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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSSocioling studies cliff’s notes:

http://www.putlearningfirst.com/language/research/research.html

You should be able to provide basic info for at least Milroy, Labov and Trudgill

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSFischer (1958)Variable = (ing) = runnin’ vs. runningFindings: boys use -in’ more than girlsMore use of -ing in formal stylesDifference between model boy and typical boySee p. 167 for fancy charts!

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSFischer (1958)Variable = (ing) = runnin’ vs. runningFindings: boys use -in’ more than girlsMore use of -ing in formal stylesDifference between model boy and typical boySee p. 167 for fancy charts!

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSLabov - NYC (and from article)Variable = (r) = Department store study and Lower East Side study - diff methodologies, similar findingsDept Store - where are the women’s shoes? Fourth floor. Excuse me? Fourth Floor! - see p. 169LES study shows hypercorrection pattern (see next slide) – style shifting shows some consciousness/prestigeAlso investigated (th) = use of stop [t] instead of fricative in words like thin (see p. 169)Sharp stratification between MC and WC shown in (th) data – indicates some consciousness - prestige

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 2

What does this graph show?

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 2

What does this graph show?

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 2

What does this graph show?

Sharp stratification

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSEngland - Norwich (Trudgill) and Reading (Cheshire)Trudgill looks at 16 phonological variablesFinds social correlation with (ng), (t) and (h)Similar patterns to Labov - style and class show distribution with more attention, more standard, and higher class, more standard (and women, more standard)Chershire looks at grammatical variable (s) [and others]She finds that there are linguistic factors as well as social ones - what word the variable is in = uses a vernacular index to indicate how vernacular a child was in participating in various events and how vernacular a word was (kill more vernacular)Covert prestige vs. overt prestige Gender differences

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSEngland - Norwich (Trudgill) and Reading (Cheshire)Trudgill 1972 (article)

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSDetroit - Wolfram and ShuyAfrican Americans in DetroitVariables (ng), (z) = 3rd person singular present tense agreement(ng) finds [again!] that more formal styles, more standard (more -ing); higher social class has more standard variant; women have higher standard variantSee graphs p. 178-179 - contrast (z) grammatical variable vs. (r) phonological one shows sharp stratification vs. gradual stratification, respectively

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSDetroit - Wolfram and ShuySharp stratification (morphosyntax) vs. Gradual stratification (phonological)

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSVariousMacaulay finds variation within variationEach class had variation that was more continuous than the group averages indicate - reflect more complexities of social structureStill informative because each class varies around a central point and those point (averages) are different for each class

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSVariousKiesling (1998) - frat menUses discourse analysis and comes up with explanations for men who do not fit pattern of (ing) usage (see p. 181)He has an article on use of DUDE as a discourse marker indicating solidarity in American Speech if interested!

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSVariousKiesling (1998) - frat men – not all men behave the same (p. 77)

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSVariousKiesling (1998) - frat men – not all men behave the same (p. 78)

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSVariousKiesling (1998) - frat men – not all men behave the same in contexts (p. 85)

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSVariousKiesling (1998) - frat men – not all men behave the same – ling factors (p. 82)

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSMontreal FrenchVarious studies (Sankoff and Cedegren) or (Sankoff and Vincent) show that linguistics factors are important as well as social onesSee p. 182 for discussion

Teheran PersianHudson’s discussion of Jahangiri of Tehran PersianSee p. 180 for clear differentiations and use of standard deviation - different than Maccaulay

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSBelfast - the MilroysLooked at 3 communities in Northern Ireland: Ballymacaarrett, the Hammer, and the Clonard(a) and (dh) variablesShow mixed findings but links social networks with the use of vernacular forms - indicating that a close-knit network serves as a norm enforcement mechanism which means the ling norms (use of vernacular forms) can be more enforced in close-knit networks than not - not the same orientation to the standard forms if the “standard” within the group is seen as a different formKind of like covert prestige

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSOther issuesFinal consonant cluster reduction or AKA t/d deletion AKA coronal stop deletion - Wolfram and Labov show that there is a mix of linguistic and social factors affecting the variationThis shows linguistic and social effectsVariable rules used to more to satisfy Chomsky (Sociolinguists use Varbrul to calculate weight of effect of variable – over .5 means that this factor favors production – under .5 means this factor disfavors production) Variable analysis now used to compare the weight of all these factors on their influence of variation - VARBRUL = Variable Rule program - http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/lang/webstuff/goldvarb/See p. 187-194With respect to t/d/ deletion - With ling factors, there is an order of constraints - which factors affect the variation the most

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSOther issuesLabov shows a different order for some speakers rather than others (e.g., before pause)Table on p. 191 shows that different varieties have a different constraint system - one ling variable is realized in different ways in different varieties - not just that one variable EXISTS in some varieties but not others; rather how each variety treats that variable is what differentiates it from another varietyVariable rules used to be used more to satisfy Chomsky Variable analysis now used to compare the weight of all these factors on their influence of variation

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LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011LING 432-532 – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011Wardhaugh Ch 7Wardhaugh Ch 7

Wardhaugh – Chapter 7 – SOME FINDINGSOther issuest/d deletion – Labov (1994)

p. 553p. 554 – What does functional/counterfunctional mean?