ewarmoebinaT rac SeiZleba meti analogiuri moxmarebis produqtebi. dRei-saTvis ki ar aris sakmarisi marto produqtis warmoeba, saWiroa misi konkretuli individis saWiroebebisadmi misadageba. marke-tingi iwyeba produqtis warmoebis ideis formirebisagan, war-moeba ewyoba SemkveTisadmi rac SeiZleba metad adaptirebuli nawarmis gamoSvebaze, reklama uzrunvelyofs informirebulo-bas produqtze, xolo CRM ki uzrunvelyofs mTeli am ciklis Sekvras klientebTan `marTali~ muSaobis gziT.

dReisaTvis kompania, romelic SesZlebs CRM-is teqnolo-giebis dauflebas — SesZlebs konkurentebTan mimarTebaSi mniS-vnelovan dawinaurebas. CRM iZleva potenciur da moqmed kli-entebTan formalizebuli biznes-procesebis muSaobis warmar-Tvis SesaZleblobas, amasTan procesis algoriTmi damokidebu-lia mocemuli klientis parametrebis erTobliobaze, kerZod: (klientis tipi, klientis Semosavlianoba. iuridiuli pirebi-saTvis: wliuri brunva, kompaniis sidide, momsaxureobis forma). CRM — sistemaSi SeiZleba avtomatizirebuli iqnas kompaniis dokumentbrunvis mniSvnelovani nawili: registracia, xelSek-rulebebisa da sxva dokumentebis vizireba.

kompaniebSi CRM sistemis danergva maT miscems SesaZleb-lobas: Seqmnan erTiani monacemTa baza kompaniis produqtebis, momsaxurebisa da fasebis Sesaxeb; moipovon informacia bazarsa da konkurentebze (Knowledge management); Seqmnan saqmianobis da-gegmarebis sistema (Scheduling and Resource reservation), Seqmnan kon-taqtebis marTvis modulebi (Contact management), awarmoon kli-entebTan operatiuli urTierTqmedebis marTva (Activity manage-ment), dasrulebuli garigebebisa (Progect management) da poten-ciuri garigebebis (Opportunity management) marTva. garda amisa, CRM uzrunvelyofs komerciuli winadadebebis avtomatur mom-zadebas, iZleva saSualebas ganxorcieldes miznobrivi audito-riis analizi da segmentacia, Sedges potenciuri klientebis sia da daiyos isini maTi warmodgenebisa da moTxovnilebebis mixed-viT, daigegmos marketinguli kampaniebisa da kvlevebis Catare-ba, gaanalizdes maTi Sedegebi.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom zogierTi specialistis azriT idea-luri CRM — sistema ar arsebobs, CRM — sistemis danergvisas procesi mxolod nawilobriv xorcieldeba. CamoTvlili mimar-Tulebebidan kompania mxolod misTvis sasurvel nakrebs ir-Cevs. saqarTveloSi praqtikulad ar arsebobs kompaniebSi in-tegrirebuli CRM — sistema. ar arsebobs kompania, romelsac aRniSnuli sistema srulyofilad aaqvs danergili. zogierT kompaniaSi danergilia CRM-is garkveuli elementebi. Tumca

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srulyofili sistemis saxe jer-jerobiT arcerT maTgans ara aqvs. specialistebis azriT CRM-is danergvas sWirdeba Sesaba-misi samuSao struqtura, Sesabamisad awyobili saqmis warmoeba da rac mTavaria kompaniis mTavar faseulobas unda warmoadgen-des klientis momsaxureba, mas unda hqondes Camoyalibebuli klientTan urTierTobis kultura. zogierTi wamyvani specia-listis azriT, saqarTveloSi bazari imdenad ganviTarebulic ar aris, rom CRM-is gareSe muSaoba SeuZlebeli iyos, Tumca mo-mavalSi misi danergvis aucileblobazec saubroben.

CRM — sistemis praqtikaSi danergvasTan dakavirebul sir-Tuleebze Zalian bevri specialisti amaxvilebs yuradebas. isini aRniSnaven, rom Sesabamisi programuli uzruvelyofis SerCevisa da misi kompaniaze individualurad morgebis gareSe, CRM — sis-temis efeqturi funqcionireba yvelanairad gamoricxulia. ami-tom, isini kompaniebs, romlebsac surT sistemis danergva, gar-kveul rCevebs sTavazoben. kerZod: sawyis etapze unda Camoya-libdes is amocanebi, romlebic kompanias aqvs gadasaWreli, amis Semdeg ki maT garkveuli moTxovnebis Sesruleba mouwevT. kom-pania mzad unda iyos biznes-procesebSi da TanamSromelTa saq-mianobaSi cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad, rac ganpirobebu-lia imiT, rom sistemis danergva, procesis yvela monawilisagan rTul, xangrZliv samuSaos moiTxovs da droisa da saxsrebis se-riozul danaxarjsac iTvaliswinebs.

msoflo lideri koppaniebis mier warmoebuli CRM — siste-mebi warmoadgenen iseT instrumentebs, romelTa danergvis dros mTavaria swori biznes da teqnologiuri gadawyvetilebebis mi-Reba. isini maqsimalurad unda iTvaliswinebdnen damkveTis in-dividualur specifikas. aseTi kompaniebis mizans unda warmo-adgendes SemkveTi firmis specifikaze da mis individualobaze morgebuli biznes-gadawyvetilebis SemuSaveba, Sesabamisi spe-cialistebis mxridan ki sistemis danergvisa da mxardaWeris uz-runvelyofa.

kompaniebs ra Tqma unda surT, rom miiRon imis absoluturi garantia, rom es danaxarjebi maT seriozul sargebels moutans, Tumca amgvari garantiis miReba gamoricxulia. CRM — sistemis warmatebuli danergva pirvel rigSi kompaniis mzaobaze, sistemis sworad SerCevasa da arsebuli amocanebis mkafiod Camoyalibeba-zea damokidebuli. yovelive amis gauvaliswinebloba ki sabolo-od sistemis araefeqturobasa da ararealizebulobas iwvevs.

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DEVI SHONIA

THE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CRM) AND ITS IMPACT

ON THE PROFITABILITY OF COMPANIES

In Georgia and in the Black Sea resorts on the whole the tourist business is developing very fast. The competition for securing consumers in certain directions of the tourist business has heightened. The companies are no longer able to curtail their tariffs to draw the clients. It only remains for them to join in the competition by qualitative indices, i.e by improving the work with the clients and the service level. All this is the sphere of CRM, i.e. of the Customer Relationship Management. CRM is an over-view, a strategy and an ideology the basis of which is a client – oriented business.Its introduction will enable the company to retain and increase its own “Gold Fund” - the loyal clients. It serves, on the one hand, the pur-pose of satisfying and maintaining the clients and, on the other hand, it en-sures the optimization of the company activity. Making investments in the CRM system implies the increase of the loyalty of the clients as the mar-keting active. At present to engender the consumer’s loyalty CRM systems have been widely used in the whole world. The effective,value-oriented strategic tasks of the CRM system activity are as follows: the reorganiza-tion of the company in relation to the personnel, the management, the in-frastructure and the market processes; the raise of the revenues; the im-provement of the consumer’s experience; Maintaining the information base of the consumers’ and its expansion; the growth of the level of the consumers’s loyalty; the advance of the product innovation; the improve-ment of the selling accountability; the decrease of a business risk. There are different methods of estimation of the Customer Relationship Man-agement system effectiveness. The selection of the CRM sy and the estinn-tion ob its effectiveness stem in the given field is at present very actual. In Georgia,in fact,there doesn’t exist a CRM system wholly integrated in the companies.In some companies theme are inculcated certain elements of CRM. But none of them can be considered perfect yet. A successful incul-cation of a CRM system depends, birst of all, on the readiness of the com-pany,the correct choice of the system and on the clear formulation of the given task. Not taking into account all the aspects mentioned above leads eventually to the ineffectiveness and irrealizability.

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emzar kakulia

biznesis Rirebulebis Sefasebis midgomebi da standartebi

biznesis Sefasebis midgomidan gamomdinareobs, rom nebis-mieri Sefaseba unda gakeTdes kompaniis Rirebulebis gansazR-vris Tavidanve miTiTebuli principebis safuZvelze, kerZod:

a) kompaniis Sefaseba rogorc moqmedis; b) kompaniis sautilizacio (salikvidacio) Rirebu-

lebis Sefseba. kompania rogorc moqmedi unda Sefasdes Semosavlianobis

midgomis farglebSi, romelic gulisxmobs, rom biznesis sabaz-ro Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba momavali SemosavlianobiT, ro-melic miiReba biznesis gagrZelebiT.

aseve Semosavlianobis mixedviT kompaniis (firmis) Sefase-ba xdeba Semosavlebis kapitalizaciis da wminda fulis Semo-savlebis diskontirebis meTodiT. roca mosalodnelia kompa-niis (firmis) momavali Semosavlebis mimdinaresTan gatoleba da roca prognozirebadia misi zrdis tempebi — gamoiyeneba Semo-savlebis kapitalizaciis meTodi, romlis koeficienti gani-sazRvreba kompaniis wminda Semosavlis SefardebiT kompaniis qonebis RirebulebasTan. aRniSnuli koeficienti gviCvenebs kavSirs kompaniis qonebis Rirebulebasa da yovelwliurad mi-Rebul Semosavlebs Soris, romelic sami saxisaa:

1. sakuTari saxsrebis Semosavlis kapitalizaciis ga-nakveTi — asaxavs Semosavlis kapitalizaciis dones sakuTari saxsrebidan;

2. kapitalizaciis saerTo ganakveTi — asaxavs mTlianad kompaniis qonebis Semosavlis kapitalizaciis dones;

3. nasesxi saxsrebis Semosavlis kapitalizaciis ga-nakveTi — asaxavs nasesxi saxsrebis Semosavlebis kapi-talizaciis dones.

amasTan, kompaniis sabazro Rirebulebaze gavlena ar unda iqonios im qonebis Rirebulebam, romelic gaaCnia kompanias, ma-gram aucileblad saWiroa biznesis gasagrZeleblad. radganac aseTi qonebis gayidvis SemTxvevaSi biznesis gagrZeleba, rome-lic eyrdnoba am qonebas, gaxdeba SeuZlebeli da gamoricxavs kompaniis, rogorc moqmedis Sefasebis winadadebas. kompaniis Sefaseba rogorc moqmedis, aseve xorcieldeba sabazro midgo-

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mis farglebSi.1 misi arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi — daxuruli kompaniis sabazro Rirebulebis (an iseTi kompaniis romelsac ganTavsebuli ara aqavs Ria kompaniis aqciebi safondo bazarze) SefasebisaTvis, pouloben analog kompanias Ria likviduri aq-ciebis mflobel kompaniebs Soris (imave dargSi, imave sididis, imave sabuRaltro aRricxvis sistemiT da sxv.), romelsac afa-sebs TviTon safondo bazari da Sesabamisi koreqtirebiT es Se-faseba gadaaqvT gansaxilvel kompaniaze.

kompaniis salikvidacio Rirebulebis Sefaseba upirate-sad xdeba qonebrivi (xarjviTi) midgomiT, romlis arsic mdgoma-reobs gadasaxadebidan Tavisufali, kompaniis qonebis sabazro Rirebulebis SefasebaSi. bunebrivi midgomaa kompaniis Sefase-bisaTvis, romelic ixureba da romlis qoneba iyideba sabazro RirebulebiT kompaniis valis dafarvasTan erTad miuxedavad maTi vadebis gasvlisa. amasTanave, aRniSnuli midgoma ufro mkacrad xorcieldeba maSin, roca kompaniis sabazro Rirebule-ba ganisazRvreba ara ubralod rogorc jami misi yvela saxis qo-nebis sabazro Rirebulebisa, aramed kompaniis qonebis sabazro Rirebulebis SefasebiT, romelic gansazRvrulia saswrafo ga-yidvaze gaTvliT.

biznesis Sefasebis praqtikidan gamomdinareobs, rom arse-bobs kompaniis Sefasebis Semdegi midgomebi: Semosavlianobis midgoma, sabazro midgoma da qonebrivi (xarjviTi) midgoma. amasTanave, sagulisxmoa, rom biznesis Sefasebisas uxeS Secdo-mad iTvleba araadekvaturi midgomis gamoyeneba Rirebulebis gansazRvrisas, gamomdinare konkretulad arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri situaciidan gansaxilveli kompaniis.

Sesabamisad, qonebrivi (xarjviTi) midgoma SeiZleba iyos adekvaturi moqmedi kompaniis Rirebulebis gansazRvrisa, ro-gorc moqmedis mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sesafasebeli kompania:

ganekuTvneba finansuri kategoriis kompaniebs metwi-lad finansuri aqtivebiT, romelTa sabazro Rirebu-leba ganisazRvreba safondo bazris mier (roca fi-nansuri aqtivi aris likviduri) an specialurad fas-deba gamomdinare finansuri aqtivebis (fasiani qa-Raldebis) mosalodneli SemosavlebiT;

aqvs maRali wili aramaterialuri aqtivebis, romle-bic Rirebulia mxolod maSin, roca isini gamoyeneba-Sia, anu roca kompania moqmedia.

aseve kompaniis (biznesis) Rirebulebis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba kvlavwarmoebiTi (danaxarjebis) meTodi, romelic

1 T. Copeland, T. Koller, J. Murrin. Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of ompanies. McKinsey @ compan.Third edition, Inc., 2000, gv. 35-38.

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saSualebas iZleva davadginoT, Tu ramdeni eRireba analogiuri kompaniis Seqmna dRes. am SemTxvevaSi kompaniis Sefasebisas ga-moiyeneba aqtivebis dagrovebis da Warbi mogebis meTodi.1 aq-tivebis dagrovebis meTodis gamoyenebiT materialuri (Senoba- nageboba da a.S) da aramaterialuri (licenzia, kontraqti da a.S.) aqtivebis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba cal-calke.

Warbi mogebis meTodi gamoiyeneba aramaterialuri aqti-vebis Rirebulebis dasadgenad. kompaniis (firmis) gansazRvru-li rentabelobis saSualo done mravldeba kompaniis (firmis) materialuri aqtivebis sabazro Rirebulebaze, romliTac gani-sazRvreba kompaniis (firmis) mogebis sidide, miRebuls misi ma-terialuri aqtivebidan. mas zeviT miRebuli mogeba ki aris War-bi mogeba, romelsac aramaterialuri aqtivebi iZlevian.

Warbi mogeba

aramaterialuri aqtivebis = ------------------------------ 1. sabazro Rirebuleba kapitalizaciis

koeficientze

materialuri da aramaterialuri aqtivebis Rirebulebis jami aris kompaniis mTeli kapitalis (aqtivebis Rirebuleba romlis nawili aris vali) Rirebuleba da romelic investirebu-lia kompaniaSi Sesafaseblad. vinaidan myidveli kompaniis val-debulebebSi fuls ar gadaixdis, amitom misi sabazro Rirebu-leba Semcirdeba arsebuli valdebulebis TanxiT. darCenili Tanxa aris kompaniis sakuTari kapitalis sabazro Rirebuleba, anu misi sabazro fasi.

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi arsebobs biznesis Sefase-bis ori maCvenebeli:

1. kompaniis (firmis) Sefaseba, romlis safuZveli SeiZ-leba iyos (da ara aucilebeli) firmis qonebis Sefase-ba;

2. biznes saqmianobis saxeebis Sefaseba, rogorc erTob-livi qonebrivi ufleba, teqnologiebze, aqtivebze, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mosalodnel momaval Se-mosavlebs.

principSi, Sefasebis orive maCvenebeli erTmaneTis alternati-ulia da imavdroulad erTmaneTsac avseben. Tumca, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, sadac gadamwyveti aris gqondes momgebia-ni saqmianoba da ara ubralod firma, biznesis Sefaseba, rogorc Sefaseba biznes saqmianobisa, mniSvnelovani da upiratesia.

1 j. v. horni, j. m. vahoviCi, umcrosi (me-12 gamocema). Targmnili in-glisuridan. Tb., 2008, gv. 215-219.

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msoflio praqtikaSi, biznesis Sefaseba upiratesad emsaxu-reba Semdeg miznebs:

Semowmdes, Tu ramdenad obieqturia (damoukideblad SemTxveviTi da droebiTi faqtorebisa) likviduri aq-ciebis mflobeli kompaniis aqciebis mimdinare sabaz-ro kvotireba da bazarze masSi mimdinare cvlilebebis dakvirveba. rac strategiul investorebs aZlevs saSu-alebas miiRon dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba aqciebis sakontrolo paketis yidvaze an gayidvaze;

aralikviduri aqciebis mflobelidaxuruli kompani-ebis (firmebis) sabazro Rirebulebaze dakvirveba, vi-naidan sxvanairad maTze sruli informaciis miReba SeuZlebelia.

aralikviduri aqciebis mflobeli kompaniebis (fir-mebis) yidva — gayidvaze winadadebebis momzadeba.

kompaniis (firmis) yvela saxis auditis gamoyeneba imisaT-vis, rom maT mflobelebs (bazris yvela monawiles) qondes sru-li informacia kompaniis namdvil finansur mdgomareobaze da mis perspeqtivaze.

sayovelTaod cnobili meTodebiT biznesis Sefaseba, war-moadgens kompaniis (firmis) sakuTari (sawesdebo) kapitalis iseT Sefasebas, romelic xSirad ar emTxveva buRaltrul balan-sSi asaxul misi sakuTari (sawesdebo) kapitalis Rirebulebas. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom buRaltrul balanSi asaxul infor-maciaze zegavlenas axdens iseTi monacemebi, rogoricaa moqme-di saamortizacio normebi (romlebic mag., SeiZleba CamorCnen ZiriTadi fondebis ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri cveTis Sesaba-mis siCqareebs), saamortizacio aqtivebis balansze ayvanis peri-odi da firmis mier arCeuli amortizaciis normebi, rasac pir-dapiri kavSiri ara aqvs kompaniis sakuTari kapitalis namdvil RirebulebasTan. amitom ganasxvaveben kompaniis namdvil sabaz-ro Rirebulebas sabalanso Rirebulebisagan da mas samarTlian Rirebulebas (fire value) uwodeben.

kerZo sakuTrebaze dafuZnebuli sabazro ekonomikis pi-robebSi biznesis mflobels ainteresebs misi firmis qonebis sabazro Rirebuleba, romelic (iseve rogorc yvela danarCeni qoneba) yidva-gayidvis obieqtia.1 erTi da igive kompanias (fir-mis) Rirebuleba SesaZlebelia iyos sxvadasxva, misi Sefasebis daniSnulebidan gamomdinare. Sesabamisad kompaniis (firmis) Ri-rebulebaTa Soris mniSvnelovans warmoadgens:

sabazro Rirebuleba — kompaniis (firmis) sabazro

1 С. В. Валдайцев. Оценка бизнеса. Учебик, 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. М., 2008, gv. 132-133.

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fasi, romelzec gamyidveli Tanaxmaa gayidos, xolo myidveli — iyidos;

sabalanso Rirebuleba — kompaniis (firmis) balansSi asaxuli sakuTar ZiriTad saSualebaTa danaxarjebi;

sawyisi Rirebuleba — eqspluataciaSi gadacemis mo-mentisaTvis kompaniis (firmis) ZiriTad saSualebaTa Rirebuleba;

narCeni Rirebuleba — kompaniis (firmis) sabalanso Rirebulebas gamoklebuli ZiriTadi fondebis gacve-Tili da Camosaweri nawili;

investiciuri Rirebuleba — investor(eb)isaTvis kom-paniis (firmis) Rirebuleba, romelic sxvadasxva in-vestor(eb)isaTvis sxvadasxvaa, gansxvavebuli riskisa da dabandebul kapitalze gansxvavebuli moTxovnebi-dan gamomdinare;

sadazRvevo Rirebuleba — kompaniis (firmis) Tavidan aRdgenis Rirebuleba gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevis dadgomisas (mag., stiqiuri ubedureba — wyaldidoba, xanZari da sxva);

sautilizacio (salikvidacio) Rirebuleba _ kom-paniis (firmis) ZiriTadi saSualebebis sruli gacve-Tis Semdeg darCenili materialuri aqtivebis Rire-buleba.

biznes praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba kompaniis (firmis) Rirebu-lebis gansazRvris Semdegi principebi:

1. sargeblianobis, cvlilebis da molodinis; 2. sabazro garemo — moTxovna-miwodeba, konkurencia; 3. qonebis eqspluatacia —warmoebis faqtorebi, daba-

lansebuloba. 1. sargeblianobis principis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu

ramdenad akmayofilebs garkveul sivrceSi da droSi mesakuT-ris moTxovnilebebs mis xelT arsebuli qoneba. cvlilebis principSi gamoixateba droTa ganmavlobaSi qonebrivi obieqtis cvlileba, rac Sesabamisad cvlis mesakuTris moTxovnilebebis dones misTvis mosalodnel Semosavlis moculobasTan erTad. investori debs investiciebs ama Tu im kompaniaSi (firmaSi), mo-mavalSi Semosavlis, fuladi nakad(eb)is molodinis mizniT — rac molodinis princips niSnavs.

2. sabazro garemo — bazarze kompaniis (firmis) fasi ic-vleba masze moTxovnis Sesabamisad, anu moTxovna-miwodebis Ta-nafardobidan gamomdinare. moTxovnis zrdasTan erTad izrde-ba Rirebuleba, da piriqiT, miwodebis zrdasTan erTad mcirde-ba. moTxovna-miwodebis sruli Tanafardobis pirobebSi bazarze fasi stabiluria da ar meryeobs. sabazro garemos Semadgeneli

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nawilia konkurenciis principi, rac mdgomareobs SemdegSi: uZravi qonebis bazarze identuri da funqciebiT analogiuri kompaniebi erTmaneTs uweven konkurencias mogebis mizniT. war-moebis faqtorebis danaxarjTa (kapitali, samuSao Zala da sxv.) dafarvis Semdeg rCeba wminda Semosavlis is nawili, romliTac ganisazRvreba mogeba. konkurencia mwvavdeba maSin, roca mogeba aWarbebs, warmoebis faqtorebis danaxarjebis dafarvisaTvis saWiro dones da iwvevs wminda Semosavlebis Semcirebas.

3. qonebis eqspluataciis mniSvnelovani principebia: war-moebis faqtorebi da dabalansebuloba. warmoebis faqtorebia — Sroma, kapitali, miwa, biznesis unari. kompaniis (firmis) Sefa-sebisas yuradReba eqceva imas, Tu ra wili uWiravs TiToeul faqtors wminda Semosavlebis formirebaSi. kompanis (firmis) sabazro Rirebuleba maqsimaluria maSin, roca ekonomikurad dabalansebulia misi warmoebis oTxive faqtori.

kompaniis (firmis) Rirebulebis SefasebisaTvis gamoiyene-ba asev msoflio praqtikaSi miRebuli Semdegi faqtorebi:

socialur-ekonomikur faqtorebia _ mosaxleobis ganaTlebis, dasaqmebis, daberebis da cxovrebis done. sakredito resursebi, sasesxo kapitalis procentis da gadasaxdelis sidide, fasebi da a.S.;

politikur faqtorebia _ fiskaluri politika, usa-frTxoeba, qveynis politikuri stabiluroba da sxv.;

fizikur faqtorebia _ bunebrivi faqtorebi, sasi-cocxlo cikli, cveTis done da sxva.

rogorc moqmedi, aseve SeCerebuli kompaniis (firmis) Ri-rebulebaze zegavlenas axdens misi sargeblianoba, samomxmareb-lo Rirebuleba, anu firmis mier misi mesakuTrisaTvis momgebia-nobis motana. Tu firmas Seswevs unari konkurentunariani pro-duqciis warmoebis, is sargebliania mesakuTrisaTvis da mimzid-veli myidvelisaTvis. vinaidankompaniis yidvaze gaweuli dana-xarjebidan mosalodneli mogebis miRebis (ukugebis) sidide wi-naswar ver iqneba cnobili, misi myidveli riskavs da SesaZloa dazaraldes kidevac, Tu kompaniis momavali Semosavlis mimdi-nare Rirebuleba (misi sabazro fasis zeda zRvari) naklebi aR-moCndeba yidvaze gaweul danaxarjebze.

aseve mniSvnelovania sasicocxlo ciklis Tu romel stadi-aze imyofeba kompania (dabadeba, zrda, simwife, dacema). magali-Tad, Tu Sesafasebeli kompanis mier warmoebul produqciaze ar aris moTxovna da finansurad uWirs, es mis dacemis stadiaze da uperspeqtivobaze miuTiTebs, Sesabamisad kompaniis Rirebule-bis dabal fasze.

finansurad Zlierikompanis (firmis) sabazro Rirebulebis dasadgenad saWiroa ara marto misi aqtivebis sabazro fasis gansazRvra, aramed misi biznesis momavali Semosavlianoba, ro-

79

melic unda Caidos da gaTvaliswinebul iqnes kompaniis sabo-loo RirebulebaSi. Tu kompania (firma) da misi biznes saqmiano-ba uperspeqtivoa da gakotrebis winaSe aRmoCnda, misi gayidva aqtivebis sautilizacio (salikvidacio) RirebulebiT xdeba.

ganasxvaveben biznesis Rirebulebis Sefasebis oTx Ziri-Tad standarts:

1. dasabuTebuli sabazro Rirebuleba; 2. dasabuTebuli Rirebuleba; 3. investiciuri Rirebuleba; 4. Sida (fundamentaluri) Rirebuleba.

ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi zemoT CamoTvlil standartebs Soris mdgomareobs SemdegSi:

1. dasabuTebuli sabazro Rirebulebis standarti gu-lisxmobs, rom biznesis (sainvesticio proeqtis) Se-faseba xdeba informaciis (qonebis, nedleulze ba-zarze arsebuli mimdinare da prognozirebadi fasebi da a.S) safuZvelze, romelic erTnairad xelmisawvdo-mia rogorc potenciuri myidvelisaTvis, aseve bizne-sis gamyidvelisTvis da investor(eb)isTvis.

2. dasabuTebuli Rirebulebis standarti, gulisxmobs biznesis Sefasebas konkretuli myidvelisTvisac da biznesis gamyidvelisTvisac miTiTebuli informaci-is Tanabari misawvdomobis safuZvelze. maTi saqmiani SesaZleblobebic igulisxmeba rogorc erTnairi.

3. investiciuri Rirebulebis standarti gulisxmobs biznesis (sainvesticio proeqtis) Sefasebas, mxolod konkretuli investoris informirebulobisa da saq-miani SesaZleblobebis safuZvelze (Sesabamisad, Ta-naxmad am standartisa, erTi da igive proeqtis Sefa-seba sxvadasxva potenciuri investor(eb)isaTvis iqne-ba sxvadasxva).

4. Sida (fundamentaluri) Rirebulebis standarti gu-lisxmobs biznesis (proeqtis) Sefasebas gare, damouki-debeli Semfaseblisgan mis xelT arsebuli piradi in-formaciisa da investor(eb)is saqmian SesaZleblobeb-ze warmodgenis safuZvelze (rac ar gamoricxavs Sem-faseblisTvis saWiro informaciis miwodebas moTxov-nis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac is gaukeTebs koreqtirebas).

metnaklebad obieqturad iTvleba biznesis (proeqtis) Se-faseba (imis miuxedavad vin unda moaxdinos proeqtis realiza-cia), dsabuTebuli Rirebulebis standartis Sesabamisad. amave dros ufro praqtikulad iTvleba investiciuri Rirebulebis standarti, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia proeqtis Sefaseba da realizaciis ganuyofeloba, romelsac flobs konkretuli in-vestori.

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biznesis Sefasebis zemoT aRniSnuli standartebi moqme-debs proeqtis fuladi nakadebis (Semosavlebis da danaxarje-bis) prognozirebaze. maTi gavlena diskontis ganakveTis gan-sazRvris nawilSi ukavSirdeba imas, Tu ramdenad xelmisawvdo-mia proeqtis komerciuli da finansuri informacia sxvadasxva subieqtebisaTvis, gansaxilveli investiciebidan Semosavlebis donisa da meryeobis Sesaxeb.

miuxedavad imisa, rom rac ar unda Teoriuli mogveCvenos dasabuTebuli sabazro Rirebulebis standarti, igi ukve ga-moiyeneba Zalian bevr qveyanaSi (upiratesad, anglosaqsur qvey-nebSi), dasabegri qonebis gadasaxadis gansazRvrisaTvis kompa-niis finansuri aqtivebis nawilSi.

dasabuTebuli Rirebulebis standarti ufro metad gamoi-yeneba dasavleTis praqtikaSi maSin, roca kontragentebi (umci-resobaSi myofi aqcionerebi) aprotesteben da sasamarTloSi Ci-vian maTgan aqciebis gamosyidvas amave kompaniis msxvili aqcio-nerebisagan, radganac adanaSauleben maT aqciebis yidva-gayid-vis saxelSekrulebo fasis momzadebisas aRniSnuli standartis darRvevaSi. saqme imaSia, rom umravlesobaSi myofi aqcionerebi ar awvdian kontragentebs (umciresobaSi myof aqcionerebs) im informacias, romelic asaxavs kompaniis samomavlo sabazro perspeqtivas da misi qonebis namdvil Rirebulebas, saidanac Ta-vad gansazRvraven firmis aqciebze maqsimalur dasaSveb fass. aRniSnuli infarmociis dadasturebis da damtkicebis SemTxve-vaSi, xelSekruleba SesaZlebelia anulirebul iqnes.

investiciuri Rirebulebis standartis mixedviT, bizne-sis Sefaseba xorcieldeba kompaniis qonebisa da bazarze (gasaRe-bisa da resursulis) perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb investoris (myidve-lisgan an gamyidvelisgan) informaciis safuZvelze. mniSvnelo-vania konkretuli investoris saqmiani SesaZloblobebi da misi gamocdileba kompaniis aqtivebis yidva-gayidvis sferoSi, rome-lic SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes biznesis momavali ganvi-TarebisaTvis.

kompaniis investiciur Rirebulebas, romelic gansazR-vrulia gare investoris (myidvelis) mier — kompaniis gare Ri-rebuleba hqvia, xolo romelic gansazRvrulia misi moqmedi me-nejerebis mier — kompaniis Rirebuleba `rogorc aris~.

kompaniis Sida (fundamentaluri) Rirebulebis standar-ti moiTxovs, rom biznesis Sefaseba ganxorcieldes ara ubra-lod damoukidebeli analitikosis informaciis safuZvelze (romelmac unda gaiTvaliswinos Sefasebaze moqmedi yvela faq-tori), aramed imis gaTvaliswinebiTac, rom aRniSnuli analiti-kosi (Semfasebeli) ar aris iZulebuli gamoiTxovos informacia SefasebaSi dainteresebuli erT-erTi mxarisgan (kompaniis gam-yidvelisgan an myidvelisgan), rac mis damoukideblobas daaye-


nebda eWvqveS. Sesabamisad, damoukidebel analitikoss (Semfase-bels) unda hqondes sakuTari gamocdileba aRniSnul sakiTxebSi da sakuTari damoukidebeli informacia, raTa srulfasovanad Seafasos kompaniis (firmis) realuri Rirebuleba.

EMZAR KAKULIA

BUSINESS VALUE OF ASSESSMENT APPROACHES AND STANDARDS

The article presents the analysis of Business Solutions revenue ba-

sed on market and intellectual approach. Capitalization ratio reveals the profitability of property union of the company union and annual income which are of three types: own funds of income capitalization rate, the to-tal capitalization rate, the income capitalization, borrowed funds rate. The active reveals two main indicators of the particular business of the company and its assessment which may be a firm basis for valuation of the property and business activities as joint property rights, technologies, assets that are expected in future profits. The following principles are used by the business company: benefits, changes and expectations, the market environment, demand_supply, competition and balanced state of producti-on factors as well. The article also presents and discusees business value assessment of four main standart of reasonable market, investment and al-so internal value. Knowledge of these issuas is important not only for the company market to determine phase, but also its management.

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irma dixaminjia

strategiuli cvlilebebi da menejmenti

yoveli organizacia funqcionirebs gansazRvrul garemo-Si, romlis komponentebi masTan mWidro urTierTkavSirSi arian. amasTan, organizaciis menejments ar SeuZlia garemos faqtor-Ta zemoqmedebis ugulvebelyofa. garemo ar gamoirCeva mdgra-dobiT: cvalebadoba da ganusazRvreloba arTulebs adeqvatu-ri zomebis gatarebas da amcirebs Sinagani stabilizaciis SesaZ-leblobebs. rogorc aRniSnavs cnobili mecnieri elvar elbin-gi, òrganizaciis garemo sul ufro iqceva Tanamedrove meneje-rebisaTvis problemebis wyarod... msoflioSi mimdinare bolo movlenebis zegavlenis gamo menejerebi iZulebuli arian yu-radReba gaamaxvilon swrafad cvalebad garemoze da mis zemoq-medebaze organizaciaze~.1 menejerTa saqmianobaSi metad mniS-vnelovania garemos sirTulis gansazRvra, misi zemoqmedebis zustad Sefaseba, klientebTan da aqcionerebTan urTierTobe-bis Seswavla, organizaciis SesaZleblobebis gaazreba. Sedegad, SesaZlebeli iqneba pasuxebis gacema strategiuli menejmentis amocanebze (saiT miviswrafviT? rogor mivaRwioT amas? ra unda gakeTdes amisaTvis?).

menejerebisaTvis Seswavlis sakiTxs yovelTvis warmoad-genda organizaciis makrogaremo da masSi mimdinare cvlilebe-bi. makrogaremos faqtorebi (industriuli garemos faqtorebi-sagan gansxvavebiT) araregularulad da arapirdapir zemoqme-deben organizaciaze, Tumca, didia makrogaremos gavlenis xa-risxi rogorc organizaciis saqmianobis sferoze, aseve organi-zaciuli sistemis Sinagan potencialze. makrogaremoSi mimdina-re cvlilebebze drouli reaqcia, mis mier gamowveuli danaxar-jebis minimumamde dayvana yoveli menejeris upirvelesi amoca-naa. cnobilia, rom menejerebi TavianTi organizaciis Zlier mxareebs ufro amCneven, vidre mis sisusteebs. am faqtoris ugu-lebelyofam SeiZleba Seamciros firmis konkurentunarianoba grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. organizaciis Zlier mxared iTvle-ba misi unari Seqmnas inovaciuri produqti, aseve konkurentebi-sagan gansxvavebiT awarmoos produqcia dabali danaxarjebiT. firmis sust mxared miiCneva uxarisxo produqciis warmoeba, arasakmarisi sawarmoo simZlavreebi, materialur-teqnikuri ba-

1 М. Мескон, М. Альберт, Ф. Хедоури. Основы менеджмента. М., 1995, gv. 283.

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zis uqonloba, muSakTa dabali kvalifikacia da a.S. firmis SesaZ-leblobebisa da safrTxeebis Sesafaseblad, swrafad cvalebadi bazrisa da ekonomikis pirobebSi firmis sicocxlisunarianobis SesanarCuneblad menejerebma unda awarmoon garemos uwyveti mo-nitoringi swori da drois Sesatyvisi strategiis SemuSavebis sa-fuZvelze. organizaciis strategiis SemuSaveba niSnavs grZelva-diani konkurentuli upiratesobebis da sxva korporaciuli miz-nebis misaRwevad saWiro zogadi mimarTulebebis gansazRvras. ekonomikur literaturaSi strategia ganixileba, rogorc yo-velmxriv detaluri kompleqsuri gegma, romelic mimarTulia organizaciis mier Tavisi misiisa da miznis maqsimalurad efeqti-ani ganxorcielebisaken.1 aseTi gegmis umTavresi amocanaa — adap-tacia garemos cvlilebebTan da inovaciebis danergva. cvlile-bebisa da codnis gafarToebis Tanamedrove tempi imdenad swra-fia, rom menejerebisaTvis momavali problemebisa da SesaZleb-lobebis formaluri prognozirebis erTaderT saSualebad SeiZ-leba CaiTvalos strategiuli dagegmvis ganxorcieleba.

strategiuli RonisZiebebis kompleqsis damuSavebis pro-cesSi, romelic orientirebulia konkurentul bazarze myari mdgomareobis misaRwevad, firmis pirvel nabijs warmoadgens strategiuli analizis Catareba. strategiuli analizi moicavs ori ZiriTadi aspeqtis — bazris mimzidvelobisa da firmis kon-kurentunarianobis Seswavlas. analizis mizans, erTi mxriv, war-moadgens bazarze arsebuli situaciis, pirobebisa da tendencie-bis Seswavla, romlebmac firmas SesaZloa Seuqmnan saSiSroeba an misTvis Seqmnan mimzidveli SesaZleblobebi. meores mxriv, anali-zi iTvaliswinebs firmis Zlieri da susti mxareebis Seswavlas, romlis formalur midgomas warmoadgens e.w. modeli SWOT. es modeli warmaodgens dagegmvis ganxorcielebis process, romlis drosac menejerebi gansazRvraven organizaciis Zlier (strength-S) da sust mxareebs (weakness-W), garemoSi arsebul SesaZleblobebs (opportunities-O) da mosalodnel saSiSroebebs (threats-T). SWOT ana-lizze dayrdnobiT organizaciis sxvadasxva doneze myofi mene-jerebi irCeven korporaciis, biznesis da funqcionaluri donis strategiebs, raTa organizacias ukeTesi mdgomareoba Seuqmnan Tavisi misiisa da miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.

nebismieri organizacia moqmedebs makrogaremoSi, sadac mravali faqtori arsebobs, romelic zegavlenas axdens am gare-moSi moqmed firmebze, esenia: politikuri, ekonomikuri, teqno-logiuri, socialuri Zalebi. makrogaremos aRniSnuli yvela faqtorebi unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli top-menejerebis mier.

1 Международный менеджмент. Учебник для вузов. Под ред. С. Э. Пивоварова. СПб., 2001, gv. 257.

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kompaniis biznes-modelis arCevisas vercerTi kompania ver ax-dens gavlenas makrogaremos faqtorebze, maT mudmivad unda Se-iswavlon es faqtorebi, gaiTvaliswinon garemoSi mimdinare cvlilebebi da Sesabamisad, moaxdinon strategiis koreqtireba.

menejmentis gadawyvetilebebze Zlier moqmedebs politi-kur garemoSi mimdinare procesebi. politikuri garemo moicavs kanonebs, samTavrobo saagentoebs, gavlenian jgufebs, romle-bic zemoqmedeben da zRudaven sxvadasxva organizacias da pi-rovnebas gansazRvrul sazogadoebaSi.

sakanonmdeblo baza, romelic mTel msoflioSi biznesze axdens zegavlenas, wlebis ganmavlobaSi TandaTan viTardeba da sazogadoebis interesebis gamomxatveli xdeba. magaliTad, aSS-Si arsebuli kanonebi moicaven iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa kon-kurencia, samarTliani vaWroba, garemos dacva, produqtis usafrTxoeba. evrokomisia aqtiurad qmnis kanonebs, romelic exeba produqtis standartebs, mwarmoeblis valdebulebebsa da komerciul garigebebs evrokavSiris qveynebisTvis. Tavisufal biznes-organizaciebs aqvT mravali susti mxareebi.

XXs. damdegs mravali socialuri problemebis gamo, rogo-ricaa muSaobis usafrTxo pirobebi, dabali xelfasebi, mcirew-lovanTa Sroma da monopolisturi konkurencia, momxmarebelze arasaTanado zrunva, macdunebeli reklamebi da arasaimedo produqcia, imaze metyvelebs, rom garkveulwilad mTavrobas biznesi unda gaekontrolebina. amitom saxelmwifom mareguli-rebeli wesebis SemoRebiT erTgvarad SezRuda biznesis zogier-Ti àrakeTilsindisieri qmedebebi~ (garemos dabinZureba, pro-duqciis araekologiuroba, uxarisxo produqcia, maRali fase-bi, arakeTilsindisieri reklama da misT.). magaliTad, Tambaqos da spirtiani sasmelebis mwarmoeblebs kanonmdebloba aiZulebs garkveviT miuTiTon sakuTar produqciaze im zianis Sesaxeb, ra-sac moaqvs maTi moxmareba. korporacia `Manville~, romelic aTe-uli wlebis manZilze axdenda monacemTa blokirebas imis Sesa-xeb, rom azbestis mtveri sasikvdilod zemoqmedebda firmis mu-SakTa janmrTelobaze, niu-jersis Statis sasamarTlom daakisra jarimis saxiT sakuTari aqciebis 80%-is gadaricxva dazarale-bulTa fondSi.1 amdenad am situaciaSi ar arsebobs gamarjvebu-li, erTnairad zaraldeba sazogadoebac da mewarmeebic. kanon-mdebloba da iuridiuli cvlilebebi mimarTulia ara mxolod sa-zogadoebisaken, aramed biznesis ganviTarebisa da winsvlisaken.

Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis yvelaze liberaluri dam-cvelebic ki eTanxmebian mosazrebas, rom sistema ukeT muSaobs garkveuli regulirebis qveS. kargad gaTvlil regulirebas Se-uZlia stimuli misces konkurencias da uzrunvelyos saqonlisa

1 М. Мескон, М. Альберт, Ф. Хедоури. Основы менеджмента. М., 1995, gv. 150.

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da momsaxurebis SeZena. mTavrobebi aviTareben sazogadoebriv politikas, raTa marTon komercia, anu amuSaveben kanonebisa da

wesebis kompleqss, romelic bizness garkveulwilad zRu-davs sazogadoebis keTildReobis mizniT. politika biznesis ga-remos erT-erTi ZiriTadi da mniSvnelovani nawilia, romlis ze-gavlena samewarmeo garemoze mniSvnelovania. erTis mxriv, biz-nesi moqmedebs politikaze, gansakuTrebiT, ekonomikur poli-tikaze, xolo meores mxriv _ politika gansazRvravs biznesis qcevis wesebs.

biznesis ekonomikuri garemo axasiaTebs misi organizaci-is, funqcionirebisa da efeqtianobis pirobebs. es moicavs yvela ekonomikur aspeqts, stimulsa da berkets, kerZod, erovnuli produqtis zrdas, moTxovnis zrdas an Semcirebas, inflacias, sawarmoo potencials, Semosavlebisa da mogebis dones da, Sesa-bamisad, msyidvelunarianobas, fasebs, fulad-sakredito siste-masa da valutis gacvliTi kursis cvalebadobas. menejerebi ga-mudmebiT unda swavlobdnen ekonomikuri garemos mdgomareobis parametrebs da gansazRvravdnen organizaciis operaciebze cvlilebebis SesaZlo zegavlenas. ekonomikuri garemos dadebi-Ti gavlena iwvevs biznesmenTa saqmiani aqtivobis gaZlierebas, rac ekonomikur zrdas ganapirobebs. ekonomikuri garemo Sed-geba faqtorebisagan, romelic momxmareblis msyidvelobiT unarsa da xarjviT tendenciebze axdens zegavlenas. qveynebi erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavdebian Semosavlis donisa da Se-mosavlis ganawilebis principiT. zogierT qveyanas gaaCnia e.w. saarsebo ekonomika, aseve arsebobs qveynebi, sadac industriu-li ekonomikaa, es qveynebi warmoadgenen mimzidvel bazrebs sxvadasxva kompaniebisaTvis. am bazrebze specifikuri strate-giiT Sedian kompaniebi.

mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi gansazRvravs biznesis gan-viTarebis temps, masStabebs, mimarTulebebs. biznesis ganviTa-reba perspeqtivaSi damokidebulia mecnierebatevadi produq-ciis damuSaveba-realizaciaze. mecnierul ganviTarebas Tan mosdevs teqnologiuri cvlilebebi, romelic aZlevs bizness sxvadasxva saxis SesaZleblobebs an uqmnis saSiSroebebs. mxo-lod mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis maRali tempebis pirobeb-Sia SesaZlebeli mravalferovani saqonlis warmoebis zrda, mom-xmarebelTa gazrdili moTxovnilibebis dakmayofileba. teqno-logiuri cvlilebebi mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens firmis menejmentze, mis produqciaze da momsaxurebaze. teqnologi-urma ganviTarebam moitana iseTi saocrebebi, rogoricaa anti-biotikebi, plastmasebi, kompiuteri, organoebis gadanergva, fiWuri kavSirgabmuloba, amasTanave uaRresad saSiSi saSuale-bebi: atomuri bombi, qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRi da sxv. teq-nologiuri garemo swrafad cvalebadia, amitom nebismier fir-

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mas Tu kompanias unda SeeZlos masTan adaptireba Tavisive si-cocxlisunarianobis SesanarCuneblad. teqnologiuri cvlile-bebi spobs da nergavs axal teqnologiebs. magaliTad, sabeWdi manqana Caanacvla personalurma kompiuterma, saangariSe kal-kulatorma da a.S. amdenad, menejerebi, romlebic teqnologiur cvlilebebs ar misdeven, male dadgebian im faqtis winaSe, rom maTi produqtebi moZvelda, xolo axali SesaZleblobebi xeli-danaa gaSvebuli, es ki uaryofiTad imoqmedebs maT konkurentu-narianobaze.

makrogaremos kidev erTi mniSvnelovani elementia socia-luri garemo, sadac igulisxmeba sazogadoebis tradiciebi, Ri-rebulebebi, sazogadoebrivi tendenciebi, momxmareblis fsiqo-logia, misi mentaliteti, Sexedulebebi. es garemoc menejere-bis yuradRebis centrSi unda imyofebodes, radgan mas SeuZlia arsebiTi gavlenis moxdena kompaniis saqmianobaze. magaliTad, `Cambel Soup~ 8 mln. dolariT izarala, roca braziliis bazarze Sevida sakuTari cnobili produqciiT — xsnadi supebi. mocemu-li bazris Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciis moZiebiT cnobili gaxda, rom brazilieli diasaxlisebi upiratesobas ar aniWeben 15 wuTSi sadilis momzadebas.1 msoflios yvela qveyanas aqvs sa-kuTari tradiciebi da Sexedulebebi, romelic grZeldeba sau-kuneebis manZilze, rac biznesis aucilebeli Seswavlis sagani unda iyos mudam. mas ar SeuZlia sazogadoebis interesebis ugulvebelyofa, romelTanac sakuTari interesebi unda Sea-Tanxmos. (magaliTad, sazogadoebis damokidebuleba biznesis socialur pasuxismgeblobaze, bunebisa da cxovelTa dacvaze da misT.) amJamad sul ufro Zlierdeba saqmianobis internacio-nalizaciis masStabebi, ris gamoc aucilebelia saerTaSoriso biznesSi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi damkvidrebuli socialur-kul-turuli tradiciebis gaTvaliswineba. kulturuli faseulobe-bi gamoxatulebas pouloben adamianebis damokidebulebaSi er-TmaneTTan, sazogadoebasTan, bunebasa da msoflmxedvelobas-Tan. amgvarad, socialur-kulturuli garemos faqtoris gaTva-liswineba sul ufro da ufro aucilebeli xdeba biznesis saer-To sistemaSi, rogorc misi mamoZravebeli kriteriumi.

da bolos, rogor SeuZliaT menejerebs winaswar gansazR-vron Tu ra safrTxe emuqreba maT firmebs cvalebad garemoSi?

idealuri organizaciebi da uSecdomo menejmenti ar arse-bobs, arsebobs efeqtiani marTva da cvlilebebze da ganviTare-baze orientirebuli organizaciebi. efeqtiani organizaciebi mudmivad cdiloben ganWvriton momavali; Seiswavlon garemo faqtorebi, maTi zegavlena organizaciaze; obieqturad Seafa-son sakuTari susti da Zlieri mxareebi, Camoayalibon saukeTe-

1 Международный менеджмент, gv. 129.

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so strategiuli gegma. menejeri unda azrovnebdes strategiu-lad, inovaciurad. msoflioSi arsebuli axali teqnologiebis zegavlenis, moTxovnebSi cvlilebebis, konkurentebis qmedebe-bis, perspeqtiuli bazrebis SesaZleblobebis SefasebiT da Ses-wavliT menejeri ayalibebs samomavlo gegmebs. amrigad, meneje-ri pirvel rigSi afasebs dargze moqmed Zalebs, maT wyaroebs da mxolod amis Semdeg avlens kompaniis sust da Zlier mxareebs, bolos amuSavebs SeteviT RonisZiebebs, anu strategias. stra-tegia menejerebs exmareba moqmedebis yvelaze Sesaferisi gze-bis dazustebaSi; zrdis organizaciis SesaZleblobebs, amci-rebs gare samyaros Sesaxeb mcdari an arasaimedo informaciis gamo araswori gadawyvetilebebis miRebis risks.

.

IRMA DIKHAMINJIA

STRATEGIC CHANGES AND MANAGEMENT Working out, introduction and strategy realization – these are prior

problems of management, therefore always is demand for the managers capable actively to form the future of the company. Managers develop strategy and are responsible for a choice of model of business of the com-pany. Strategy creates reference points of productivity, representation about competitive advantages, a plan of action for satisfaction of buyers and high efficiency achievement. Managers should supervise internal and external environment of the company. Without carefully formulated stra-tegy organization, activity loses meaning, loses competitiveness, con-ducts to internal stagnation and deterioration of results. Firm strategy should be adapted for changing factors of environment.

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jandri zarandia

sameurneo meqanizmi _ rogorc ekonomikuri

urTierTobebis sistema

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla, obieqturad moiTxovs eko-

nomikuri zrdis iseTi faqtorebis gamovlenasa da aqtiur gamo-yenebas, romlebic xels Seuwyoben SedarebiT mcire danaxarje-biT maRali sameurneo Sedegebis miRwevas. am amocanis warmate-biT gadawyveta mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli sabazro meqa-nizmis srulyofis xarisxze, rac uSualo gavlenas axdens yvela saxis resursebis gamoyenebaze, drois ekonomiaze, sabazro eko-nomikuri sistemis qcevis xasiaTze.

bazris sameurneo meqanizmis Seswavla yovelTvis aqtua-luri sakiTxi iyo da dResac yuradRebiT Seswavlis obieqtia, xolo ekonomikuri eqsperimentebi erTeuli RonisZiebebidan axali meTodebis Ziebis, midgomebisa da sazogadoebrivi ekono-mikis amocanebis gadawyvetis mecnierul safuZvlebze damyare-bul saSualebad gardaiqmnebian. aseTi mizanmimarTuli muSao-bis warmarTvis saqmeSi garkveuli sargebeli SeiZleba moitanos sistemurma midgomam, romelic saSualebas mogvcems davadgi-noT mocemuli sistemis Semadgenel elementebs Soris arsebuli mizez — Sedegobrivi kavSirebi da movaxdinoT am amocanebis rea-lizaciis Teoriuli optimizacia.

sistemuri marTvis arsSi ukeT garkvevisaTvis mokled gan-vixiloT `sistemebis Teoria~ romelic saSualebas iZleva ga-vacnobieroT sistemuri midgomis principi, rac praqtikulad, yvela movlenaSi — bunebaSi, sazogadoebaSi, Tu calke aRebul adamianSi vlindeba. sistemaSi ise, rogorc adamianis organizmSi calkeuli organoebi mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. gansazRvravs ra mTlianis Semadgeneli elementebis Sinaarssa da specifikas, sistemuri midgoma efuZneba sakvlevi obieqtis moRvaweobis erTian xedvas da warmoadgens analizis universa-lur meTods.1

Tu trdiciul midgomebSi azri moZraobs martividan rTu-lisaken, nawilidan mTlianisaken, elementidan sistemisaken, sistemur midgomaSi, piriqiT, moZraoba xdeba mTlianidan Semad-geneli nawilisaken, rTulidan martivisaken. viwro, kerZo ana-lizi SeiZleba iyos kvlevis mniSvnelovani elementi, magram un-

1 И. В. Франгишвили. Системный подход и общесистемные закономерности. М., 2000, gv. 528.

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da Caeweros sistemuri paradigmis CarCoebSi, Tu rogoraa da-kavSirebuli kerZo problema saerTosTan.

maSasadame, sistemuri midgoma warmoadgens meTodebisa da saSualebebis erTobliobas, romelic saSualebas iZleva mTlia-nobaSi gamovikvlioT obieqtis struqtura da funqciebi, urTi-erTkavSirSi myofi movlenebi da procesebi. sistemuri Teoria ver daiyvaneba romelime kerZo disciplinaze (ekonomika, poli-tologia, sociologia da a. S.), igi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis kompleqsi. rogorc mecnieruli mimarTuleba, aRniSnuli Teoria efuZneba iseT disciplinebs rogoricaa: kibernetika, ekonomika, fsiqologia, sociologia, biologia, lingvistika, politologia, eTika, samarTali, filo-sofia, informatika, marTvis Teoria da a. S.

sistemur Teorias gamokvlevebi miuZRvnes cnobilma mec-nierebma, rogoricaa i. Sumpeteri, m. veberi, v. oikeni, v. afanase-vi, i. blaubergi, a. bogdanovi , a. bertlanski, i. egorovi, g. set-rui, i. Sraideri i. urmancevi, i. frangiSvili da a. S1

sistemuri midgomis mixedviT, sakvlevi obieqti unda xa-siaTdebodes oTxi ZiriTadi niSniT:

1. obieqtis Semadgeneli elementebis erTianoba _ erTi mxriv, sistema mTliania, meore mxriv, mkafiod unda imijnebodes Semadgeneli nawilebi;

2. sistemis elementebs Soris mdgradi kavSirebis arse-boba;

3. elementebs Soris integraluri kavSiris arseboba. bunebaSi

4. arsebobs mravali kavSiri, magram sistemur midgomaSi ganmsazRvrelia ara yvela, aramed integraluri (ar-sebiTi) kavSiri, igi gansazRvravs sistemis funqcio-nirebis xasiaTs (Sinaarss); ganviTarebadi sistemebi-saTvis damaxasiaTebelia organizebuloba (Sida mo-wesrigebuloba).2

arsebobs sistemis klasifikaciisadmi mravali midgoma. substanciuri niSniT, gamoyofen sistemebis Semdeg klasebs:

xelovnuri sistemebi, esaa adamianis mier Seqmnili sistemebi. maTi realizaciis diapazoni Zalzed far-Toa, dawyebuli martivi meqanizmebidan, damTavrebu-li urTules samrewvelo kompleqsamde. meqanikuri kvanZi, samecniero laboratoria, instituti, samxed-ro qvedanayofi, da a. S.;

bunebrivi sistemebi — bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi, bu-

1 amis Sesaxeb ix.: В. Г. Афанасьев. Системность и общество. М., 1980, gv. 371. 2 Ю. Л. Егоров. Исследование систем управления. М., 1997, gv. 256.

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nebrivad arsebuli sistemebi: atomi, molekula, ujre-di, cocxali organizmi, sazogadoeba, samyaro da a. S.;

konceptualuri da virtualuri sistemebi — warmoad-gens adamianis azrobrivi fantaziis nayofs, realoba-Si aseTi sistemebi ar arsebobs;

arsebobs agreTve Ria (xdeba informaciis gacvla) da Cake-tili (funqcionirebs konfidencialur viTarebaSi), martivi da rTuli, da a. S. sistemebi;

sicocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis aucilebe-lia, rom sistema TviTorganizaciisa da marTvis unariT xasiaT-debodes. marTva SeiZleba xdebodes rogorc Signidan, ise gare-dan. sistemis marTvis funqciebia: dagegmva, organizacia, sakad-ro funqcia, operatiuli marTva, koordinireba da kontroli.

menejmentis mniSvnelovani principia mmarTvelobiTi amo-canebis gadawyvetisadmi sistemuri midgomis principi. menej-mentSi `sistema~ gulisxmobs urTierTdakavSirebul, organiza-ciulad mowesrigebul, SedarebiT damoukidebeli elementebis erTobliobas, an maT kombinacias.

sistemur midgomaSi mTavaria _ sistemebis mTlianobis Se-saxeb warmodgenebis SemuSaveba da gamoyeneba. mTlianis Secnoba niSnavs gaxsna misi arsi da specifika; elementebis Semadgenlo-ba, raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebi; struqtura; elementebis funqciebi da maTi gavlena mTlianobis funqciaze; sistemis mTlianobis uzrunvelmyofi integraciuli faqtore-bi; sistemur midgomas safuZvlad udevs sistemuri analizi, ro-melic Tavis TavSi moicavs sistemis funqcionirebis miznis formulirebas, masSi Semavali elementebis raodenobrivi da xa-risxobrivi Semadgenlobis gansazRvras.1

sistemuri midgomis ZiriTadi principebi SemdegSi mdgoma-reobs:

mTlianobis principi miiCnevs sistemis Tvisebebis arajamobriobas, misi Semadgeneli Tvisebebis jami-sadmi da am ukanasknelisagan mTlianobis Tvisebebis gamovlinebas;

struqturuli midgomis principi warmoadgens siste-mis aRweris SesaZleblobas misi struqturis dadge-nis Semdeg;

sistemisa da misi wris (garemos) urTierTkavSiris principi. am principis Sesabamisad igulisxmeba, rom sistema Tavisi Tvisebebis formirebas da am Tvisebe-bis gamovlenas axdens mis wresTan, mis garemosTan

1 e. baraTaSvili, l. TakalanZe, a. abralava. menejmenti da administ-rireba. Tb., 2007, gv. 146.

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urTierTqmedebis procesSi;

ierarqiuli principi gulisxmobs, rom sistemis Ti-Toeuli komponenti, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc ufro dabali donis sistema;

sistemuri midgomis poziciebidan mizanSewonili iqneba yovelTvis sabazro-sameurneo meqanizmi daxasiaTdes, rogorc analizis obieqti. rigi specialistebisa gvTavazoben sabazro meqanizmis gansazRvras, rogorc ekonomikis organizaciuli struqturebis erTianobas, maTi marTvis formebsa da meTodebs, romlebic ekonomikuri kanonebis safuZvelze Segnebulad aris SemuSavebuli da gamoyenebuli sazogadoebis mier konkretu-lad Camoyalibebuli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sxvaTa az-riT, sabazro-sameurneo meqanizmi miCneulia, rogorc ekonomi-kuri, samarTlebrivi da organizaciul urTierTobaTa mecnie-rulad reglamentirebuli Tavmoyra, romelic gansazRvravs sa-mewarmeo procesSi yvela wevris monawileobas. Cven migvaCnia, rom es bolo mosazreba ufro axlosaa Tvalsazrisis met-nakle-bad gaziarebasTan.

ibadeba logikuri kiTxva, ZiriTadad rogori niSnebiT xasiaTdeba sabazro-sameurneo meqanizmi, misi srulyofisa-ken mimarTuli sistemuri midgoma?

anu saubaria ekonomikis ganviTarebis saboloo miznebis zust formulirebaze. sabazro-sameurneo meqanizmis srulyo-fis mimarTulebiT intensiuri kvlevebi mimdinareobs. aseTi amocanebis sworad SerCevaze bevradaa damokidebuli kvlevis warmatebuli Sedegebi. am SemTxvevaSi agreTve igulisxmeba sa-bazro-sameurneo meqanizmis swori orientaciac, sazogadoebi-saTvis saWiro saboloo Sedegebis misaRwevad.

dRes, rodesac saqarTvelo imyofeba sabazro urTierTo-bebze gardamaval periodSi, am process Seuqcevadi xasiaTi aqvs. bevr sameurneo muSaks kargad ara aqvs gaTvicnobierebuli misi wvlili sazogadoebis strategiul miznebis miRwevaSi, rasac arc Tu iSviaTad adastureben maTi Sexedulebebi, mosazrebebi da codna warmoebis efeqtianobis arsisa da gagebis Sesaxeb. maTi pasuxi warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis Sinaarsis mimarT amo-iwureba produqciis TviTRirebulebis Semcirebis saWiroebiT, mogebisa da rentabelobis amaRlebis aucileblobiT, fonduku-gebisa da Sromis nayofierebis zrdiT da sxva.

qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis poziciebidan gamomdinare uf-ro swori da zusti pasuxi iqneboda Tu, TiToeul sameurneo er-TeulsaTvis (sawarmo, firma) strategiul miznad qveynis Sida produqtSi mocemuli SromiTi koleqtivis wvlilis maqsimiza-cia moxdeboda minimaluri danaxarjebiT.

ekonomikis nebismier sferoSi sameurneo meqanizmis srul-yofisadmi sistemuri midgomis mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebel Tvi-

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sebas warmoadgens misi mWidrod dakavSireba ekonomikis sameur-neo cvlilebaTa saerTo principebTan da mimarTulebebTan. sa-bazro ekonomikis pirobebSi aSkaraa, rom sawarmo, firma sameur-neo meqanizmi ZiriTadad orientirebuli unda iyos sameurneo--safinanso saqmianobis saboloo Sedegze — saqonlis realizaci-asa da mogebaze.

rac Seexeba sameurneo meqanizmis zogad-perspeqtiul gan-viTarebas, migvaCnia, rom kanonzomieri iqneboda sawarmoo koo-perirebis, Sida dagegmvis, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa gaR-rmavebis, agreTve zogadi menejmentis, muSakebis stimulirebis, mewarmeobis sakanonmdeblo uzrunvelyofis ganviTarebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba da a. S.

zemoT CamoTvlili mimarTulebebi mTlianad orientire-buli unda iyos sameurneo meqanizmis srulyofaze:

RonisZiebaTa iseTi sistemis SemuSaveba (organizaci-uli, ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi, socialuri da sx-va.), romelic dasaxuli miznis warmatebiT miRwevis saSualebas iZleva;

am proceseebSi, rogorc wesi, iTvaliswineben Teori-ulad dasabuTebuli da praqtikulad realizebadi RonisZiebaTa kompleqss, romelSic ekonomikuri Se-degebi winaswar aris gansazRvruli. garda amisa mniS-vnelovania direqtiuli dokumentebis momzadebis sistemuri Seswavla, romelic calkeuli gadawyveti-lebebisa da debulebebis xarvezianobis gamovlenis saSualebas iZleva.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania Sefasdes, erTis mxriv, da-saxul RonisZiebaTa sakmarisoba maTi struqturis mi-xedviT, meores mxriv ki unda ganvsazRvroT am Ronis-ZiebaTa utyuaroba da realoba, aseve maTi daxmarebiT dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis SesaZlebloba:

ekonomikur sferoSi sameurneo meqanizmis eqsperi-mentebis SemuSavebis da maTi cxovrebaSi gatarebis mecnierulad dasabuTebuli organizaciuli uzrun-velyofa, rac gulisxmobs sawyisi mdgomareobis fiq-sacias, anu imis zust dafiqsirebas, Tu ra iyo eqspe-rimentis dawyebamde. aRniSnulis gauTvaliswineblo-bis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos seriozuli siZneleebis war-moqmna eqsperimentis Sedegebis SejamebaSi;

eqsperimentebis Catarebis sameurneo da sxva garegani pirobebis naTlad reglamentacias (materialur-teq-nikur uzrunvelyofas, simZlavreebisa da programe-bis dabalansebas da sxv.). es imitom aris aucilebeli, raTa eqsperimentebis msvlelobisas da maTi Sedege-

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bis analizisas naTlad warmovidginoT, Tu ramdenad iyo daculi gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi da rogor imoqmeda saboloo Sedegebze maTgan gadaxvevam;

eqsperimentis msvlelobisadmi sistemur dakvirveba-sa da misi Sedegebis mecnierul analizs (gaTvaliswi-nebuli pirobebis dacvis da saqmianobis Sefasebis kriteriumebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT). Cveni azriT sameurneo meqanizmis srulyofisaTvis gamiznul Ro-nisZiebaTa warmateba bevrad aris damokidebuli ima-ze, Tu ra miznebi, amocanebi, stimulebi da sanqciebia gaTvaliswinebuli SromiTi koleqtivTan mimarTebaSi misi TiToeuli wevris mier. calkeul sawarmoebs (firmebs, organizaciebs) Soris urTierTobani SeiZ-leba iyos rTuli, ukiduresad rTulic, magram same-urneo meqanizmis is nawili, romelic pirovnebas exe-ba, unda iyos yvelasaTvis gasagebi da gamWirvale. a-masTan dakavSirebiT dgeba sameurneo meqanizmis ele-mentebis gamartivebis sakiTxi.

sabazro meurneobis gardamaval periodSi, konkretu-lad, mis calkeul etapze arsebobs mocemuli monakve-TisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganviTarebis strategiuli mimarTulebani, romlebmac asaxva undahpovon sameur-neo meqanizmSi;

sasurvelia moqnili sameurneo meqanizmis Seqmna, rac ekonomikurad waaqezebs teritoriuli sawarmoebisa da sawarmoo gaerTianebebis formirebas, sameurneo kooperirebisa da adamianuri resursebis mobilobis procesebs;

sameurneo meqanizmis srulyofa — mowesrigebis saqme-Si sakmaod seriozuli adgili eTmoba ekonomikur normebsa da normativebs;

ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapi, ekonomikis yvela sferoSi, xasiaTdeba marTvis ekonomikuri da organizaciuli meTodebis gamoyenebis gaZlierebiT. Tanamedrove menejmenti marTvis me-Todebidan upiratesad wina planze ayenebs marTvis ekonomikur meTodebs. sazogadoebrivi warmoebis yvela doneze mmarTvelo-biTi amocanebis gadawyvetaSi mniSvnelovania sistemuri marTvis meTodebis gamoyeneba, radgan sistemuri kanonzomierebebi SezR-uduli resursebis pirobebSi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis racio-naluri gzebis povnas aadvilebs. es aris is orientirebi, role-bic ekonomikuri, socialuri, saorganizacio da sxva sistemebis marTvisas intensiuri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

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JANDRI ZARANDIA

ECONOMIC MECHANISM – AS THE SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS

Transition to the market economy objectively requires identificati-

on and active use of such factors of economic growth, which would faci-litate high economic results with relatively small costs. Successful soluti-on of this objective depends greatly on the degree of improvement of the market mechanism, having direct impact on use of all types of resources, time saving, “behavior” of the market economic system. In performing such targeted work, certain benefits could be derived from systemic ap-proach. In systemic approach, first of all, the market-economic mecha-nism, as object of analysis should be described.

Logical question is: what are the key characteristics of system approach directed towards improvement of market-economic mec-hanism?

For economic development of the country it would be significant if each economic unit stated as its strategical goal maximization of the con-tribution of given labor collective in GDP with minimal costs.

In any sphere of economics significant characteristic of syste-mic approach to improvement of the economic mechanism is its close linking with the general principles and directions of economic changes;

Development of the system of measures allowing successful achievement of the stated goal.

Current stage of development, in all spheres of economy, is charac-terized with improvement of application of economic governance met-hods. For dealing with the management objectives application of syste-mic management methods is of great significance as systemic laws, in the conditions of limited resources facilitate identification of the reasonable ways for the development of society. These are the reference points allo-wing extensive development in governance of economic, social, organi-zational and other systems.

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larisa TakalanZe

menejmenti rogorc konkurentunarianobis zrdis wyaro

samewarmeo struqturebis konkurentuli upiratesobis

SenarCunebis umniSvnelovanesi pirobaa warmoebisa da sxva saxis samewarmeo saqmianobis uwyveti modernizacia. upiratesobis Se-sanarCuneblad aucilebelia maTi wyaroebis gafarToeba, uwyve-ti srulyofa, ufro maRali rigis upiratesobebze gadasvla, rogoricaa strategiuli inovaciebi, `gamrRvevi~ teqnologiebi da maTi uzrunvelmyofi manqanaTa sistemebi, mowyobilobebi, ma-Ti Sesatyvisi Sromis, warmoebis, marketinguli momsaxurebis da a.S. organizaciis wesebi da a.S. saboloo jamSi, aucilebelia inovaciur-samewarmeo tipis dinamikurad mdgradi kvlavwarmoe-bis uzrunvelyofa. amgvari strategia airCia iaponiam omisSem-dgom periodSi, rodesac uprecendento gadasvla ganaxorciela faqtoruli konkurenciis stadiidan inovaciuri konkurenciis stadiaze. ase moiqcnen firmebi, romlebic saqmianoben iaponuri ekonomikis sakvanZo dargebSi. kerZod, iaponuri manqanaTsamSe-neblo firmebi Tavdapirvelad msoflio bazarze gamovidnen mcire partiis arcTu ise Zviri sakmaod maRali klasis saqon-liT. avtomanqanaze SedarebiT dabali fasebi uzrunvelyofili iyo iafi muSaxelis xarjze. magram ukve imavdroulad isini strategiis srulyofas Seudgnen. daiwyo Tanamedrove teqniku-ri aRWurvilobis mqone msxvili saavtomobilo qarxnebis mSeneb-loba, romlebic sargebels iZlevian masStabis efeqtisgan, axa-li teqnologiebis Zieba, romelic warmatebiT dasrulda `zus-tad droSi~ sistemis da efeqtianobisa da xarisxis amaRlebis rigi meTodis danergviT. amrigad, iaponelma avtomewarmeebma uzrunvelyves gamarjveba ucxour firmebTan konkurenciaSi, moipoves myidveli, daakmayofiles maTi moTxovnileba avtomo-bilis fasiTa da xarisxiT.1

germania mZlavri industriuli qveyana XIX saukunis bolos xdeba, rodesac misma samewarmeo struqturebma rig sakvanZo dargebSi SeZles mecnierebasa da teqnikaSi msoflio donis miR-wevebis gamoyenebiT inovaciur kvlavwarmoebaze gadasvla. mas Semdeg germaniis ekonomika inovaciur xasiaTs atarebs.

amerikuli ekonomikis mraval sferoSi firmebi samewarmeo

1 Конкурентоспособность в системе мирового хозяйства: пространственный ана-лиз. Под ред. Н. С. Мироненко. М., 2002, gv. 362.

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saqmianobis strategias ageben teqnologiis, teqnikis, mTlianad kvlavwarmoebis procesebis uwyvet srulyofaze, ganaxlebaze. amave dros qveynebi, dargebi, firmebi kargavdnen TavianT kon-kurentul upiratesobas, Tuki ar misdevdnen kvlavwarmoebis, misi umniSvnelovanesi blokebis — sawarmoo ZalTa da warmoebiT urTierTobaTa kvlavwarmoebis, uwyveti ganaxlebis strategias. amasTan mniSvnelovania Semdegi momentebis xazgasma: samewarmeo struqturebis konkurentunarianoba damokidebulia axalSemo-naRebTa realizaciis siCqareze, konkurenti firmebis siaxleeb-ze firmebis reaqciis siCqareze, inovaciebis prognozirebaze. konkurentul upiratesobebs inarCuneben is firmebi, romlebic samewarmeo saqmianobaSi risks ki ar arideben Tavs, aramed dasa-buTebulad iyeneben mas samewarmeo Semosavlis misaRebad.

SegviZlia aRvniSnoT warmatebuli firmebis safuZvliani analizi r. xizriCisa da m. pitersis wignSi `mewarmeoba an rogor wamoviwyoT sakuTari saqme da mivaRwioT warmatebas~.1 am naSroms, upirveles yovlisa, praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. analizis sa-fuZvelze gakeTebulia Semdegi daskvna: XX saukunis naxevarSi Ca-moyalibda mewarmis, rogorc novatoris, Tanamedrove gageba.

analizi gviCvenebs, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcire me-warmeoba xasiaTdeba, pirvel rigSi, Tavisi inovaciurobiT da riskiani saqmianobiT. mcire firmebi am qveynebSi garkveul rols asruleben mecnierebatevadi maRalteqnologiuri warmo-ebis ganviTarebaSi, siaxleebis swraf aTvisebaSi. 70-ian wlebSi gamoikveTa mcire samewarmeo struqturis xvedriTi wilis amaR-lebis tendencia, romelic bevrad aixsneba principuli cvli-lebebiT Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikuri progresSi.2 same-warmeo tipis msxvili korporaciuli struqturebi aseve ewevian mewarmeobas riskian, inovaciur safuZvelze. maT, mcire sawar-moebisagan gansxvavebiT, gaaCniaT sabazo, strategiuli siaxle-ebis: teqnologiebis, teqnikis, kvlavwarmoebis axali meTodebis da a.S. aTvisebis materialuri da finansuri SesaZlebloba. aSS-Si Catarebulma SerCeviTma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom `riskiani ka-pitalis~ rentabelobis gasaSualoebuli maCvenebeli aqciebSi Cveulebriv kapitaldabandebebze 3-jer ufro maRalia.3

amrigad, mewarmeobis praqtikis analizi adasturebs me-warmeobis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mecnierTa ZiriTad debulebebs imis Sesaxeb, rom igi xorcieldeba inovaciuri riskis safuZvel-ze. mewarmeoba — specifikur riskian da inovaciur saqmianobaze dafuZnebuli meurneobriobis gansakuTrebuli sistemaa, ro-melsac SeuZlia moicvas kvlavwarmoeba mTlianobaSi, an warmoe-

1 r. xizriCi, m. pitersi. mewarmeoba an rogor wamoviwyoT sakuTari saqme da mivaRwioT warmatebas. Tb., 1994, gv. 92. 2 Л. Н. Качалина. Конкурентноспособный менеджмент. М., 2006, gv. 106. 3 r. xizriCi, m. pitersi. mewarmeoba an rogor wamoviwyoT.., gv. 101.


bis, gacvlis, ganawilebis, moxmarebis romelime calkeuli mo-menti samewarmeo Semosavlis miRebis mizniT.1

dReisaTvis nebismier organizacias (sakuTrebis formebis, saqmianobis miznebisa da sferoebis miuxedavad), mudmivad cva-lebad da winaaRmdegobriv garemoSi uwevs funqcionireba. am SemTxvevaSi organizaciisTvis mTavaria bazari da misi reguli-rebis sakiTxebi. amitom, organizaciis saqmianoba ZiriTadad un-da ganxorcieldes marTvis ekonomikuri meTodebis gamoyene-biT. mmarTvelobiTi saqmianoba Tanamedrove pirobebSi — nebis-mieri organizaciis maRalefeqturi funqcionirebis umniSvne-lovanesi pirobaa. amaze Cven adrec vamaxvilebdiT yuradRebas.2

Cven agreTve araerTgzis aRgviniSnavs, rom amJamad nebis-mieri organizacia axali tipis specialistebze akeTebs ganac-xads; muSakebi, romlebic maRali profesionaluri maxasiaTeb-lebis paralelurad floben iseT Tvisebebsac, rogoricaa mmar-TvelobiTi da samewarmeo saqmianobis unari, kompetenturoba, uaRresad didi da farTo inteleqti, kulturis maRali done, individualuri Semoqmedebisadmi midrekileba, unari — icxov-ros da imuSaos axal sainformacio epoqaSi, globaluri infor-maciis qselSi. adamianma rom moaxerxos aseT garemosa da samya-roSi orientireba da SeinarCunos konkurentunarianoba, saWi-ro xdeba specialuri codna, garkveuli pirovnuli maxasiaTeb-lebisa da qceviTi Cvevebis gamoSveba.

am kuTxiT arcTu ise saxarbielo mdgomareobaa saqarTve-loSi, romelic pirvel nabijebs dgams sabazro ekonomikis for-mirebisaTvis. 2009 wels saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris mier ganxorcielda sociologiuri gamokvleva same-warmeo seqtorSi, romlis Sedegebma gamoaSkaraves organizaci-is xelmZRvanelTa sabazro pirobebSi saqmianobis gamoucdelo-ba da ususuroba. maTi mxolod 20% srulyofilad icnobs qveya-naSi moqmed sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobas da mxolod 22% sar-geblobs kreditiT; uaxloesi erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi biznesis gafarToebas ar gegmavs 75%; xelmZRvanelTa mxolod 2,3%-s aqvs uSualo urTierToba sagareo bazarTan. menejerTa daaxlo-ebiT 70%-ma swored ver ganmarta Sps-s arsi.3 maT garkveul na-wils ar ZaluZs biznesis marTva Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT,

1 А. А. Дынкин. Контуры инновационного развития мировой экономики: Прогноз на 2000-2015гг. М., 2000, gv. 142. 2 e. baraTaSvili, l. TakalanZe, a. abralava. menejmenti da administ-rireba, Tb., 2007, gv. 6-7. 3 mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi 2009 — saqarTvelos statis-tikis erovnuli samsaxuri, specialuri gamokvleva. Tb., 2010, gv. 31; s. vardiSvili. Tanamedrove menejmenti da qarTuli realoba. — ekonomi-ka da biznesi, 4, 2010, gv. 139.

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ar gaaCnia ucxo kulturul garemosTan urTierTobis codna da gamocdileba. saqarTveloSi xelmZRvanelTa umetesoba zedapi-rulad icnobs menejments, maT ar gaaCniaT siRrmiseuli codna finansur menejmentze, cudad icnoben marketingis marTvis Ta-namedrove meTodebs. qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebas da bizne-sis gonivrulad warmarTvas ki esaWiroeba profesionalizmi biznesis menejmentisa da administrirebis sferoSi.

amrigad, umTavresi amocana mdgomareobs konkurentul samyaroSi organizaciis menejmentis srulyofis ZiriTadi Teo-riuli da meTodologiuri principebis gamomuSavebasa da same-urneo cxovrebaSi danergvaSi. biznesis konkurentunarianobis, menejmentisa da administrirebis safuZvliani Seswavla mewar-meebs mraval cxovrebiseul situaciaSi garkvevis, misi rekomen-daciebis gamoyenebisa da warmatebuli ekonomikuri qmedebis Se-saZleblobas miscems. aqedan gamomdinare, aseve aucilebelia biznesis konkurentunarianobisa da administrirebis mdidari ucxouri gamocdilebis ganzogadeba da gaanalizeba, misi adap-tireba saqarTvelos realobasTan da sakuTari gamokvlevebiTa da winadadebebiT Sevseba.

LARISA TAKALANDZE

MANAGEMENT AS A SOURCE OF COMPETITION GROWTH Today any organization has to operate in a constantly changing and

conflicting environment. In this case, the market and its regulation issues are important for organization. Therefore, organization activities should be mainly carried out through using economic management methods. Management activities in the modern conditions are the most important conditions for high effective operating of any organization. So, the con-clusion made in the article indicates that the main task in the concrete world is to output the main theoretical and methodological principles of improving the management of the organization and implant them in eco-nomic life. A thorough study of competitive business, management and administration will give an opportunity to business owners for successful economic action. Therefore, it is necessary to generalize and analyze rich experience of foreign competitive business and administration as well, to adapt it to the reality of Georgia and supplement it with own researches and proposals.

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marina tabataZe

ganviTarebis strategiis finansuri elementebi TviTmmarTvel erTeulebSi

regionebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobis

cxovrebis donis amaRlebaSi arsebiTi roli socialur-ekono-mikuri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo da municipalur programebs eniWebaT, maTi mizania konkurentuli garemosaTvis samarTleb-rivi da instituciuri safuZvlebis Seqmna, rac ganviTarebuli TviTmmarTvelobis pirobebSi ekonomikur da sainvesticio saq-mianobas uwyobs xels.

TviTmmarTvel subieqtebs sakuTar uflebamosilebaTa gansaxorcieleblad finansuri resursebi sWirdebaT, evropuli qartia àdgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~ aRiarebs, rom adgilobrivi erTeulebis finansuri wyaroebi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos konstituciiT gansazRvrul maT uflebamosilebeb-Tan. adgilobrivi biujeti administraciuli erTeulis ekono-mikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis aucilebeli meqanizmia, romlis formirebaSi gadasaxadebsa da mosakreblebTan erTad, maT mier gaweuli momsaxurebis anazRaureba da sakuTari qone-bidan miRebuli Semosavali Sedis, am fuladi Semosavlebis gan-kargva adgilobrivi xelisuflebis prerogativaa, rac ganapi-robebs maT motivirebas adgilobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebas-Tan mimarTebaSi.

finansuri decentralizaciis umTavresi pirobaa adgi-lobriv organoebs hqondeT gadasaxadebis dawesebis da adminis-trirebis ufleba. biujetis wyaro gadasaxadebis garda adgi-lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebidan miRebuli Semosavalia, es municipaluri sakuTreba aRiarebuli da daculi unda iyos saxelmwifos mier, misi sargeblobisa da gankargvis uflebamosilebas ki adgilobrivi organoebi unda axorcielebdnen. sakuTar SemosavlebTan erTad, adgilobrivi biujetis formirebis wyaro saxelmwifo transferebia grante-bis, subsidiebis da sesxebis saxiT, amasTan, subsidireba ar unda zRudavdes adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis mier ganviTarebis strategiuli gegmis damoukideblad ganxorciele-bas, rac Seexeba sesxis aRebas, gamarTlebulia misi gamoyeneba mxolod kapitaluri da ara mimdinare xarjebis dasafinanseblad.

decentralizebuli finansuri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTe-belia adgilobrivi xelisuflebis finansuri avtonomia da anga-

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riSvaldebuleba sakuTari mosaxleobis winaSe, centraluri xe-lisuflebis susti kontroli sazogadoebriv xarjebze da aseve susti moqniloba finansuri resursebis gadanawilebaSi. ramde-nadac teritoriul erTeulebs socialur-ekonomikuri ganvi-Tarebis gansxvavebuli pirobebi axasiaTebT, saxelmwifo valde-bulia izrunos maTTvis finansuri daxmarebis gawevis gziT, am sxvaobaTa nivelirebisa da doneTa gamoTanabrebisaTvis, amde-nad, metad mniSvnelovania satransfero politikis optimizacia da masSi subieqtivizmis elementebis srulad gamoricxva, saWi-roa SedarebiT maRalSemosavlian municipalitetebs, swored, gamoTanabrebiTi transferebis gamoyenebiT daubalansdes Se-mosavlebis biujetTaSorisi gadanawilebiT warmoqmnili defi-citi, risTvisac mizanSewonilia e.w. mxardaWeris koeficiente-bis diferencirebuli gamoyeneba aseTi regionebis mimarT. biu-jetTaSorisi urTierTobebis ganviTareba satransfero poli-tikis srulyofis ZiriTadi faqtoria. racionaluri sabiujeto politikis gatarebis aucilebeli winapirobaa sabiujeto uf-lebemosilebaTa gamijvna da yvela donis biujetis miznobriv-programul dafinansebaze gadasvla, man unda asaxos realuri urTierTkavSiri ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da sabiujeto mowy-obas Soris, rac zrdis pasuxismgeblobas finansuri nakadebis marTvaze da efeqtian gamoyenebaze.

satransfero politika unda iTvaliswinebdes saxelmwi-fos prioritetebs, uzrunvelyofdes adgilobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis sasurveli garemos formirebas da misTvis saWiro resursebiT momaragebas. saxelmwifo biujetidan regio-nebisaTvis pirdapiri finansuri daxmarebis praqtika, mizanSe-wonilia, maTTvis aucilebeli programebis centridan dafinan-sebiT Seicvalos. aseTi midgoma emsaxureba rogorc, zogadad, regionebis ganviTarebas, ise centrze maTi damokidebulebis xa-risxis Sesustebas. transferis moculobis zustad gansazRvri-saTvis unda daixvewos TviT teritoriuli erTeulebis biuje-tis Semosavlebis administrirebis meqanizmebi da gamokvleuli iyos maTi mobilizebis mimarTulebebi. adgilobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebis stimulirebiT unda Semcirdes saxelmwifo biu-jetze teritoriuli erTeulebis finansuri damokidebuleba, rac xels Seuwyobs maT avtonomiur funqcionirebas.

sabiujeto sistemasTan uSualo kavSirSia regionebis gan-viTarebis kanonzomierebaTa gansazRvra, rac maTi specializa-ciis da regionTaSorisi integraciis procesebs ganapirobebs. es sakiTxi safuZvlad edeba ekonomikis sivrcobrivi proporci-ebis Camoyalibebas da maTi ganviTarebis prognozirebas. miz-nobrivi programebi aucilebelia investiciebis mozidvisaTvis, regionTaSorisi socialuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebisa

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da ekologiuri wonasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. miznobriv programebSi daculi unda iyos maqsimalur mogebaze orienti-rebuli ekonomikuri subieqtebis interesebi da saxelmwifos regionuli miznebic, kerZod is, rom xelisuflebis regionul doneze funqcionireba unda emsaxurebodes investiciebis mo-zidvisaTvis optimaluri pirobebis Seqmnas, problemuri regio-nebis upiratesi ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyobas, socialuri da-Zabulobis Senelebas, socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miz-nebis dargobriv da teritoriul ranJirebas, saxelmwifo prog-ramebSi regionuli ganviTarebis interesebis maqsimalur gaTva-liswinebas, ekonomikur Tavisuflebas da Semosavlebis samar-Tliani ganawilebis uzrunvelyofas. miznobrivi programebi un-da moicavdes TviTmmarTveli erTeulis socialur-ekonomiku-ri ganviTarebis arsebuli donis analizs, ZiriTadi priorite-tebis gansazRvras da am prioritetebis mixedviT Sesabamisi dargebis konkretuli samoqmedo gegmebis SemuSavebas resursu-li dasabuTebiT.

municipaluri warmonaqmnisaTvis tipiuria sxvadasxva dar-gobrivi profilis unitaruli sawarmoebis arseboba, rac regi-onebis ganviTarebaSi klasteruli midgomis gamoyenebis SesaZ-leblobas iZleva, aseTi struqturizebuli sistema iTvaliswi-nebs erTiani strategiuli miznebiT gaerTianebuli sxvadasxva sferoSi funqcionirebadi subieqtebis urTierTkoordinire-bul saqmianobas. maTi partnioruli TanamSromloba ekonomikuri procesebis stabilizacias, sawarmoo da socialuri infras-truqturis ganviTarebas, axali sasaqonlo jgufebis aTvisebas, kadrebis gadanawilebas da maT swor menejments uzrunvelyofs. municipaluri klasterebis funqcionirebas komerciuli struq-turebisagan gansxvavebiT, mkveTrad gamoxatuli socialuri ni-Sani axasiaTebT da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis sa-zogadoebrivi funqciis realizebas emsaxureba. klasteri amaR-lebs municipaluri subieqtis sainvesticio mimzidvelobas, ram-denadac miuTiTebs mocemul teritoriaze biznesis gafarToebis damatebiT gzebze, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmebis zrdasa da maTi Semosavlebis investiciebSi CarTvis SesaZleblobebze.

ramdenadac mravalferovania regionuli da municipaluri ganviTarebis faqtorebi, imdenad gansxvavebulia maTi ganviTa-rebis programebis SemuSavebisaTvis saWiro sainformacio-ana-litikuri da meToduri samuSaoebi, kerZod, regionis socia-lur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donisa da samewarmeo potencia-lis SefasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba aSS regionuli statistikuri kvlevis centris, avstriis bankis da moskovis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis meTodika, municipalitetis socialur-ekonomikuri strategiis SefasebisaTvis ki — msoflio bankis, urbanuli ganvi-

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Tarebis jgufis da moskovis leontievis saxelobis centris me-Todebi.1 aRniSnuli meTodika emsaxureba ganviTarebis strategi-is gansazRvras, risTvisac gamoiyeneba svot-matrica, sabazro--xarisxobrivi da porteris biznesis donis strategiuli matri-cebi. pirveli instrumenti gamoiyeneba strategiis miznis Camo-yalibebamde warmoebis Zlieri da susti mxareebis, SesaZleblo-bebis da safrTxeebis SefasebisaTvis, meore matricis saSuale-biT xdeba problemebis ranJireba da prioritetebis gansazRvra, porteris strategia emsaxureba biznesis menejments, igi ayali-bebs adgilobrivi subieqtis satrategiul upiratesobebs da mkveTrad gamijnavs maT kerZo da saxelmwifo seqtorisaTvis.2

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis problematikis gadaWra aucileblad moiTxovs samoqalaqo aqtiobis amaRlebas, amisaT-vis saWiroa adgilobrivi moqalaqeebis moTxovnebis da molodi-nebis gaTvaliswineba xelisuflebis mier gansazRvrul politi-kaSi da miznobriv programebSi. Tavis mxriv, samoqalaqo sazoga-doebis CarTuloba marTvis yvela doneze sWirdeba TviT xeli-suflebas samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri da socialuri garemos ganviTarebisaTvis, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisa da Semosavlebis zrdisaTvis, ramdenadac, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris socia-lur urTierTobaTa sistema xelisuflebasa da sazogadoebas Soris, is aerTianebs Sinameurneobebs, sxvadasxva sferos subi-eqtebs da avtonomiis Tu Zalauflebis xarisxiT gansxvavebul instituciur rgolebs. samoqalaqo aqtiuroba amaRlebs sazo-gadoebis cnobierebas da pasuxismgeblobas saxelmwifo poli-tikis SemuSavebis sakiTxSi, rac gamoixateba ganviTarebis prio-ritetebis gansazRvris, maTi ganxorcielebis da instituciuri reformebis Sefasebis procesebSi moqalaqeTa monawileobaSi. adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi sazogadoebis CarTva sxvadasxva formiT xdeba,_koleqtiuri saqmianoba, konsultaciebi, wina-dadebebis SeTavazeba, informireba, partnioroba, komunikacie-bis qseli da sxv. TanamSromlobis es meqanizmebi xels uwyobs erToblivi pasuxismgeblobis Camoyalibebas saxelmwifo poli-tikis SemuSavebasa da gatarebaSi.

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesSi sazogado-ebis aqtiuroba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania teritoriuli marTvis administraciuli struqturebis organizebisaTvis, ra-Sic Sedis saxelmwifo da municipaluri marTvis, funqcionalu-ri regulirebis, konkretuli dargis marTvis organoebi da ad-

1 adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis subieqtebis socialur-ekonomiku-ri ganviTarebis strategia. saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fon-dis sagranto proeqti, I etapi. Tb., 2007. 2 p. sviainieviCi, s. navrodski, m. jibuti, m. ToqmaziSvili. saxelmZR-vanelo TviTmmarTvelobis organos moxeleTaTvis. Tb., 2006. gv. 8-12.

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ministraciul-organizaciuli qvesistemebi. am institutebis meSveobiT yalibdeba regionuli ganviTarebis ideologia, rac gansazRvravs pirovnebis qcevas, socialur orientacias da sa-zogadoebis aqtiurobis SesaZleblobebs. municipaluri orga-noebis saqmianoba mosaxleobisadmi misi momsaxurebis unariT ganisazRvreba, samewarmeo da socialuri garemos gaumjobeseba TviTmmarTveli erTeulis funqcionirebis mizania, is yvelaze aqtiurad uwyobs xels TviT am subieqtebis damoukideblobis xarisxis da efeqtianobis zrdas. Tavisi misiis gansaxorcieleb-lad adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba finansur damoukideblo-bas saWiroebs, radganac am SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeebs meti SesaZ-lebloba aqvT zegavlena moaxdinon centraluri xelisuflebis regionul gadawyvetilebebze, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli su-bieqtebis ganviTarebis problematikis diagnostirebasa da sap-rognozo winadadebebis SemuSavebaze.

warmoebis ganviTareba da, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis keTil-dReobaze zrunva adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ZiriTadi amo-canaa, misTvis saWiro biujetis formireba ki, upirveles yovli-sa, adgilobriv resursebze momuSave, upiratesad, mcire sawar-moebiT aris ganpirobebuli. amdenad, finansuri resursebis mo-biloba adgilobrivi samewarmeo garemos aqtivizaciiT ganisazR-vreba. TviTdafinansebis realuri SesaZleblobis gamosavlenad aucilebelia regionis finansuri mdgomareobis mudmivi monito-ringi, sabiujeto saxsrebis ganawilebis dros ki dargobrivi da teritoriuli aspeqtebis optimaluri SeTanawyoba, regionuli sainvesticio prioritetebis gansazRvra, yvela regionisaTvis finansuri resursebis formirebisa da gamoyenebisaTvis Tanaba-ri pirobebis Seqmna. am miznebis realizebas emsaxureba klaste-ruli struqturebis amoqmedeba da ganviTarebis miZnobriv dap-rogramebaze gadasvla, raSic aqtiuri rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia avtonomiurad funqcionirebad TviTmmarTvel erTeulebs.

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MARINA TABATADZE

FINANCIAL ELEMENTS OF SELF-GOVERNMENTS’ DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

The State and municipal programs play significant role in the deve-lopment of regional economics. The aim of these programs is to create juridical and institutional basis for competitive business environment and to help the local authorities in autonomous performance. Local authoriti-es are generally characterized by a weak control on public expenses from the central government and also little flexibility in distributing financial resources. As they are also characterized by different conditions of soci-al-economic development, the State is responsible for leveling these dif-ferences by correct financial support. An important issue for this is to op-timize money transfer policies. It is necessary to balance the deficit bet-ween different municipalities - provoked by transferring incomes betwe-en budgets - by using equivalence transfers controlled by the central go-vernment. To achieve this, governments use so called “supporting indivi-dual coefficient”. The main factor for fulfill the transfer policies it to de-velop differentiated inter-budgetary relation. As for establishing rational fiscal policies, it is necessary to mark off budget authorities and pass on purposed-programmed financing for all level budgets. This should reflect real connection between the country’s economic development and the budget planning. This will increase the responsibility of each element in managing financial flows and using them efficiently. Transfer policies should take into account the State’s priorities, ensure necessary environ-ment for developing local business and provide them by essential recour-ses. It is advisable to replace the practice of supporting the regions by fi-nancial aids directly from the State budget, by sponsoring the essential programs of management. This approach serves in developing regions in general, and decreasing their dependence on the central government, at the same time. Nevertheless, to determine the correct amount of transfers, it is necessary to improve, first, the tools of administrating incomes in lo-cal budgets and second – study the directions of their mobilization. Sti-mulating the development of local businesses should decrease the depen-dence of local authorities on the State budget. This will help in their auto-nomous operation.

Budget systems include determining regional development regulati-ons, establishing spatial proportions of economies and forecasting the di-rections of their development. These are reflected in purposed programs that are responsible for protecting the interest of economic elements, ori-ented on revenue, and protecting the State’s regional goals.

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marine xubua

komerciul bankebSi finansuri analizis Catarebis organizaciis srulyofis sakiTxebi

komerciul bankebSi finansuri analizis ZiriTadi amoca-nebis realizacia SeuZlebelia misi organizaciis Sesabamisi do-nis, analizis miznebis formirebis, analitikuri amocanebis da-saxvis, maTi praqtikuli amoxsnis saSualebebis gansazRvris ga-reSe. finansuri analizi praqtikulad warmoadgens marTvis elements, mis Semadgenel nawils. amasTan, nebismieri obieqtis finansebis marTvaSi igulisxmeba `misi saqmianobis sawarmoo da finansuri mimarTulebis Sefaseba mis irgvliv garemos konteq-stSi, saxsrebis wyaroebis Zieba da mobilizeba am saqmianobis uz-runvelsayofad da finansuri gaangariSebebi yvela kontragen-tTan, romelTac gaaCniaT interesi mocemuli obieqtis mimarT (saxelmwifo, mesakuTreebi, investorebi, kreditorebi da sxva)~.1

finansuri analizis sxvadasxva saxeebi moiTxoven misi Ca-tarebis organizacias. ase mag: perspeqtiuli analizis organi-zacia gansxvavdeba mimdinare da operatiulisagan, kompleqsu-risa-Tematurisagan da a. S.2 amave dros, yvela saxis organizaci-a, rogorc wesi unda Seicavdes rig standartul proceduras (e-taps), saxeldobr:

analizis obieqtisa da subieqtis gansazRvras;

analizis Catarebis organizaciuli formebis SerCe-vas;

analizis calkeul subieqtebs Soris valdebulebebis ganawilebas;

analitikuri samuSaoebis meTodur da informaciul uzrunvelyofas;

sameurneo erTeulebis saqmianobis monacemebis ana-litikur damuSavebas;

analizis Sedegebis gaformebasa da Seswavlas;

analizis Sedegebis mixedviT winadadebebis realiza-cias.

analitikuri saqmianobis organizaciaze bankSi uamravi faqtori moqmedebs, romelTa Sorisac ufro arsebiTia: bankis

1 В. В. Koвалев. Управление финансами. Учебное пособие. М., 1998, gv. 16. 2 m. jiqia, r. CeCelaSvili, f. burduli. ekonomikuri analizi. Tb., 2009, gv. 12.

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mier SerCeuli saqmianobis strategia, kapitalisa da aqtivebis moculoba, personalis ricxvi, dawesebulebaSi kompiuteruli qselis arseboba, personalis kvalifikaciis done, gansakuTre-biT menejerebisa da a. S.

sakredito organizaciebSi analitikuri funqciebis rea-lizacia unda xdebodes Sesabamisi struqturuli qvedanayofis meSveobiT (ZiriTadi struqturuli erTeulis statusiT, de-partamentis, sammarTvelos da sxva. an ZiriTadi struqturuli erTeulebis SemadgenlobaSi) xSirad, bankebSi analitikuri sa-muSaos organizacia xdeba Sereuli principiT, anu iqmneba spe-cialuri struqturebi analizis Casatareblad da rig struq-turul qvedanayofSi gamoiyofa ganyofileba da specialistTa jgufi, romelTa valdebulebacaa analitikuri funqciebis Ses-ruleba, amasTan analitikuri samuSaos specializirebuli Ses-rulebis maRali done anu specialuri analitikuri qvedanayo-fis Seqmna, udavoa mniSvnelovnad aamaRlebs analizis dones.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac analizis Casatareblad ar aris ga-moyofili calke struqturuli qvedanayofi, analitikuri saq-mianobis organizaciaSi wamyvani roli unda mivakuTvnoT sageg-mo-ekonomikur departaments. man unda ganaxorcielos bankis yvela qvedanayofebis analitikuri samuSaoebis koordinacia, agreTve maT mier Catarebuli analizis Sedegebis ganzogadoeba. saWiroa, rom am departamentis muSakebi flobdnen bankSi finan-suri analizis Catarebis sferos meTodologias da organizaci-as. erkveodnen misi sakiTxebis mTel kompleqsSi, ramdenadac isi-ni piradad arian dakavebulni bankis strategiisa da taqtikis Se-muSavebiT, biznes-dagegmviT, misi realizaciis kontroliT, ban-kis yvela qvedanayofis analizis Sedegebis ganzogadebiT.

bankis saqmianobis analizis ganyofilebis amocanaSi unda Sevides bankis Sedegiani finansuri maCveneblebis analizis Ca-tareba, pirvel rigSi kapitalze mogebis norma; (sakuTari da na-sesxebi); Semosavlebis norma;procentuli marJa; aqtivebis Se-mosavlianoba; gacemul kreditebze gadavadebuli davalianebis done; sabanko xarjebis saerTo TanxaSi sammarTvelo danaxarje-bis wili (operaciuli da araoperaciuli); rentabeloba da sxva maCveneblebi, agreTve bankis saqmianobis ufro Semosavliani mi-marTulebebis gamovlena. pasivebis, aqtivebis da likvidurobis marTvis mixedviT analizi unda Cautardes bankis likvidurobis aucilebeli donis SenarCunebis sakiTxebs (mimdinare, saSualo-vadiani, grZelvadiani), bankis aqtivebisa da pasivebis raciona-luri struqturebis Camoyalibebas, maTi struqturebis opti-mizaciis winadadebebis momzadebas, sakredito riskis donis Se-fasebas, aqtivebis sxvadasxva jgufebis Semosavlianobas, ban-kTaSoriso kreditebis mozidvisa da gamoyenebis efeqturobas.

aqtivebis marTvis xarisxis analizi unda ganxorcieldes

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ufro kvalificiuri specialistebis jgufis mier, vinaidan, aq-tivebis marTvisa da misi realizaciis meTodis SerCevazea damo-kidebuli mTlianad sabanko dawesebulebis muSaobis stabilu-roba. analizis Catarebis regularoba unda ganisazRvros im mo-culobebiTa da vadebiT, romliTac gacemulia kreditebi.

anabrebisa da gasacemi kreditebis doneSi mosalodneli meryeobis moculobis gamovlena ufro TvalsaCinod SeiZleba ganxorcieldes grafikuli da analitikuri cxrilis daxmarebiT.

pasivebis, aqtivebis da likvidurobis marTvis analizis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa likvidurobis mimdinare maC-veneblebis regularuli Sedareba da Sefaseba normativebTan, romelic dadgenilia saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier.

investicia da komerciuli kreditebis departamentis mier ganxorcielebuli analitikuri saqmianoba mimarTuli un-da iyos sabanko riskebis maqsimalurad Semcirebisaken. analizis ZiriTad amocanaTa ricxvs unda mivakuTvnoT: sesxebis Sefase-bis kriteriumebis SerCeva, romlebic Seadgenen bankis sakredi-to portfels, am kriteriumebis safuZvelze sesxebis Sefasebis sistemis SemuSaveba; sakredito portfelis struqturis Seswav-la klasificirebuli sesxebis jgufebis WrilSi; yoveli CamoT-vlili jgufis saprocento riskis sididis Sefaseba, sesxebis gamo mosalodneli danakargebisaTvis rezervis sakmarisobis gansazRvra; sakredito portfelis xarisxis gazrdis da sakma-risi rezervis Sesaqmneli RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba.

am qvedanayofis analizis organizaciis dros saWiroa gaT-valiswinebul iqnes misi muSaobis SeTanxmebulobis xarisxi-sa-qarTvelos erovnuli bankis fulad sakredito politikis Ziri-Tad mimarTulebasTan, komerciuli bankebis sakredito poli-tikaSi mimdinare procesebis aRricxvis operatiulobasTan.

dakreditebis procesSi yoveli etapis analizi unda mox-des: sakredito xelSekrulebebis momzadebisa da dadebis dros, maTi gamoyenebis Tvalyuris devnisa da kontrolis dros, kre-ditebze procentis gadaxdisa da ganaRdebis dros. gansakuTre-biT mniSvnelovania analizi msesxeblebTan sakredito xelSek-rulebebis momzadebisa da dadebisas, radgan maszea damokide-buli dakreditebis mTeli Semdgomi procesi da Sedegebi. kre-ditebis daubruneblobis albaTobis maqsimaluri Semcirebi-saTvis saWiroa, rom sakredito ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelobam analizis Camtarebeli muSakebi uzrunvelyos naTlad Camoyali-bebuli moTxovnebiT msesxeblis finansuri mdgomareobis gan-sazRvrisa da riskis xarisxis SefasebisaTvis.

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ekonomikuri analizi fasiani qaRaldebis departamentis muSaobaSi, amasTan fasiani qaRal-debis operaciis analizis Catarebis iseTi perioduloba unda dawesdes, romelic finansur bazarze mimdinare cvlilebebze

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operatiulad reagirebis SesaZleblobas mogvcems. amitom ana-litikuri samuSaos organizacia unda iTvaliswinebdes Semdegi ZiriTadi sakiTxebis dasmasa da Seswavlas, rogoricaa: fasiani qaRaldebis struqtura da saxeebi, romliTac muSaobs banki; rogoria bankis mdgomareoba, rogorc fasiani qaRaldebis baz-ris monawilesi; rogor fasian qaRaldebs uSvebs igi da rogors yidulobs; rogoria bankis sakredito portfelSi saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis wili da maTTan muSaobis teqnika; rogoria finansuri riskis moculoba da maTi fasiani qaRaldebis momava-li Rirebulebis prognozirebis gamoyenebuli meTodebi. aRniS-nulidan gamomdinare saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis samuSao-Ti dakavebul qvedanayofSi analizis ZiriTad amocanas warmo-adgens finansuri instrumentebis xarisxis Seswavla, Semosavlia-nobis (auqcionidan Semosavlianoba, Semosavlianoba anazRaure-bisagan, diskontis sidide), likvidurobis da riskis poziciidan.

informatikis departamentis mier ganxorcielebuli ana-lizi warmoadgens axali sabanko teqnologiis danergvis samuSa-os mniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawils. avtomatizaciis sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebebis miReba SeuZlebelia bazarze Tavsayrelad arsebuli programebis, produqtebisa da teqnikis Rrma da yo-velmxrivi Seswavlis gareSe, maTi SeZenis danaxarjebisa da maTi gamoyenebisagan gaTvliswinebuli Semosavlis, sxva upirateso-bebisa da naklovanebebis Sepirispirebis gareSe.

finansuri angariSgebis da ekonomikuri analizis Semu-Savebis avtomatizaciis ganyofilebaSi bankis finansuri anga-riSgebis saxeebisa da formebis, sagadasaxado inspeqciaSi war-dgenis vadebis, masSi Semavali da misi maformirebuli sainfor-macio nakadebis gamovlenis gaTvaliswinebiT, e.i programiste-bisa da analitikosebis mier unda yalibdebodes bankis finansu-ri angariSgebis Sedgenis amocanebi, romelic xels unda uwyob-des bankSi iseTi avtomatizirebuli sistemis Camoyalibebas, romelic ZiriTadi iqneboda bankis ara marto mimdinare mdgo-mareobis analizis CatarebisaTvis, aramed prognozirebis, mTe-li sammarTvelo sistemis sayrdeni. Tanac TviT analitikuri sa-muSaos da analizis Sedegebis gaformebis moxerxebulobisaT-vis, am sistemaSi unda Sediodes aucileblobis Sesabamisad yo-velgvari grafikebis, cxrilebis, diagramebis, dokumentebisa da registrebis unificirebuli formebi.

sabuRaltro aRricxvisa da angariSsworebis departa-menti unda axorcielebdes komerciuli bankis finansuri saqmi-anobis ekonomikuri analizis regularulad Catarebas Tavisi funqcionaluri valdebulebebis gamo. garda amisa, is amzadebs sainformcio bazas sxva struqturul qvedanayofebSi analizis Casatareblad. sabuRaltro aRricxvis monacemebidan bankis xarjebis, Semosavlebis da mogebis Tanxis gamovlenis safuZvel-

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ze xdeba bankis balansis optimaluri marTva. usafrTxoebis marTvis specialistebma, romlebic awar-

moeben bankis qvedanayofis saqmianobis efeqturobis analizs, unda miaqcion yuradReba bankisa da mis garSemo operatiul mdgomareobas, droulad gamoavlinon da moaxdinon Sinagani da gare safrTxis likvidacia. Tavdacvis saxeebis da formis SerCe-vis analizi, dRevandeli arsebuli teqnikuri saSualebebis Ri-rebulebisa da saimedobis TvalsazrisiT, unda myardebodes Se-saZlo safrTxisa da riskis, agreTve saSualebebis prioritetu-lobis principebze, romlebic uzrunvelyofen bankis persona-lis da klientebis sicocxlis dacvas, maTi gamoyenebis legalu-robasa da kanonzomierebas.

bankis sainformacio usafrTToebis problemebis Seswav-lisas analizs unda eqvemdebarebodes maTSi gamoyenebuli da-muSavebuli avtomatizirebuli informaciis dacvis uzrunvel-yofis meTodebi da teqnologiebi, bankTaSorisi eleqtronuli gadaricxvebi da sabuTebi, sakredito baraTebis, eleqtruli Ce-kebis sistemebi.

dakreditebis riskis Sefasebis sakiTxebs, garantiebisa da Tavdebobis gacemas, partniorebisa da klientebis saimedobas da kreditunarianobis Sesaxeb wyaroebis Ziebisa da anlizis sa-kiTxebs damoukidebeli mniSvneloba gaaCniaT. saerTaSoriso an-gariSsworebis Rrma finansuri analizis gareSe ar SeiZleba gada-iWras savaluto operaciebis sabanko momsaxurebis sferos ganvi-Tarebis da srulyofis problemebi. savaluto momsaxurebis axa-li saxeebis Zieba da danergva. ucxour bankebTan TanamSromlo-bis ganviTareba, gafarToeba da sruyofa bankis klientebis saer-TaSoriso angariSsworebis ganxorcielebis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis mizniT mimdinareobs.

auditis analizis obieqts warmoadgens filialebi, stru-qturuli da funqcionaluri qvedanayofebi, romlebic emsaxu-rebian bankis sameurneo qvedanayofebs. amasTan analizis orga-nizacia damokidebelia auditoruli Semowmebis mizansa da amo-canebze.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare finansuri anali-zi Seiswavlis finansur urTierTobebs, gamoxatuls finansur kategoriebSi da finansur maCveneblebSi. amasTan misi roli ko-merciuli bankis marTvaSi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi warmoad-gens: mmarTvelobis damoukidebel funqcias; finansuri marTve-lobis instruments da misi Sefasebis meTods.

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MARINE KHUBUA

ISSUES OF IMPROVEMENT OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AT THE COMMERCIAL BANKS

Financial analysis could not be conducted at the commercial banks,

without its adequate organization, formulation of the goals of analysis, stating of the analytical objectives, identification of the ways of their practical solution. On the basis of study and generalization of the practice and experience of the methodologies of the countries with the developed market economies the systemic approach to the issues of organization and methodology of implementation of the financial analysis at the com-mercial banks is developed. The role of financial analysis in the manage-ment, not only as the management element but also means for evaluation of the management quality is explained.

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nana kacitaZe

sawarmoo organizaciebis sareklamo saqmianobis efeqtianoba

Tanamedrove adamiani yoveldRiurad didi raodeno-

bis sareklamo informaciis agresiis qveS eqceva. reklama televiziaSi, reklama gazeTSi, reklama quCaSi... reklama yvelgan! mokled, reklamas ukve versad daemalebiT.

dRevandel msoflioSi TiTqmis yvela kompania mimar-Tavs Tavisi brendis reklamirebas da misi meSveobiT kompa-niis aRmavlobis gzaze dayenebas cdilobs, Tumca zedmeti aqtiuroba upirobod rodi niSnavs warmatebas. organiza-ciebi yovelwliurad uzarmazar Tanxebs xarjaven rekla-maSi da imedovneben, rom yvelaferi kargad iqneba. magram, xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac Sedegi ar amarTlebs molo-dins da marketingis biujetis sakmaod soliduri nawili `wyalSi iyreba~. efeqturi sareklamo kampaniis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba am sferoSi codnasa da gamocdilebas mo-iTxovs. xolo qarTuli bazarze marketinguli da sarekla-mo saqmianobis mcire xnis istoria am sakiTxs adgilobrivi sawarmoebisaTvis kidev ufro aqtualurs xdis.

#1 cxrilSi mocemulia 2006-2009 wlebSi sawarmoTa (pirveli oceuli) sareklamo xarjebi saqarTvelos bazar-ze. cxrilSi moyvanili cifrebis sidide sakmaod solidu-ria da Sesabamisad reklamis damkveTisawarmoo organiza-ciebi moelian maqsimalur Sedegs, rac reklamis efeqtia-nobas gulisxmobs. sareklamo saqmianobis warmatebis mi-saRwevad saWiro biujetTan erTad saWiroa sareklamo kam-paniis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebisas misi miznebisa da principebis reklamis damkveTis saerTo marketingul miz-nebsa da strategiasTan drouli SeTanxmeba. daSvebulma Secdomebma SeiZleba avnos ara marto sareklamo RonisZie-bas, aramed firmis mTel saqmianobasac.

reklamis damkveTni, miiswrafian ra reklamaSi Cadebu-li investiciebidan miiRon maqsimaluri mogeba, TavianT mmarTvelobiT struqturebSi qmnian marketingisa da rek-lamis qvedanayofebs. bolo xuTi wlia saqarTvelos bazar-ze didi da saSualo firmebSi intensiurad iqmneba marke-

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tingis, reklamis an sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis ganyo-filebebi, xolo patara firmebSi am funqciebs asruleben menejerebi an sxva specialsitebi. msxvili reklamis dam-kveTebi sareklamo procesSi erTvebian sakuTari sarekla-mo ganyofilebis an Sidasafirmo saagentos meSveobiT. sa-reklamo saqmianobaze pasuxismgebloba ekisreba reklamis menejers, reklamis direqtors an sareklamo ganyofile-bis ufross. tipiur kompaniaSi, romelic awarmoebs sxva-dasxva saxis iseT saqonels, romlebic erTiandebian jgu-febad savaWro markebis mixedviT, yovel aseT jgufs mar-Tavs savaWro markis menejeri, romelic aseve pasuxismgebe-lia konkretuli markis reklamirebasa da saerTod mis ga-saRebis stimulirebis yvela mimarTulebaze.

sareklamo saqmianobis xelmZRvaneli, reklamis mene-jeri ayalibebs sareklamo ganyofilebas, akompleqtebs m specialistebiT, irCevs sareklamo saagentos, axorcie-lebs koordinacias kompaniis sxvadasxva ganyofilebebsa da momijnave organizaciis samsaxurebTan, axorcielebs sareklamo saqmianobis kontrolsac. amowmebs ramdenad swored aris SerCeuli dro, adgili da sivrce reklamisaT-vis, eteva Tu ara sareklamo saqmianoba gamoyofil biu-jetSi da bolos, emsaxureba Tu ara reklama dasaxuli miz-nebisa da amocanebis Sesrulebas.

kompaniebi, romelTac esaWiroebaT gansakuTrebuli kontroli reklamaze, qmnian sakuTar Sida safirmo sarek-lamo saagentoebs. zogjer msxvili kompaniebi miiCneven, rom Tu TviTon damoukideblad Seqmnian reklamas, maT mie-cemT SesaZlebloba Seamciron xarjebi da operatiulad Seamowmon Sesrulebis vadebi. firmis sakuTari sareklamo saagentoebi asruleben damoukidebeli saagentos umrav-les, xolo zogjer yvela funqcias Tavidan bolomde. am SemTxvevaSi firma gansazRvravs sareklamo saagentos or-ganizaciul struqturasac, romelic SeiZleba iyos sasa-qonlo, sabazro an funqcionaluri.

cxrili #1. sawarmoTa sreklamo xarjebi saqarTvelos

bazarze 2006-2009ww. (pirveli oceuli)

reklamis damkveTni/wlebi 2006 2007 2008 2009

PROCTER & GAMBLE 2,698,293 $ 2,390,951 $ 10,431,518$


MAGTI GSM 3,253,105 $ 2,632,406 $ 5,710,289 $ 5,254,072 $ GEOCELL 2,775,663 $ 2,290,620 $ 3,273,797 $ 3,508,872 $ AVERSI 1,220,931 $ 1,955,571 $ 2,507,449 $ 2,339,333 $

PSP 934,356 $ 1,771,325 $ 1,357,141 $ 1,920,126 $ GPC 13,283 $ 96,922 $ 557,505 $ 1,908,206 $

LUDSAKHARSHI NATAKHTARI 786,362 $ 1,619,855 $ 1,765,984 $ 1,856,831 $

COLGATE PALMOLIVE 5,041,879 $ 1,748,527 $ 922,405 $ 1,754,635 $ COCA COLA 1,247459 $ 1,884,015 $ 94,660 $ 317,931 $

MARS 1,117,888 $ 1,153,422 $ 2,359,070 $ 1,546,410 $ TBC BANK 612,913 $ 768,057 $ 1,385,144 $ 1,468,838 $

PROCREDIT BANK 522,717 $ 587,883 $ 833,537 $ 579,353 $ BEKO 927,359 $ 388,682 $ 515,493 $ 479,675 $

ELIT ELECTRONICS maRaziaTa qseli 1,710,446 $ 1,291,129 $ 995,081 $ 468,414 $

POPULI 21,054 $ 134,579 $ 75,448 $ 409,608 $

BANK REPUBLIKC Societe Generale Group 94,455 $ 427,692 $ 481,351 $ 395,632 $

WISSOL PETROLIUM GEORGIA 39,950 $ 523,155 $ 326,756 $ 366,957 $

MC DONALDS 51,272 $ 111,570 $ 224,587 $ 366,277 $ DANIURI SAKHLI 320,647 $ 267,995 $ 561,366 $ 361,442 $

VESTEL 230,899 $ 239,764 $ 25,883 $ 343,365 $

wyaro: TV MR GE AGB Nielsen Georgia IPM Georgia „Ti-bi-si studia“ `Ti-bi-si~ bankis sakuTari sarekla-

mo saagentoa, rogorc kompaniis erT-erTi struqturuli erTeuli, misi Semadgeneli nawilia, mTlianad mas ekuTvnis da asrulebs sareklamo momsaxurebis srul cikls, rac gulisxmobs, marketingul kvlevebs, sareklamo produqtis Seqmnas da mis ganTavseba da bolos, mis efeqtianobis kvle-vasac. aseTi sruqturis formireba mflobels saSualebas aZlevs miiRos ramodenime saxis upiratesoba:

reklamis damkveTs SesaZleblobaeZleva dazogos saxsrebi romelsac is uxdida sareklamo saagen-tos reklamis ganTavsebisaTvis, e.i. dazogos sa-komisio 15 % da damatebiTi xarjebisaTvis kidev 25 % sareklamo produqciis Rirebulebidan.

reklamis damkveTs sruli imedi aqvs, rom Tavisi sareklamo saagentodan eqneba maqsimaluri yu-radReba.

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Sida safirmo saagento ufro ukeTesad erkveva Tavisi kompaniis saqonlisa da bazris specifika-Si.

ufro gamartivebuli da gaadvilebulia kontro-li sareklamo produqciis Seqmnaze.

miuxedavad am upiratesobebisa unda aRiniSnos, rom Sida safirmo sareklamo saagentoebs gaaCniaT naklovane-bebic. upirveles yovlisa isini arian subieqturni, vinai-dan maT ar SeuZliaT gverdidan dainaxon da Seafason si-tuacia. ar arian sakmarisad moqnilni, Zalian arian damoki-debulni kompaniis mflobelis Sexedulebebsa da gemovne-baze da sxva.

amrigad, reklamaSi efeqtianobis sakiTxi mTavaria. vi-naidan reklamireba mniSvnelovan Tanxebs iTxovs (ix. cxri-li#1), xolo sareklamo kampaniis Sedegebi aisaxeba kompa-niebis sameurneo saqmianobis finansur maCveneblebSi (pro-duqciis realizacia, brunvisa da mogebis zrda da sxva).

aqedan gamomdinare, yoveli firma am mizniT gaweuli xarjebis SedegebiT sisxlxorceulad unda iyos daintere-sebuli. saqarTvelos sawarmoTa sareklamo saqmianobis Seswavlis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom saqarTvelos bazarze maT mier ganxorcielebuli sareklamo saqmianobis efeq-turobiT faqtobrivad mxolod sawarmoTa 80% interesde-ba. aqedan naxevari reklamis xarisxobrivi (komunikaciur), xolo 10-15% reklamis raodenobrivi(ekonomikur) efeqti-anobas ikvlevs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom adgilobrivi firme-bis mier reklama bazris analizisaTvis, rogorc erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saSualeba (sareklamo gancxadebebis Seswav-la-SepirispirebiT dargSi SesaZlebelia liderebis da uaxloesi konkurentebis gamovlena), savaWro markis win-svlis, firmis krizisidan gamoyvanis da, rac mTavaria, ro-gorc Sedegi biznesSi warmatebisaTvis ar gamoiyeneba.

is faqti rom sawarmoTa sareklamo saqmianobasa da zogadad reklamis xasiaTSi Zalian swrafad da adekvatu-rad aisaxeba qveynis stabiluroba da ekonomikuri ganviTa-rebis done. kargad Cans #2 cxrilis monacemebiT. 2008 wlamde yvela dargSi reklamaze investiciebis zrda aSka-raa. krizisamde yvelaze aqtiur sferoebs bazarze moRvawe `sabanko~ da `samSeneblo~ brendebi warmoadgendnen, dRei-saTvis es pozicia mobilur operatorebs uWiravT. deve-loperuli kompaniebis aqtiuroba praqtikulad nuls

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utoldeba. sabanko sferos aqtivobac 2010 wlis gazafxu-lamde sakmaod Semcirebuli iyo. media aqtivobiT mxolod ori sabanko brendi, `saqarTvelos banki~ da `Tibisi banki~ gamoirCeodnen. naTelia, rom kompania `bilaini~ misi arse-bobis istiriaSi uprecedento aqtivobis niSnuls uaxlov-deba.

rogorc ekve avRniSneT Seicvala sareklamo mimar-Tvebis Sinaarsi da momxmareblis fasze mgrZnobelobis principidan gamomdinare damkveTebi reklamas ZiriTadad fasdaklebebis gamocxadebisTvis ukveTaven. sayuradRe-boa is faqtic, rom bolo periodSi saqarTveloSi ganviTa-rebul movlenebamde masobriv mediaSic gaCnda reklama fufunebis sagnebze. es imaze metyvelebda, rom Cvens qveya-naSi ukve arsebobda aseTi saqonlis momxmarebelis arc Tu ise patara segmenti.

cxrili #2. 2005-2009 ww. danaxarjebi reklmaze 10 seqtoris

mixedviT

wyaro: TV MR GE AGB Nielsen Georgia IPM Georgia

seqtori/wlebi 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

komunikaciebi 15% 15% 11% 17% 12%

mSenebloba da remonti 2% 5% 8% 9% 2%

wamlebi 5% 6% 9% 9% 8%

finansebi 3% 4% 8% 9% 5%

sakonditro nawarmi 4% 4% 6% 8% 5%

gasarTobi RonisZiebebi 17% 12% 6% 7% 7%

vaWroba 3% 5% 6% 6% 3%

higiena 18% 16% 9% 5% 14%

medicina 2% 2% 2% 4% 6%

alkoholuri sasmelebi 4% 4% 6% 3% 3%

sxva danarCeni 26% 27% 28% 25% 35%

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rogorc zemoT avRniSneT Seicvala, rogorc rekla-mis Sinaarsi aseve sareklamo saSualebebze simZimis cen-trma sxva saSualebebze gadainacvla. Tanamedrove peri-odSi yuradReba eqceva Semdegi parametrebis cvlilebebs: axali myidvelebis raodenoba, yvela myidvelis raodeno-ba, gayidvebis moculoba. agreTve iseTi parametrebi, ro-goricaa sxvadasxva sareklamo RonisZiebebiT moziduli axali klientebi. saqarTveloSi sawarmoTa sareklamo st-rategiaSic aseTive tendencia SeimCneva. bolo periodSi konkurenti firmebis mxridan momxmareblis dainteresebi-sa da gadmobirebas sargeblani momsaxurebis produtis, fasebis, xarisxis da saqonlis samomxmareblo Tvisebebis SeTavazebiT, bevri sawarmo warmatebiT axircielebs. ase magaliTad, „Ti bi si bankma“ „smarT klubi“ Camoayaliba, misi mTavari daniSnuleba bankis erTguli momxmareblis erT sivrceSi gaerTianebaa, rac qarTuli sabanko seqtorisTvis inovaciuri ideaa. klubis wevrebi zedmeti Zalisxmevis ga-reSe, bankis momsaxurebiT sargeblobis Sedegad „smarT qu-lebs“ daagroveben, rasac Semdeg bankis partnior obieqtebSi sasurvel saCuqrebze gadacvlian.

SemdgomSi sasaCuqre barTebis aqtiurad gamoyenebam sxvadasxva dargebSi firmebis erTguli momxmareblis Camo-yalibebas Seuwyo xeli. momxmareblisTvis kargadaa cnobi-li farmacevtuli firmis àversis~ `mtredi~, GPC-`zRar-bi~, `populis~ popul baraTebi. amave dros es baraTebi firmisTvis momxmareblTa monacemTa bazis Seqmnis kargi saSualeba da aseve momxmarebelze informaciis mniSvnelo-vani wyaroa.

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos bazarze sawarmoo or-ganizaciebis sareklamo saqmianobis zrda aSkarad saxezea. magram, saqarTvelos bazarze sawarmoebi, Tu, ra maqsimalu-ri efeqtianobiT gamoiyeneben reklamis biujets, am kiTxva-ze pasuxi Zalian Znelia. sirTule ZiriTadad gamomdinare-obs aramarto reklamis efeqtianobaze moqmedi mravali faqtoridan, aramed, reklamis Sedegianobis mimarT damkve-Ti organizaciebis araswori damokidebulebiT. isini rek-lamis efeqtianobas ganixilaven sareklamo saSualebis mier erTi momxmareblis mocvis xarjiT da ara gayidvebis mocu-lobis zrdiT. Zalian xSirad mwarmoeblebs sareklamo or-ganizaciebis mimarT TavianTi firmis gayidvebis statisti-kis gamJRavneba uWirT. es monacemebi ki saWiroa marketin-

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guli komunikaciebis monitoringisaTvis, angariSebis mo-samzadeblad da analitikuri SefasebisaTvi, is Zalze mniS-vnelovania strategiaSi Semdgomi koreqtirebis Sesatanad.

amrigad, sawarmoo organizaciebis mier sareklamo kampania unda ganixilebodes, rogorc proeqti, romelsac aqvs mkafio da gazomvadi amocana da, romlis misaRwevadac aseve mkafiod daTvladi resursebi gamoiyeneba.

NANA KATSITADZE

ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS OF ENTERPRISES ON GEORGIAN MARKET

This work presents the advertising activities of enterprises. Re-

cently, (2005-2008) Georgian market research shows, that after the Au-gust events advertising market growth significantly reduced, and one ad-vertising opportunity was replaced by another much more effective op-portunities. This work also includes advertising attitude. 80% of enterpri-ses explore effectiveness of advertising quality, and 10-15% explores them by the quantitative effectiveness of advertising campaigns. An ap-proaching like this to the results of Advertising indicates that Georgian producers do not see advertising as an important factor in business. In this work, author offers to Advertising clients, AD effectiveness of a comprehensive evaluation method.

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nino xarebava

sawarmoo firmis finansuri strategiuli miznebis formirebis algoriTmi

sawarmoo firmis saqmianobis strategiuli finansuri miz-

nebi warmoadgens formulirebuli saxiT aRwerili misi sabo-loo strategiuli poziciebis sasurvel parametrebs. am para-metrebis saSualebiT, momavalSi SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes sameurneo saqmianobis marTva grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi da moxdes Sedegebis Sefaseba. problemis aqtualobidan gamomdina-re, samewarmeo saqmianobis praqtikaSi firmis finansuri saqmia-nobis strategiuli miznebis formireba iTxovs maT winaswar klasifikacias garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT. finansuri menejmen-tis fundamentaluri moTxovnaa, rom strategiuli miznebis klasifikacia moxdes garkveuli niSnebis mixedviT, kerZod, ga-moyofen ZiriTad maTgans:

mosalodneli efeqtis saxeebis mixedviT, sawarmos finan-suri saqmianobis miznebi iyofa ekonomikur da araekonomikur saxeebad. ekonomikuri pirdapir dakavSirebulia sawarmos Ri-rebulebis zrdasTan an gansaxilvel perspeqtivaSi finansuri saqmianobis sxva ekonomikuri Sedegebis miRwevasTan. finansuri strategiis araekonomikuri miznebi dakavSirebulia socialuri amocanebis gadawyvetasTan, ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrun-velyofasTan, sawarmos statusisa da reputaciis amaRlebasTan. Tumca am strategiuli miznebis realizacia ar aris pirdapir dakavSirebuli firmis Rirebulebis zrdasTan, magram am Rire-bulebis formirebaze maTi iribi gavlena SeiZleba iyos sakmaod mniSvnelovani.

prioritetuli mniSvnelobiT firmis finansuri saqmia-nobis strategiuli miznebi moicavs Semdeg elementebs:

finansuri saqmianobis mTavari strategiuli miza-ni, romelic rogorc wesi emTxveva finansuri mar-Tvis mTavar mizans. amasTanave misi formulireba Se-iZleba atarebdes ufro gaSlil xasiaTs, konkretuli sawarmos finansuri saqmianobis Taviseburebebis gaT-valiswinebiT.

finansuri saqmianobis ZiriTadi strategiuli miz-nebi, am jgufSi Sedis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani strategiuli miznebi, romlebic uSualod mimarTu-lia firmis finansuri saqmianobis mTavari miznis miR-wevisaken.

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finansuri saqmianobis damxmare strategiuli miz-nebi, moicaven sawarmos finansuri saqmianobis yvela sxva ekonomikuri da araekonomikuri miznebi.

finansuri ganviTarebis dominanturi mimarTulebis (sferoebis) mixedviT strategiuli miznebis klasifikaciaSi ga-moyofilia oTxi qvejgufi:

finansuri resursebis formirebis potencialis zrdis miznebi, moicavs miznebis sistema, romelic uz-runvelyofs sakuTari finansuri resursebis formi-rebis potencialis gafarToebas Sinagani wyaroebidan, agreTve igi zrdis sawarmos dafinansebis SesaZleblo-bebs gare wyaroebidan.

finansuri resursebis gamoyenebis efeqturobis amaRlebis miznebi. es miznebi dakavSirebulia finan-suri resursebis sameurneo saqmianobis sferoebisa da strategiuli sameurneo erTeulis mixedviT ganawile-bis optimizaciasTan, romelsac safuZvlad udevs fir-mis Rirebulebis kriteriumi da agreTve SesaZlebelia sxva ekonomikuri kriteriumebis gaTvaliswineba, rom-lebic uzrunvelyofen firmis Rirebulebis zrdas.

sawarmos finansuri usafrTxoebis donis amaRle-bis miznebi — axasiaTebs mizanTa kompleqs, romelic mimarTulia sawarmos finansuri wonasworobis uz-runvelyofaze, misi strategiuli ganviTarebisa da gakotrebis safrTxis Tavidan acilebaze.

finansuri saqmianobis marTvis amaRlebis miznebi — mimarTulia finansuri saqmianobis yvela aspeqtebis mixedviT marTvis xarisxobrivi parametrebis amaRle-bisaken: Sedegianoba, komunikabeluroba, progresu-loba, saimedovnoba, adapturoba da a.S.

moqmedebebis mimarTulebis mixedviT ayalibeben strate-giuli finansuri miznebis jgufs Semdeg WrilSi: ganviTarebis tendenciebis mxardamWeri miznebi, romlebic Tavismxriv mimar-Tulia finansuri saqmianobis ganviTarebis tendenciebis mxar-dasaWerad. saubaria firmis maRali Sida finansuri potenciali-sa da zrdis xelsayrel gare SesaZleblobebze, romelTa gamov-lena xdeba sawarmos finansuri strategiuli analizis proces-Si. kerZod:

miznebi, romlebic mimarTulia gare safrTxeebis gadalaxvaze. aseTi miznebis amocanas warmoadgens ga-re finansuri garemos calkeuli faqtorebis ganviTa-rebis mosalodneli negatiuri Sedegebis neitraliza-ciis uzrunvelyofa.

sawarmos susti Sida poziciebis gadalaxvaze mimar-

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Tuli miznebi. aseTi miznebis sistema mowodebulia, rom gaaZlieros finansuri saqmianobis calkeuli as-peqtebi, romlebic identificirebulia sawarmos stra-tegiuli finansuri poziciis mier, rogorc sustebi.

strategiuli marTvis obieqtebis mixedviT miznebi jgu-fdeba Semdegnairad:

saerTo korporaciuli finansuri miznebi, romle-bic TamaSoben garkveul rols da ukaviaT, rogorc wesi gadamwyveti adgili finansur saqmianobaSi.

sameurneo saqmianobis calkeuli mimarTulebebis finansuri miznebi. mocemuli jgufebis finansuri miznebi dakavSirebulia sameurneo saqmianobis stru-qturaSi gamoyofili mimarTulebebis formirebas-Tan, ganviTarebasTan da efeqturi saqmianobis uzru-nvelyofasTan. finansuri miznebi sawarmos sxva fun-qcionaluri strategiebis mimarT asruleben ZiriTad mxardamWer rols.

calkeuli sameurneo strategiuli erTeulebis fi-nansuri miznebi. aseTi miznebi dakavSirebulia sxva-dsxva tipis `pasuxismgeblobis centrebis~ formire-bis da ganviTarebis finansur mxardaWerasTan da uSu-alo kavSirSi arian maT strategiul miznebTan.

mosalodnel Sedegebze gavlenis xasiaTis mixedviT ga-moyofen Semdeg finansur strategiebs:

pirdapiri strategiuli miznebi, romlebic uSua-lod dakavSirebulni arian finansuri saqmianobis sa-boloo SedegebTan;

mxardamWeri strategiuli miznebi, romelTa erTia-noba mimarTulia finansuri saqmianobis procesSi pirdapiri strategiuli miznebis realizaciisaken. am jgufis miznebs SeiZleba miekuTvnos axali finansuri teqnologiebis gamoyeneba. finansuri saqmianobis marTvis axal organizaciul struqturaze gadasvla, finansuri menejerebis organizaciuli kulturis formireba da a.S. sxvadasxva avtorebi strategiuli miznebis kvalifikaciis dros gamodian sakmaod gan-sxvavebuli principebidan. amitom strategiuli miz-nebis zemoT Camoyalibebuli klasifikacia SeiZleba atarebdes garkveuli doziT pirobiT xasiaTs imis Se-degad, rom finansuri saqmianobis mTavari strategi-uli miznis mimarT finansuri saqmianobis yvela sxva miznebi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc mxardamWe-ri miznebi.

sawarmos finansuri saqmianobis strategiuli miznebis ze-

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moT ganxiluli klasifikaciis principebis safuZvelze, xorci-eldeba finansuri strategiuli miznebis formirebis proce-sis organizacia. is mimdinareobs Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:

pirveli — formulirdeba sawarmos finansuri filoso-fia. finansuri saqmianobis strategiuli miznebis formireba efuZneba konkretuli sawarmos finasnur filosofias. finansu-ri filosofia axasiaTebs konkretuli sawarmos finansuri saqmi-anobis ganxorcielebis fuZemdebluri principebis sistemas, ro-melic ganisazRvreba misi misiiT, ganviTarebis saerTo filo-sofiiT, misi damfuZneblebisa da mTavari menejerebis finan-suri mentalitetiT. sawarmos finansuri filosofia asaxavs fa-seulobebsa da rwmenas, romelTa safuZvelze xorcieldeba fi-nansuri saqmianobis organizaciis procesi. is moicavs aramarto ekonomikur, aramed finansuri menejerebis qceviT poziciebs.

mkveTrad gamoxatuli finansuri filosofia asrulebs efeqturi zemoqmedebis instrumentis funqcias da amaRlebs fi-nasnuri saqmianobis xarisxs yvela finasnur qvedanayofSi da mTlianad sawarmos masStabiT. amitom misi gamoyeneba strategi-uli da taqtikuri finansuri marTvis procesSi asrulebs sak-vanZo berketis rols. garda amisa igi xels uwyobs garkveul wi-lad sawarmos imijis amaRlebas da firmis finansuri urTier-Tobis yvela subieqtebis Sesaxeb naTel warmodgenas.

meore — sawarmos sasurveli strategiuli ganviTarebis miRwevis obieqturi SezRudvebis gaTvaliswineba. dasawyisSi finansuri strategiuli miznebis formirebas safuZvlad udevs idealuri warmodgena, an firmis momavali strategiuli finas-nuri poziciis sasurveli garemo. magram sawarmo savsebiT araa Tavisufali Tavisi finansuri miznebis arCevaSi, romelic Seesa-bameba mis idealur strategiul finansur pozicias. mas SeuZlia Tavisuflad airCios finansuri filosofia da finansuri ganvi-Tarebis mTavari strategiuli mizani, agreTve finansuri saqmi-anobis araekonomikuri ZiriTadi miznebi. rac Seexeba firmis sa-warmoo saqmianobis ZiriTad ekonomikur strategiuli miznebis sistemas, is ganisazRvreba obieqturi SezRudvebis gaTvaliswi-nebiT, romlebsac ver akontroleben sawarmos finansuri mene-jerebi. magaliTad, sawarmoo organizaciis erT-erTi obieqtu-rad SemzRudavi faqtori SeiZleba iyos misi sidide, rac ganapi-robebs fuladi resursebis sakmarisobas da finansuri strate-giis miznebis masStaburobas. meore SemTxveva, roca obieqtirad izRudeba sasurveli strategiuli finansuri poziciis miRweva, gamowveuli gare da Sida faqtorebis gamovlenis xarisxiT. gan-sakuTrebiT maSin, roca sawarmo imyofeba “sisuste da safrTxe-ebis” kvadratSi da mesame SemTxveva, roca obieqturad izRude-ba sawarmos finansuri saqmianobis strategiuli miznebis miRwe-va — aris misi sasicocxlo ciklis stadia (romelic gansazR-

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vravs, ara marto SesaZleblobebs, aramed finansuri ganviTare-bis moTxovnebsac).

mesame — sawarmos finansuri saqmianobis mTavari stra-tegiuli miznis formulireba. am etapze xdeba adre ganxilu-li finansuri menejmentis mTavari miznis dakonkreteba garkve-ul maCveneblebSi. rasakvirvelia es mTavari mizani unda asaxav-des sawarmoo firmis sabazro Rirebulebis zrdas strategiul periodSi (ara Sida, aramed misi Sefasebis gare maCveneblebi). imis gamo, rom roca fasiani qaRaldebis likviduroba bazarze aris dabali firmis aseTi Sefaseba mniSvnelovnad igvianebs. ami-tom, sabazro ekonomikis praqtikidan gamomdinare, sawarmos fi-nansuri ganviTarebis mTavar strategiul miznad irCeven erT aqciaze mogebis grZelvadiani zrdis maCvenebels. am maCveneb-lis mdgradi zrdis tempi warmoadgens, firmis grZelvadian pe-riodSi sabazro Rirebulebis matebis safuZvels.

meoTxe — finansuri saqmianobis ZiriTadi strategiuli miznebis sistemis formireba, romelic uzrunvelyofs sa-warmos mTavari miznis miRwevas. aseT sistemas Cveulebrivad ayalibeben sawarmos strategiuli finansuri ganviTarebis do-minanturi sferoebis WrilSi.

dominantur sferos struqturaSi, romelic axasiaTebs finasnuri resursebis formirebis potencials SemoTavaze-bulia, rom strategiuli miznis SerCevis dros upiratesoba mi-eniWos sawarmos wminda fuladi nakadis zrdis maqsimizacias.1 strategiuli miznis SerCevis dros upiratesoba eniWeba sawar-mos sakuTari kapitalis rentabelobis maqsimizacias. es do-minanturi sfero axasiaTebs sawarmos finansuri usafrTxoebis dones. ZiriTadad strategiuli mizani aris firmis kapitalis (sakuTari da nasesxi saxeebis Tanafardoba) struqturis opti-mizacia. dominantur sferoSi, romelic axasiaTebs sawarmos finansuri saqmianobis marTvis xarisxs, rekomendirebulia, rom ZiriTadi strategiuli miznis arCevis dros upiratesoba mieni-Wos finansuri saqmianobis marTvis efeqtur organizaciuli struqturis formirebas.

es gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom organizaciuli struqtu-ris formireba moicavs calkeuli qvedanayofebis finansuri me-nejerebis kvalifikaciisadmi maRal moTxovnebs, mmarTvelobi-Ti gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisi donis informaciis mopovebas, menejerebis Sesabamisi teqnikuri saSualebebiT uzrunvelyo-fas, gamoyenebuli finansuri teqnologiebisa da instrumente-bis donis amaRlebas da a.S.

mexuTe — sawarmos finansur strategiaSi Semavali dam-xmare da mxardamWeri miznebis formireba. aseTi miznebis sis-

1 И. А. Бланк. Финансовое управление в корпорации. Киев-СПб., 2009, გვ. 124.

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tema mimarTulia finansuri saqmianobis ZiriTadi strategiuli miznebis realizaciis uzrunvelyofisaken.

sawarmos finansuri saqmianobis strategiuli miz-nobrivi normativebis SemuSaveba. am etapze xdeba ra-odenobrivi garkveulobis moTxovnebis realizacia, romelsac ayalibebs yvela donis strategiuli mizne-bi. am etapis procesSi strategiuli finansebis mizne-bis yvela saxe unda iyos gamosaxuli raodenobriv maC-veneblebSi. (jami, dinamikis tempebi, struqturuli proporcia, realizaciis vadebi da a.S.). sawarmos fi-nansuri saqmianobis miznobrivi strategiuli mizne-bis SemuSavebis procesSi uzrunvelyofili unda iyos garkveuli urTierTkavSirebi ZiriTadi da damxmare strategiul miznebs Soris, erTis mxriv maTi dakon-kretebis uzrunvelyofis strategiul normativebs Soris da meores mxriv aseTi kavSiri unda iyos damya-rebuli sawarmos strategiuli finansuri ganviTare-bis dominanturi sferoebis WrilSi.

finansuri strategiuli miznebis formirebis algo-riTmis bolo etaps warmoadgens yvela strategiuli miznebis saboloo individualizacia. am daskvniT etapze xdeba firmis calkeuli finansuri miznebis formirebis koreqtulobis Sefaseba, maTi dakonkre-teba strategiuli periodis calkeuli intervalebis mixedviT. strategiuli miznebis dakonkretebis pro-cesSi miiRweva finansuri saqmianobis miznobrivi strategiuli normativebis sistemis miwodebis dina-miuroba, agreTve maTi gare da Sida sinqronizacia droSi. gare sinqronizacia gulisxmobs, finansuri saqmianobis miznobrivi maCveneblebis SeTanxmebas korporatiuli, funqcionaluri da sawarmos ganviTa-rebis biznes-strategiebis maCveneblebTan droSi. Si-da sinqronizacia ki gulisxmobs, finansuri saqmiano-bis yvela miznobrivi strategiuli normativebis Se-Tanxmebas, rogorc droSi, aseve erTmaneTTan.

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NINO KHAREBAVA

THE ALGORITHM OF FORMATION OF STRATEGIC GOALS OF ORGANIZATION

The article describes the process of formation of firm’s strategic

goals. Classification of different parameters is shown in the context of certain characteristics. The process of formation of strategic goals of or-ganization is determined by “financial” mentality of its founders and chi-ef executives. The author emphasizes that realization of direct strategic goals depends on unity of supporting strategic goals, such as introduction of new technology, transition to new organizational structure, formation of organizational culture of financial managers and etc.

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Teimuraz Sengelia

globalizacia da saerTaSoriso biznesis marTva CineTSi

1978 wlidan CineTSi dawyebuli ekonomikuri reformebisa

da ganviTarebis gasaanalizeblad, Cvens winaSe mdgomi proble-mis mimarT, SesaZloa gamovyoT ori, mWidrod urTierTdakavSi-rebuli saSinao da saerTaSoriso aspeqti. saerTaSoriso aspeq-tis Seswavlis mizniT ganvixiloT CineTis monawileoba msofli-os ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesSi, rac warmoadgens dRevandeli msoflio istoriis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes maxa-siaTebels. CineTis lideri, den siaopini, iyo im ekonomikuri re-formis fuZemdebeli, romelic gulisxmobda sagegmodan sabaz-ro ekonomikaze gadasvlas. mas kargad esmoda globalizaciis mniSvneloba da ekonomikuri reformis mTavar nawils `Ria karis politika~ uwoda.1

globalizacia gulisxmobs kapitalis, samuSao Zalis, pro-duqciis, informaciis, teqnologiis mier erovnuli sazRvrebis gadalaxvas. istoriul WrilSi CineTis globalizaciis praqtika uZvelesia da is iwyeba hanis dinastiis periodSi (Zv.w. 206 — ax.w. 220), rodesac abreSumis gzis gavliT vaWroba mimdinareobda ha-nis Cinelebsa da maT Crdilo-dasavleTel mezoblebs Soris. tangis dinastiis periodSi (618-901 wlebSi) vaWroba kidev ufro ganviTarda, xolo abreSumis gza gafarTovda, rac motivirebu-li iyo imiT, rom Cinelebma daamyares savaWro urTierTobani romaelebTan. qingis dinastiis periodSi den siaopinis `Ria ka-ris politika~-mde CineTma scada daeketa Tavisi ekonomikuri karibWe da amiT winaaRmdegoba gaewia globalizaciisaTvis.2 wi-namdebare gamokvlevaSi ganvixilavT globalizaciis Sedegebs da zegavlenas CineTis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze da Sesabamisad saerTaSoriso biznesis gonivruli marTvis im ekonomikur piro-bebs, romelic gaxda CineTis esoden swrafi winsvlis mizezi. ga-mokvlevis procesSi yuradRebis koncentrirebas movaxdenT sa-erTaSoriso biznesis iseT umniSvnelovanes Semadgenlebze ro-goricaa: sagareo vaWrobis, ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis,

sagareo gacvliTi bazris, samuSao Zalis migraciis proce-

1 Franklin Allen. China’s Economic transformation. Mechanism, and Consequences. University of Pensilvania,Wharton School, mimeo, 2005, gv. 214-215. 2 Gregory C. Chow. China’s Economic Trannsformation. Oxford: Blekvell Publishing Company, 2002, gv. 67-68.

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sebis marTva da zegavlena CineTis ekonomikaze. sagareo vaWroba. cnobilia, rom sagareo vaWrobis Sede-

gad produqciisa da momsaxurebis nakadi kveTs saxelmwifo sazRvars. 1978 wlidan CineTma waaxalisa Tavisufali vaWroba da etapobrivad gaauqma savaWro barierebi. CineTis sagareo vaWro-bis saministros saSualebiT, mTavrobam, adgilobrivi xelisuf-lebisaTvis ufro meti avtonomiis miniWebiT Secvala sagareo vaWrobis marTvis politika. ramac adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebs misca sagareo vaWrobaSi maTi Sexedulebisamebr Car-Tvis SesaZlebloba. 1978 wels sagareo vaWrobis saerTo mocu-lobam, (eqsportisa da importis saerTo moculoba) Seadgina 20.64 miliardi amerikuli dolari, 2008 wels ki 820.8 miliardi, rac Seadgenda mTliani Sida produqtis 65 procents, yovel-wliuri zrdis maCvenebeli ganisazRvra 35 procentiT. 2010 wels vaWrobis moculobam miaRwia 1.1 trilion amerikul do-lars da zrdis maCvenebelma 30 procenti Seadgina.1 CineTi gaxda msoflioSi mesame umsxvilesi savaWro qveyana amerikis SeerTe-buli Statebisa da germaniis Semdeg.

dReisaTvis CineTidan eqsportirebuli produqcia war-modgenilia mTels msoflioSi. CineTis am saeqsporto politi-kas calkeuli qveynebisaTvis aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uar-yofiTi Sedegebi. ase magaliTad, aSS-CineTis ekonomikuri urTi-erTobebis TvalsazrisiT CineTis eqsportisagan bevri amerike-li iRebs sargeblobas, radgan, es qveyana uzrunvelyofs maT ma-Ral xarisxiani da dabali fasis saqonliT, magram amavdroulad yovelive es axdens zogierTi amerikeli mwarmoeblisa da muSis aRSfoTebasa da winaaRmdegobas, radganac CineTidan eqsportis gafarToeba zRudavs im amerikel biznesmenebs, romelebic awar-moeben identur produqcias. garda amisa, amerikeli muSebi, romlebic dasaqmebulni arian msgavs industriaSi ganicadian droebiT zarals, magram grZelvadian periodSi Sromis bazars SeuZlia adaptireba moaxdinos axal ganviTarebul industrieb-Tan da daiqiraos gadaadgilebuli muSaxeli. saboloo jamSi, ame-rikaSi ucxouri saqonlis importi mTliani umuSevrobis xaris-xze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas ar axdens. aRsaniSnavia, rom CineTi-dan ganxorcielebuli eqsportis 60% warmoebulia ucxoeli in-vestorebis mier da maTi umetesoba Tavad amerikuli kompaniebia.

amerikelTa aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia samuSao adgilebis gadana-wilebamac, rodesac kompaniebi axdenen aziuri warmoSobis speci-alistebis daqiravebas (rendgenologebis, `qol centris~ opera-torebis da sxva). es procesi ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT rom gan-vixiloT, sxva araferia Tu ara igive, rac CineTidan momsaxurebis

1 Gregori C. Chow and Yan Shen. Demand for education in China. – Princeton Uni-versity. Center for Economic Policy Studies, Discussion Paper, 2011, gv. 96.

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importirebis Sedegad miRebuli efeqti. momsaxurebis importi momgebiania rogorc Cinuri, aseve amerikuli kompaniebisaTvis.

rogorc importiori qveyana, CineTi uzrunvelyofs uzar-mazar bazars ucxoeli mwarmoeblebisaTvis, rac aisaxeba mis ekonomikur ZlierebaSi. Tavis mxriv, CineTis moTxovna impor-tze astimulirebs msoflios sxva qveynebis ekonomikur ganvi-Tarebas. saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi CineTma Tavdapirvelad upi-ratesoba mianiWa merkantilizms, rac gamoixata importis SezR-udvebSi, magram SemdgomSi, eqsportis swrafma zrdam, misi saer-TaSoriso vaWrobis statistika msoflios ganviTarebuli qvey-nebis msgavsad Secvala.

2001 wels CineTi SeuerTda msoflio vaWrobis organizaci-as. am organizaciaSi wevroba mas avaldebulebs daawesos dabali tarifebi mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis produqciaze. tarifebis Semcireba xels uwyobs Cineli mewarmeebisa da ferme-rebis konkurenciis gafarToebas, rac aiafebs produqcias.

sagareo vaWrobis swori marTva CineTis ekonomikur ganvi-Tarebas sami aspeqtiT exmareba. pirveli, Rrmavdeba saerTaSo-riso specializacia, romelsac adgili aqvs TiToeul qveyanaSi, romelic awarmoebs im saqonelsa da momsaxurebas, romlis Seq-mnaSic mas gaaCnia SefardebiTi upiratesoba. yovelive es ki qve-yanas aZlevs saSualebas awarmoos ufro meti produqcia da mom-saxureba, vidre amas SeZlebda mxolod Sida warmoebiT. meore, eq-sporti aris erToblivi moTxovnis nawili da erToblivi moTx-ovnis zrda Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs qveynis erovnul produqti-ulobas. mesame, sagareo vaWrobasa da ucxouri investiciebs Tan axlavs Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da menejmentis meTodebis aTviseba, romlebic erTad zrdian CineTis produqtiulobas.

ucxouri investiciebi. fizikuri kapitalis nakadi, ro-melsac aqvs ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis saxe, aris Cine-Tis ekonomikuri zrdis erT-erTi xelSemwyobi faqtori. 1978 wels CineTSi dawyebulma ekonomikurma reformam, 180 gradusiT Secvla ucxouri investiciebis mimarT saxelmwifo politika. 2008, 2009, 2010 wlebSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebidan mi-Rebuli Tanxa Seadgenda Sesabamisad 49.7, 55.0 da 56.1 miliard amerikul dolars.1 ucxourma investiciebma uzrunvelyo fizi-kuri, finansuri kapitalis, teqnologiebis, menejeruli codni-sa da gamocdilebis intensiuri Semodineba CineTSi. Tumca uc-xouri pirdapiri investiciebi ar aris CineTis swrafi ekonomu-ri zrdis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri faqtori. arsebobs amis sxva sa-mi fundamenturi mizezebi, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovania:

maRali xarisxis adamianuri kapitalis siWarbe, rom-lic moicavs mcodne, Sromismoyvare muSakebsa da re-

1 Gregori C. Chow and Yan Shen. Demand for education in China, gv. 32.

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sursebis mflobel mewarmeebs; kargad funqcionirebadi sabazro institutebi; `bazarze gvian Sesulis~ pozicia, romelsac SeuZlia

miiRos Tanamedrove teqnologiebi. am samma ZiriTadma mizezma misca CineTs ucxouri kapita-

lis mozidvis saSualeba. amJamad CineTi axdens kapitalis eq-sports ara mxolod naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, aramed SeerTebul StatebSic. Cinuri investireba daexmara calkeuli aziuri da afrikuli qveynebis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. Cinuri kapitalis SeerTebul StatebSi investirebis magaliTia 2005 wlis gazafxulze Cinuri kompania Cnoe-s mier amerikuli kompa-nia nocal-is yidva.1 es procesi asaxavs kapitalis Tavisufali di-nebis pozitiur Sedegs msoflioSi. aSS-dan CineTSi kapitalis eqsportis Sedegad xdeba klivlendidan SanxaiSi amerikuli qar-xanis gadatana, rasac bunebrivia axlavs samuSao Zalis migracia. qarxana gadadis SanxaiSi imis gamo, rom isargeblos naklebad Zviri, magram xarisxiani samuSao ZaliT CineTSi.2 saerTaSoriso biznesSi samuSao Zalis migracia gansxvavdeba saqonlisa da mom-saxurebis gadaadgilebisagan, romlis Sesaxeb aRiniSna zemoT, radgan es aris ucxouri inteleqtualuri Zalis investirebis da ara vaWrobis forma, am SemTxvevaSi adamianiseuli kapitali miedineba CineTSi, xolo wina SemTxveva moicavda mxolod saerTa-Soriso vaWrobas. aseTi investireba kargia SeerTebuli State-bisTvisac, radgan is zrdis aSS-is mTlian erovnul produqts. amis mizezi aris is, rom am konkretul SemTxvevaSi investirebul kapitals SeuZlia awarmoos CineTSi imaze meti da iafi produq-cia da momsaxureba, vidre mas SeeZlo ewarmoebina SeerTebul StatebSi. sxva SemTxvevaSi qarxana ar gadavidoda CineTSi. ami-tom, kapitalis aseTi gadaadgileba zrdis aSS-s mTlian nayofie-rebas, romelsac ekonomistebi mTlian erovnul produqts uwo-deben. Tumca am gadasvlas aqvs uaryofiTi Sedegic klivlendis im muSebisTvis, romlebic kargaven samuSao adgilebs. CineTidan importis zrdis gamo, zogierT industriaSi xdeba samuSao adgi-lebis dakargva xanmokle periodSi, rac ar axdens zegavlenas grZelvadian periodSi mosaxleobis mTlian dasaqmebaze.

globalizaciis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli aris is, rom Rrmavdeba erebs Soris resursebis gadaadgilebis dinamiuri procesi. aseTi Tavisufali gadaadgileba TiToeuli erisTvis pozitiuri Sedegis matarebelia, magram xanmokle periodSi mas SeiZleba gaaCndes saziano efeqti. igive SeiZleba iTqvas ekonomi-kuri resursebis gadaadgilebaze erTi qveynis sxvadasxva regio-

1 Gregori C. Chow and Yan Shen. Demand for education in China, gv. 87. 2 Gregori C. Chow and Yan Shen. Demand for education in China, gv.107.


nebSi. magaliTad, SeerTebuli StatebSi safeiqro qarxnebis gada-adgilebas axali inglisidan samxreTSi ufro iafi samuSao ZaliT gamoyenebis mizniT, dadebiTi Sedegis matarebelia, is pozitiu-rad aisaxeba, rogorc axali inglisis, aseve qveynis samxreTis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. axal inglisSi zogierTma muSam da-kargakapitalis migraciis Sedegad samuSao adgili, magram ganvi-Tarda sxva samrewvelo dargebi, xalxi kvlav dasaqmda, ar momxda-ra umuSevrobis donis zrda regionSi. am procesis erT-erTi uar-yofiTi mxare unda veZeboT globalizaciis Sedegad garemos da-binZurebis problemaSi, romlebic warmoiqmneba axali qarxnebis mSeneblobisa da maTi simZlavreebis aTvisebis proceSi.

CineTis mTavroba did yuradRebas aqcevs garemos dacvas. ekonomistebi cdiloben daabalanson garemosTvis miyenebuli SesaZlo zarali da meti produqtis warmoebiT miRebuli moge-ba. zogadad, ufro Raribi qveynebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dros mzad arian garemos degradaciisTvis, meti produqtis sa-nacvlod, magram maT unda gaacnobieron ix ziani, romelic SeiZ-leba aRmoCndes xangrZliv periodze orientirebuli.

rac Seexeba finansur investirebas, finansuri kapitalis Tavisufali dineba aris finansuri bazris ganviTarebis erT-er-Ti mizani. CineTi xels uwyobs ucxoel investorebs, rom maT da-abandon kapitali misi saaqcio kapitalis bazrebze SenJenSi, San-xaisa da honkongSi, agreTve xelisufleba astimulirebs Cinel mewarmeebs, rom maT daabandos TavianTi kapitali sazRvarga-reT. finansuri kapitalis moZraoba, aris resursebis Tavisufa-li dinebis erT-erTi aspeqti. mas moaqvs ara marto maRali Semo-savali, aramed zrdis mTlian msoflio produqts. amasTan, sayu-radReboa is faqti, rom am procesis saintereso interpretacia warmodgenilia didi Cineli istorikosis, hanebis dinastiis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis sima qianmas SromebSi. Tavisi wignis „istoriuli Canawerebi“ 69-e TavSi „fulis bazrebis biografi-a“, is werda: „unda arsebobdnen fermerebi, vinc awarmoebs sak-vebs, adamianebi, romlebic amoiReben mTebis da Waobebis sim-didres, xelosnebi vinc awarmoeben am sagnebs da vaWrebi vinc daiTvlian maT. ar aris saWiro daelodo mTavrobis brZanebas, TiToeuli adamiani asrulebs Tavis rols, akeTebs rac mis Zala-Sia, raTa miiRos is rac surs. amrigad iafi saqoneli wava iq, sa-dac is metad momgebiania, xolo ZviradRirebuli saqoneli aiZu-lebs adamians moZebnos ufro iafi. rodesac yvela siamovnebiT Seasrulebs Tavis saqmes, ise rogorc wyali Camoedineba mTidan Seuwyvetliv dRe da Rame, nivTebi gaCndeba moTxovnis gareSe da xalxi awarmoebs maT Txovnis gareSe. ufro gasagebad es Seesaba-meba rwmenas da TanxmobaSia bunebasTan~.1 rasac sima qianma bune-

1 Gregory C. Chow. Knowing China. Singapore: World Scientific publishing Compa-

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bas uwodebs, Cven vuwodebT ekonomikur kanonebs. finansuri kapitalis Tavisufali dinebis uaryofiTi mxa-

re aisaxeba imaSi, rom mis safuZvelze SeiZleba warmoiqmnas fi-nansuri krizisis pirobebi. ase moxda 1997-1998 wlebSi aziuri finansuri krizisis dros. am krizisma ar moaxdina didi gavlena CineTze, radgan mTavrobas hqonda saerTaSoriso finansuri re-formebis zomieri tempiT gatarebis gonieri politika, rac ai-saxa finansuri bazrebis TandaTanobiT gaxsnisa Tu saerTaSori-so finansuri kapitalis qveynis SigniT SemodinebaSi. cnobilia, rom globalizacia sasargebloa sabanko da finansuri institu-tebis reformirebisaTvis, ucxouri konkurencia aCqarebs re-formas am sferoSi. ucxouri konkurenciis gamoyeneba ekonomi-kuri reformis daCqarebisTvis iyo imis ZiriTadi mizezi, rom Ci-neTis yofili premier ministri zu ronji TviTon Caudga saTave-Si msoflio vaWrobis organizaciaSi CineTis Sesvlis process.

amasTan, CineTis sabanko sistemis da saxelmwifo sawarmoe-bis reformis gatarebaSi, Sida institutebis ekonomikuri re-formebis dasaCqareblad, ucxouri konkurenciis gamoyenebis strategias aqvs SezRudvebi ori mizezis gamo. pirveli, im dros rodesac CineTis mTvarobis Cinovnikebi ekonomikuri reforme-bis ZiriTad nawilSi gamoirCeodnen pragmatizmiT, maT axasia-TebdaT konservatizmi ucxouri bankebisTvis Sida bazarze Se-mosvlis uflebis micemis sakiTxSi. meore, CineTSi bankebi da zogierTi sawarmoebi arian saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi da Sesaba-misad maT akontroleben adgilobrivi biurokratebi, romlebic sargebloben didZali ekonomikuri ZalauflebiT, rac warmoq-mnis ekonomikuri reformebisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mTavari dabrkolebis — korufciis nayofier niadags. CineTis finansuri reformebi, romelebic gamoiyeneba korufciis wina-aRmdeg aRwerilia gregori Cous naSromSi: `korufcia da ekono-mikuri reformebi XXI saukunemde~.1

valutis gacvliTi kursi. bazrisa da ucxouri investici-ebis mniSvnelovan determinants warmoadgens valutis gacvli-Ti kursi. dabali Rirebulebis Cinurma valutam, eqsporti iafi da saeqsporto investiciebi ufro mimzidveli gaxada. msofli-os bevr qveynebSi, maT Soris evrokavSirSi, iaponiasa da taivanSi moqmedebda valutis moqnili gacvliTi kursis sistema, maSin roca 2005 wlis ivlisSi CineTma miiRo fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursi. Tumca mTavrobam 1980-ian wlebSi da 1990 wlis dasawyisSi fiqsirebuli kursi aSS dolarTan mimarTebiT ramdenjerme Sec-

ny, 2004, gv. 416. 1 Gregory C. Chow. Corruption and Economic Reform in Early 21st Century. – Prnce-ton University. CEPS (Center for Economic Policy Studies), Working Paper No. 116, October, 2005, gv.16.

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vala. bolo wlebSi CineTis mTavrobam miiRo mcuravi savaluto kursi. fiqsirebul da mcurav savaluto kursebs Tavisi dadebi-Ti da uaryofiTi mxareebi aqvT. fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursi gansazRvravs monetaruli da fiskaluri politikis marTvis sa-kiTxisadmi xelisuflebis midgomas. is zRudavs mTavrobis iseT diskreciul Zalauflebas mis monetarul da fiskalur politi-kaSi, romelsac mivyavarT gadaWarbebul inflaciamde an defla-ciamde. fulis miwodebis zrdis politikas mivyavarT inflacia-sa da erovnuli valutis gaufasurebisken. amgvarad, valutis fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursis sistema SeiZleba kargi iyos gan-viTarebadi qveynisTvis, romlis monetaruli da fiskaluri po-litika garkveul siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. am proce-sis meore mxare aris is finansuri Zalaufleba, romelsac qveya-na Tmobs da izrdeba misi damokidebuleba aSS-is monetaruli politikaze maSin, Tu gacvliTi kursi aris fiqsirebuli aSS do-larTan mimarTebiT.

aRniSnul problemasTan mimarTebiT ganvixiloT ori sa-kiTxi: pirveli — rogori gacvliTi kursi unda miiRos CineTma? da meore — sasurvelia Tu ara mocemuli mimdinare kursis re-valvacia? mas Semdeg, rac CineTis mTavrobam miiRo gadawyveti-leba moqnili savaluto gacvliTi kursis miRebis Sesaxeb, zed-metia pirvel kiTxvaze komentaris gakeTeba. SeiZleba imis aR-niSvna, rom Sesaferisi gacvliTi kursis sistemis miRebiT Cine-Tis mTavroba praqtikaSi iyenebs misi ekonomikuri isntitute-bis reformis nacad da damtkicebul meTodebs, kerZod, gradua-lizmsa da eqsperiments.

rac Seexeba meore SekiTxvas, bevri ucxouri mTavroba, maT Soris aSS-is, meti mogebis misaRebad, aiZulebs CineTs aamaRlos valutis Rirebuleba. amerikelma ekonomistma alan grinspanma aRniSna, rom `CineTis savaluto kursi amerikis ekonomikaze sak-maod SezRudulad moqmedebs. CineTis ekonomikis efeqtTan da-kavSirebiT, vfiqrob, rom maTi gacvliTi savaluto kursi jer kidev gaufasurebulia da revalvacia CineTis ekonomikisTvis kargi iqneba~.1 Cven viyaviT mowme Cinuri valutis gaufasurebisa da dolaris Rirebulebis zrdis, rac gamowveuli iyo dolaris Warbi miwodebiT CineTis ucxouri valutis gacvlis bazarze ma-Rali fasebis gamo. CineTSi 700 miliardi dolaris odenobis akumulacia xdeboda, rac 2004 welTan SedarebiT 200 miliardiT gaizarda. erovnuli valutis gaufasurebis mizezi iyo CineTSi ucxouri investiciebis Warbi moculoba, rac dakavSirebuli iyo didi raodenobiT ucxoeuri valutis rezervebis Semodine-basTan. 2010 wels ucxouri valutis Semodinebam gamoiwvia fu-lis miwodebis swrafi zrda. fulis miwodebis zrdam Tavis mxriv

1 Gregori C. Chow and Yan Shen. Demand for education in China, gv. 54-55.

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gamoiwvia investiciebisa da mwarmoeblurobis mniSvnelovani gadideba 2005-2010 wlebSi, xolo fasebis zrda. 2005-2010 wlebSi dabali Rirebulebis erovnuli valuta gadatvirTuli Cinuri ekonomikis mTavari mizezi iyo. CineTis mTvarobam scada am problemis gadaWra administraciuli saSualebebiT, kerZod, bankebis kreditebis kontroliTa da samSeneblo proeqtebis ra-odenobis SezRudviT. Tu bankebs ar eqnebodaT damatebiTi Tan-xebi sesxebis gasacemad, maSin sabanko kreditebis kontrolis saWiroeba ar warmoiqmneboda, agreTve ar iqneboda aucileblo-ba samSeneblo proeqtebis investirebis SezRudvisa, romlebic swored am kreditebiT iyo dafinansebuli. amitom, erovnuli va-luta aris mTavari `damnaSave~ Cinuri ekonomikis gadatvirTva-Si. potenciuri problemis gadasaWrelad da mosalodneli in-flaciis prevenciisaTvis CineTis xelisuflebas sWirdeba erovnuli valutis arsebiTi gamagreba. erovnuli valutis re-valvaciis kidev erTi mizezi aris is, rom misi maRali Rirebu-leba CineTs saSualebas miscems ganaxorcielos meti importi, raTa gaizardos moxmareba, rac Tavis mxriv xels Seuwyobs eko-nomikis ganviTarebas.

informaciisa da teqnologiis transferi. saqonlis naka-di da kapitali erTad pirdapir kavSirSia informaciisa da teq-nologiis gadacemasTan. CineTma isargebla teqnologiuri ga-naxlebiT. Tavidan CineTi ZiriTadad teqnologiebis importiT iyo dakavebuli, Tumca male teqnologiebis erT-erTi umniSvne-lovanesi eqsportiori gaxda. is axorcielebs teqnologiebis eqsports zogierT naklebad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi. bolo wlebSi CineTis mTavrobam didi investicia ganaxorciela umaR-les ganaTlebaSi, rac daexmara mas gamxdariyo erT-erTi mowina-ve qveyana teqnologiebSi.

CineTi investiciebis ganxorcielebis kuTxiT ukve daexma-ra bevr ganviTarebad qveyanas aziasa da afrikaSi. is dResac ga-nagrZobs maT daxmarebas, agreTve maT teqnologiur da zogadad ekonomikur ganviTarebasac uywobs xels. am kuTxiT CineTi as-rulebs pozitiur rols regionSi, radganac xels uwyobs Cine-Tis mezoblad ganTavsebuli Raribi qveynebis ganviTarebas. Ci-neTis diplomatia dafuZnebulia urTierTpativiscemaze, is maspinZlobs patara qveynebs, rogorc Tanaswors da cdilobs daexmaros maT problemebis mogvarebaSi. CineTis mTavrobis Za-lisxmeva, daexmaros megobar ganviTarebad qveynebs diplomati-uri poziciebis gamyarebaSi, zrdis mis ekonomikur Zalaufle-bas da gavlenas msoflio arenaze. rogorc viciT teqnologiis importi aSS-dan CineTSi kargia CineTisaTvis, magram kargia ki is

amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis? პasuxi am kiTxvaze aris dadebiTi oRond is ara aris calsaxa. StatebisTvis am SemTxve-vaSi dadebiT moments kapitalis Semodineba warmoadgens, es ki

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zrdis aSS-is mTlian erovnul produqts, rac cxadia dadebiTia amerikisTvis. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi teqnologiebis tran-sferi erTi mxriv SeiZleba cudi aRmoCndes amerikisTvis.

teqnologiuri siaxleebis gadacemis gamo 1950 da 1960 ww.-Si SeerTebulma Statebma dakarga upiratesoba avtomobilebis warmoebaSi. erT argumentad SesaZlebelia moviyvanoT is, rom SeerTebuli Statebidan iaponiis avtomobilebis warmobaSi teq-nologiebis gadacemam uaryofiTi Sedegebis matarebeli aRmoC-nda SeerTebuli StatebisTvis. rogorc aRniSnavs p. samuelsoni, rodesac teqnologiuri gacvla xdeba, es aumjobesebs qveynis teqnologias (CineTSi), warmoebis teqnologiuri gaumjobeseba iwvevs ekonomikur ganviTarebas da aisaxeba qveynis keTildReo-baSi (SeerTebuli Statebis), Tu es ori qveyana Cabmulia saerTa-Soriso vaWrobaSi.1

amdenad is argumenti, rom SeerTebulma Statebma SesaZle-belia moigos ekonomiurad, CineTisTvis teqnologiis gadace-miT, moiTxovs individualur midgomas, rameTu samxedro muqa-ris SemTxvevaSi is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas aSS-is erovnuli interesebis winaaRmdeg. samxedro muqaris SiSi SesaZlebelia, amarTlebdes samxedro teqnologiis gadacemis SezRudvas Cine-TisTvis.

samuSao Zalis migracia. Cineli emigrantebi gvxvdebian msoflios bevr qveyanaSi, isini gadaadgildebian im mizniT, rom ipovon samuSao, dasaxldnen an miiRon Sesaferisi ganaTleba. maT aqvT xelSewyoba im qveynebSi, sadac isini saxldebian an rom-lebsac stumroben. migraciis garda CineTs aqvs kidev erTi probleba, romelsac ewodeba tvinis gadineba. es problema um-niSvnelovanesia CineTisaTvis da is gaxda seriozuli diskusiis sagani taivanSi 1970 wels gamarTuli migraciis msoflio fo-rumze. amasTan, gasaziarebelia is mosazrebac, rom maSin, rode-sac Cinelebi cxovroben sazRvargareT, isini exmarebian CineTs mokle-vadiani vizitebiT, rogorc leqtorebi, specialistebi an mrCevelebi. umravlesoba Cinelebisa, romlebic arian sazR-vargareT, brundebian samSobloSi, rogorc ki umjobesdeba maTi materialuri mdgomareoba. bolo wlebSi es procesi mzardi di-namikiT gamoirCeva. xalxi gadaadgildeba, imitom rom materia-luri pirobebis Seqmnis Semdeg dabrundnen da imuSaon CineTSi da amiT maT sargebloba moaqvs am qveynisaTvis. isini gviCvene-ben, Tu rogor aumjobeseben Cinelebi maTi cxovrebis stils imiT, rom cxovroben sazRvargareT da exmarebian Cinel xalxs, rom gaumjobeson ekonomikuri sistema da samarTlisadmi damo-

1 Paul A. Samuelson. Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Main-stream Economists Supporting Globalization. – Economic Perspectives. Sammer, 2004, gv. 135-136.

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kidebuleba. xalxis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas moaqvs ufro me-ti sargebeli vidre ziani. sima qsianis gancxadeba ìafi saqone-li wava iq, sadac ufro meti winsvla eqneba, maSin rodesac Zvi-radRirebuli saqoneli adamianebs aZebninebs iafians~.1 gamoiye-neba ara mxolod saqonlis Tavisufali gadaadgilebisTvis, ara-med kapitalisa da samuSao Zalis migraciisaTvis. CineTis ekono-mikur globalizaciaSi Cabmis erTi-erTi aspeqti samuSao Zalis gadaadgilebaa, romelic mniSvnelovania da unikaluria. is war-moadgens adamianiseuli kapitalis xelSewyobis mniSvnelovan komponents da aisaxeba CineTis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi. am problemis marTvis TvalsazrisiT israels gaaCnia msgavsi stra-tegia da pozitiuri gamocdileba.

TEIMURAZ SHENGELIA

GLOBALIZACION AND MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS IN CHINA

After examining the facts of globalization for China we can all re-

cognize that the open-door policy first advanced by Deng Xioping when China had a very different ideology has been a great success in helping to modernize China. The dream of the Chinese people for over one hundred sixty years since the Opium War of 1840 to modernize China has been finally realized. A main contribution to the modernization process is the open-door policy which allows globalization to take place. in this essay we have surveyed the four important aspect of globalization in China’s economic reform and development since 1978. Understanding the nature and historical development of China’s open-door policy for the purpose of modernization will enable us to appreciate the forces at work that that will propel China’s economic growth in the future and the role of China in the world economic and business community.

1 Gregory C. Chow. Knowing China. Singapore, gv. 42.

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zurab lipartia, eliso lanCava

ekonomikuri organizaciis (sawarmos) marTvis srulyofis sakiTxebi peter drukeris efeqtiani menejmentis

principebis konteqstSi

sayovelTaod cnobilia rom, Tanamedrove menejments ar

gaaCnia marTvis erTiani da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli princi-pebis nakrebi. praqtikulad yovel mkvlevars, romelic swav-lobs marTvis problemebs, am sferoSi Tavisi midgoma gaaCnia. marTvis principebi zogadad SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc marTvis procesis mimarT amosavali normebi, wesebi da kanonzo-mierebebi, romelTa dacva xels uwyobs sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari miznebis miRwevasa da amocanebis gadawyvetas.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi marTvis principebis klasifikacii-sadmi ramdenime gansxvavebuli midgoma arsebobs. kerZod, erT-erTi maTgani iTvaliswinebs mmarTvelobiTi principebis dayo-fas oTx ZiriTad jgufad:

a) marTvis zogadi principebi; b) principebi, romlebic exeba marTvis sistemis yvela komponents; g) konkretuli warmoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri principebi; d) principebi, romlebic exeba marTvis sistemis calkeul nawilebs. Cveni azriT, Tanamedrove etapze marTvis zogadi princi-

pebis sistemaSi ZiriTadi adgili uWiravs marTvis mecnieruli dasabuTebis, mmarTvelobiTi amocanebis gadawyvetisadmi sis-temuri midgomis, marTvis optimalurobis, moqnilobisa da de-mokratizaciis principebs. administrirebis TvalsazrisiT Se-iZleba gamovyoT marTvis reglamentaciisa da formalizaciis principebi, xolo organizaciis (sawarmos) marTvis principe-bis sistemaSi gamovyofT sam ZiriTad jgufs, rogorebicaa:

1) investirebis; 2) teqnologiebis marTvis; 3) warmoebis efeqtiani marTvis struqturebis

Seqmnis principebi. maTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelebia: 1) investirebis marTvis principi, romelic mimarTulia

nebismieri sawarmoos saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRlebisaken unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi midgomebis safuZvelze: orienta-cia grZelvadian perspeqtivebze; safondo bazris mimdinare

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mdgomareobisa da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis informaci-is Sefasebaze; sainvesticio garemoSi cvlilebebze adekvaturi da drouli reagirebis politikis formirebaze da sxv;

2) teqnologiebis marTvis principebi orientirebulia Zi-riTadi sawarmoo fondebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRlebaze da teqnologiuri procesebis optimizaciaze sawarmoo ciklis Semcirebis, resursebis ekonomiisa da materialuri danaxar-jebis Semcirebis mizniT. amis garda, aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom teqnologiuri procesebis srulyofa ara marto warmoebis efeqtianobis mniSvnelovnad amaRlebis saSualebas iZleva, ara-med agreTve uzrunvelyofs warmoebuli produqciis xarisxis donis amaRlebas, rac mas ufro metad konkurentunarians xdis.

3) marTvis efeqturi organizaciuli struqturebis Seq-mnis principebs ganekuTvnebian: organizaciis prioritetuli orientacia bazris moTxovnebze; iseTi struqturuli qvedana-yofebis farTod gamoyeneba, romlebic Seqmnili arian miznob-rivi da ara funqcionaluri niSnis mixedviT; marTvis doneebis minimalurad aucilebeli raodenoba; organizaciis muSakebi-saTvis mastimulirebeli iniciativebis gamovlinebisaTvis au-cilebeli pirobebis Seqmna.

Sesabamisad, sawarmoTa marTvis sistemis meqanizmebis srulyofiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba ekonomikuri subieqtis orien-tacia grZelvadian konkurenciul upiratesobaTa miRwevaze, marketinguli gamokvlevebis ganxorcielebaze, inovaciur saq-mianobaze, rac mimarTulia warmoebis diversifikaciaze, perso-nalis racionalizatoruli saqmianobis stimulirebaze.

ekonomikuri subieqtis menejmentis ekonomikuri meqa-nizmi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc urTierTdamokidebuleba ekonomikur amocanaTa, funqciebsa da gadawyvetilebebs Soris ix. cxrilSi 1.

cxrili 1. menejmentis amocanebs, menejeris funqciebsa

da gadawyvetilebebs Soris urTierTkavSiris maxasiaTeblebi

menejmentis

amocanebi menejeris funqciebi gadawyvetilebebi

1. warmoebisa da misi calkeuli nawilebis (sawarmoTa, saamqroebis, brigadebis, jgufebis ganviTarebis perspeqtiuli da

warmoebis ganviTarebis ekonomikur politikisa da strategiis SemuSaveba

warmoebis rentabelobis, Sromis warmoeblurobis da sxva ZiriTad ekonomikur maCveneblTa damtkiceba

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mimdinare (operatiuli) gegmebis dasauTeba.

2. SemsrulebelTa Sromis waxalisebis organizacia (xelfasebi, premiebi da a. S.)

Sromis normireba da anazRaureba

waxalisebisa da jildoebis nomirebisa da formirebis damtkiceba

3. masalebiT momaragebisa da produqciis realizaciis kontragentebTan angariSsworeba

komerciuli saqmianoba

mommaragebelTan da momxmareblebTan angariSsworebis gegmis Sedgena

4. warmoebis safinanso meurneobis gaZRola

warmoebis dafinanseba angariSsworebaTa, angariSebisa da kreditebis dadgena

5. materialuri da finansuri resursebis gamoyenebis aRricxvisa da angariSebis uzrunvelyofa

sabuRaltro saqmianoba

balansebis, da sxva safinanso dokumentebis damtkiceba

menejeruli gadawyvetileba gulisxmobs miznebis gan-

sazRvrasa da konkretul sawarmoo situaciaSi misi ganxorcie-lebis meTodebis SerCevas. marTva uwyveti procesia, romlis Si-naarsobriv safuZvels warmoadgens gadawyvetilebaTa momzade-bis, miRebis, Sesrulebisa da koreqtirebis procesi. igi, rome-lic moiTxovs menejerisagan marTvis mecnierebisa da praqtikis codnis sinTezs, romelic warmoadgens mmarTvelobiTi saqmia-nobis kulminaciur moments da eyrdnoba warmoebis teqnologi-is, teqnikis, ekonomikur urTierTobaTa dialeqtikis, Semoqme-debiTi analizis unars, moiTxovs praqtikul-logikur azrovne-bas, fantazias, kargad gaTvlili riskis elementebs, amitom mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetileba menejeris muSaobis xarisxis Zi-riTadi maCvenebelia.

mmarTvelobiT gadawyvetilebaTa formirebis procesi da-kavSirebulia marTvis procesis ciklurobasTan, romelic marTvis funqciebis klasifikaciis mixedviT sami stadiisagan Sedgeba: 1) miznis dasaxva-dagegmva; 2) samarTavi sistemis momza-deba dasaxuli miznis gansaxorcieleblad; 3) aRricxva, kontro-

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li, moqmedebis koreqtireba-regulireba da koordinacia. ro-gorc ukve aRiniSna, ramdenadac gadawyvetilebis miRebis pro-cesi aris SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba, msjeloba, amitom igi mimdi-nareobs rogorc deduqciis (zogadidan kerZosaken), aseve in-duqciis (kerZodan zogadisaken) formiT. farTod gamoiyeneba analogiis meTodi — ucnobi movlenis, an procesis gagebisaTvis msjeloba sxva, misi msgavsi movlenis mixedviT, romlis Sesaxeb garkveuli codna ukve gaaCniaT. aseve, rTuli sakiTxebis ga-dawyvetisas xSirad muSavdeba hipoTezebi, romelebic emyareba arsebuli faqtebis analizsa da ganzogadebas, romlis dasabu--TebisaTvis gamoiyeneba Seqmnili mdgomareobis yovelmxrivi ana-lizi da damatebiTi faqtorebi, rac xSirad normatiul infor-maciebSia Tavmoyrili.

menejeruli gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi moicavs Semdeg etapebs: 1) sawarmoo situaciis analizi da problemis ga-movlena; 2) problemis gadawyvetis miznebis dasaxva; 3) gadawyve-tilebis informaciuli uzrunvelyofa; 4) gadawyvetilebis al-ternatiuli anu SesaZlebeli variantis SemuSaveba; 5) gadawyve-tilebaTa variantebis analizi da Sefaseba; 6) problemis opti-maluri gadawyvetis gzebis SerCeva. mmarTvelobiTi gadawyveti-lebis momzadebis, miRebisa da realizaciis procesi, misi Semad-geneli elementebis logikuri Tanmimdevrobis algoriTmi warmodgenilia naxatSi 1.

menejmentis mecnierebis erTerTi TvalsaCino warmomad-genlis peter drukeris (Peter Ferdinand Drucker, 1909-2005) mier ga-movlenilia fundamenturi cvlileba — organizaciebSi adre arsebuli ierarqiuli damokidebuleba ufrosebsa da xelqvei-Tebs Soris icvleba TanamSromlobiTi damokidebulebiT. cod-nis epoqaSi icvleba informaciuli nakadebis intensiuroba da mimarTulebebi, Sesabamisad unda Seicvalos organizaciis st-ruqtura.

peter drukeris naSromis `The Practice of Management~ (`me-nejmentis praqtika~)1 — marTvis efeqturi organizaciuli st-ruqturis Seqmnis principidan gamomdinareobs, rom organiza-ciis struqtura unda iyos maqsimalurad horizontaluri, xo-lo gadawyvetilebebi unda miiRebodes maqsimalurad dabal do-neze. nacvlad terminisa òrgstruqtura~, is iyenebs terminebs `decentralizacia~, `funqcionaluri decentralizacia~ da a.S.

p. drukeri wignSi “Management Challenges for the 21st Century” (`menejmentis amocanebi XXI saukuneSi~) ganmartavs, rom aucile-beli xdeba axali mewarmeTa sazogadoebis Seqmna. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesi unda daefuZnos menejerTa inova-

1 P. F. Drucker. The Practice of Management.Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007 - Business & Economics – p. 155.

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ciuri saqmianobis principebs. kerZod, organizaciam unda uz-runvelyos sami inovaciuri principis dacva: 1. produqciis mudmivi srulyofa, 2. Tanamedrove codnis gamoyeneba da 3. sis-temuri inovaciuri saqmianoba. amasTan inovacia mis mier ganixi-leba rogorc ara mxolod teqnikuri saqmianoba, aramed rogorc Sida safirmo da socialuri mewarmeoba.1

nax. 1. mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis momzadebisa da realizaciis algoriTmi.

1 P. F. Drucker. Management Challenges for the 21st Century. 1999, p.145.

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p. drukeris azriT, iaponiis warmateba mewarmoebriv saqmi-anobaSi ganpirobebuli iyo swored socialuri inovacis prin-cipebis damkvidrebiT. kerZod, iseTi institutebis ganviTare-biT, rogoric aris umaRlesi da saSualo ganaTleba, SromiTi xelSekrulebebi.

menejeri, romelic flobs inovaciis xelovnebas xdeba `me-nejeri-mewarme~, romelsac ZaluZs moaxdinos `revolucia mar-TvaSi~ — es aris kidev erTi axali movlena codnis ekonomikaSi--biznesis xarisxobrivi, naxtomisebri cvlileba, oRond istori-uli revoluciebisagan gansxvavebiT es aris revolucia ngrevis gareSe.1

sagulisxmoa, rom, Tavis droze, 30-iani wlebis Sua period-Si drukerma, maSin warmatebulma sainvesticio bankirma, datova banki da gadavida biznesis sruliad axal-marTvis konsaltingis sferoSi. am cvlilebebis motivacia gaxldaT bankSi muSaobis Se-usabamoba mis cxovrebiseul RirebulebebTan — `Cemi faseuloba aris adamiani, azrs ver vxedavdi imaSi, rom vyofiliyavi yvelaze mdidari adamiani sasaflaoze~.2

Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri organizaciis marTvis srulyo-fis mizniT peter drukeris mier Camoyalibebulia menejmentis principebi, romlebic miuTiTeben, rom:

menejmenti aris iseTi integrirebuli disciplina, romelic moicavs zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebs da adamianTa qcevebs, sazogadoebriv wyobas da inteleq-tualur moTxovnebs, romelsac kvebavs ekonomika, fsiqologia, maTematika, politikuri Teoria, isto-ria da filosofia. menejmenti gacilebiT ufro meti-a, vidre wodebisa da privilegiis gamoyeneba. igi exeba adamianebsa da maT cxovrebas.

uvargisia menejmenti, Tu korporaciaSi gadamwyveti xma ekuTvnis menejers, romelic aravis winaSe ar aris pasuxismgebeli da romelsac aravin akontrolebs. aseTi mmarTveloba aris usamarTlo, ukontrolo da upasuxismgeblo (romelic aucileblad kraxiT dam-Tavrdeba).

menejeris amocana aris gaxados adamianebi efeqtia-nebi, xolo maTi sisuste — umniSvnelo. es mTlianad exeba rogorc menejeris boss (bosi — boss , aSS-Si pat-roni, mepatrone, mewarme, mflobeli, ufrosi), ise mis

1 P. F. Drucker. Management Challenges for the 21st Century. 1999, p.146. 2 g. baRaTuria, o. baRaTuria. efeqturi menejmentis principebi peter drukeris mixedviT — Jurn.: `xelisufleba da sazogadoeba~ (istoria, Teoria, praqtika). #4. Tb., 2008, gv. 54.

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xelqveiTebs.

xelmZRvaneli, romelic aqcents ufro TanamSro-melTa sust mxareebze amaxvilebs da ara maT Zlier mxareebze, arasodes ar unda dainiSnos menejeris Ta-namdebobaze.

menejeri ayalibebs miznebs, asabuTebs da urTier-Tobs, saTanado kriteriumebis CamoyalibebiT afa-sebs situaciebs, menejeri organizacias ukeTebs da anviTarebs adamianebs.

top-menejments esaWiroeba iseTi adamianebi, rogo-ricaa `fiqris adamiani~, `moqmedebis adamiani~, `xal-xis adamiani~, `mowinave adamiani~ . es oTxive Tviseba TiTqmis arasodes ar xvdeba erT pirovnebaSi. erT adamianze damokidebuli top-menejmenti aris bizne-sis ganuviTareblobis mTavari mizezi.

TanamSromelTa pativiscemis principidan gamomdi-nare kompaniis muSakebi warmoadgenen mis aqtivebs da ara pasivebs. drukeris azriT, mcodne TanamSromlebi Tanamedrove kompaniebis arsebiTi ingredientebia.

kompaniis upirvelesi pasuxismgebloba aris klien-tebis Seqmna da misi momsaxureba. mogeba aris ara mTa-vari mizani, aramed, ufro, mniSvnelovani piroba kom-paniis xangrZlivi arsebobisaTvis.

decentralizacia da gamartiveba. brZanebebisa da kontrolis sistema drukers uvargisad miaCnda. misi azriT, kompania yvelaze ukeT maSin muSaobs, rodesac is decentralizebulia. drukeris mixedviT korpora-ciebs axasiaTebT tendencia awarmoon metismetad di-di raodenobis produqcia, daiqiravon TanamSromle-bi, romlebic maT ar sWirdebaT (maSin, rodesac uke-Tesi uqneboda autsorsingi anu ama Tu im saqmis sxva kompaniebTan partniorobiT gakeTeba), ganaxorcie-lon eqspansia ekonomikur seqtorSi, rac Tavidan un-da iqnas acilebuli.

arasworia biznesis marTva mravali moTxovnisa da miznis gaTvaliswinebiT, imis magier, rom daumorCi-lo kompinia erTaderT Rirebulebas.

nebismieri marcxis mizezi aris daufiqrebeli moq-medeba.

Secdomebis daSveba. ramdenadac kargia muSaki, imde-nad met Secdomas dauSvebs im axal saqmeebSi, romelTa Sesrulebasac Seecdeba. me arasdros ar davawinaureb-di kacs maRal Tanamdebobaze visac arasdros dauSvia

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Secdomebi, maT Soris didi Secdomebi, vinaidan igi sa-Sualo donis aris.

pasuxismgebloba. mniSvneloba ara aqvs TanamSrom-lis survils aiRos Tu ara pasuxismgebloba...., orga-nizaciam unda moiTxovos misgan pasuxismgeblobis aReba.

ideebi erTgvarad axalSobilebs hgavs. isini ibade-bian patarebi, umwifarni, uformoebi. isini ufro da-pirebebs warmoadgenen, vidre dasrulebul mosazre-bas (proeqts). inovaciur kompaniaSi ufrosi ar ityvis ès aris wyeuli, suleluri idea~. amis magivrad is ikiTxavs `ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom es embrio-naluri, nedli, suleluri idea gardaiqmnas raRac iseTsSi, rac Cven axal SesaZleblobebs mogvcems?~.

riski da inovacia. nebismieri ekonomikuri saqmiano-ba Seicavs `did risks~. magram guSindelis SenarCune-ba, inovaciebis gareSe, ufro did risks Seicavs, vidre xvalindeli dRis Seqmna.

`dagegmili uaris~ moTxovnileba. kompaniebsa da mTavrobebs aqvT bunebrivi adamianuri tendecia Ca-ebRauWon `guSindel warmatebebs~ imis magivrad,rom dainaxon — isini ukve usargebloa.

Sromis nayofierebisa da efeqtianobis mTavari stimuli ufro metad aris ara finansuri, aramed so-cialuri da moraluri xasiaTis.

Tavisufali mewarmeoba ar unda ganisazRvros ro-gorc kargi saqme biznesisTvis, igi kargi unda iyos sa-zogadoebisTvis.

sulieri Rirebulebebi. adamianebs sWirdebaT suli-eri Rirebulebebis dabruneba, radganac maTi gadar-Cena Tanamedrove viTarebaSi SesaZlebelia mxolod imis dadasturebiT, rom adamiani ara mxolod biolo-giuri an fsiqologiuri arsebaa, aramed, agreTve, su-lieri arseba, romelic Seiqmna da arsebobs misi Sem-qnelis miznebisTvis da mas (ufals) ekuTvnis.1

amrigad, p. drukeris menejmentis principebis gaazrebi-sa da Tanamedrove menejmentis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba CamovayaliboT organizaciis (sawarmos) efeqtiani marTvis wesebi:

1. efeqtiani xelmZRvaneli fiqrobs da ayalibebs mi-zan-amocanebs sawarmos interesebis misaRwevad.

1 P. F. Drucker. The Practice of Management.Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007 - Business & Economics – p. 162.

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2. efeqtiani xelmZRvaneli amzadebs moqmedebis daw-vrilebiT gegmas.

3. efeqtiani xelmZRvaneli pasuxismgeblobas iRebs miRebul gadawyvetilebebze.

4. efeqtiani xelmZRvaneli pasuxismgeblobas iRebs komunikaciis uzrunvelyofaze.

5. efeqtiani xelmZRvanelis Zalisxmeva mimarTulia SesaZleblobebze da ara problemebze. igi unda grZnobdes, rom Zalaufleba mas mxolod manamde aqvs, sanam organizacia endoba mas.

6. efeqtiani xelmZRvaneli nayofier Sexvedrebs mar-Tavs.

7. efeqtiani xelmZRvaneli fiqrobs da ambobs `Cven~ da ara `me~.

8. efeqtiani xelmZRvaneli jer ismens da Semdeg la-parakobs.

amrigad, ekonomikuri da mmarTvelobiTi marTvis procesi gansazRvrul kanonzomierebebs emorCileba, romlebic axasia-Teben marTvis organoTa sistemasa da struqturas, adamianuri resursebis menejments, menejeris funqciebisa da Semsrule-belze zemoqmedebis meTodebs. Sesabamisad arsebobs warmoebis gaZRolis menejmentis efeqturi organizaciis rigi specifiku-ri kanonzomierebisa da maTi moqmedebis principebis, wesebis er-Toblioba, romelTa dacviTa da praqtikaSi gatarebiT miiRweva warmatebuli menejmenti.

situaciuri midgomis Teoriisa da marTvis sistemis or-ganizaciis praqtikidan gamomdinare menejerebis mier organi-zaciuli struqturis tipis Tu organizebis meTodis SerCevas ganapirobebs Semdegi oTxi faqtoris arseboba:

1) organizaciuli garemo; 2) organizaciis strategiis tipi; 3) organizaciis mier gamoyenebuli teqnologia; 4) organizaciis adamianuri resursebis Taviseburebani.

(ix. nax. 2).

nax. 2. faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens organizaciul

struqturaze.

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1. organizaciuli garemos analizi. sameurneo praqtika mowmobs, rom Tanamedrove sabazro urTierTobebSi cvlilebebi sakmaod swrafad xdeba da adgilobrivsa da ucxour bazrebze zrdadi konkurencia mniSv-nelovan gavlenas axdens menjerebze, rogorc momxmareblebis mozidvis, aseve racionalurobisa da efeqturobis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT. Sedegad arsebiTia inte-resi organizaciuli struqturis Camoyalibebisadmi, raTa ada-mianebs da biznes-ganyofilebebs mieceT moqnili moqmedebis sa-Sualeba.

2. strategia. cnobilia, rom rodesac menejerebi iReben strategiasTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebas, isini arCeven mi-si ganxorcielebisaTvis Sesaferis saSualebebs. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebuli strategiebi gansxvavebuli organizaciuli struqturebis gamoyenebas saWiroebs. praqtika mowmobs, rom diferenciaciis strategia warmatebulia moqnili struqtu-ris pirobebSi, xolo dabali fasis strategia, romelic mimar-Tulia yvela funqciis farglebSi xarjebis Semcirebaze, Ziri-Tadad ufro formaluri struqturis pirobebSia warmatebuli, romelic meneje-rebs aZlevs danaxarjebsa da organizaciis sxvadasxva departamentebis moqmedebebze kontrolis gacile-biT ufro Zlier berketebs.

3. teqnologia. cnobilia, rom teqnologia — unar-Cveve-bis, codnis, instrumentebis, manqanebis, kompiuterebisa da mow-yobilobis erTobliobaa, romelsac menejerebi iyeneben saqon-lisa da momsaxurebis dizainis, warmoebisa da distribuciis dros. rac ufro rTulia teqnologia, miT ufro didia moqnili struqturis arsebobis aucilebloba, raTa gaZlierdes gauTva-liswinebel situaciebze menejerebis reagirebis SesaZlebloba da maT SeZlon problemebis mogvarebis axali meTodebis SemuSa-veba. rac ufro rutinulia teqnologia, miT ufro Sesaferisia formaluri struqtura, radgan davalebebi ufro martivia da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad aucilebeli nabijebi winaswar aris gansazRvruli.

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli teqno-logia kompleqsuria, romelic mniSnelovnad aris damokidebuli unar-Cvevebze, codnasa da adamianebis gunduri muSaobis unarze da ara avtomatizebul, winaswar daprogramebul manqanebze.

4. adamianuri resursebi. rac ufro maRalkvalificiuria organi-zaciis samuSao Zala, rac ufro met adamians moeTxoveba jgufebSi an gundebad muSaoba davalebebis Sesasruleblad, miT ufro metia imis albaToba, rom organizaciam gamoiyenos moqni-li, decentralizebuli struqtura. moqnili struqturebi ukeT Seesabameba maRalkvalificiuri adamianebis saWiroebebs.


amdenad, organizaciuli struqturis Camoyali-bebisas, meneje-rebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcion rogorc samu-Sao Zalas, aseve Tavad samuSaos.

amrigad, organizaciuli garemo, strategia, teqnologia da adamianuri resursebi warmoadgenen faqtorebs, romlebic menejerebma unda gaiTvaliswinon organizaciisaTvis saukeTeso struqturis Camosayalibeblad, struqturis dizainis asagebad.

mewarmeobis praqtika mowmobs, rom organizaciulma gar-daqmnam SeiZleba gavlena iqonios organizaciuli funqcionire-bis praqtikulad yvela aspeqtze, rogoricaa: organizaciuli struqturis, kulturis, strategiebis, kontrolis sistemebis, jgufebisa da gundebis da adamianuri resursis marTvis siste-mis CaTvliT. aseve, organizaciul procesebze, rogorebicaa: komunikacia, motivacia da xelmZRvaneloba da iseTi kritikuli amocanebis warmarTvis meTodebSi, rogoricaa: dagegmva, orga-nizeba, xelmZRvaneloba, kontroli.

organizaciuli cvlilebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRe-ba rTuli sakiTxia, ramdenadac gardaqmna cvlis statuskvos da Seicavs safrTxes, is ubiZgebs TanamSromlebs, win aRudgnen sa-muSao urTierTobebisa da procedurebis cvlilebis mcdelo-bebs. organizaciuli swavlebis meSveobiT menejerebi cdilo-ben, gaafarToon organizaciis wevrebis unarebi cvladi pirobe-bis gagebisa da Sesaferisi reagirebisaTvis, ramac SeiZleba, mniSvnelovani biZgi misces cvlilebebis aRqmas da daexmaros organizaciis yvela wevrs, menejerebis CaTvliT, miiRon efeq-turi gadawyvetilebebi aucilebeli gardaqmnebisaTvis, romel-Ta Sefaseba moiTxovs or mniSvnelovan qcevas. kerZod: a) prob-lemis aRiarebas da b) misi wyaros dadgenas.

Sesabamisad, organizaciuli gardaqmnis procesis yvela sa-fexurze, menejeris qcevam unda uzrunvelyos: 1) cvlilebis aucileblobis Sefaseba; 2)problemis arsebobis gacnobiereba; 3)problemis saTavis dadgena; 4)gasatarebeli cvlilebebis dad-gena; 5)organizaciis idealuri samomavlo mdgomareobis gan-Wvreta; 6) cvlilebebis xelisSemSleli faqtorebis dadgena; 7) cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba; 8) cvlilebebis mimarTulebis dadgena; 9) cvlilebebis gatareba da marTva; 10) cvlilebebis Sefaseba; 11) cvlilebamde da cvlilebis Semdgomi mwarmoeblu-robis Sedareba. Sesabamisad, gasatarebeli cvlilebis dadgenis Semdeg menejerebi iReben gadawyvetilebas, Tu rogor warmoud-geniaT organizaciis idealuri samomavlo mdgomareoba; ra sa-xis saqonelsa da momsaxurebas unda awarmoebdes is; rogori un-da iyos misi biznesis donis strategia; rogor unda Seicvalos organizaciuli struqtura da Tu rogor unda miaRwion orga-nizaciis idealur samomavlo mdgomareobas.

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amrigad, kvlevis Sedegebidan gamomdinare vaskvniT, rom ekonomikuri organizaciis ganviTarebis marTvis srulyofa did sirTuleebs ukavSirdeba. strategiuli arCevanis gakeTeba da marTvis stilis Secvla korporaciis saqmianobis mmarTvelobiT procesSi SesaZlebelia Tu davicavT maRalganviTarebuli qvey-nebis samewarmeo praqtikaSi aprobirebul qvemoT moyvanil eqvs òqros wess~, kerZod:

oqros wesi #1 - gaarkvieT, risi miRweva gsurT da ra-tom?

Tu organizacia pasuxs gascems Semdeg sam kiTxvas, mas gza gaxsnili eqneba warmatebuli strategiis ganxorcielebaSi.

1. risi miRweva surs organizacias, saiT midis? es kiTxva gansazRvravs strategiis ganxorcielebisa da

cvlilebis konteqsts. pasuxi naTlad unda Camoyalibdes da ec-nobos organizaciis yvela rgols.

2. ratom surs amis miRweva? Tu am kiTxvas ver upasuxebs organizacia, mas problema

Seeqmneba da gauWirdeba organizaciis TanamSromelTa darwmu-neba daeTanxmon SeTavazebul cvlilebebs.

3. ras miscems es maT TanamSromlebs? mesame kiTxva Zalian mniSvnelovania, magram organizacie-

bi mas xSirad ugulebelyofen. adamianebi bunebiT egoistebi ar-ian. Cven gvWirdeba imis danaxva, rogor imoqmedebs es cvlilebe-bi piradad Cvenze. organizaciam cvlilebebi unda daukavSiros mis personals, rogorc damoukidebel pirovnebebs.

oqros wesi #2 — gaiTvaliswineT warmatebis miRwevis au-cilebeli faqtorebi:

1. strategiuli ganviTarebis damajerebeli variantis damuSaveba;

2. naTeli xedva — koncefciis gamWvirvaloba; 3. cvlilebebi marTvis stilsa da angariSvaldebulebe-

bis moTxovnebSi; 4. cvlilebebis Sesaferisi komunikacia; 5. organizaciis resursebis SesaZleblobebis Secvla; 6. integrirebuli Semsrulebeli gundebis formireba; 7. dainteresebul mxareTa mosazrebebis gamokvleva; 8. organizaciis saqmianobis Sedegebisa da kulturis da-

kavSireba strategiul procesebTan. oqros wesi #3 — efeqtianad dagegmeT da marTeT strate-

giis ganxorciebis procesi garda imisa, rom aucilebelia warmatebis gadamwyveti

faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba, aucilebelia, ganisazRvros stra-tegiuli gegmis ganxorcielebis procesis CarCoebi. amisaTvis saWiroa, rom proeqti saTanadod iyos dagegmili da strategiis

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ganxorcielebebis oTxive etapze saTanadod xdebodes proeqtis marTva.

1-li etapi — risi miRweva surs organizacias? am etapze xdeba yvelafris dadgena, rac strategiasTan

aris dakavSirebuli: ganisazRvreba saerTo cvlilebebis mona-xazi, liderebi (xelmZRvanelebi) da TanamSromelTa arsebul funqciebSi Sesatani cvlilebebi.

me-2 etapi — rogor miaRwevs organizacia dasaxul miz-nebs?

am etapze, organizaciam unda gaanalizos, ra gziT aris Se-saZlebeli misi resursebis yvelaze ufro efeqtiani gamoyeneba.

me-3 etapi — rogor ganaxorcielebs organizacia pro-eqts praqtikaSi?

mocebul etapze ganisazRvreba konkretuli gzebi — ro-gor unda moxdes strategiuli miznebis praqtikaSi ganxorcie-leba. kerZod, ganisazRvreba yvela amocana, Sedegi, urTier-TkavSiri da a.S. rac aucilebelia strategiuli gegmis gansa-xorcieleblad.

me-4 etapi — rogor Seuwyobs xels organizacia proeq-tis praqtikaSi ganxorcielebas?

am etapze organizaciam unda ganixilos, ra RonisZiebebis gatarebaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom TanamSromlebi ar daubrun-dnen Zvel gzas; am stadiaze, organizaciam aseve unda aRiaros da daajildoos is pirebi, romlebic dasaxul cvlilebebs axor-cieleben.

oqros wesi #4 — uyuradRebod ar datovoT TanamSro-melTa pirovnuli aspeqtebi (daintereseba)

rogorc aRvniSneT, efeqturi strategiuli kursis gan-xorcieleba advilia, Tu organizacia upasuxebs sam ZiriTad kiTxvas. mesame da yvelaze mniSvnelovani kiTxva aris “ras mis-cems es strategia organizaciis TanamSromlebs?” es is adamia-nebi arian, anu is kvalificiuri kadri, romelmac praqtikaSi un-da ganaxorcielos strategiulo gegma.

SeuZlebelia adamianTa faqtoris mTlianad ignorireba da yuradReba unda daeTmos TanamSromelTa funqciebs, pasuxis-mgeblobebs da samuSao procesebs, Tu organizacias surs, rom gardaqmna warmatebis momtani iyos.

oqros wesi #5 — mTlad warmoidgineT, ris Secvla aris saWiro da cvlilebis gansacorcieleblad gamoiyeneT Sesa-ferisi moqmedebis stili

aucilebelia, rom organizacias naTlad hqondes warmod-genili, risi Secvla da risi miRweva surs, radgan ra meTodebi da midgomebic ar unda gamoiyenos, aucilebeli iqneba am kon-kretuli Sedegebis formulireba. organizaciis cvlilebis mas-Stabebi da tipi gansazRvravs gardaqmnis Sesaferisi midgomis

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SerCevas. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, ra droSi surs organiza-cias amis miRweva.

yovelive amis Semdeg, organizacia SeZlebs gardaqmnis an cvlilebis Sesaferisi midgomis an stilis SerCevas. cvlilebis ganxorcielebis stili unda Seesabamebodes organizaciis mier dasaxuli cvlilebis bunebas.

oqros wesi #6 — organizaciam unda Seiswavlos, ratom ewinaaRmdegebian cvlilebebs da gaataros saTanado RonisZi-ebebi

organizaciam kargad unda gaicnobieros, rom SeTavaze-bul cvlilebebs xSirad ewinaaRmdegebian TanamSromlebi. arse-bobs oTxi mTavari mizezi, ris gamoc zogierTi pirovneba ewina-aRmdegeba organizaciis gardaqmnas:

viwro piradi angareba; cvlilebis arsis araswori gageba; ubralod, cudad egueba cvlilebebs; situaciis gansxvavebuli Sefasebebi.

organizaciam kargad unda Seiswavlos da daadginos is mi-zezebi, ris gamoc

TanamSromlebi SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodnen gardaqmnas da SeimuSaos saTanado RinisZiebebis gegma konfliqtebis mosag-vareblad.

Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri organizaciis warmatebuli mar-Tva SesaZlebeli iqneba, Tu dasabuTebuli mmarTvelobiTi ga-dawyvetilebebis miRebiT sworad ganisazRvreba misi ganviTare-bis strategia, SemuSavdeba argumentirebuli biznes-gegma (pro-eqti), Seicvleba organizaciis struqtura da moxdeba meneje-ris funqciis sistematuri monitoringi organizaciis strate-giuli miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.

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ZURAB LIPARTIA, ELISO LANCAVA

SOME PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF CORPORATIONS IN THE CONTEXT

OF PETER DRUCKER EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES

In the article some practical considerations in a context of Peter

Drucker’s “Effective Management Principles” are presented. There are some quotes from Drucker in the work: “In fact, that management has a need for advanced education –

as well as for systematic manager development – means only that management today has institution of our society”.

“The best way to predict the future is to created it”. “Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right

things”. “What’s measured improves; “Company cultures are like country cultures. Never try to

change one. Try, instead, to work with what you’ve got”. “Efficiency is doing better what is already being done.” “Follow effective action with quiet reflection. From the quiet re-

flection will come even more effective action”. “People who don’t take risk generally make about two big mis-

takes a year. People who do take risks generally make about two big mistakes a year”.

“The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn’t said”.

“The purpose of business is to create and keep a customer”. “There is nothing to useless as doing efficiently that which

should not be done at all.” “When a subject becomes totally obsolete we make it a required

course.” “Rank does not confer privilege or give power. It imposes re-

sponsibility”. Successful strategic management of corporation is possible in condi-

tions of correctly chosen strategy, well-reasoned business plan (project), changes in structure of the organisation and regular monitoring of function of the Manager for the purpose of achievement of strategic goals.

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k v a l i n a T e l i

lorik marSania

sruliad saqarTvelom, afxazma da qarTvelma xalxma umZi-

mesi danaklisi ganicada. 77 wlis asakSi tragikulad daiRupa lorik besarionis Ze marSania — TvalsaCino politikuri da sa-zogado moRvawe, cnobili xelmZRvaneli muSaki, WeSmariti mamu-liSvili, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, mec-nierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawe, saqarTvelos agraruli akade-miis akademikosi, afxazeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis da mTeli rigi mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili wevri, romelmac mTeli Tavisi Rirseuli cxovrebis Segnebuli nawili miuZRvna ` ... af-xazebisa da qarTvelebis, rogorc istoriuli da ekonomiuri TanacxovrebiT, saerTo samSobloTi, religiiT, tradiciebiT, zne — CveulebebiT, sisxlnaTesaobiT yvelaze axlobeli xalxe-bis urTierTgagebisa da erTianobis problemebs~.

batoni lorik marSania wlebis manZilze nayofierad moR-vaweobda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis d. gulias saxe-lobis kvleviT instituSi, saqarTvelos suptropikuli meurne-obis institutSi — proreqtorad samecniero dargSi, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris mo-adgiled, xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli saxalxo meurneobis marTvis instituts, hqonda sa-qarTvelos da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis centralur struqturebSi xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze muSaobis udidesi gamocdileba. afxazeTisTvis urTules periodSi (1992-93 ww.) is gaxldaT afxazeTis mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris pirveli moadgile da amavdroulad xelmZRvanelobda afxazeTis gadarCenis komi-tets. amave Tanamdebobaze batoni lorik marSania muSaobda Tbi-lisSi 1996 wlamde. 1996-2002 wlebSi muSaobda ruseTis federa-ciaSi saqarTvelos elCis mrCevlad. 2002-2004 wlebSi gaxldaT saqarTvelos prezidentis rwmunebuli saxalxo diplomatiis sakiTxebSi. 2005 wlidan sicocxlis bolomde muSaobda afxaze-Tis avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWoSi mrCevlad.

batoni lorik marSania gaxldaT orasze meti samecniero Sromis, maT Soris monografiebis, broSurebis, werilebis avto-ri. gansakuTrebiT yuradRebas imsaxurebs misi publicisturi werilebi, romlebic exeboda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs af-xazeTSi. konfliqtis mSvidobiani politikuri gzebiT mogvare-bas. swored am problemebs exeba misi wignebi àfxazeTi mSvido-

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bisa da aRorZinebis gzebi~, àfxazeTi (guSin, dRes, xval),~, ga-mosacemad gamzadebuli axali wigni `jvarcmuli afxazeTi~, romlis bolo koreqtura man gaakeTa, misTvis sabediwero a.w. 12 agvistos.

dauRalavi sazogaodoebriv-politikuri moRvaweobisa da 1980-1995 wlebSi gamoqveynebuli publicisturi SromebisaTvis, romelic exeboda erTaSoris problemebs, afxazi da qarTveli xalxebis urTierTgagebas, Serigebasa da erTobas, mSvidobasa da Tanxmobas yvela xalxs Soris 1996 wels baton lorik marSanias mieniWa afxazeTis gamoCenili sazogado moRvawis, mwerlisa da poetis giorgi SarvaSiZis saxelobis premia. batoni lorik mar-Sania Tavisi samsaxureobrivi, sazogadoebriv-politikuri da samecniero moRvaweobis yvela etapze, rogorc adamiani, ro-melsac gamaxvilebuli hqonda samarTlianobis grZnoba, yovel-Tvis amJRavnebda Seudrekel principulobas da Tanmimdevru-lobas politikaSi, umaRles profesionalizms mecnierebaSi, ma-Ral moqalaqeobriv pozicias da kompetenturobas, saxelmwifo-ebriv azrovnebas, gambedaobas da vaJkacobas, rogorc patiosne-bis, sindisisa da Rirsebis adamiani, matarebeli misi winaprebisa da sagvareulos tradiciebisaTvis.

misi politikuri azrovnebis siRrme da urTierTobebis kultura gamowrTobili iyo mis mier ganvlili cxovrebis ur-Tulesi gziT.

batoni lorik marSania miekuTvneboda me-20 saukunis 80-ia-ni wlebis im politikuri xelmZRvanelebis mcire gamonaklisTa ricxvs, romlebmac Riad gailaSqres da gabedulad daupiris-pirdnen separatistul gamovlinebebs afxazeTSi.

batonma lorik marSaniam jer kidev 30 wlis win iwinaswar-metyvela separatizmis Sedegad mosalodneli tragikuli Sede-gebi, rac Cvenda saubedurod kidev gamarTlda. rTul viTareba-Si baton lorik marSanias araerTxel gamouvlenia Tavganwirva Tavisi xalxis gadarCenisa da qarTvel xalxTan mWidro kavSire-bis SesanarCuneblad. sazogadoebas kargad axsovs baton lorik marSanias brwyinvale gamosvlebi samoqalaqo diplomatiis sa-erTaSoriso forumebze moskovSi, niu-iorkSi, venaSi, haagaSi, parizSi, JenevaSi, sankt-peterburgSi, TbilisSi, ntv-s eTerSi da a. S. swored sakuTari xalxisa da mSobliuri kuTxis momavlis winaSe mdgari realuri saSiSroebiT SeSfoTebulma mimarTa man 1992 wlis 7 seqtembers afxazeTis vtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWos afxazuri fraqciis deputatebs, afxaz xalxs da piradad vladislav arZinbas — xma aRemaRlebinaT Tanxmobisa da mSvidobis dasacavad. raTa Tavi aeridebinaT mosalodneli katastrofisagan. baton lorik marSanias cxovrebiseuli kredo naTlad Cans mis sityvebSi ~Cvenma RmerTma da bedma gangviwesa, rom erTad vicxovroT erTi cis qveS mSvidobianad, megobru-

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lad, naTesauri siyvaruliT~. batoni lorik marSania gaxldaT adamianuri urTierTobis

is xuroTmoZRvari. romelic mTeli Tavisi cxovreba dawyebuli piradi ojaxuri magaliTidan, rudunebiT qmnida, agrovebda da Tvalis CiniviT ufrTxildeboda qarTul-afxazuri urTierTo-bebis unikalur magaliTebs, romlebsac efuZneboda qarTvele-bisa da afxazebis saukunovani istoriuli, naTesauri da megob-ruli Tanaarseboba. am TvalsazrisiT igi warmoadgenda afxazi xalxis udidesi warmomadgenlis giorgi SarvaSiZis saqmis brwyinvale gamgrZelebels, romelmac mTeli Tavisi sicocxle Seswira Cveni xalxebis megobrobis ganmtkicebis, urTierTobebs da erTobis saqmes.

batoni lorik marSania sicocxlis bolomde darCa Tavisi principebis erTguli. is bolomde emsaxura Serigebisa da ori monaTesave xalxebis — afxazebisa da qarTvelwebis erTobis ide-alebs. is iyo Seurigebel opoziciaSi nebismieri saxis politi-kur avanturistebTan. gamoirCeoda maRali profesionalizmiT, udidesi SromisunarianobiT, obieqturobiT da principulobiT. politikosis, sazogado moRvawisa da xelmZRvaneli muSakis es Tvisebebi masSi harmoniulad iyo Serwymuli maRali zneobis, afxazi xalxis saukeTeso Tvisebebis, tradiciebisa da adaT-we-sebTan, udides Sinagan pasuxismgeblobasTan, rac gansakuTre-bul xibls, damajereblobas da ndobas matebda masTan urTier-Tobas da iwvevda uRrmesi pativiscemis grZnobas mis mimarT.

samSoblos winaSe gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebisaTvis, er-Ta erTobis, urTierT gagebisa da konfliqtis mSvidobiani gziT gadawyvetis saqmeSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis batoni lorik mar-Sania dajildovebuli iyo vaxtan gorgaslis pirveli xarisxis ordeniT. is aqtiurad uWerda mxars samoqalaqo (saxalxo) dip-lomatiis ganviTarebas, rogorc arasamTavrobo moZraobis ~mSvidoba da fxazeTis aRorZineba~-s koordinatori aqtiurad monawileobda JenevaSi mimdinare SexvedrebSi afxazeTSi kon-fliqtis daregulirebasTan dakavSirebiT.

baton lorik marSnias Tavisi politikuri mrwamsiT da po-ziciiT, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT, konfliqtis dareguli-rebis miseuli xedviT gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava afxazeTSi konfliqtis daregulirebis saxelmwifo strategiaSi, radgan is iyo uSualo TviTmxilveli da obieqturi Semfasebeli im poli-tikuri procesebisa, romlebic win uswrebda saomari moqmede-bis inspirirebas afxazeTSi. ~samecniero Tu sazogadoebriv-po-litikuri moRvaweobisas me yovelTvis vgrZnobdi im xalxis gu-liscemas romelsac vekuTvni, rogorc afxazeTis uZvelesi sag-vareulos warmomadgeneli~, - werda batoni loriki. ~bolosda-bolos droa yvelam gavaanalizoT da gavigoT, Tu ra dagvemar-Ta rogor moxda, rom Cven guSindeli naTesavebi (mosaxleobis

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40% xom Sereuli afxazur-qarTuli ojaxebia), megobrebi, me-zoblebi, klaselebi, kurselebi, TanamSromlebi 2000 weli er-Tad mcxovrebni erT miwaze, erTi cis qveS, naTesaur siyvarulsa da megobrobaSi erT wamSi gadaviqeciT mtrebad da erTmaneTs sasikvdilod mivuSvireT iaraRi, romelic xelSi Cagvido muxa-naTurma mesame Zalam~. batoni lorik marSanias es brZnuli mo-wodeba erTdroulad yuradsaRebi gafrTxilebacaa momavali TaobebisaTvis, raTa ar dauSvan msgavsi fataluri Secdomebi ar dauSvan tragediis gameoreba. batoni lorik marSanias saxiT af-xazeTis problemis mogvarebis mTavarma Stabma dakarga Tavisi xalxisa da samSoblos momavalze, qarTul-afxazuri urTier-Tobis Catexili xidis aRdgenisaTvis aqtiurad mebrZoli da gulwrfelad mofiqrali, udidesi gamocdilebisa da fasdaude-beli sargeblobis momtani, WeSmariti raindi, afxazeTis trage-diis WirisufalT gamoakldaT kidev erTi sayrdeni burji saku-Tar kar-midamoSi dabrunebis auxdeneli ocnebiT guldafer-flili afxazi xalxis rCeuli Svili, romelsac Tan gahyva qar-Tul-afxazuri urTierTobebis mougvarebeli tragediis simZi-me. ojaxma dakarga winamZRoli, Svilebma Rirseuli mama, SviliS-vilebma saTayvanebeli babua, marSaniebis sagvareulom — Tval-saCino warmomadgeneli, axlo sanaTesaom, samegobrom da kole-gebma erTguli, saimedo da sando pirovneba, afxazeTis devnil-ma sazogadoebam — maT problemebze mofiqrali da aqtiuri meb-rZoli Tanamemamule.

Znelia dRes srulyofilad, bolomde Seafaso batoni lo-rik marSanias moRvaweobis mniSvneloba konfliqtis dareguli-rebaSi, misi politikuri nabijebis siRrme da SorsmWvreteloba, is udidesi moqalaqeobrivi pozicia da adamianuri Tavganwirva, romelic mxolod rCeulTa xvedria, rogorc TviTon batoni loriki werda: ~darwmunebuli var RvTis neba da xalxis samsjav-ro yvelafers Tavis adgils miuCens, yvela miiRebs Tavisas — samsoblos bedisadmi Cveni pasuxismgeblobis, Tu Cveni danaSau-lebrivi qmedebebis mixedviT ramac afxazeTi da misi xalxi tra-gediamde miiyvana~.

msubuqi iyos misTvis qarTuli miwa. saxelmwifo damkrZalavi komisiis wevrebi: nika gilauri,

giorgi baramia, elguja gvazava, Temur iakobaSvili, koba su-beliani, daviT alaviZe, svetlana qecba, giorgi anCabaZe, zu-rab erqvania, givi anCabaZe, zurab Ciqovani, oTar Jordania.

gazeTi : ` saqarTvelos respublika~, 18.08.2010.

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revaz xarebava

mcire mogoneba kolegaze da megobarze

lorik marSania

lorik marSania 1963 wels, sruliad SemTxveviT, moskovis

saxelmwifo ekonomikuri institutis mcire sakonferencio darbazSi gavicani, sadac sadisertacio sabWos sxdoma tarde-boda. rogorc avRniSne, Sexvedra da gacnobac SemTxveviT Sedga. me mesame kursis studenti viyavi, amitomac, amgvari sxdomebi, Cemi da Cemi TanakurselebisaTvis, jer kidev saintereso ar iyo. daviT SaviSvili, imJamad aspirantma (romelic dResac, ruseTis federaciis mecnierebaTa akademiis ekonomikis institutis mTa-vari mecnier-muSaki gaxlavT), SemomTavaza erTad davswebodiT sadisertacio sabWos sxdomas, sadac, samecniero xarisxis mosa-poveblad, disertacias icavda Cveni Tanamemamule lorik marSa-nia. miuxedavad amisa, rom orive soxumeli viyaviT, me mas ar vic-nobdi. Tumca misi gvari CemTvis cnobili iyo Tanaklaselebis muSni da raif marSaniebisagan, vifiqre, SeiZleba naTesavebic arianmeTqi. daviT SaviSvilma da me darbazis bolo rigis adgi-lebi davikaveT. swavlulma mdivanma auditorias disertantis biografia gaacno, gavige, rom lorik marSania erovnebiT afxazi iyo. es arc gamkvirvebia, vicodi, rom misi mogvare Cemi Tanakla-selebi qarTvelobdnen, Tumca xSirad aRniSnaven, warmoSobiT afxazebi varTo.

ramdenadac maxsovs, misi sakandidato disertaciis Tema — `subtropikuli meurneobis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRle-bis problemebi~ iyo. disertantma lorik marSaniam Cinebulad warmoadgina Tavisi naSromi, daasabuTa masTan dakavSirebuli Teoriuli aspeqtebi, aseve mokled mimoixila arsebuli mdgoma-reoba da daskvniT nawilSi Camoayaliba sakuTari rekomendacie-bi, romlis realizeba, avtoris mtkicebiT, garkveulwilad xels Seuwyobda am dargis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRlebas.

maxsovs isic, rom oponentebma sakmaod isaubres diserta-ciaSi dasmuli sakiTxebis aqtualobaze, gamoTqves TavianTi mo-sazrebebi. me msurs, yuradReba gavamaxvilo or aspeqtze: pirve-li — is, rom disertanti icavda pozicias, romlis mixedviT, so-cializmis pirobebSi, radganac ar arsebobs miwaze kerZo sakuT-reba da misi erTpirovnuli mflobelia saxelmwifo, ar SeiZleba

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arsebobdes diferencialuri renta. rasakvirvelia, disertanti amtkicebda, rom meurneobriobis socialistur sistemaSi sawar-moo brunvaSi moqceulia kargi, saSualo da cudi xarisxis miwe-bi. magram es ar aris jer kidev sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom vamtki-coT, soflis meurneobis warmoebis produqciis Rirebuleba ga-nisazRvros cudi xarisxis miwebze gaweuli danaxarjebiT. am diskusiaSi, romelic mimdinareobda disertantsa da oponen-tebs Soris, mTavari is iyo, rom avtori asabuTebda — socializ-mis pirobebSi diferencialuri renta Rebulobs diferenciaru-li Semosavlis formas, romelic Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba kapi-talisturi miwadmoqmedebis procesSi warmoqmnili rentisagan. CemTvis es problema metnaklebad gasagebi iyo, radganac Cven, mesame kursis studentebs, TiTqmis Seswavlili gvqonda poli-tikuri ekonomiis orive nawili — `kapitalizmis politikuri ekonomia~ da `socializmis politikuri ekonomia~.

miuxedavad imisa, rom am saxelmZRvaneloebSi da damatebiT wyaroebSic, romelTa gacnoba CvenTan aucilebeli iyo, dife-rencirebuli rentis arsebobis Sesaxeb informirebuli viyaviT da kargadac vicodiT. maxsendeba erT-erTi leqcia, roca semi-naris xelmZRvaneli, im dros docenti, leonid abalkini (Sem-dgomSi ruseTis federaciis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademiko-si, mecnierebaTa akademiis ekonomikuri kvlevis institutis di-reqtori) Seexo am problemas, garkveviT mogvaxsena, jerjero-biT es Tema (problema) TqvenTvis aqtualuri ar ariso... sxdoma-ze ki sakiTxis garSemo paeqroba imiT damTavrda, rom erT-erTma oponentma brZana: radgan am problemas ekonomikur TeoriaSi arsebobis ufleba aqvs, Cven disertaciis avtors ver avukrZa-lavT daicvas Tavisi pozicia. miTumetes, igi mas ganixilavs im mizniT, rom Camoayalibos meTodologiuri safuZvlebi sub-tropikuli meurneobis zonaSi diferencirebuli fasebis gamo-yenebisa da srulyofis Sesaxeb. meore oponenti, disertaciis Sefasebisas dadebiTi daskvnis warmodgenis Semdeg, aRniSnavda, rom subtropikuli meurneoba, TavisTavad, Cvens qveyanaSi aris monopoliuri dargi, amitom masSi ar arsebobs ekonomikuri efeqturobis amaRlebis seriozuli problemebi. am nawilSi mas damcvelebic gamouCndnen. paeqrobisas sityviT gamosulebma, aseve disertaciis xelmZRvanelma, institutis direqtorma profesorma buzulukovma aRniSna, rom realobaSi ar arsebobs soflis meurneobis dargi, romelic ar saWiroebs warmoebis ekonomikuri efeqturobis amaRlebis RonisZiebaTa sistemas, iq-neba es organizaciuli, Tu ekonomikuri. sabolood, lorik mar-Saniam warmatebiT daicva disertacia, naSromma maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura. sadisertacio sabWos wevrebma, da sxva gamomsvle-lebmac, erTxmad gamoTqves mosazreba, rom igi imsaxurebda eko-nomikur mecnierebaTa kandidatis wodebas, rac kenWisyris Se-

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degmac daadastura. lorik marSanias da Cemi Semdegi Sexvedra soxumSi Sedga,

1964 wlis agvistos TveSi. visaubreT bevr rameze, gavixseneT in-stitutis TanamSromlebi, pedagogebi, zogierTTan mokiTxvac damabara. aqve is dainteresda Cemi momavali gegmebiT, ras vapi-rebdi institutis damTavrebis Semdeg, vrCebodi ruseTSi, Tu vbrundebodi afxazeTSi. me vupasuxe: `Cemi ojaxuri pirobebis gamo, ar maqvs moraluri ufleba davrCe iq, unda vecado, Tu es SevZeli, gamanawilon afxazeTSi, romelime organizaciaSi, rom SevZlo ojaxis daxmareba~. man damaimeda: `nu ganicdi, me amas mo-vagvareb, wlis bolosTvis, ufro ianvris TveSi, naaxalwlevs da-mikavSirdi, Tavi Semaxsene da yvelaferi kargad iqneba~. mar-Tlac ase moxda. winasadiplomo praqtikis gasavlelad soxumSi gamamweses. me visargeble batoni lorikis dapirebiT da tele-foniT davukavSirdi. im dros loriki iyo saqarTvelos subtro-pikuli meurneobis institutis ekonomika-organizaciis kaTed-ris docenti. meore dResve daminiSna institutSi Sexvedra, ga-macno kaTedris wevrebi. aranairi saubari iq ar yofila, Cemi problemis Sesaxeb. mogvianebiT, roca marto davrCiT, miTxra, rom Seni soxumSi ganawilebis Sesaxeb vesaubre afxazeTis minis-trTa sabWosTan arsebuli sagegmo komitetis Tavmjdomares da SegiZlia dResve mixvide masTan, is yvelafers mogigvarebso. roca gamovcxaddi TavmjdomaresTan — l. nazaZesTan, man daiba-ra erT-erTi organizaciis direqtori da moaxsena: ài, am axal-gazrdas mieciT werili institutis direqtoris saxelze, rom mas viTxovT Cvens sistemaSi samuSaod~. direqtorma Tavi Seika-va, Cafiqrda ...Semdeg sagegmo komitetis Tavmjdomares ganucxa-da, rom mas vakanturi adgili ar hqonda. l. nazaZe gacxarda: `me Tqven gibrZanebT, rom gasceT aseTi Sinaarsis werili da, roca is aq Camova samuSaod, albaT Tqven SegcvliT, Tundac imitom, rom am axalgazrdas miRebuli aqvs Sesabamisi specialuri ganaT-leba~. direqtorma momibodiSa, naxevar saaTSi werili gamzade-buli iyo.

institutis damTavrebis Semdeg, es iyo agvisto — 1965 we-li, isev Sevxvdi lorik marSanias, madloba gadavuxade CemTvis gaweuli SuamdgomlobisaTvis. movikiTxeT ojaxebi da, rogorc, Cveulebisamebr, miRebulia, visaubreT rig Temebze. man, sruli-ad moulodneli, saubris konteqstidan amovardnili, kiTxva da-misva — xom ar visurvebdi institutTan TanamSromlobas?! CemSi ifeTqa dabneulobis, madlierebis mozRvavebulma grZnobam da mas garkveuli, saTanado pasuxi ver gaveci. gamomSvidobebisas miTxra, — erT kviraSi gamomiareo. SeTanxmebisamebr, jer davu-reke, davTqviT Sexvedra da mivedi institutSi, ekonomikisa da organizaciis kaTedraze. Camkida xeli, wamodio miTxra, mimiyva-na pirvel proreqtorTan da gaacno Cemi Tavi, Tanac dasZina, ba-

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tono roman, Cven ukve visaubreT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ax-la Cemi axalgazrda kolega ager dgas Tqven winaSe. proreqtor-ma, profesorma r. doRonaZem aiRo telefoni da daureka kaTed-ris gamges, sTxova igi Camosuliyo masTan. iq, im kabinetSi, ga-dawyda mTeli Cemi momavali moRvaweobis bedi. proreqtori da kaTedris gamge SeTanxmdnen, rom me daviwyebdi TanamSromlobas kaTedrasTan, jer saaTobriv sawyisebze da momavali saswavlo wlidan ki, Tu iqneboda ormxrivi survili, gadmovidodi maswav-leblis Tanamdebobis srul Statze. asec moxda, 1966 wlis pir-vel seqtembers safuZveli Caeyara Cems pedagogiur moRvaweobas umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi.

daaxloebiT ori wlis Semdeg, lorik marSania dainiSna sa-qarTvelos subtropikuli meurneobis institutis proreqto-rad, samecniero nawilSi. mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi Cven gvixdeboda, garda pirovnuli urTierTobisa, TanamSromloba samecniero kvlevis problematikis saerTo interesebidan ga-momdinare.

batoni loriki iyo gulisxmieri, uangaro megobari. Tanad-gomis gasaocari grZnobiT dajildoebuli adamiani, rasac mud-mivad vgrZnobdi Cemi aspiranturaSi swavlis dros da Semdgo-mac, mTeli urTierTobis manZilze. 1973 wels lorik marSania, CvenTvis moulodnelad, dainiSna afxazeTis avtonomiuri res-publikis ministrTa sabWos pirvel moadgiled. im periodSi iS-viaTad vxvdebodiT erTmaneTs. mas, rogorc saxelmwifo moxe-les, ar hqonda normirebuli samuSao dRe da Zalian cota dro rCeboda megobruli urTierTobebisaTvis, samecniero kvleve-bisaTvis. SemdgomSi mec momiwia gadasvla sakavSiro mecniereba-Ta akademiis Soreuli aRmosavleTis samecniero centris eko-nomikur institutSi — ufrosi mecnieris Tanamdebobis dasaka-veblad, ramac ufro metad dagvaSora (rasakvirvelia, mxolod fizikur daSorebazea saubari, mudmivi satelefono urTierTo-ba arc gagviwyvetia). mxolod 1983 wlidan, Cemi afxazeTSi dab-runebis Semdeg, aRdga Cveni mravalmxrivi urTierToba, miuxe-davad imisa, rom lorik marSania ukve muSaobda saqarTvelos ko-munisturi partiis centraluri komitetis agraruli ganyofi-lebis gamgis moadgiled, xolo 1985 wlidan saqarTvelos minis-trTa sabWosTan arsebuli saxalxo meurneobis marTvis insti-tutis reqtorad. am periodidan ufro intensiuri xasiaTi mii-Ro Cvenma samecniero da adamianurma urTierTobebma. lorik marSaniasa da Cemi samecniero kvlevis interesebs moicavda ag-raruli ekonomikis problemebi, amitomac Cven gvixdeboda mWid-ro TanamSromloba. me viyavi misi sadoqtoro disertaciis erT-erTi oponenti, monografiebis samecniero redaqtori da ram-denime statiis Tanaavtori.

Rrmad var darwmunebuli, rom lorik marSania iqneboda

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ufro produqtiuli, nayofieri mecnier-ekonomisti, rom hqo-noda meti dro mecnieruli kvlevebisaTvis (amis gamo xSirad wuxda kidec). kidev erTi xelisSemSleli faqtori, romelsac lorik marSania did dros uTmobda, iyo is, rom 60-iani wlebis Sua periodidan, igi aqtiurad CaerTo qarTul-afxazuri, perio-dulad feTqebad, konfliqtur urTierTobebSi. sawinaaRmdego interesebis, SexedulebaTa, miswrafebaTa Sejaxebisas, mas yo-velTvis gamokveTilad principuli pozicia gamoarCevda: Riad, daufaravad ebrZoda rogorc separatizmis gamovlinebebs, ase-ve Sovinizms. akritikebda araswor da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, arap-rincipul qmedebebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxridan. lo-rik marSanias amgvar qmedebas sazogadoebis erTi nawili dade-biTad afasebda, uwodebda moqalaqeobriv pozicias, xolo meo-re mxare, romelic separatizms emxroboda, gmobda mas da miiC-nevda moRalated, xalxis mtrad. maSin, roca vixseneb da vaana-lizeb qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis ganmtkicebis, mogvare-bis l. marSaniaseul xedvas, vrwmundebi, rom mTeli misi Zalis-xmeva mimarTuli iyo or moZme ers Soris gaugebrobis, gaucxoe-bis Tavidan acilebisaken. is yovelTvis Riad gamoTqvamda, afiq-sirebda, mouwodebda (yvela xelT arsebuli sainformacio sa-SualebiT, aseve mosaxleobasTan Sexvedrebis dros, pirad saub-rebSi qarTvelebTan, afxazebTan) yvelas qarTul-afxazuri mra-valsaukunovani megobrobis, naTesaobis, Tanadgomis SenarCune-bisa da ganmtkicebisaken.

miuxedavad zogad problemebSi CarTulobisa, lorik mar-Saniam, mecnieruli kvlevebiT, Rirseulad atara ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi da profesoris wodeba. mas mie-niWa mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawis wodeba, arCeuli iyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa agraruli akademiis akademikosad. lorik marSaniam, samecniero moRvaweobis periodSi, gamoaqveyna saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis problemebTan dakavSirebuli 200-mde statia da publicisturi werili, monog-rafiebi. man, Tavisi publikaciebiT, didi wvlili Seitana erov-nebaTaSoris urTierTobebisa da konfliqtebis mSvidobiani, po-litikuri gzebis mecnierulad gaazrebaSi. swored am proble-mebs miuZRvna erT-erTi gamorCeuli Tavisi wigni, saxelwodebiT — àfxazeTi: gza mSvidobisa da aRorZinebisaken~. erovnebaTaSo-ris konfliqtebis daregulirebisa da mogvarebis sakiTxebiT iyo gajerebuli misi gamosvlebi sxvadsxva saerTaSoriso fo-rumebze, radio, satelevizio eTerSi da a.S. lorik marSania mudmivad aRniSnavda qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris arsebuli mdgomareobis arabunebriobas, orive mxares sTavazobda Cixidan gamosvlis swor, argumentirebul xedva. igi dauRalavi energii-Ta da SesaSuri TanmimdevrobiT atarebda afxazebsa da qarTve-lebs Soris Serigebis politikas samoqalaqo diplomatiis gaaq-

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tiurebis gziT, romlis koordinatori Tavad iyo. aseTi pron-cipebis erTgul adamians, lorik marSanias separatistebma da-uxvrites axlo naTesavebis erTi ojaxis xuTi wevri. is bolomde darCa afxazeTSi. 27 seqtembers, soxumis dacemis dRes, saqarT-velos xelisuflebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlebisagan gansxva-vebiT, qarTvel bavSvebTan da moxucebTan erTad datova mSob-liuri mxare. miuxedavad imisa, rom mouSuSebel tkivils ata-rebda, igi mainc darCa (tragikulad daRupvis bolo wuTebamde) Tavisi principebis damcveli, romelsac mTeli sicocxlis man-Zilze erTgulobda da ganuxorcielebel ocnebad Cayva `did sa-qarTveloSi davanebuls~.

dauviwyaria Cveni bolo Sexvedra, gardacvalebamde co-taxniT adre, veris parkTan. Tbilad movikiTxeT erTmaneTi, sa-WesTan Tavad ijda, saxlamde mimiyvana. bevri visaubreT, gulis-tkiviliT SemomCivla: `rezo, albaT, ver moveswrebiT Cvens si-cocxleSi afxazeTSi dabrunebas, magram mTavaria, rom me da Sen am ideiT vcxovrobT da gvwams, rom davbrundebiT aucileblad... Cveni Svilebis dabruneba igivea, rac Cveni dabruneba~. man mou-lodnelad, Sewyvita saubari da Tavisi wigni gamomiwoda, Tan das-Zina: àmaSi rac weria, es aris erTgvari anderZi da mimarTva afxa-zebisa da qarTvelebisadmi ... mokled, Sen amas waikiTxav da mix-vdebi, Tu raSi mdgomareobs mimarTvis ars~. amoiRo avtokalami da wigns waawera: `rezo xarebavas, Cveni megobrobisa da urTier-Tobis Sesaxeb moskovSi, soxumSi da TbilisSi, samaxsovrod. mSob-liur afxazeTSi Cqara dabrunebis imediT. l. marSania~. vadastu-reb, wignma Cemze waruSleli STabeWdileba moaxdina, vkiTxulob-di da yurSi Camesmoda lorikis sityvebi — ànderZi Taobas~...

aqve minda SemogTavazoT mcire amonaridi wignidan, qar-Tvelebisa da afxazebisadmi mimarTva: `bolos da bolos droa, rom yvelam gavaanalizoT da gavigoT, Tu ra dagvemarTa. rogor moxda, rom Cven guSindeli naTesavebi (mosaxleobis 40% xom Se-reuli afxazur-qarTuli ojaxebia), megobrebi, mezoblebi, kla-selebi, kurselebi, TanamSromlebi, 2000 weli erTad mcxovreb-ni, erT miwaze, erTi cis qveS, naTesaur siyvarulsa da megobro-baSi, erT wamSi gadaviqeciT mtrebad da erTmaneTs sasikvdilod mivuSvireT iaraRi, romelic xelSi Cagvigdo muxanaTurma mesame Zalam!!!

simarTle afxazeTis Sesaxeb, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa momavali TaobebisaTvis — analizisa da gaazrebisaTvis, raTa ar dauSvan msgavsi fataluri Secdomebi, ar dauSvan tragediis ganmeoreba.

xolo nanatri Suqi gvirabis bolos, es aris imedi yvela im sikeTis da siwmindis, axali xarisxiT dabrunebis Sesaxeb, rac sa-ukuneebis ganmavlobaSi avsebda Cvens yofas. es mtkiced aris gancxadebuli ubralo adamianebis, afxazebsa da qarTvelebs

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Soris urTierTdaxmarebisa da Semweobis aseulobiTa da aTase-ulobiT faqtiT, rasac adgili hqonda konfliqtis TviT yvela-ze ufro Sav-bnel momentebSi.

Cven RmerTma da bedma gangviwesa, rom vicxovroT erTad, erT miwaze, erTi cis qveS, mSvidobianad, megobrobaSi, siyva-rulSi. darwmunebuli var, RvTis neba da xalxis samsjavro, yve-lafers Tavis adgils miuCens, yvela miiRebs Tavisas — samSob-los bedisadmi Cveni pasuxismgeblobis, Tu Cveni danaSaulebri-vi qmedebebis mixedviT, ramac afxazeTi da misi xalxi tragedi-amde miiyvana...~.


a v t o r e b i

revaz xarebava — ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxu-mis saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori;

revaz basaria — ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori;

madona gelaSvili — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwi-fo universitetis asocirebuli profesori;

zurab lipartia — ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxu-mis saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori;

maia gelaSvili — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti;

roin TaTeSvili — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti;

murman kvaracxelia — ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori;

irma molaSxia — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti;

daviT jalaRonia — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwi-fo universitetis sruli profesori;

devi Sonia — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis asocirebuli profesori;

emzar kakulia — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti;

irma dixaminjia — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori;

jandri zarandia — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwi-fo universitetis asocirebuli profesori;

larisa TakalanZe — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwi-fo universitetis asocirebuli profesori;

marina tabataZe — ekonomikis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori;

marine xubua — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori;

nana kacitaZe — ekonomikis doqtori, saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis asocirebuli pro-fesori;

nino xarebava — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori;

Teimuraz Sengelia — ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, iva-ne javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-tis sruli profesori;

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eliso lanCava — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori.

A U T H O R S

Revaz Kharebava – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of Sokhumi State University;

Revaz Basaria – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Sokhumi State University;

Madona Gelashvili – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of Sokhumi State University;

Zurab Lipartia – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of Sokhumi State University;

Maia Gelashvili – Post-Graduate Student of Georgian Technical University; Roin Tateshvili – Post-Graduate Student of Georgian Technical University; Murman Kvaratskhelia – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Pro-

fessor of Sokhumi State University; Irma Molashkhia – PhD in Economics, Sokhumi State University; Davit Jalagonia – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of Sokhumi Sta-

te University; Devi Shonia – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of Sokhumi State

University; Emzar Kakulia – PhD in Economics, Sokhumi State University; Irma Dikhaminjia – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of Sokhumi

State University; Jandri Zarandia – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of Sokhumi

State University; Larisa Takalandze – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of Sokhumi

State University; Marina Tabatadze – PhD in Economics, Assistant-Professor of Ivane Ja-

vakhishvili Tbilisi State University; Marine Khubua – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of Sokhumi

State University; Nana Katsitadze – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of David Agh-

mashenebeli University of Georgia; Nino Kharebava – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of Sokhumi

State University; Teimuraz Shengelia – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of Ivane

Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; Eliso Lanchava – PhD in Economics, Assistant-Professor of Sokhumi

State University.

avtorebisaTvis

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis SromebSi (eko-nomikur mecnierebaTa seria) gamosaqveyneblad motanili an gamogzavnili masala unda iyos akrefili fontiT Acad-Nusx (zoma — 12, intervali — 1,5). sqolio unda iyos aseve AcadNusx-Si (zoma — 10, intervali — 1,5). ucxo enebze akre-fili teqsti unda iyos akrefili Times New Roman-Si, Ziri-Tadi teqstis an sqolios Sesabamisi zomebiT. statias Tan unda axldes reziume (1000 aso-niSani, naxevari gverdidan erT gverdamde) qarTul da inglisur enebze. sqolios da-kabadonebis wesebis Sesaxeb ix. `Sromebi~ (ekonomikur mec-nierebaTa seria), t. III. Tb., 2008, veb-gverdze: http://sou.edu.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=170

gamoyenebuli literaturis siis darTva saWiro ar aris.

redaqciis misamarTi: soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, q. Tbilisi, 0186, jiqias q. 9, tel.: 254-14-12 E-mail: [email protected] Web-site: http://www.sou.edu.ge

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi. IX


PROCEEDINGS OF SOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITY. IX

Series of Economical Sciences

tiraJi: 100 egzemplari.

daibeWda gamomcemlobaSi `meridiani~. misamarTi: q. Tbilisi, al. yazbegis, 47;

tel.: 239-15-22 E-mail: [email protected]

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