Small Cell RCT Solution · 10-16-2014 | LTE Small cell RCT | 8 Small Cell Market forecasts - volumes ABI Research (Feb. 2012) Small-Cell Market I 2012: 4.3 million small cells (including

Paul Chang

Rohde-Schwarz, Taiwan

LTE Small Cell RCT

10-16-2014 | LTE Small cell RCT | 2

Contents ı LTE Small Cell Marketing Information

ı LTE Small Cell RCT

I 3GPP 36.141

I Transmitter Testing

I Receiver Testing

I Performance Testing

ı Measurement Instruments for LTE Small Cell RCT


2013/2014 2009/2010

Technology evolution path GSM/

GPRS

EDGE, 200 kHz DL: 473 kbps

UL: 473 kbps

EDGEevo DL: 1.9 Mbps

UL: 947 kbps

HSDPA, 5 MHz DL: 14.4 Mbps

UL: 2.0 Mbps

HSPA, 5 MHz DL: 14.4 Mbps

UL: 5.76 Mbps

HSPA+, R7 DL: 28.0 Mbps

UL: 11.5 Mbps

2005/2006 2007/2008 2011/2012

HSPA+, R8 DL: 42.0 Mbps

UL: 11.5 Mbps

cdma

2000

1xEV-DO, Rev. 0

1.25 MHz DL: 2.4 Mbps

UL: 153 kbps

1xEV-DO, Rev. A


UL: 1.8 Mbps

1xEV-DO, Rev. B


UL: 4.9 Mbps

HSPA+, R9 DL: 84 Mbps

UL: 23 Mbps

DO-Advanced DL: 32 Mbps and beyond

UL: 12.4 Mbps and beyond

LTE-Advanced R10/11 DL: 1 Gbps (low mobility)

UL: 500 Mbps

Fixed WiMAX

scalable bandwidth 1.25 … 28 MHz

typical up to 15 Mbps

Mobile WiMAX, 802.16e

Up to 20 MHz DL: 75 Mbps (2x2)

UL: 28 Mbps (1x2)

Advanced Mobile

WiMAX, 802.16m DL: up to 1 Gbps (low mobility)

UL: up to 100 Mbps

VAMOS Double Speech

Capacity

HSPA+, R10/11 DL: 84 Mbps

UL: 23 Mbps

LTE (4x4), R8+R9, 20MHz DL: 300 Mbps

UL: 75 Mbps

UMTS DL: 2.0 Mbps

UL: 2.0 Mbps


331 LTE networks commercially launched in 112 countries   280.4 million LTE subscriptions worldwide: Q2 2014  


Small Cells: Definition by Informa I Femtocells:

Primarily deployed in consumer and enterprise environments

I Picocells:

Deployed in indoor public areas (airports, train stations, shopping

areas)

I Microcells:

Usually deployed in urban areas or in cases where the footprint of

a macrocell is not necessary

I Metrocells:

Deployed in urban areas to alleviate capacity bottlenecks.

Technology (single / multi-mode)


Small Cell Market forecast - revenues (Informa, Feb. 2013)

ı Total revenues:

US$22bn during 2016

ı Public-area and Enterprise

small cells will generate the

lion’s share (> 85%)

Public area and enterprise small cells (outdoor and higher end Indoor Small

Cells) require higher effort for Testing!


Small Cell Market forecasts - volumes ABI Research (Feb. 2012) Small-Cell Market I 2012: 4.3 million small cells (including femtocells, picocells and microcells and all

technologies)

I 2016: Forecast to 36.8 million shipments (valued at $20.4 billion)

I 2012: residential models (62%) and enterprise models (30%) dominate small cell

shipments

I 2016: Shipment vs. Revenue:

I indoor small cells will make 94% of total shipments, but only 36% of revenue

I outdoor small cells will make 6% of total shipments, but 64% of revenue

I 2016: 80% of outdoor small cells estimated to be multi-mode (WCDMA + LTE)

vs. 20% LTE-only

Public area and enterprise small cells (outdoor and higher end Indoor Small

Cells) require higher effort for Testing also in production!




I 3GPP 36.141


I Receiver Testing




E-UTRA

Operating

Band

Uplink (UL) operating

band

Downlink (DL) operating

band

FUL_low – FUL_high [MHz] FDL_low – FDL_high [MHz]

1 1920 – 1980 2110 – 2170

2 1850 – 1910 1930 – 1990

3 1710 – 1785 1805 – 1880

4 1710 – 1755 2110 – 2155

5 824 – 849 869 – 894

6 830 – 840 875 – 885

7 2500 – 2570 2620 – 2690

8 880 – 915 925 – 960

9 1749.9 – 1784.9 1844.9 – 1879.9

10 1710 – 1770 2110 – 2170

11 1427.9 – 1447.9 1475.9 – 1495.9

12 699 – 716 729 – 746

13 777 – 787 746 – 756

14 788 – 798 758 – 768

17 704 – 716 734 – 746

18 815 – 830 860 – 875

LTE/LTE-A Frequency Bands (FDD) E-UTRA

Operating

Band

Uplink (UL) operating

band

Downlink (DL) operating

band

FUL_low – FUL_high [MHz] FDL_low – FDL_high [MHz]

19 830 – 845 875 – 890

20 832 – 862 791 – 821

21 1447.9 – 1462.9 1495.9 – 1510.9

22 3410 – 3490 3510 – 3590

23 2000 – 2020 2180 – 2200

24 1626.5 – 1660.5 1525 – 1559

25 1850 – 1915 1930 – 1995

26 814 – 849 859 – 894

27 807 – 824 852 – 869

28 703 – 748 758 – 803

29 N/A 717 – 728

30 2305 – 2315 2350 – 2360

31 452.5 – 457.5 462.5 – 467.5

32 N/A 1452 – 1496

10


LTE/LTE-A Frequency Bands (TDD) E-UTRA Operating

Band

Downlink (DL) / Uplink (UL) operating band

Flow – Fhigh [MHz]

33 1900 – 1920

34 2010 – 2025

35 1850 – 1910

36 1930 – 1990

37 1910 – 1930

38 2570 – 2620

39 1880 – 1920

40 2300 – 2400

41 2496 – 2690

42 3400 – 3600

43 3600 – 3800

44 703 - 803

11


LTE Release 8

FDD / TDD

Enh. DL

Control CH

Network

Energy Saving

CoMP

UL / DL

In-device

co-existence

RAN enh. for

Diverse Data

Application

RAN overload

control for MTC

feICIC

(further eICIC)

Service Continuity

for eMBMS

CA

enhancements

NW-based

positioning

(UTDOA)

MDT

Rel-11

Rel-10

Relaying

SON

enhancements

Carrier

Aggregation

DL MIMO

8x8

Enhanced

SC-FDMA

eICIC

UL MIMO

4x4

Rel-9

eMBMS

enhancements

Positioning

Dual Layer

Beamforming

Multi carrier /

Multi-RAT

Base Stations

Home

eNodeB

Self Organizing

Networks

Public Warning

System (PWS)

LTE Evolution


LTE/LTE-A Carrier Aggregation Bands I Intra-band contiguous

CA bands

I Inter-band contiguous

CA bands

I Intra-band non-

contiguous CA bands


Aggregated Channel Bandwidth for intra-band CA

ı CA bandwidth

I BWChannel_CA = Fedge_high - Fedge_low [MHz]


LTE BS Transmitter Tests 6.2 BaseStation Output Power

6.2.6 Home BS with Adjacent W-CDMA

6.2.7 Home BS with Adjacent LTE

6.2.8 Home BS with co-channel LTE

6.3 Output power dynamics

6 Transmitter Tests

6.3.1 RE power control dynamic range

6.3.2 Total power dynamic range

6.4 Transmit ON/OFF power

6.5 Transmitted signal quality

6.5.1 Frequency error

6.5.2 Error vector magnitude

6.5.3 Time alignment error

6.5.4 DL RS power

6.6 Unwanted emissions

6.6.1 Occupied bandwidth

6.6.2 Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio

6.6.3 Operating band unwanted emissions

6.6.4 Transmitter spurious emissions

6.7 Transmitter intermodulation


Interference Issues from Output Power of Home BS ı Home BS must have capability

I To tune the transmitter output power to minimize the

interference level on the adjacent channels licensed BS

I To be optimize the coverage rate


Interference Issues from Output Power of Home BS I Home BS with Adjacent W-CDMA

I CPICH Ê c --- code power of the Primary CPICH from WCDMA

I Ioh --- total received power density

I Home BS with Adjacent LTE

I CRS Ê s --- Reference Signal Received Power per resource element

I Ioh --- the total received power density from downlink

I Home BS with co-channel LTE

I CRS Ê s --- Reference Signal Received Power per resource element

I Ioh --- the total received power density from downlink

I Iob --- the uplink received interference power, including thermal noise,


How to Measure the Output Power of Home BS with Adjacent W-CDMA

I LTE test model” TM 1.1

I WCDMA test model: TM1

2

3

4

1

Test Case PCPICH (dBm) Ptotal (dBm) PAGWN (dBm)Carier/Noise

(dB)Pout (dBm) Limits

-80 -70 -50

-90 -80 -60

-100 -90 -70

-100 -70 -50

-20

≤ 20

≤ 10

≤ 8

≤ 10

+2.7 dB ( f ≤3 GHz)

+3 dB ( 3 GHz ≤ f ≤4.2 GHz)

I Home BS with adjacent W-CDMA

signal


Test Configuration for Output Power of Home BS with Adjacent W-CDMA

I Test setup for Home BS

with Adjacent W-CDMA


How to Measure the Output Power of Home BS with Adjacent LTE

I Wanted signal: TM1.1

I Downlink: TM1.1

I Home BS with adjacent LTE

signal

2

3

4

1

Test Case Ptotal (dBm) PAWGN (dBm)Carier/Noise


-65 -50 -15

-75 -60 -15

-90 -70 -20

-90 -50 -40

≤ 20

≤ 10

≤ 8

≤ 10

+2.7 dB ( f ≤3 GHz)

+3 dB ( 3 GHz ≤ f ≤4.2 GHz)

Test Requirements for home BS with adjacent LTE signal


How to Measure the Output Power of Home BS with Co-Channel E-UTRA Protection

I Wanted signal: TM1.1

I Downlink: TM1.1

I Uplink: FRC1

I Home BS with Co-channel EUTRA

protection

2

3

4

1

Test Case Ptotal (dBm) PAWGN (dBm)Carier/Noise


-65 -50 -15

-75 -60 -15

-90 -70 -20

-90 -50 -40

≤ 20

≤ 10

≤ 8

≤ 10

+2.7 dB ( f ≤3 GHz)

+3 dB ( 3 GHz ≤ f ≤4.2 GHz)

Test Requirements for home BS with adjacent LTE signal


Transmitter Intermodulation I To measure TX capability to inhibit the nonlinear from

I The own transmit signal, and

I An interfering signal reaching the transmitter via the antenna

I Signal for TX intermodulation

I Test Requirement


Test Setup for Transmitter Intermodulation ı Calculating the measurement regions for the

intermodulation product

3rd order

Order of intermodulation products Center frequency Intermodulation width

2F1 ± F2

Measurement regions calculation

5th order

2F2 ± F1

3F2 ± 2F1

3F1 ± 2F2

4F1 ± F2

4F2 ± F1

2*BWChannel + 1*5 MHz

2*5 MHz + 1*BWChannel






Test Setup for Transmitter Intermodulation


LTE BS Receiver Tests

7.2 Reference sensitivity level

7.3 Dynamics range

7 Receiver Tests

7.4 In-channel selectivity

7.5 Adjacent channel selectivity

7.6 Blocking

7.7 Receiver spurious emissions

7.8 Receiver intermodulation


Receiver Spurious Emissions ı Receiver spurious emissions power is from TX

I at the BS receiver antenna connector

ı Test Requirement

Receiver spurious emission test requirement

Frequency range Maximum level Measurement Bandwidth

30MHz - 1 GHz -57 dBm 100 kHz

1 GHz - 12.75 GHz -47 dBm1 MHz

-47 dBm1 MHz12.75 GHz - 19 GHz

Notes

Only band 42, 43


Receiver Spurious Emissions ı Receiver spurious emissions power is from TX

I at the BS receiver antenna connector


Receiver Intermodulation

ı Measure the throughput performance of receiver

ı Signals in at the receiver port of BS

I LTE signal with QPSK modulation

I A CW signal


Receiver Intermodulation ı Measurement requirement

Intermodulation Performance for Home BS

E-UTRA

channel

bandwidth

[MHz]

1.4

Type of

Interfering

Signal

CW

1.4 MHz E-UTRA signal, 1 RB

3

5

10

15

20

Wanted signal

mean power

[dBm]

-84.8

-81

-79.5

-87.5

-79.5

-79.5

Interfering

Signal mean

power [dBm]

-36

-36

-36

-36

-36

-36

Interfering RB centre

Frequency offset from

the channel edge of the

wanted signal [MHz]

±2.1

±4.9

±4.5

±10.5

CW

3 MHz E-UTRA signal, 1 RB

CW

5 MHz E-UTRA signal, 1RB

CW


CW


CW


±7.5

±17.5

±7.375

±17.5

±7.25

±17.5

±7.125

±17.5


Receiver Intermodulation I CW interferer with the internal AWGN option of the SMx.

I Test Setup


LTE BS Performance Tests


Noise

(AWGN)

Channel Characteristic (Single Channel)

S(t)

S’(t-δ)

v

S’(t- δ)=H(t,f)．S(t)+N(t)


Channel Estimation & Rx Symbol Restructure Data

Symbol

Pilot

Symbol

Data

Symbol

Data

Symbol

Pilot

Symbol

Data

Symbol

Channel

ӨOffset

Offset ӨOffset Offset ӨOffset

Received Symbols in Receiver Side

Transmitted Symbols in Transmitter Side

Simple Channel model only

considering with phase delay


Transmitter Fixed Receiver

Fixed Scatterer

Delay Delay spread

Transmitter

Signal

t

Receiver

Signal

t

→time dispersive

Multi-path Propagation


Physical Channel of LTE Unlink

ı Physical Uplink Channel

I PUCCH (physical uplink control channel)

I Format 1 for SR , 1a, 1b for HARQ-ACK

I Format 2, 2a, 2b for a CSI report

I Format 3 for HARQ-ACK, SR (if any) and a CSI report

I PUSCH (Physical uplink shared channel)

I Uplink component carrier

ı PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)

I Random Access Procedure for syncing between UE and e-

NodeB


PRACH in static conditions

ı PRACH in static conditions

Small cell

under test

BS tester

AWGN

generator

AWGN

generator

RX A

RX B


Multi user PUCCH in multipath fading conditions

Small cell

under test

AWGN

generator

RX A

RX B

BS tester

Wanted

signal

Channel

Simulator

Channel

Simulator

Channel

Simulator

Channel

Simulator

Channel

Simulator

Channel

Simulator

Channel

Simulator

Channel

Simulator

Interference 1

Interference 2

Interference 3

ATT1

ATT1

ATT2

ATT3 AWGN

generator


Test setup for LTE Multi-User PUCCH 3GPP 36.141 v. 8.11.0, chapter 8.3.3

RF

RX2

RF

RX1

2x 3 GHz

or

2x 6 GHz

Wanted

Interferer 1

Interferer 2

Interferer 3

Real-time fading


PUSCH Transmission on Two Antenna Ports

Small cell

under test

AWGN

generator

RX A

RX B

BS tester

TX A

Channel

Simulator

Channel

Simulator

Channel

Simulator

Channel

Simulator

AWGN

generator

TX B

HARQ feedback




I 3GPP 36.141


I Receiver Testing




R&S Product Portfolio for Small Cell Testing covering R&D to Manufacturing

Research & Development Manufacturing

Signal

Generator

Signal

Analyzer

R&S® SMBV100A

R&S® FSV

R&S® SMBV100A

R&S® FSV

R&S® SMW200A

R&S® FSW

advanced R&D,

Fading, MIMO • LTE (FDD,

TD-LTE)

• WCDMA plus

evolution

• cdma2k plus

evolution

• Wi-Fi (incl.

11ac)

• GSM plus

evolution

• GNSS

• LTE (FDD,

TD-LTE)

• WCDMA (coming soon)

• Wi-Fi

• GNSS R&S® CMW500 BTS tester

(non-signaling)

Radio

Communi

cation

Tester

R&S© SGT100A

R&S® FPS


R&S Product Portfolio for Small Cell Testing Positioning differentiators

CMW 500 Base Station Tester

• Small Cells

• Technologies: LTE, WLAN, GNSS (1 sat.)

• Production tests

• RF tests up to a maximum of 6 GHz

• Basic spectrum measurement set in line with the

3GPP specification

• No spurious emission measurements

• No out-of-band spectrum measurements

• Pure go/no-go spectrum measurements (no RF

performance measurements)

Reference Base Station test solution

• All BS types (macro + small cells) and

modules (TRX module, power amplifier)

• All cellular and wireless technologies

• All product stages from R&D to production

• All relevant 3GPP RF tests including

spurious measurements and multicarrier

measurements

• Optimum RF performance

• Tests including MIMO and Fading

FSV

SMBV

CMW500

FSW

SMW

SGT

FPS


R&S Product Portfolio for Small Cell Testing Price and performance

FSV

SMBV

FSW

SMW

SGT

FPS

Highest flexibility

and performance

Leading edge

technology

Economic

sweet spot

Highest test

speed

Smallest

size


FSW signal & spectrum analyzer Specifications in Brief (Performance Premium Class)

10 MHz Std. (28, 40, 80, 160, 320,

500 MHz optional)

IQ Demodulation

Bandwidth

Typ. 30 dBm TOI

Typ. -169 dBm DANL (1 GHz, 1 Hz RBW)

0.4 dB

(f < 8 GHz)

Overall measurement

uncertainty

Typ. -137 dBc Phase Noise

(10 kHz offset, 1 GHz)

1 Hz to 10 MHz (opt. 20, 50, 80 MHz in

Zero Span)

Resolution Bandwidth

2 Hz to 8 / 13.6 / 26.5 /

43.5 / 50 / 67 GHz Frequency

R&S FSW

Real-Time Bandwidth 160 MHz


Base Station Output Power I Test maximum output power

I Power shall not vary more than ±2 dB for normal conditions and ±2.5 dB

for extreme conditions (36.104 chapter 6.2.1)

45

K100/104 provide power measurement acc. to 36.141


MIMO Time Alignment Error Test Setup:

46

FSW, FSV or

RTO

BTS

under test

RF Combiner

ports 1, ... 4


ACLR Measurement

47


Freely Configurable ACLR Measurement


l Multiple analysis of the same I/Q data capture (e.g. different transmit

channels, different modulation types etc.)

l Important for testing of multi standard radios (WCDMA + GSM + LTE)

Multi-Standard Radio Analyser


Multi Standard Radio Analyzer


SMW200A Leading edge signal generator

I Successor of R&S SMU200A

I Frequency range 100 kHz to 3/6/12.75/20 GHz

I Optional second RF path

I From single-path VSG to multichannel MIMO receiver tester

I Up to 160 MHz I/Q modulation bandwidth (in RF) with internal baseband

and fading

I Up to 8 baseband signal sources

and up to 16 fading channels for

MIMO, MSR and LTE-A (Carrier

Aggregation)

I Support of all key MIMO modes

including 2x2, 3x3, 4x4 and 8x2

I Touchscreen plus block diagram


SMW200A - single channel configuration I Single-path SMW with internal baseband

I for measurements on components or fundamental receiver

testing


SMW200A - dual channel configuration

I Two-path SMW, can generate wanted signal plus interferer

I e.g. for receiver and performance tests on base stations


LTE Test Case Wizard in R&S SMW ı Easy set up of a signal generator for LTE eNB

conformance test in line with 3GPP TS 36.141

ı Direct selection of the desired test case

ı Transmitter, Receiver and Performance test cases


Basestation testing - LTE Test Case Wizard LTE test case in line with TS 36.141 Release 8

supported by the LTE test case wizard

Generated signal(s) and used

features

Number of

R&S® SMW200A

Transmitter tests

6.7 Transmitter intermodulation Interferer (LTE downlink) 1

Receiver tests

7.2 Reference sensitivity level LTE uplink 1

7.3 Dynamic range LTE uplink, AWGN 1

7.4 In-channel selectivity LTE uplink, interferer (LTE) 1

7.5A Adjacent-channel selectivity LTE uplink, interferer (LTE) 1

7.5B Narrow-band blocking LTE uplink, interferer (LTE) 1

7.6 Blocking LTE uplink, interferer (LTE or

CW)

1*

7.8 Receiver intermodulation LTE uplink, 2 interferers (LTE and

CW)

1

Performance tests

8.2.1 Performance requirements of PUSCH in

multipath fading propagation conditions

LTE uplink for 2 (or 4) receive

antennas, fading, AWGN, HARQ

feedback

1 *

8.2.2 Performance requirements for UL timing

adjustment

2 LTE uplinks (moving and

stationary UE), fading, AWGN,

HARQ feedback

1

8.2.3 Performance requirements for HARQ-ACK

multiplexed on PUSCH

LTE uplink, fading, AWGN 1

8.2.4 Performance requirements for High Speed

Train conditions

LTE uplink, fading, AWGN, HARQ

feedback

1

8.3.1 ACK missed detection for single user PUCCH

format 1a


antennas, fading, AWGN

1 *

8.3.2 CQI missed detection for PUCCH format 2 LTE uplink, fading, AWGN 1

8.3.3 ACK missed detection for multi user PUCCH

format 1a

LTE uplink, 3 interferers (LTE

uplink), fading, AWGN

1

8.4.1 PRACH false alarm probability and missed

detection


antennas, fading, AWGN

1 *

(* = additional SGS required for interferer or 3rd and 4th RF output )

green= lower complexity compared to SMU

The LTE test case wizard

significantly simplifies the

configuration of R&S signal

generators for conformance testing.

only 1 SMW (+SGS) for all 36.141 tests

required

Use SGS for Interference Testing up to

12,75 GHz


Application notes available for Rx, Tx and Px tests


Example program available: RS Run

Documents

Small Cell RCT Solution · 10-16-2014 | LTE Small cell RCT | 8 Small Cell Market forecasts - volumes ABI Research (Feb. 2012) Small-Cell Market I 2012: 4.3 million small cells (including