Smart Electrical Energy - egr.msu.edu Urban Energy.pdfOct 18, 2019 · Smarter grids and smarter cities Production from multiple sources Distribution Main grids integrated with microgrids

Sustainable Systems:

Smart Cities

AESC310Smart Energy 1

Smart Electrical

Energy

Today’s agenda

Smart Energy AESC310 2

Forms of energy and conversion

Role of electricity in US

Conventional electric networks

Smart electric grid technology

Smarter electricity networks

Looking at Smart Energy through the Consensus Lense

Forms of energy

Non-renewable

o Natural gas

o Coal

Renewable

o Biomass

o Nuclear

o Solar

o Wind

o Geothermal

o Tides

o Hydropower (dams)


Energy conversion to electrical form

Non-renewable

o Natural gas

o Coal

Renewable

o Biomass

o Nuclear

o Solar

o Wind

o Geothermal

o Tides

o Hydropower (dams)AESC310Smart Energy 4

Which of these forms can be converted to electricity?

Why is electricity such a useful form?

Can be shipped over long distances relatively flexibly

Voltage can be stepped up/down efficiently for local use

Can be used over a wide range of power levels

o Microelectronic devices

o Light bulbs

o Electric room heater

o Aluminum smelting

o Transcranial electrical stimulation


Factory power in the 1880s


What are some problems with

electricity?

Energy losses over long lines

Danger to people at certain

power/voltage levels

Heavy dependency can be a

security/convenience risk

Doesn’t store well in large

amounts (energy)


Role of electricity in

the US energy picture


AESC310

Smart Energy

9

Electricity Mix


U.S. Electricity Mix


Conventional

Transmission Systems


Electrical power variables

Voltage: potential difference, volts

Current: flow, amperes

Power: voltage * current -> electrical power

(1 volt * 1 amp = 1 watt)

Energy: power * time -> electrical energy

(1 watt-sec, 1 kilowatt-hr) AESC310Smart Energy 13

Volts, amperes and watts –

what’s the difference?

Electrical Generation and Transmission


Pop Quiz: The power we get from the grid is

transmitted in the form of:

Alternating Current (AC)

Direct Current (DC)

The purest rock and roll

known to humanity

(AC/DC)

Electrical Power: Alternating Current


Electrical power:

AC Transmission and Distribution


Electrical power:

AC Transmission and Distribution


Smart Grid Tech


Smart grid technology

Motivators are:

o increased efficiency

Less power used => cheaper power &

less harm to environment

o increased reliability

more stable in storms

o increased security

less vulnerable to targeted attack


Smart grid technologiesStrategies

o Efficiency: active market pricing

o Reliability: pinpointing outages

o Security: redundant routing

Techniques

o Measurement: sensors, metering

o Intelligence: decision algorithms

o Control: actuators to shut off lightsAESC310Smart Energy 20

Smart building energy management

1)Advanced building energy management

systems

2)Smart lighting

3)Smart HVAC

4)Other smart building

components: Smart windows


https://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/19537/title/how-smart-

buildings-save-energy

Networked systems lead to greater efficiency.

Smart Grid Tech

Continued:

Evolving electric networks


Electric networks

Production installed capacity

Distribution capacity to transmit

Consumption actual demand


In the US we have a consumption-driven system

implemented by highly-regulated utility

companies.

The system is costly but effective and reliable.

Smarter electric networksProduction from multiple sources

Power plants

Solar and wind farms

Local solar panels on roofs

Distribution

Many parts of grid must be “two-way”

Market-structured among primary producers

Consumption

Suppliers may control, to some degree

Influenced by dynamic pricing

Demand reduced by education


MSU Solar Carport Initiative

AESC310Smart Energy 25http://ipf.msu.edu/green/practices/solar-carport-initiative.html

Smarter electric networks




Consider local effects: microgrid

Source: rebuspower.com

Conventional electric networks


GRID

P

P P

PC

CC

C

Producer

Consumer


AESC310Smart Energy

29

GRID

P 1

P 2

C 3C 1

C 2

Producer

Consumer

Separate market-

based operation:

buyer-seller

structure

PC1

PC2

Smart grids and Smart Cities

A smart grid does three things:

o Modernizes power systems for C&C

o Informs consumers about their usage

o Provides reliable and secure power

Leads to increased use of:

o Measurement – what’s happening?

o Automated intelligence – what to do?

o Control action – how to do it?AESC310Smart Energy 30

Food for thought…. This isn’t new tech

• 1979- Solar panels installed on the White House.

• 2005 – Enel deployment (Italy) widely considered to be

the first full scale

• 2007 – The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA)

directed the National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST) to develop a set of standards to help

ensure the compatibility of Smart Grid technologies


So why haven’t we implemented it yet?


Let’s think about this like a consensus

issue…

• Who are our stakeholders?



issue…

• Who are our stakeholders?

• Utility Customers

• Residential

• Commercial

• State Government

• Federal Government

• Utilities

• Technology Providers


• These groups need to wrestle with issues such as:

• Which technologies are deployed?

• Who pays & how much?

• Who owns the power?

• Who own’s the data generated?



issue…

• Suppose you want to install solar and wind at your own home to be more self-sufficient and sustainable.

• You’d also like to sell excess energy you produce to the grid.

• As a fallback, you’d like to keep your connection to the grid in case of emergencies, dark/still periods, etc.

• In short, you want to create your own micro-grid.


A more specific case…

• Upon investigation, you find the following:

• Beyond the cost of the solar panels, you will also need to purchase electrical equipment that will bring your power “in-phase” with the local power lines.

• Your utility will buy back the electricity at 60% the fee you pay.

• You will need to pay a “stand-by” fee


A more specific case…

• Values driven decision

• Lower carbon footprint

• Reduce grid demand

• David vs. Goliath

• You need energy sales to make your microgrid work financially

• You have little market power as an individual to negotiate prices

• Extra fees seem designed to keep you out of the market (anti-competitive)

• Conclusion, rules should be put in place to help make your microgrid more financially viable.


Your Perspective

• Values driven decision

• Keep the power on

• Remain financially solvent

• Regarding prices & Fees

• Few businesses like being told they

“must” buy something for more than it

costs them to produce (anti-

competitive)

• If you stay connected to the grid,

utilities are mandated by law to have

enough capacity to meet your needs…

even if you aren’t using their e-.

• Leads to idle infrastructure…

• Energy mix & relation to reliability


Utility Perspective

Utility Perspective.. Meeting demand






Gas/Hydro/Combustion for peaking

Wind

Solar

Just for illustration… not necessarily to scale.

Take Home Message…

• The technology to make this happen is here and quite

mature

• Implementation is complicated

• No obvious solution for rulemakers


Remember that timeline from earlier….

• 2007 – The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA)

directed the National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST) to develop a set of standards to help

ensure the compatibility of Smart Grid technologies

• 2010 NIST (Finally) presented their proposal for standards and

guidelines…

• It was rejected by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

• Cybersecurity & implementability concerns

• To date, no such Federal standards exist


Shocking

Right?

AESC310 Smart Energy 45


• The technology to make this happen is here and quite

mature

• Implementation is complicated

• No obvious solution for rulemakers

• Fed Gov’t punts the decision to the States

• States often punt to local Govts and Utilities

• For example, see DSIRE.org




Engineering Business

Socio-Political

you

Some additional resources

energy.gov/oe/services/

technology-development/smart-grid

EPRI/intelligrid

www.peterkrantz.com/2011/energy-feedback-loops/

www.smartgrid.ieee.org

http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/index_en.cfm?pg=re

search-smartgrid

http://www.add.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/exhibits/buildings/watert

ower.html

DSIREusa.org (State by state, policies and incentives)


One Planet, one Family, one Grid?


Additional Slides


Electrical energy: “history”


Electrical power: human generation


‘regular’ person:

1.2 hp briefly (900 W)

0.1 hp indefinitely (75 W)

‘trained athlete’ :

2.5 hp briefly (1650 W)

0.3 hp indefinitely (225 W)

Electrical power: Direct Current


Car battery:

12 v

40 A.h

Peak current

draw: ~400 A

Electronics

battery:

1.5 v

800 mA.h

Current draw:

~50-1000 mA

Human brain:

~ 70 mv

~ 2 ma

Smarter grids and smarter cities

Production from multiple sources

Distribution

Main grids integrated with microgrids

Greater reliability and security through C&C

Consumption

Greater control in meeting demand

Example of electricity needs of urban water utility:

(1) very large consumer; (2) some demand shifted

to off-peak hours; (3) limit water power in favor of

hospital power


Source: Relationship between Smart Grids and Smart Cities, K. Geisler, Siemens Smart Grid US. www.smartgrid.ieee.org/newsletter/may-2013

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Smart Electrical Energy - egr.msu.edu Urban Energy.pdfOct 18, 2019 · Smarter grids and smarter cities Production from multiple sources Distribution Main grids integrated with microgrids