Smart Grid, Smart City Distributed generation and storage trials

Robert Simpson, Ausgrid

26 November 2013

Smart Utilities Australia & New Zealand 2013

• $100 million Australian Government Initiative – Dept. of

Resources, Energy & Tourism

• Consortium led by Ausgrid with partners including IBM, GE

Australia, CSIRO, Transgrid, Gridnet, City of Newcastle, City of

Lake Macquarie, Hunter Water, Sydney Water, University of

Newcastle, University of Sydney

• Late 2010 to September 2013

• Project Streams

• Customer Applications

• Electric Vehicles

• Grid Applications

• Distributed Generation

and Storage

The Smart Grid Smart City project

2

• What is Distributed Generation and Distributed Storage?

• Trial objectives and overview

• Trial areas and technology overview

• Results from solar PV and wind trials

• Results from gas fuel cell trials

• Results from battery storage trials

• Lessons learnt

Overview

3

Distributed Generation

Can generate electricity at small scale

Connected to the electricity grid at the customer end

Examples - PV arrays (solar panels), small wind turbines, fuel cells

May be installed at customer premises or connected directly to the network

Distributed Storage

Can store energy (rechargeable batteries)

Connected to the electricity grid at the customer end

Have controllable charge and discharge ability

May be installed at customer premises or within the network

Related benefits, impacts and challenges = Energy Resource Management (ERM)

What is distributed generation & distributed storage?

4

Solar photovoltaic system penetration

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

-

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

180.0

Feb

-09

Ap

r-0

9

Jun

-09

Au

g-0

9

Oct

-09

Dec

-09

Feb

-10

Ap

r-1

0

Jun

-10

Au

g-1

0

Oct

-10

Dec

-10

Feb

-11

Ap

r-1

1

Jun

-11

Au

g-1

1

Oct

-11

Dec

-11

Feb

-12

Ap

r-1

2

Jun

-12

Au

g-1

2

Oct

-12

Dec

-12

Feb

-13

Ap

r-1

3

Jun

-13

Au

g-1

3

Mo

nth

ly in

stal

led

cap

acit

y (k

Wp

)

Tota

l so

lar

pan

el c

apac

ity

(MW

)

Ausgrid solar PV trends (2009 to Sep 2013)

Monthly installed capacity (kW)

Total Panel Capacity (MW)

End of NSW SBS scheme (FiT)

End of Federal solar credits

Australian Statistics (4 November 2013)

>1,132,000 solar PV systems >2,976,000 kWp

~6.6 million houses (Sources, Clean Energy Regulator and ABS Census 2011)

5

One-way electricity flow

Network considerations for high DG penetration

Two way electricity flow, low

penetration

Two way electricity flow, high

penetration

6

Trial overview

8

Three trial environments

1. “Suburban Saturation” - Newington

• PV repair campaign completed

• Data capture via Smart Meters as deployed

• Grid battery simulations

2. Urban “Smart Future” – Newcastle

• 40 RedFlow battery devices deployed

• 25 BlueGEN devices deployed

• Installation of 2 wind turbines in

commercial/industrial areas

• Actively managing operations, collecting data and

modelling high penetration scenarios

3. Rural “Thin Grid” - Scone (Upper Gundy)

• 20 RedFlow battery devices deployed

• 8 wind turbines commissioned

• Collecting data

Distributed Generation and Distributed Storage trial areas

9

1

2

3

Overview of DGDS technologies trialled

Trial Area Solar PV Small wind Fuel cells Batteries

kW No kW No kW No kW No

Sydney (Newington) 1022 1104 1.5 1 5 1

Newcastle (Elermore Vale) 315 138 4.8 2 37.5 25 200 40

Scone (Upper Gundy) 15 2 19.2 8 100 20

10

Sydney trial area (Newington)

Suburbs Newington

Zone Substation Homebush Bay

Feeder Panel 13

Feeder peak load 3.59MW

Customers (NMIs) ~1,800

Network type Underground

Total LV transformers

9 kiosks

Network monitoring (LV transformers)

9 kiosks

Smart meters ~240

Advanced meters 37

•Almost every house with solar PV (1kW or 0.5kW) •High density, ~60% townhouses, 40% apartments •Suburb built for 2000 Olympics Athlete Village •PV repair campaign indicated around 20 to 25% of systems not working

11

Newcastle trial area (Elermore Vale/ Wallsend South)

Trial Area Newcastle

Trial area (main suburbs)

Elermore Vale, Wallsend South

Zone Substation Jesmond

Feeder 80784

Feeder peak load 5.35MW

Customers (NMIs) ~1,800

Network type Overhead / underground

Total LV transformers 17 pole top 6 kiosks

Network monitoring (transformers)

4 pole top 3 kiosks

Smart meters ~290

Advanced meters 91

12

Scone trial area (Upper Gundy)

Trial Area Scone

Trial area (suburb) Upper Gundy

Zone Substation Scone

Feeder/ section 89062/ Miranee Rd

Peak load 2.68MW/120 kW

Customers (NMIs) 31

Network type Overhead HV

Total LV transformers 24 pole top

Network monitoring Miranee Rd recloser

Advanced meters 48

Recloser

13

Distributed Generation – Uncontrollable renewable sources

Solar Photovoltaics

Typically systems <10kW on residential roofs

Mature technology

Established installation and connection

policies and procedures

Small wind turbines

Very low penetration

More suitable for rural areas

10 x 2.4kW rated, tail-less small wind

turbines

14

High penetration solar PV - Newington (clear solar)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0:0

0

0:4

0

1:2

0

2:0

0

2:4

0

3:2

0

4:0

0

4:4

0

5:2

0

6:0

0

6:4

0

7:2

0

8:0

0

8:4

0

9:2

0

10

:10

10

:50

11

:30

12

:10

12

:50

13

:30

14

:10

14

:50

15

:30

16

:10

16

:50

17

:30

18

:10

18

:50

19

:30

20

:10

20

:50

21

:30

22

:10

22

:50

23

:30

11

kV f

ee

de

r lo

ad (

kVA

)

TIME (AEST) on 30/09/2012

11kV feeder load (~1MWp and 60% of customers)

Average load (10 mins)

Minimum load (10 mins)

Maximum load (10 mins)

15

High penetration solar PV - Newington (intermittent solar)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0:0

0

0:4

0

1:2

0

2:0

0

2:4

0

3:2

0

4:0

0

4:4

0

5:2

0

6:0

0

6:4

0

7:2

0

8:0

0

8:4

0

9:2

0

10

:10

10

:50

11

:30

12

:10

12

:50

13

:30

14

:10

14

:50

15

:30

16

:10

16

:50

17

:30

18

:10

18

:50

19

:30

20

:10

20

:50

21

:30

22

:10

22

:50

23

:30

11

kV f

ee

de

r lo

ad (

kVA

)

TIME (AEST) on 29/09/2012

11kV feeder load (~1MWp and 60% of customers)

Average load (10 mins)

Minimum load (10 mins)

Maximum load (10 mins)

16

Wind turbine – highly intermittent power

17

Effect on low voltage network of high penetration DGDS

Elermore Vale, Close St transformer •Measurement of low voltage phase at the transformer and end of distributor •Reverse power flow through pole top transformer •Within 1st/99th percentile voltage ranges (230v +10%, -6%) but close to limits at the end of the line

18

Using the smart grid for voltage management

•Elermore Vale, Kerry Avenue transformer, high penetration of batteries •Voltage ranges before and after transformer tap changes

19

Distributed Generation – Controllable gas fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cell

Runs on natural gas supply

Electrical output can be modulated (0.5-1.5kW)

Size of dishwasher

Requires natural gas, water, electricity and

communications systems

Cogeneration system

Waste heat recovery system

Domestic hot water tank

Gas instant hot water booster

Improves overall system efficiency

20

• BlueGen net used to

control operation on a

scheduled basis

Electrical efficiency

• At 1.5kW, ~53%

• Modulating 0.5-1.5kW,

~40%

• At 0.5kW, ~36%

Modulating power output – efficiency effects

21

Fuel cell generation vs household consumption

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

0:3

0

1:3

0

2:3

0

3:3

0

4:3

0

5:3

0

6:3

0

7:3

0

8:3

0

9:3

0

10

:30

11

:30

12

:30

13

:30

14

:30

15

:30

16

:30

17

:30

18

:30

19

:30

20

:30

21

:30

22

:30

23

:30

Ave

rage

Po

we

r (k

W p

er

30

min

s)

Effect of fuel cell operation on household consumption

Household profile

Constant 1.5kW power

Modulated to 1.5kW (2pm-10pm)

•Typical average residential customer in Newcastle LGA, ~15kWh/day •Gas fuel cell trialled capable of generating 36kWh/day (1.5kW power 24/7) •Graph of participant usage ~28kWh/day summer average (40kWh on day shown)

22

Waste heat capture and hot water usage patterns

Waste heat recovery highly dependent on customer hot water usage patterns. On average ~8 to 10% extra system efficiency.

24

Distributed Storage – customer versus grid

Customer Battery Storage

Generates 5kW output up to 2 hours

Weighs close to 500kg

Roughly the size of a narrow household fridge

Connected at the meter board

Zinc Bromine flow battery

Grid Battery Storage

Storage size 60kW for 2 hours

120kWh Lithium Ion batteries

Size of a 20 ft container

Directly connected to the local network

25

Battery performance – summer peak day 5 (full power)

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

12:00 AM

1:00 AM

2:00 AM

3:00 AM

4:00 AM

5:00 AM

6:00 AM

7:00 AM

8:00 AM

9:00 AM

10:00 AM

11:00 AM

12:00 PM

1:00 PM

2:00 PM

3:00 PM

4:00 PM

5:00 PM

6:00 PM

7:00 PM

8:00 PM

9:00 PM

10:00 PM

11:00 PM

Ave

rage

Act

ive

Pow

er (k

W)

Elermore Vale Battery Performance (40 batteries) - 30 November 2012

Actual performance

Ideal performance

26

Battery performance – summer peak day 1 (half power)

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

12:00 AM

1:00 AM

2:00 AM

3:00 AM

4:00 AM

5:00 AM

6:00 AM

7:00 AM

8:00 AM

9:00 AM

10:00 AM

11:00 AM

12:00 PM

1:00 PM

2:00 PM

3:00 PM

4:00 PM

5:00 PM

6:00 PM

7:00 PM

8:00 PM

9:00 PM

10:00 PM

11:00 PM

Ave

rage

Act

ive

Pow

er (k

W)

Elermore Vale Battery Performance (40 batteries) - 18 January 2013

Actual performance

Ideal performance

27

Summer peak reduction

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

12:00 AM

1:00 AM

2:00 AM

3:00 AM

4:00 AM

5:00 AM

6:00 AM

7:00 AM

8:00 AM

9:00 AM

10:00 AM

11:00 AM

12:00 PM

1:00 PM

2:00 PM

3:00 PM

4:00 PM

5:00 PM

6:00 PM

7:00 PM

8:00 PM

9:00 PM

10:00 PM

11:00 PM

Ave

rage

Act

ive

Po

we

r (k

W)

Peak reduction effect of batteries on Jesmond feeder load: 18 January 2013

Estimated feeder Load (no batteries)

Actual feeder load (with actual battery operation)

Estimated feeder load (ideal battery operation)

Actual (half power): 0.4% (24kW) Ideal (half power): 1.7% (91kW) Theoretical (full power) : 3.7%

(200kW)

28

Load reductions in rural environment (non-peak day)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

12:00 AM 04:00 AM 08:00 AM 12:00 PM 04:00 PM 08:00 PM 12:00 AM

Fee

de

r C

urr

en

t (A

)

Po

we

r (k

W)

July 11 to 13 average time of day

Feeder current

calculated recloser power without batteries

measured recloser power with batteries

29

Individual household – no DGDS

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

0:1

5

0:4

5

1:1

5

1:4

5

2:1

5

2:4

5

3:1

5

3:4

5

4:1

5

4:4

5

5:1

5

5:4

5

6:1

5

6:4

5

7:1

5

7:4

5

8:1

5

8:4

5

9:1

5

9:4

5

10

:15

10

:45

11

:15

11

:45

12

:15

12

:45

13

:15

13

:45

14

:15

14

:45

15

:15

15

:45

16

:15

16

:45

17

:15

17

:45

18

:15

18

:45

19

:15

19

:45

20

:15

20

:45

21

:15

21

:45

22

:15

22

:45

23

:15

23

:45

Ave

rage

kW

in a

hal

f h

ou

r

House load Newington Feeder (,000 kW)

Evening peak

30

Individual household – with DGDS (load matching)

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

0:1

5

0:4

5

1:1

5

1:4

5

2:1

5

2:4

5

3:1

5

3:4

5

4:1

5

4:4

5

5:1

5

5:4

5

6:1

5

6:4

5

7:1

5

7:4

5

8:1

5

8:4

5

9:1

5

9:4

5

10

:15

10

:45

11

:15

11

:45

12

:15

12

:45

13

:15

13

:45

14

:15

14

:45

15

:15

15

:45

16

:15

16

:45

17

:15

17

:45

18

:15

18

:45

19

:15

19

:45

20

:15

20

:45

21

:15

21

:45

22

:15

22

:45

23

:15

23

:45

Ave

rage

kW

in a

hal

f h

ou

r

House load Import from grid

Export to grid Newington Feeder (,000 kW)

Battery charging Battery in load matching

Battery discharge and stripping

Exporting during

peak times

31

• High penetration studies (Solar PV and wind)

• Key issues are voltage impacts & potential to change load profiles

• Impacts determined by network characteristics and settings (not just penetration)

• Small wind is restricted mainly to rural locations & has high output variability

• Rural (thin) networks more influenced by high penetrations

• Fuel cells

– Operation is more suited to customers with high consumption and base load

– Additional efficiency from waste heat capture is dependent on heating load characteristics

• Battery storage

– Distributed batteries can be controlled and utilised to reduce network peaks

– Battery operation, performance and key parameters are important in assessing suitability (eg. kWh/kW ratio)

– Advanced battery management/operation functions allow greater customer benefits

• Smart grid

– Network monitoring can assist in voltage management (including meters/devices)

– Standard control interfaces on DGDS may assist in dual benefits for customers and networks (AS4755 & AS4777)

Lessons learnt

32

Questions?

Find out more

www.smartgridsmartcity.com.au

Trial outcomes can also be found at the Information Clearing House

https://ich.smartgridsmartcity.com.au/

33