Computer Programming (PRG)Skill Area 500: Study Essential Programming Concepts Part 1: Software Categories

Study Essential Programming ConceptsSkill Areas to be discussed:Discuss software categoriesDiscuss programming languagesDiscuss language processors

Discuss software categoriesSkill Areas to be discussed:Identify software categoriesDemonstrate an understanding of applications softwareDifferentiate between different types of applicationsDemonstrate an understanding of System software

Discuss software categoriesSkill Areas to be discussed:Explain the concept of Stored ProgramDescribe the relationship between Software and the concept of Computer hardwareList various software necessary to run the hardware

Lecture OverviewComputerComputer HardwareComputer SoftwareTypes of SoftwareSystem SoftwareApplication Software

A computer is a device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions faster than human beings.Solve:((10*3)+(4/2)) / (((4-1)+(6/3))+3) - (((((8*5)+(1*7))-2)-5)/10)What is computer?

What is Hardware?

CPUInternalMemoryExternalMemoryInputOutputProcessorALUComputerhardwareis the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system.

Input DevicesProcessing(CPU/Memory)OutputDevicesStorage DevicesComputer System

Computer HardwareCentral Processing Unit (CPU) Brains of the computerArithmetic calculations are performed using the Arithmetic/Logical Unit or ALUControl unit decodes and executes instructionsArithmetic operations are performed using binary number system

Memory storage for input, temporary data and outputVolatile Memory (temporary)Non-volatile Memory (permanent)

Computer Hardware

Input/Output DevicesComponents that allow computer to perform specific tasksReceive information for processingReturn the results of processingStore information

Computer Hardware

Input/Output DevicesCommon input and output devicesSpeakersMouse ScannerPrinterJoystickCD-ROMKeyboardMicrophoneDVD

Computer Hardware

Everything that a computer does, from the time you turn the power on until you shut the system down, is under the control of software.

It is a set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations.What is Software?

Software is stored on a disk, card, tape or one of the dozens of other storage devices available.

What is Software?

TWO (2) general categories of software:System SoftwareSOFTWAREApplication SoftwareSoftware Categories

Systems Software perform tasks that are needed to run on the computer systems.

They are designed to operate the computer which act as a bridge between computer system hardware and the application software.

System Software

Types of Systems Software:Operating SystemDevice DriversSystem Software

Operating system (OS): set of programs that controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programsmanages all of the devices connected to the computer allows data to be saved to and retrieved from storage devices.

System Software: Operating System

Set of programs containing instructions that control or maintain all the operations of a computer and its devices.

Provides a means for users to communicate with the computer and other software.

When a computer starts, parts of the operating system are copied into memory from the hard disk and remain in memory as long as computer is ON.System Software: Operating System

Various combinations of OSs, computers, and usersSingle computer with a single userSingle computer with multiple usersMultiple computersSpecial-purpose computersSystem Software: Operating System

Activities performed by the operating systemPerform common computer hardware functionsProvide a user interface and input/output managementProvide a degree of hardware independenceManage system memoryManage processing tasksProvide networking capabilityControl access to system resourcesManage files

System Software: Operating System

The role of Systems Software interface between users, application software and hardwareSystem Software: Operating System

OS acts as an intermediary between application and hardwareOS converts basic request into a set of details instruction that the hardware requiresCommon hardware functions (e.g.)Get input from keyboard or some other input deviceRetrieve data from disksStore data on disksDisplay information on a monitor or printerSystem Software: Operating System

Functions:User interface and input/output managementUser interface: allows individuals to access and command the computer systemCommand-based user interface: requires that text commands be given to the computer to perform basic activitiesGraphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and menus displayed on screen to send commands to the computer systemSystem Software: Operating System

Functions:Hardware independenceApplication program interface (API): allows applications to make use of the operating systemMemory managementControl how memory is accessed and maximize available memory and storage

System Software: Operating System

Functions:Processing tasksMultitasking: more than one program can run at the same timeTime-sharing: allows more than one person to use a computer system at the same timeScalability: ability of the computer to handle an increasing number of concurrent users smoothlyNetworking capabilityFeatures and capabilities of the OS that aid users in connecting to a computer network

System Software: Operating System

Functions:Access to system resources and securityProtection against unauthorized accessLogins and passwordsFile managementEnsures that files in secondary storage are available when needed and that they are protected from access by unauthorized users

System Software: Operating System

Any Questions?

System Software: Operating SystemMicrosoft Windows

Windows 1

Windows 2

Windows 3

Windows 3.1

Windows 95

Windows 98

Windows ME

Windows 2000

Windows XP

Windows Vista

Windows 7

Windows 8

System Software: Operating SystemMicrosoft Windows

System Software: Operating SystemWindows Phone

System Software: Operating SystemMac OS

System Software: Operating SystemiOS

System Software: Operating SystemOpen source (Linux)

System Software: Operating SystemOpen source (Linux: Android)

Device Drivers or Drivers acomputer programthat operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer.enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details of the hardware being used.System Software: Device Drivers

Audio and Sound DriversBluetooth DriversDVD and CD DriversEthernet DriversGraphics and Video Drivers Keyboard and Mouse DriversModem DriversMonitor DriversMotherboard DriversScanner DriversWebcam DriversUSB Drivers

System Software: Device Drivers

System Software: Device Drivers

Application software or AppsComplete, self-contained computer programs that performs useful tasks. Application software cannot run on itself but is dependent on system software to execute.Common application softwareWord processorsDesktop publishing programsSpreadsheetsPresentation managersDrawing programsApplication Software

Types of Application Software based on Purpose:General purpose application software or Commercial-off-the-shelf software > ready-made and available for sale to the general publicSpecial purpose application software or Bespoke software> designed for a specific purpose and for a specific organization. > built specifically and custom-made

Application Software

Application Software: Generic purposeSoftware Suites:Adobe Master Collections CS5Microsoft Office

Application Software: Special purposeSoftware to perform a specific taskExamples:Software to help fill in an income tax returnStock Control SystemPayroll System

Application Software: Special purpose

Commercial vs. BespokeAdvantages of Commercial-off-the-shelf software:Less expensiveMore collaboration (can talk to other users of the software)Can be bought and installed immediatelySoftware has been tried and tested so will contain fewer bugsSoftware well documentedEasily replaceable and can be found anywhere

Advantages of Bespoke softwareDesigned to do exactly what the user wantsHas no unwanted featuresCan be written to run on specific hardwareCan be integrated with existing softwareThere may not be a suitable software package on the marketCommercial vs. Bespoke

Ownership or Licensegoverning the use or redistribution of software.Types of ownership:Proprietary/Non-freeFreeware/Open source softwareSharewarePublic-domain softwareSoftware Ownership

Proprietary/Non-free softwarecomputer softwarelicensedunder exclusive legal right of the copyright holder with the intent that thelicenseeis given the right to use the software only under certain conditions, and restricted from other uses, such as modification, sharing, studying and redistribution.Software Ownership: Proprietary

FreewareCopyrighted software given away for free by the author.

Although it is available for free, the author retains the copyright, which means that you cannot do anything with it that is not expressly allowed by the author.

Software Ownership: Freeware

SharewareSoftware distributed on the basis of an honor system. Most shareware is delivered free of charge, but the author usually requests that you pay a small fee if you like the program and use it regularly.

By sending the small fee, you become registered with the producer so that you can receive service assistance and updates.

Software Ownership: Shareware

Public-domain softwareRefers to any program that is not copyrighted.Public-domain software is free and can be used without restrictions. The term public-domain software is often used incorrectly to include freeware, free software that is nevertheless copyrighted.

Software Ownership: Public-domain software

What kind of software does the handicap uses? For the blind, the deaf and etc. Think about it.Activity

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