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NGHIEN CUU BAG TON vA PHAT HUY NHCNG GIA TRI VAN HOA CAC DAN TOC

VUNG PHONG NHA - K '

Chii nhiem di tkt TS, NguylE The Mmn Co quan chu tri de tai: Triideg Bal hoc Qiiiiig linii

Dmg Rm, thdng 10 ndm 20Q7

TRU6NG DAI HOC QUANG BINH ooo

BAO CAO KET QUA XGHmiN ClfC DE TAI NGHIEN c t ru BAO TON VA PHAT HUY

NHIJNG GIA TRI VAN HOA CAC DAN T O C VUNG PHONG NHA - KE BANG

Chii nhiem de tai: TS. Nguyin The Hoan Co quan chii tri de tai: Trudng Dai hoc Quang Binh

Dong H&i, thdng 10 ndm 2007

MUC LUC

A. Thong tin chung vi de tai

B. Noi dung nghien cihi de tai

1. Str cSn thiet cua vi6c nghien ciru

2. Lich sit nghien cuu

3. Muc tiSu ciia d6 tai

4. Cach tie'p can, phucmg phap nghidn ciJu

5. K6't ciu cua dS tai

PHAN 1: T 6 N G QUAN \ t Difiu KE&N TlTNHEfcN - XA U6l CAC DAN T O C VUNG PHONG NHA - KE BANG I. l . Dieu Iiien tu nhien 1.2. Dieu Itien xa hoi

PHAN H: NGH1£N CCTU NHUNG GIA TRI VAN HOA CAC DAN T O C

VUNG PHONG NHA - K £ BANG 1.1. M O T S6 K H A I N I $ M

n.2. NGHlfeN ctru CAC GIA TRI VAN HOA VAT TH^

n.2.1 Nghien curu lang ban dan toe a. Trang thai cu tni cua ngucfi Chut

b. Lang, ban cua nguoi Bru - Van Ki^u

n.2.2 Y phuc va trang sure

a. Y phuc va trang siic cua ngucri Chiit

b. Y phuc va trang siic cua ngucfi Bru - Van Kilu

n.2.3. Cong cu san xuat va do diing trong sinh hoat dcil song

a. C6ng cu san xua't va d6 dung cua ngucri Bru - Van Kieu

b. C6ng cu san xua't va d6 dung cua nguoi Chiit

n.2.4. Nghien cihi cac hinh thiic an, uong, hiit

a. Cac hinh thiic an, u6'ng, hiit cua nguoi Chiit

b. Cdc hinh thiic an, u6'ng, hiit cua nguoi Bru - Van Kieu

n.3 NGHlfeN ctru CAC GIA TRI VAN HOA PHI VAT THE

n.3 .1 . Vdn hoc dan gian

a. Van hoc dan gian ngucri Chiit

b. Van hoc dan gian ngucri Bru - Van Kieu

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II3.2. Nghe thuat dan gian

a. Nghfi thuat dan gian cua ngucri Chiit

b. Nghd thuat dan gian cua nguoi Bru - Van Kieu

II.3.3. Cac loai nhac cu

a. Cac loai nhac cu cua ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

b. Nhac cu truyin thtfng cua ngucri Chiit

II.3.4 Cac ll hoi truyen thong

a. Ll h6i ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

b. LI h6 cua ngucri Chiit

II.3.5. Phong tuc tap quan

a. Phong tuc tap quan cua ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

b. Phong tuc tap quan cua ngucri Chiit

n.3.6. Ton giao tin ngudng

a. T6n giao tin ngu5ng cua ngucri Chiit

b. T6n giao tin ngu&ng ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

n.3.7. Cac luat tuc

a. Luat tuc ciia nguoi Chiit

b. Luat tuc ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

II.3.8. To chiifc cong dong

a. T6 chiic xa h6i ciia ngucri Chiit

b. Td chiic xa h6i ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

n.3.9 Nghien cihi tri thiic ban dja

a. Tri thiic ban dia ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

b. Tri thiic ban dia ciia ngucri Chiit

PHAN IH: CAC GlAl PHAP BAG T 6 N VA PHAT HUY VAN HOA CAC DAN T O C PHUC VU C H O HOAT DONG DU LICH VA PHAT TRif N KINHT^-XAHOI I. NHAN XET T 6 N G QUAT \ t KET QUA DI^U TRA XA H O I HOC

H. CAC GiAi P H A P BAO T 6 N VA PHAT HUY GiA TRI VAN HoA cAc DAN T O C

c. K£T LUAN

PHAN PHU LUC

TAI LifiU NGHlfiN ctru vA THAM K H A O

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A. THONG TIN CHUNG V£ Dfi TAI

1. Ten de tai: Nghien curu bao ton va phat huy nhung gia trj van

hoa cac dan toe vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang.

2. Chu nhiem de tai: Nguydn The'Hoan

Hoc vj: Tie'n sy

Noi cong tac: Khoa Boi dir6ng-Tai churc Trirdng Dai hoc

Quang Binh. DT: 0912 483 587

3. Co quan chu tri de tai: Trirdng Dai hoc Quang Binh.

Dja chi: Phirdng Bac Ly- Thanh pho Dong H6i, tinh Quang Binh

Dien thoai: 052 822 010

4. Nhumg ngirdi tham gia chinh:

ThS. Le Thuy MiJi

ThS. Cao Thj Thanh Thuy

- Cao hoc. Hoang Van Tan

- CN. Tran Van Ninh

- CN. Tran Thj Dieu Hong

B. Ndi DUNG NGHlfiN CtTU Dfi TAI

1. Su can thie't ciia viec nghien cihi:

Tii trudrc den nay viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang da duac nhieu ngucri quan tam, nghien ciiu, dac biet sau khi dugc UNESCO cong nhan la "Di san thidn nhien The gidi", Phong Nha - Ke Bang thuc sir trcr thanh ncri thu hiit su chii y ciia nhiiu nganh khoa hoc trong nudc va qud'c te. Ngoai nhirng gia tri mang tfnh toan cSu ciia Phong Nha - Ke Bang nhu: Dia mao, dia cha't, danh thSng, da dang sinh hoc cr day con chiia dung nhirng gia tri van hoa het siic d6 s6 va doc dao. Tuy nhi6n hitn nay vin chua co mot cong trinh nao dl cap den va'n de nay do do viec ngliien ciiu de tai co y nghia hl t siic ca'p thilt.

Viing Phong Nha Ke Bang la dia ban cu trii ciia nhiiu dan tdc it ngucri chu yfiii la dan tdc Chiit va Bru Van kilu trong dd dang chii y nha't la cac dan tdc ngudfi A Rem, Rue, Sach (Chiit) va Van Kilu, Khua, Tri, Ma Coong, Ka Rai (Bru Van Kilu). Day la nhiing tdc ngudi cd trinh dd phat triln kinh te van hoa - xa hdi h t siic lac hau. Nhiiu va'n dl vl ngudn g6c va qua trinh tdc ngudi, dac trung van hoa, ngdn ngii con chua dugc di sau nghifin ciiu. Do sdng biet lap thanh nhiiu nhdm nho, co sd' dan it, cu tni ncri heo lanh va dang trong tinh trang ngay cang bj mai mdt van hoa; kha nang tu luc phat trien gap ra't nhiiu khd khan. Vi the' trong tinh hinh hien nay viec nghien ciiu bao tdn va phat trien nhiing gia tri van hoa ciia cac tdc ngucri & day viira la ydu cdu ca'p bach vita la bien phap hiru hieu de bao luu nhirng di san van hoa vat cha't va tinh thdn ma tdc ngucri do da tao nen trong qua trinh lich sir. Dilu nay cd y nghia vd ciing quan trpng, bdi vi su phat triln hay tieu vong mdt cdng dong tdc ngudi bao gid cung tuy thudc vao nhiing ye'u td' ndi sinh - truyin thd'ng van hoa ciia chinh cdng dong a'y. Mdt khi yd'u td ndi sinh ye'u dt, van hoa tdc ngudi bi mai mdt thi se dan den nguy co danh ma't ban sdc ciia dan tdc minh. Vi the', day la vdn dl cd y nghia dac biet lien quan de'n sir sinh tdn va phat triln ciia cac dan tdc d khu vuc nay.

2. Lich sii nghien cihi

Vdn dl nghien ciiu van hoa ciia dan tdc it ngudi d tinh Quang Binh tnrde

day va hidn nay da dugc de cap de'n trong mdt sd cdng trinh nghien ciiu ciia cac

tac gia trong va ngoai nudc nhu. "So lugc gidi thieu cac ddn tdc it ngudi d miin

nui Quang Binh", "Dan tdc A Rem va ddn tdc Rue", "Tim hieu ngudi Rue d

miin niii Quang Binh" "Thanh phdn nhdn chung mdt sd nhdm tdc ngudi d miin

mii Quang Binh" ciia cac nha nghien ciiu ddn tdc hgc: Nguyin Binh, Mac

Dudng, Nguyin Dinh Khoa vao nhirng nam 60 de cdp dl'n mdt sd vdn dl nhdn chiing hgc ciia cac nhdm tdc ngudi d Quang Binh. De'n nhirng nam 70 cac tac gia nhu Duong Dinh Khdi Nguyin Van Tai, Ngd Diic Thinh da cd nhirng bai viit nghien ciiu vl su phan bd dan cu, thanh phdn dan tdc va ngdn ngii ciia mdt sd tdc ngudi d day. Nam 1988 cd cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve ngdn ngii ngudi Rue d Quang Binh ciia Trdn Chi Ddi, Nguyin Phii Phong va M.FERUS thudc Trudng Dai hgc Pari VII. Dang chu y nhdt la cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu ciia Nguyin Van Manh, Nguyen Van Lgi, Vd Xuan Trang nhu "Tieng Rue", "Ngudi Chiit d Viet Nam" (1996), "Ngudi Rue d Viet Nam" (1998), gdn day la cdng trinh "Phong Nha Ke Bang tii tu lieu tdng quan" cua Sd khoa hgc cdng nghe va mdi trudng Quang Binh nam 2002; "Di san thien nhien the' gidi - Vudn qud'c gia Phong Nha

Ke Bang" cua Cue dia chdt va khoang san Viet Nam nam 2003. Nhin chung cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu tren dl cap de'n mdt sd vdn de vl nhdn chiing hgc, ngdn ngii hgc, van hoa va mdt sd linh vuc khac ciia cac ddn tdc ft ngudi d Quang Binh, nhung chi tap trung nghien ciiu vl cac nhdm tdc ngudi thudc dan tdc Chut chii cac nhdm tdc ngudi thugc dan tdc Bru Van Kilu ft dugc chii y de'n. Mat khac pham vi nghidn ciru kha rdng tren dia ban miin mii Quang Binh va nhirng vdn dl neu ra cd tfnh chdt tdng quat chua cu the , dac bidt la chua dl cap dd'n nhiing ndi dung ciia dl tai nghidn ciru. Tuy vay, dd la ngudn tai lieu rdt bd fch cho vide nghien ciiu dl tai.

3. Muc tieu ciia de tai:

Nghidn ciiu nhirng gia tri van hoa ciia cac dan tdc d viing Phong Nha -Ke Bang, chii yd'u la cac gia tri vl van hoa vat thi va phi vat the, nhdm giii gin ban sdc van hoa ciia cac dan tdc d day trudc nguy co ngay cang bi mai mgt.

Trdn ccr sd nghien ciiu, danh gia thuc trang, de tai se de xudt mdt sd giai

phap cu thi cd tfnh kha thi nhdm bao tdn va phat triln van hoa cac dan tdc ngudi

vilng Phong Nha - Ke Bang va phuc vu cho cac hoat ddng du lich.

Viec nghidn ciiu dl tai se gdp phdn khang dinh thdm nhiing di san van

hoa ddc dao ciia vimg Phong Nha - Ke Bang dl khdng ngimg ddy manh vide

khai thac gia tri ciia di san thidn nhidn thd' gidi phuc vu cho vide phat trien kinh

te' - xa hdi van hoa d day.

4. Cach tiep can, phucmg phap nghien ciru

a. Phucmg phdp tiep can

van dung cac quan diem ciia Dang va Nha nudc ta ve chfnh sach dan tdc ciing nhu nhiing vdn dl h luan va thuc tidn cdp bach cd lidn quan dd'n dan tdc, tdc ngudi d nudc ta va trdn the' gidi. Dac biet la vdn dung quan diem ciia nghi quye't Hdi nghi ldn thii 5 Ban chdp hanh Trung uomg Dang khoa VIII vl viec xay dung va phat triln nin van hoa Viet Nam tidn tid'n dam da ban sdc ddn tdc. Ngoai ra cdn dua vao cac nghi quylt ciia Tinh uy, Nghi Quyd't Dai hdi tinh Dang bd Quang Binh ldn thii 13, 14 vl viec thuc hidn cac muc tidu phat trien kinh td'- xa hdi d dia phucmg trong thdi ki cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa.

Phucmg phap nha't quan, bao quat toan bd qua trinh nghien ciiu la each tie'p can tdng hgp lien nganh. Ben canh chii y de'n cac chuyen nganh: lich sii, dan tdc hgc, ngdn ngii hgc, dia If hgc va cdn kit hgp nhieu chuyen nganh khac: Van hoa, tam If tdc ngudi, nghien ciiu tdng hgp nhirng vdn dl vl kinh td'-xa hdi.

Chii trgng vide idiao sat nghidn cun thuc dia va diin da dan tdc hgc nham thu thap dilu tra, xii If thdng tin tir cac ngudn tu lieu khac nhau de tdng Idim ke, phan loai cac di san van hoa vat the va phi vat the ciia cac dan tdc ft ngudi vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang.

Sit dung cdng nghd phdn mim GIS dl quy hoach phat triln cac loai hinh du lich d viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang nhu: Du lich van hoa, lich sit, du lich lang, ban dan tdc, kd't hgp du lich van hoa, du lich sinh thai vdi du lich hang ddng va tham quan cac di tfch lich sii bdng mdt hd thd'ng ban dd, scr dd, tranh anh... Cd thi xem day la giai phap quan trgng gdp phdn phat triln du lich bin virng d khu vuc Phong Nha - Ke Bang.

Sii dung cac phucmg tidn ki thuat hidn dai nhu: Camera, may anh, bang, dia... nhdm luu gia nhiing di san van hoa tfch cue cung nhu tuydn truyin gidi thidu rdng rai vdi khach tham quan vl cac loai hinh van hoa nghd thuat ddc dao, phong tuc tap quan, nd'p sd'ng ciia cac dan tdc d viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang.

Tie'n hanh dilu tra xa hdi hgc de xem xet viec tid'p nhan mdt sd gia tri van

hoa cQa dan tdc khac (chii yeu la dan tdc Kinh) trong ddi sd'ng sirih hoat ciia cac

dan tdc ft ngudi d khu vuc nay. Mat khac tha'y dugc cac ye'u td van hoa ban dia

ciia cac tdc ngudi d day cdn luu giu dugc trong bdi canh giao luu van hoa va thuc

hien cac chuang trinh, du an xay dung cd sd ha tdng dien, dudng, nha d, va

chuang trinh xoa ddi giam ngheo dd'i vdi cac dan tdc it ngucri d vung Phong Nha

- Ke Bang trong nhirng thdi gian qua.

b. Ddi tuang phgm vi nghien cicu:

Van hoa vat the va van hoa phi vat the ciia ddng bao ddn tdc thidu sd khu vac Phong Nha - Ke Bang sinh sdng d viing ldi (vung trung tam) va viing dem ciia khu di san. Bao gdm cac tdc ngudi Van Kilu, Ma Coong, Khiia, Tri (Dan tdc Bru - Van Kieu) va Rue, Sach, Arem, May (Dan tdc Chiit) cu the:

+ Vung loi cd 02 xa: xa Tan Trach (Bd Trach) cd ban 39 gdm tdc ngudi Arem, va ban Dodng ciia tdc ngudi Van Kilu. Xa San Trach (Bd Trach) cd ban Rao Con cua tdc ngudi Van Kilu.

+ Vung dem d khu vuc Phong Nha - Ke Bang cd 12 xa nhung trong dd cd

7 xa la cd ddng bao dan tdc sinh sd'ng, nhung dl tai chi tap trung nghien ciiu d 2

xa: Gdm 1 xa ciia huyen Minh Hoa la Thugng Hoa (gdm cac ban On, ban Yen

Hgp, ban Phii Ninh, ban O O (Rue Lan) cd cac tdc ngudi Rue, Sach, May,

Khua va 01 xa ciia huyen Bd Trach la Thugng Trach gdm cac tdc ngudi Ma

Coong, Khiia,Tri...

Tuy nhien do dia ban sinh sd'ng ciia cac dan tdc dugc trai dai tren mdt pham vi he't siic rdng ldn, nen dl tai se tap trung di sau nghien ciiu cac tdc ngudi d vilng ldi (viing trung tam) va d xa Thugng Trach, xa Thugng Hoa la chii yd'u. Bdi vi day la viing ddng bao dan tdc cd trinh dd hd't siic lac hau va bi mai mdt nhiiu vl van hoa. Hem niia la viing cd nhieu di tfch lich sii, van hoa, hang ddng va du lich sinh thai quan trgng ciia vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang, tao dilu Icidn ddy manh vide ke't hgp cac hoat ddng du lich ciia cac loai hinh du lich ciia di san thien nhien the' gidi. Cdn cac dan tdc khac (Kinh) sinh sd'ng tren vilng Phong Nha - Ke Bang, ndi dung nghien ciiu ciia dl tai Ididng dl cap de'n.

c. Nhiing dong gop cua detai: Nghidn ciiu, thd'ng kd va phan loai cac di san van hoa vdt the va phi vdt

thi ciia cac ddn tdc ft ngudi d vimg Phong Nha - Ke Bang.

Dua trdn thuc trang va ludn eii khoa hgc, de tai se dl xud't mdt sd giai phap cd tfnh kha thi nhdm bao tdn va phat trien van hoa cac dan tdc trong ddi sd'ng ducmg dai va phuc vu cho cac hoat ddng du lich va gdp phdn phat trien kinh t l -xahdidday.

5. Ke't ciu cua de tai: Ngoai phdn md ddu, kd't ludn, va phu luc, dl tai gdm cd 03 phan.

Phdn I: "Tong quan ve dieu kien tu nhien - xd hgi cdc ddn tgc viing Phong Nha-Ke Bdng". Phan II: "Nghien cicu nhitng di sdn vdn hod vgt the vd phi vdt the ciia cdc ddn tgc 6 vdng Phong Nha - Ke Bdng".

Phan III: "Cdc gidi phdp bdo ton vd phdt huy gid tri vdn hod cdc ddn tgc phuc vu cho hogt dgng du lich vd phdt trien Icinh te- xd hgi".

PHANI

T6NG QUAN \t DIEU KIEN TU NHIEN - XA HOI CAC DAN TOC VUNG PHONG NHA - KE BANG

I.l. DI^UKlfiNTlTNHlfiN

a. Vi tri dja Iy, dia hinh

Khu vuc Phong Nha - Ke Bang ndm vl phfa tay bdc tinh Quang Binh, dgc bien gidi Viet Lao, cd tga do dia ly 17°20'- 17°48' vi dd bdc, 105° 46'- 106° 24' kinh dd Ddng. Chieu dgc nai dai nhdt la 70 km tir deo Mu Gia dd'n mii U Bd theo hudng Tdy bdc- Ddng nam. Chieu ngang ncri rdng nhd't la 31 km tii Tay Gat (xa Xuan Trach, huydn Bd Trach) din bien gidi Viet Lao, theo hudng Ddng bdc -Tay Nam, ndm dgc theo bidn gidi Viet Lao vdi chilu dai khoang 50 km [20]

Theo sa dd kid'n tao lanh thd Viet Nam, khu vuc Phong Nha-Ke Bang thudc ddi udn nd'p Vidt -Lao, tit ddu dai cd sinh nd da dugc hinh thanh, do tfnh chdt bao mdn tao thanh mdt dia hinh Karst diin hinh .Nhin mdt each tdng quat trong khu vuc cd 3 kilu dia hinh chinh (kilu dia hinh mii da vdi, kieu dia hinh phi karst, kilu dia hinh chuyen tid'p).

- Kieu dia hinh niii dd voi

Kilu dia hinh nay chiem phdn ldn didn tfch trong Vudn Qud'c gia gdm khd'i mii da vdi lidn tuc tit day niii Phu Toe Vu, deo Mu Gia (huydn Minh Hoa keo dai tdi hang En, Rao But, Ca Rodng (huyen Bd Trach), dai khoang 70km. Ddy chfnh la khd'i mii da vdi lien tuc rdng ldn nha't ciia Viet Nam. Pham vi ciia mii da vdi trai rdng sang Lao cd didn tfch khoang gdn 200.000ha. N^u tfnh toan bd khd'i mii da vdi lidn tuc ca vl phfa Vidt Nam va Lao thi day la mdt trong nhirng khd'i mii da vdi rdng ldn nhdt hanh tinh (Pierre G,1966). Tai day, cac day mii da vdi phat triln hdu nhu lidn tuc, thanh phdn tuang dd'i ddng nhdt, do cao trdn 1000m. Dia hinh mii da vdi bi chia cdt rdt manh, vdi nhung vach da dung diing, xd'p ldp, dinh ldm chdm, thudng kem theo qua trinh karst do hoa tan va ngung ddng cacbonat hinh thanh ndn cac nhu da, mang da, ndm da, chudng da, cdt da da dang, phiic tap, dep ki didu trong cac hang ddng. Nhiiu nai da bi mai mdn tao ndn nhung cdng trdi, rumg da, cdu da, gid'ng da rdt ki thii. Giiia cac vach da thudng la cac thung kin dai va nhd, rdng khoang 20-lOOm. Trong viing mii da vdi hdu nhu khdng cd sdng sud'i trdn bl mat, ma chi thd'y d vanh ngoai. Cac mdt hiit rai rac trong cac thung IQng dua nudc thoat theo cac sdng ngdm. Viing karst

nay cdn chiia nhiiu bf dn, nhiiu ncri chua hi cd ddu chdn ngudi dat tdi. Dac bidt nd ndm d miin phan thuy giiia hai hd thd'ng sdng: Xd Bang Hien va Xe Bang Phai chay vao sdng Me Kdng va he thd'ng sdng Son, sdng Gianh, sdng Dai Giang chay ra biln Ddng [20].

Kieu dia hinh phi karst

Kilu dia hinh nay chiem ti le thdp, phan bd d vdng ngoai vung niii da vdi d phfa Bdc, Ddng Bdc va Ddng Nam Vudn Qud'c gia. Do cao bid'n ddng tit 500-1000m hay han chiit ft. Do chia cdt tucmg ddi sdu va do dd'c kha ldn, trung binh 25-30 Cd kha nhiiu thung IQng hep chay dai theo cac sud'i nhu khe Am, khe Cha Lo, khe Chua Ngiit va d cue Tay Nam cd thung IQng dgc Rao Thucmg. Nhin chung dia hinh phi karst khdng cao han nhiiu so vdi dia hinh karst Tit bdc xud'ng Nam cd cac dinh: Phu Toe Vu (1000m), Ma Tac (1068m), Co Khu (886m), U Bd (1009m), Co Rildt (1128m) ; dinh cao nhd't ciia dia hinh karst cung la dinh cao nhdt cua Vudn Qud'c gia l£( dinh Co Preu (1213m), d vl phfa cue Nam ciia Vudn Qud'c gia. Dia hinh phi karst cung la vung ddu ngudn ciia cac con sdng, sud'i chay vao sdng Gianh. Dang dia hinh nay thoai va mim mai vd cd dd chia cdt cQng khdng manh bang vilng niii da vdi ndn nhin chung dia hinh hoi dan didu. [20]

Kieu dia hinh chuyen tiep

Day la kilu dia hinh cd su xen ke phiic tap giua cac khd'i da vdi va dia hinh da luc nguydn. Chiing phdn bd rai rac, thudng tap trung d nhung vung chuyen tie'p giiia niii da vdi va da luc nguyen. Dia hinh thudng la nhiing dinh niii thdp dudi 800m, tuy khdng hilm trd nhu dia hinh karst nhung cung rdt da dang, phiic tap.

Khu vuc Phong Nha -Ke Bang ndm chii yd'u trdn dia phan hai huyen Bd

Trach va Minh Hda la vilng niii thudc Bdc Trudng San hiem trd, cd dd cao trung

binh 700 - 800m so vdi mat nudc bien, vdi tga do 17°42' den 18°16'vi do bdc.

Viing da't nay phfa bdc tid'p giap tinh Ha Tinh, phfa tay giap nude Cdng hda Dan

chii nhan dan Lao, phfa Ddng giap huydn Quang Trach. La mien mii ndm dgc

theo triln ddng ciia day Trudng San ndn dia hinh Bd Trach va Minh Hda kha

hilm trd. Niii d day nghieng ddn theo hudng Tay Bdc - Ddng Nam va cd do dd'c

khdng diu nhau. Cd day mii nd'i liln nhau triing didp tao thanh hinh vdng cung

cd mdt ddu nhd ra sat biln (day Hoanh Son), bdn canh dd lai cd nhiiu nggn mii

da vdi hinh chdp nd'i dai lidn tuc, giua chiing cd khi gian doan bdi nhung thung

lung karst. Qua trinh karst d ddy dang trong giai doan phat trien manh me, Ichdp viing ta thdy nhung phdu karst, gieng karst lam cho "riing niii, mudn hd, ngdt ngheo dm u" Vi thi cac ddng chay d day thudng bi diit quang, cd nghia la nhiing ddng sudi dang chay lai biln mdt va lai Id ra d mdt ncri khac tao ndn nhiing mach nude ngdm (ddng bao quen ggi la rue nudc) va cung vi dja hinh Karst hoat ddng manh ndn d day da hinh thanh nhiiu hang ddng ndi tie'ng.

VI mat cdu tao dia chdt, mii d day la mdt khdi da bien ehd't rdt cd, cd tir trudc ky Dl vdn, dac biet d ddy la cd nhiiu mach mii granft cdt ngang. Nhutig ididi da granft bi diit gay da lam cho ddt pdralit trao ra bao phu mdt viing rdng ldn.

Mat Idiac do su didn bien phiic tap ciia qua trinh trdm tfch va phun trao da vdi qua cac thdi ky kid'n tao dia tdng, ndn dja hinh d day khdng ddng diu, cd vung niii nha'p nhd triing diep, cd ddt trdm tfch, viing ddt trdm tfch tao thanh nhung thung lung tucmg ddi bang phing. Nhung thung lung d day thudng rdt hep, sau va khdng md, cd nghia la niii diing bao phii xung quanh.(chang han nhu thung lung d Ban Ddong, thung lung d Rao Con). Vdi dien tfch 68.119 ha, ne'u tfnh ca khu vuc rirng dac chiing, dac dung trdn mii da thi khu vuc Phong Nha-Ke Bang cd tdng didn tfch tren 147.000 ha [22].

b. Khi hau, sdng ngoi, thd nhudng va sinh vat

Vdi nhung dac diem vl mat ca'u tao dia hinh nhu da ndu. Cd the ndi rdng dilu kidn tu nhien d vimg Phong Nha - Ke Bang la vd cung khdc nghidt, ludn hiing chiu nhiiu yd'u td khf hau bdt thudng, mac dii khu vuc nay ndm trong vung nhidt ddi dm gid mua. Tfnh ehd't nhiet ddi dm da tdc ddng mdt each sdu sdc dd'n cac dilu kidn tu nhidn (dia hinh, dd't dai, ddng thuc vat...). Do cac cudc kiln tao dia tdng phiic tap ndn dd't dai d day cd nhiiu loai khac nhau, thfch nghi vdi timg loai ddt trdng cd gia tri nhu ddt ferah't vang, nau phat triln trdn da granit. Loai ddt nay chid'm mdt didn tfch rdt ldn thfch nghi vdi cdc loai cay cdng nghidp nhu: che hd tidu, dau, thudc la, vimg, dau tdm... d day cdn cd loai ddt nau thdm phat triln tren da pargnai hay da phien thach. Loai dat nay thudng tha'y d cac sudn ddi, thfch hgrp cho viec gieo liia, trdng hoa mau nhu: khoai, sdn. Hdu hd't nuang rdy dl trdng liia va hoa mau cua ddng bao diu dugc khai thac trdn nhung ddi mii cd loai da't nay. Ngoai ra d day cdn cd mgt loai ddt thich hgp cho vide phat trien Ilia nudc, ngd, mfa... dd la dd't ddc tu. Dd't dd'c tu do qua trinh trdm tfch ciia da vdi tao thanh va thudng la nhirng khoanh rudng bac thang d viing cac thung liing.

10

Nhu vay ddt trdng d Tuyen Hda va Minh Hda cd nhiiu loai, nhiiu tdng canh tac, cho phep chiing ta phdt triln mdt nen ndng nghiep toan dien gdm nhiiu loai cay trdng va vat nudi. Dia hinh d day cdn la dilu kien thuan lgi cho cac he ddng thyc vat phat triln phong phii va da dang vl ca sd Iugng va chiing loai.

Vdi 1.398,58km^ tdng sd didn tfch ddt lam nghidp chid'm gdn 60% dien tfch ty nhidn ca hai huydn, riing Bd Trach va Minh Hda la mdt kho tai nguydn phong phu vl lam thd san, vdi nhiiu loai gd quy nhu: da huang, hue mdc, canh kid'n, lim, tau, go, mun, ddi, chd, kin kin...Ngoai gd quy, ritng d day cdn cd nhiiu loai tre niia song may, ddt, la ndn.... va nhiiu loai cay dugc lieu cd gia tri nhu: sa nhan, ha thii d, ngu gia bi, sam, trdm...Riing d day cdn cd nhiiu loai rau qua: ndm, mang...Dd la nhung nguyen lieu phong phii hd trg cho ngudn thyc phdm ciia ddng bao. Xen ldn giira sdng, sudi, mii rimg, trdn cac sudn ddi la nhiing bai cd xanh tuoi. Ngudn lgi thidn nhidn nay la dilu kidn dl mii ritng Bd Trach va Minh Hoa phdt triln chan nudi dai gia siic.

Niii rimg Bd Trach va Minh Hda cdn la noi sinh sd'ng ciia hang tram loai chim, thii nhu: hd, huou, nai, Ign rimg, chdn cao, son duomg, khi...mdt vai khu riing gia cdn tdn tai nhiiu ddng vdt quy hid'm nhu: voi, gd'u, cdng. Mat ong cung la mdt dac san rdt phong phii d day.

Nhin chung tham thyc vat va cac loai ddng vat d Bd Trach va Minh Hda cd dilu kien phat trien thuan lgi, rimg d day nhiiu tdng, nhiiu ldp chiia dyng mdt tiem nang ldnh td' ldn khdng chi trdn ITnh vyc khai thdc gd lam san, dugc lieu, huang lidu... ma cdn la mdi trudng ly tudng cho nhiiu loai thu quy sinh trudng.

Bd Trach va Minh Hda cd mdt hd thd'ng sdng sud'i kha day dac. Mdt vai con sdng nhu: sdng Gianh, Rao Nan, Rao Ndy, sdng Cu Nhang, sud'i. Ha Vi, sdng Son va hang tram khe sud'i nhd khac, da chia cdt dia hinh d ddy dd'n miic cu: vdi chuc km, cd noi vai km da thdy xudt hidn nhiing sdng sud'i kha Idn. Trong dd dang chii y nhdt la sdng Gianh. Sdng Gianh phdt nguydn tit deo Mu Gia xud'ng khe Ve dugc ggi la sud'i Bam va tir dd ra bien mdi ggi la sdng Gianh. Sdng Gianh cd rdt nhiiu ghlnh thac sdu va rdng. Vung ha luu cua sdng chiu anh hudng ciia thiiy trilu ndn cd chd' dd IQ lut theo mua, vdi dac trung myc nudc dang theo lu.

Sdng d ddy cd hidn tucmg dao long kha manh, do bdt ngudn tit vimg

thugng luu cd dd cao ldn (trdn 1.000m) rdi thdp ddn d viing ha luu va dd ra biln

Ddng. Vi thd' ddng sdng cd do dd'c ldn (tir 10,5 - 35°). Dd dd'c ldn nhdt la Iiic

ddng sdng chay qua vung da vdi Ke Bang. Luu Iugng nudc cua cac sdng, sud'i

11

thay ddi theo mua. Miia ndng nhirng ddng sdng, con sud'i thudng khd can thuan Igi cho vide di lai cho con ngudi, nhung lai gay trd ngai ldn dd'n qua trinh san xudt ndng nghidp, cung nhu dd'n ddi sdng hang ngay ciia ddng bao. Vao mua mua luu Iugng nudc ra't ldn. Do riJng ddu ngudn bi tan pha, cac ddi mii ven sdng sudi chil yd'u phat trien bai lau lach, cd tranh, hoac tham chf cd ddi trgc tra trgi, ndn dd'n mua mua, tit hang ngan con sud'i ldn nhd nudc chay xud'ng cac ldng sdng dd ra bid'n ca, cudn phang cd cay, bao mdn cac sudn ddi. Mat khdc do luu Iugng cua ddng chay ldn ndn vide di lai va cac hoat ddng binh thudmg khac cua ddng bao gap nhiiu khd khan.

Ve khf hdu, Nhidt do binh quan hdng nam bie'n ddng tir 23-25 °C giua cac thdng dao ddng kha Idn, cyc dai vao thang 7 trdn 29 °C, cyc tieu vao thang 1 la 17 °C. Nhidt dd cao nhd't tuydt dd'i la 41,6 °C va nhidt dd thd'p nhdt tuydt dd'i la 5,5°C. Thdi tid't Ianh nhdt trong nam vao cac thang 12, 1 va 2 va thdi tiet ndng nha't trong nam vao thdng 7, 8. Cd nhiet dd trung binh cao tren 28 °C. 10..La vilng mii da vdi rdng ldn, sy dao ddng nhiet giua ngay va ddm rd't ldn, bidn dd nhiet trong ngay he ndng biic, bidn do thudng trdn 10°C. Mua ddng sy dao ddng nhidt vdn trdn 8° C [20].

Khu vyc Phong Nha -Ke Bang ndm trong vung cd lugng mua Idn, binh quan

tur 2000 dd'n 2500 mm/nam. 6 khu vyc mii giap bien gidi Viet-Lao, lugng mua

cdn ldn tdi 3000mm/nam (Minh Hod). Ba thang mua ldn nhd't la cac thang

9,10,11. Tdng lugng mua trong miia mua (tii thang 5 dd'n thang 12) rd't cao,

chid'm tdi 80% tdng lugng mua nam. Mua tap trung vdi cudng dd ldm, cd ngay

lugng mua dat 415mm.Tdn sd xudt hidn nhung tran mua to chid'm khoang 20%,

tap trung vao thang 9 va 10. Xdi mdn va Iu ldm thudng xay ra vao thdi gian nay.

Lugng bd'c hoi kha cao, bid'n ddng tii 1000 dd'n 1300mm/nam. Lugng bd'c hoi ldn nhdt vao cac thang 5,6,7,8, vi anh hudng ciia gid Lao khd ndng.

Dd dm khdng khf d miic trung binh (83-84%). Mua khd cd do dm thdp hem

nhiiu, chi cdn d miic 66-68%, ca bidt cd ngay xud'ng tdi 28%. Ddy la nhutig

ngay gid Lao thdi manh, thdi tid't rd't khd, ndng, de doa chay ritng va hoa

hoan.Cd 2 miia gid chfnh la miia ddng va miia he.

Gid miia ddng: Tit thdng 11 dd'n thang 1 nam sau, thinh hanh hudng gid Ddng

Bdc xen giu'a cac dgt gid Ddng Bdc la nhumg ngay gid Ddng hoac Ddng Nam.

12

Gid miia he: Do yeu td dia hinh ndn cac nggn mii cao ngan chan gid hudng Tay Nam va ddi thanh gid Tay Bdc tit thang 5 de'n thang 8. Gid nay khd ndng gay khdng ft khd khan cho san xudt ndng nghidp va vide bao vd rimg.

Hang nam cd trdn 50 ngay cd gidng va 1 den 2 com bao di qua hoac anh hudng den khu vyc vdi tdc do gid trdn cdp 8.

Nhu vay, dac trung cua chi do khi hau ciia viing Phong Nha- Ke Bang vdn mang nhung net chung nha't ciia khf hau Quang Binh la khf hau nhidt ddi gid miia, cd mua he khd ndng va mua dd'n mudn (Thu Ddng), chiu anh hudng manh me ciia bao va gid tfn phong lanh phfa Bdc.

Khu vyc nay ndm ggn trong luu vyc cua cac ddng sdng sud'i: Rao Thucmg, sdng Chay, sdng Trode, sdng Son... diu la thugng ngudn ciia sdng Gianh. Vudn Qudc gia bao gdm mdt vimg da vdi rdng ldn, vi thd' hien tugng nudc chay ngdm la phd bie'n. Tren mat da't cd mdt sd khe sud'i nhd dd vao Rao Thuang, chay Id thidn nhung bi ngdt quang khi chay ngdm qua cac hang ddng, sau khi quy tu Iai chay vl sdng Chay, sdng Trode vd hgp luu vao sdng Son rdi dd vd thugng ngudn sdng Gianh.Miia mua, cac sud'i can cd nudc dang cao, tao ddng chay ldm va lu cue bd, nhung can mua nudc nit rdt nhanh qua cac "mdt hut". Mua lu tir thang 9 den thdng 11 trimg vao nhiing thang mua Idn nhdt. Lii ldn thudmg xud't hidn vao giua thang 9 va thang 10. [9]

Ngoai miia mua IQ chfnh, sdng Son cdn chiu anh hudng ciia dgt mua phu (mua tiiu man) vao cdc thang 5,6. Mua tiiu man ddi khi gdy lu lut ldn. Khi lu lut nudc sdng Son mang nhiiu phu sa, bdi ddp cho cac dai ddt ven bd va lam bid'n dang ddng sdng do hidn tugng "bdi, lo"

Miia nudc can vao cac thang 1-7, cac khe sud'i nhd trd thanh "khe ehd't" Sdng

Chay va sdng Son cd muc nudc rd't thd'p va ddng chay tdi thilu.

Bd Trach va Minh Hda ndm trong viing nhidt ddi gid mua, khf hau ndng dm va chia lam hai miia rd ret: Miia mua va miia khd. Miia khd ndng didn ra tit thang 3 dd'n thang 8 va triing vdi gid miia Ddng-Nam. Sd gid ndng binh quan hang ngay la 6,4 gid, ngay ndng nhiiu nhd't dat 9,9 gid. Ndng gay gdt nhat didn ra tit thang 5 dd'n thang 8 hang nam, cd nhung nam ndng ndng keo dai tii 4 den 5 thang liln. Miia nay ft mua, nhung thang 5, thang 6 thinh thoang cd nhumg tran mua gidng. Nhiet dd bdt ddu ldn cao tir thang 3 va len cao nha't tit thang 6, thang 7. Tit nu'a thang 7 trd di, gid thdi ndng, khd va rdt dii ddi. Ngudi ta ggi la gid Lao. MQa mua bdt ddu tfir thang 9 nam trudc dd'n thang gidng hoac thang 2 nam

13

sau va keo theo gid miia Ddng-Bdc. Loai gid nay cd khi rdt manh va thudng mang theo khdng khf lanh, mua ddm nhdt la tir thang chap trd di. Mua nhiiu nhdt vao thang 9, 10 va 11. Trong 3 thang nay lugng mua nhiiu gdn gdp ddi lucmg mua cua nhumg thang cdn lai trong nam. Nhidt dd tmng binh hang nam la 24,3° d thdi diem cao nhdt nhidt do ldn dd'n 40°, thdi diim thdp nhdt nhidt do xud'ng dudi 10°. .[22]

Nhin chung, dilu kidn ty nhidn d khu vyc nay hd't siic khdc nghiet da cd anh hudng rd't ldn dd'n ddi sd'ng sinh hoat va lao ddng san xudt cung nhu sy sinh tdn, phdt triln ciia cac ddn tdc vimg Phong Nha-Ke Bang.

Vl tai nguydn khoang san d Bd Trach va Minh Hda cd the ke dd'n mdt tru lugng ldn md granit da cao tudi, da vdi da't Iam gach ngdi. Cdng vdi cac ngudn tai nguydn quy gia khac ciia rimg, ngudn khoang san nay la nhiing tiin dl rdt quan trgng dl phat trien nin kinh te d viing nay.

Nhin chung dilu kidn ty nhien ciia Bd' Trach va Minh Hda rd't phong phii va da dang. Vdi dia hinh chia cdt nhiiu tdng, dd't trdng nhiiu loai, vdi chd' dd khf hdu tucmg dd'i dn djnh, vilng ddt d day cd dieu kidn phat triln niiilu loai gid'ng cay trdng va vdt nudi. Tham thuc vat va cac loai ddng vat phong phii d miin ritng mii hai huydn nay cQng la nhumg tiin dl cd tfnh chdt quyd't dinh dd'n vide dn dinh va phat triln nin kinh td', van hda xa hdi ciia dan cu trong viing.

Tuy nhidn, dilu kien ty nhien d day khdng kem phdn khdc nghiet, khf hau nhiet ddi ldm ndng nhiiu mua, gay nen han han keo dai d miia khd va lu lut d miia mua, them vao dd che dd gid Lao va gid mua Ddng-Bdc trai diu 2 miia trong nam. Dac biet vdi he thd'ng mii da Ke Bang trimg didp, hd thd'ng sdng ngdi, khe sud'i, mach nudc ngdm day dac lam cho dia hinh niii rittig d day vd'n da hilm trd lai cang hilm trd han. Tdt ca nhumg dilu dd da gay nen khdng ft khd khan trong vide phat triln san xudt, dn dinh ddi sd'ng va qua trinh giao luu di lai ciia ddng bao.

Horn nira, do ldi sd'ng du canh, du cu vdi hinh thiic canh tac ndng nghidp

bdc Idt ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc, he sinh thai rtoig ddu ngudn bi pha vd nghidm

trgng Iam cho ngudn tai nguyen eiia khu vyc bi thoai hda, can cdi, rittig bi tra

trgi. Vide pha vd he sinh thai riing ddu ngudn se ddn dd'n sy ndng ndng gay gdt d

mua khd va Iu lut triln midn d mua mua. Tdt ca nhumg dilu dd cang gay thdm

khd khan, phiic tap cho vide dn dinh ddi sd'ng ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc trong

vilng.

14

1.2. DIEU KIEN XA HQI

a. Tinh trang dan cu

Khu vyc Phong Nha Ke Bang ndm trdn dia phan cua 9 xa thudc hai huydn Minh Hda va Bd Trach, dd la cac xa: Dan Hda, Hda Son, Trung Hda, Thugng Hda (Huydn Minh Hda), Xuan Trach, Thugng Trach, Tan Trach, Phiic Trach, San Trach (huydn Bd Trach).Cac xa giap ranh gdm: HungTrach, Phii Dinh (huydn Bd Trach) va xa Trudng Som (huyen Quang Ninh). Miin Tay Bd Trach va Minh Hda la huyen miin mii cua tinh Quang Binh- ncri sinh sd'ng chii yeu cua ddng bao dan tdc Chiit va Bru Van Kilu. Day la mdt vung ddt ndm vl phfa Tay Bdc ciia Trung Trung bd Viet Nam, cd day Hoanh Som giang ngang d phfa Tay Bdc, day Trudmg Son vay kin phfa Tay Nam, vung ddi ban san dia khep Iai d phfa Ddng. Vung mii huydn Bd Trach va Minh Hda cd mdt vi tri hd't siic quan trgng vl kinh td', chfnh tri va qudc phdng ciia lanh thd Viet Nam. Noi ddy chiia dyng nhiiu tilm nang ve kinh td' rittig, la noi sinh tu ciia nhiiu tdc ngudi anh em ndi ngdn ngu Mdn- Khcrme, Viet - Mudng. La noi cd nhiiu mii cao, rifng rdm, dd'c diing, nhiiu da vdi, nhiiu hang ddng ndi tid'ng, nhiiu dinh mii cao tidu bilu nhu: Phucophi 2.071m, Cotapum 1.629m, Ca Rodng 1.029m, Ba ren 1.200m, Hoanh Scm 1.049m..., la noi nhung con dudng xuydn Viet - Lao, dudng thugng dao Bdc Nam, dudng "xe dgc Trudng San di ciru nudc" va la nai can cii dia ciia nhiiu cudc khang chie'n chd'ng ngoai xam ciia ddn tdc ta. Bd Trach va Minh Hda la viing ddt cd lich sit van hoa Idu ddi, noi con ngudi da tu cu sinh sd'ng tit ngan xua, nai chiia dyng nhiiu ddu tfch van hda ciia cac ldp ddn cu trong qua trinh lich sii. Noi ddy cac nha khao cd hgc da tim tha'y ddu tfch cu tni ciia ngudi nguydn thiiy. Tai cac hang ddng d day nhu: hang Hum, hang Khai, hang Hdi Trudmg, hang Len Bang...cdc tdng van hda khao cd da dugc phat hidn nhu tdng van hda vd d'c, dac bidt la dc van, dc mii, trai, hen va nhiiu xuang thii, dd gdm. Dac bidt tai hang Khai, cac nha khao cd cdn tim dugc mdt bd xuang ngudi ldn ndm canh bd xuomg tre em ngay trong tdng van hda vd d'c. Van hda khao cd d cac hang ddng vung mii Tuyen Hda va Minh Hda dugc cac nha khao cd xdc dinh thudc vao thdi dai dd da giiia, each ngay nay trdn dudi mdt van nam va theo Colani- nha khao c6 hgc ngudi Phap thi cac nin van hda dd tucmg ducmg vdi van hda Hda Binh d phfa Bdc.

Nam 1943, Xd-rang va Pha-rd Ma-gid da phat hidn va khai quat nhimg di

chi cd nidn dai mudn hom d vilng ddt nay nhu di chi hang Minh Cam, khe Toong.

Tai cac di chi nay tim dugc nhiing dd da, dd gdm cd kilu dang, phong each ciia

15

dd gdm ,dd da van hda Phiing Nguyen. Dd la nhumg cdng cu da cd nhiiu vet ghe deo va dd gdm cd hoa van ddu thittig, hoa van hinh sdng nudc. Tai hang Minh Cdm giiia nhiing khu md tang xuang cdt ldn xdn, cac nha khao cd hgc cdn tim thdy mdt manh xuang gdt chan trai, cd vd't khda cd the la ddu rdc thit. Tuc rdc thit ngudi ehd't phd bid'n nhiiu d thdi dai dd da mdi. Dac bidt thii vi han la cdn tim thdy mdt cai rang bi cut nhu bi giua, bi mai bdi mdt cdng cu sdc cd hai ranh song song. Phong tuc ca rang ciia ngudi tiin sit Quang Binh hidn nay vdn cdn d ngudi Thugng [9].

Nhu vay Idp cu dan ddu tien d viing nay la nhiing bd lac nguyen thiiy. Hg chua bie't lam nha, ma cdn d ddng, d hang, cho nen ngudi ta cQng cdn ggi hg la ngudi cdc hang ddng. Hg khdng dimg sdt nhu chiing ta. Dao, rya ciia hg diu bang da.

Ngay nay, chiing ta chi biet Idp cu dan cd mat rdt sdm d vung nay la ngudi Chiit, bao gdm cac nhdm Rue, May, Sach, Arem, Ma Liing. Vi ddy la mdt bd phan dan cu cdn bao luu nhiiu yd'u td cd nhdt vl van hda va ngdn ngii ciia khdi tiin Vidt- Mudng. Chdc chdn nhdm cu dan nay tach ra khdi khd'i Vidt-Mudng chung trudc khi Mudng tach khdi Viet. Hem nGa day la mdt tdc ngudi bi phan tan, xe nhd, sd'ng tdch rdi nhau, ft cd lidn hd vdi nhau va chi trir nhdm Sach cdn lai cac nhdm dang chiu mdt qua trinh thoai hda vl nhiiu mat ndn y thiic vl tdc ngudi cua hg cdn rd't kem. Ngoai dan tdc Chut, d day, cdn cd dan tdc Bru- Van Kilu sinh sd'ng. Do sy bid'n dgng lich sii, nhdm dan cu thudc ngdn ngii Mdn-Khame da trai qua nhiiu cudc thidn di trong dd cd dan tdc ngudi Bru - Van Kilu. Day la bd phdn cu ddn cd tdn ggi cung vdi ten ggi Vdn Kilu d Quang Tri. Trudc kia, ngudi Van Kilu chi cu tni tir huyen Quang Ninh trd vao phfa Nam. Tir nam 1990, ngudi Van Kilu mdi di cu ra xa San Trach (Ban Dodng, Ban Rao Con) mdt bd phan ft cua ngudi Khua sd'ng d xa Thugng Hoa. Trong nhdm Bru -van Kilu thi tdc ngudi Ma Coong chid'm bd phan ldn. Ngudi Ma Coong la cu dan chii yd'u ciia xa Thugng Trach. Nhdm Tri, vdi sd Iugng ft cimg cd dia ban cu trii vdi nhdm Ma Coong. Mdt sd hd ciia ngudi Ka Rai, ngudi Mudng cung cu tni dday.

Nhu vay, so vdi ngudi Bru - Van Kilu d Quang Tri, ngudi Bru - Van Kilu d

Quang Binh cd dac diem tdc ngudi khac han. Sy khac nhau dd thi hidn d chd: d

Quang Tri cdng ddng nay la ddng nhdt, trong khi dd d Quang Binh tuy sd Iugng

ngudi ft hon nhung lai cd tdi 4 nhdm cu dan khac nhau: Khiia, Ma Coong, Tri, va

van Kilu. Dd'n nay cd hom 2.000 ngudi phan bd chii ye'u d Thugng Trach, Tan

16

Trach (huydn Bd Trach). Cac nhdm ngudi nay tir lau da dugc cac nha dan tdc hgc trong va ngoai nudc cho rang hg cd mdi quan he than thudc vdi cac nhdm Bru d Lao nhu Sd, Khai, Tri va thidn di vao viing Tay Bdc Quang Binh trong nhieu thdi gian khac nhau.

Tdm Iai ngudi Chiit dugc coi la ldp cu dan cd mat sdm nhdt d vilng niii Tay - Bdc tinh Quang Binh. Tid'p dd'n la bd phan cu dan ndi ngdn ngS Mdn - Khame (Van Kilu, Khua, Ma Coong, va vl sau nua la Tri) d Lao tran sang trong nhiiu thdi ky lich sit. Cu thi dia ban cu tni va dan sd ciia cac nhdm tdc ngudi d vimg Phong Nha- Ke Bang nhu sau:

1. Nhom Rue: Hidn nay da sd da dugc dinh canh, dinh cu tai ban Phii Ninh, ban

Yen Hgp, ban 6 6 va ban On, xa Thugng Hda, huydn Minh Hda cd 93 hd, 414 khdu..[44]

2. Nhom Sach: Sd'ng tuomg dd'i dn dinh d xa Thugng Hda ciia huydn Minh Hda vdi 65 hd, 267 khdu.[44]

3. Nhom May Ngudi May d Thugng Hda cd 11 hd, 48 khdu [44]. Ddi sd'ng ciia

hg rdt khd khan. Kinh td' hai lugm, san bdn, bat ea vdn cdn ddng vai trd hd't siic

quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng hang ngay cua ddng bao.

4. Nhdm Arem. Cd sd Iugng dan cu ft nha't trong cac nhdm ciia tdc ngudi Chiit.

Hien nay d cdy sd 39 thudc Ban 39 cd 47 hd, 218 khdu thudc xa Tan Trach,

huydn Bd Trach [45]

5. Nhom VSn Kieu : Sd'ng chii yd'u d 2 xa cQa huydn Bd Trach, d Ban Dodng

(Tan Trach) cd 13 hd 64 khdu. Ban Rao Con (Som Trach) cd 26 hd 142 khdu.[45]

Day la nhdm tdc ngudi thidn di tit phfa nam ra va d mdt vi tri khd hiem trd hdu

nhu each bidt d bdn ngoai. Dd la nhumg thung IQng nam trong khu vyc Phong

Nha - Ke Bang di lai rd't khd khan.

6. Nhdm Ma Coong: Cu tni chu yd'u la d xa Thugng Trach (Bd Trach) giap bidn

gidi Vidt - Lao. Ddy la nhdm tdc ngudi cd sd Iugng nhiiu nhdt trong dan tdc Bru - van Kilu d Quang Binh, sd'ng rai rac d cac triln mii, khe sud'i gdm 18 ban vdi 397 hd 1967 khdu. [45] Tdc ngudi nay da dinh cu d day kha lau. Theo cac nha nghidn ciiu, lich sit cua tdc ngudi Ma Coong cho rang, hg la nhung ngudi cu dan ban dja cd nhung dac diem khac vdi ngudi Van Kilu. Ngoai ra hg cdn cd md'i lidn hd vdi ngudi Lao, trong ddi sd'ng van hoa cung cd nhumg anh hudng cua van

17

hoa Lao (phong tuc tap quan, y phuc.) Day la mdt lyc lugng quan trgng gdp phdn bao vd vung bien gidi Viet - Lao thudc dia phdn tinh Quang Binh.

7. Nhdm Khua, Tri, Kai Rai, Mudmg: Day la nhdm tdc ngudi cd sd lugng ft nhdt d viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang sd'ng chung vdi cdc tdc ngudi khac va d nhOng dia ban khdc nhau, do vay vl mat van hod vira mang nhumg dac diim cua tdc ngudi minh vira chiu anh hudng nhung net van hod cua tdc ngudi khac. Cu thi: ngudi Khua sd'ng d ban Ydn Hgp (Thugng Hoa) cd 3 hd 11 khdu, d Ban 61 (Thugng Trach) cd 3 hd 15 khdu; tdc ngudi Tri d Ban But, Ban Cd Dd (Thugng Trach) cd 13 hd 59 khdu; ngudi Mudmg d Ban But va Ban 51 (Thugng Trach) cd 6 hd 29 khdu, ngudi Ka Rai d ban Aky (Thugng Trach) cd 3 hd 14 khdu. [45]

Theo kd't qua dilu tra khao sat ciia chiing tdi hien nay sd lugng dan cu va phan bd dia ban cu tni ciia cac dan tdc d vimg Phong Nha - Ke Bang nhu sau:

1). XA THUONG TRACH- HUYEN BO TRACH [45]

Ban

1, Ban A-Ky

2. Ban Tudt

3. Ban 61

4. Ban Trol

5. BanCdDo

6. Ban Cham Pu

7. Ban 51

S.Ban Nodng Cu

9.Ban Nodng mdi

Sd hd

19

14

30

14

37

23

15

11

20

Sd khau

98

71

143

70

180

122

58

55

110

Tdc ngudi

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ghi chu

3 hd 14 khdu ngudi

KaRai

3 hd 15 khdu ngudi Khua

12 hd ,54 khdu ngudi Tri

5 hd 24 khdu ngudi

Mudmg

18

10. Ban But

11. Ban Ka Rodng 1

12. Ban Ka Rodng 2

13. Ban Cu Tdn

14. Ban Code

15. Ban Con Roang

16. Ban Nju

17.Ban Ban

18. Ban Khe Rung

Cong

31

25

21

32

22

30

19

25

9

397

144

129

98

154

109

154

87

147

38

1967

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

Ma Coong

1 hd ,5 khdu ngudi Tri, 1 hd ,5 khdu ngudi Mudng

2) XA TAN TRACH - BO TRACH [45]

Ban

Ban 39

Ban Dodng

Sd hp

47

13

So khau

218

64

Tdc ngudi

Arem

van Kilu

Ghi chii

3) XA SON TRACH BO TRACH [45]

Ban

Rao Con

Sd hd

26

So khau

142

Tdc ngudi

van Kilu

Ghi chu

4) XA THUONG HOA - MINH HOA .[44]

Tdc Ban Phu Ninh Ban dn Ban Yen Hgp Ban Md 0

19

ngudi

Sach

Rue

Khiia

May

Cong

Sdhd

11

2

1

14

So khau

47

7

2

56

Sdhd

18

39

9

66

Sd khau

76

167

43

286

Sdhd

34

2

3

1

40

Sd khau

138

9

11

3

161

Sd hp

2

50

22

Sd khau

6

231

267

2.Tinh hinh kinh tecac dan tdc vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang

Trong mdt khu vyc sinh tdn rdng ldn vdi da dang cac dieu kidn sd'ng, lai tdn tai gdn nhu tach bidt nhau, ngudi Chiit, Bru - Van Kilu d Phong Nha - Ke Bang la mdt cu dan ndng nghiep, nhung tinh hinh kinh te trong timg nhom cung cd nhiing dac diim khac nhau ft nhiiu. Nhdm Sdch chu yeu lam rudng nudc, ben canh dd cdn lam rudng vai (rudng khd) rdy, san bdt, danh ca, hai lugm, chan nudi. Cac nhdm cdn lai, do phdn Idn dan cu phai sd'ng trong tinh trang hit siic lac hau, hoang da, ndn kinh te' nucmg rdy ciia hg cQng he't siic lac hau. Vdi Id'i canh tac chgc Id, tria hat trdn dd'c niii, nang sudt thdp, riii ro nhiiu, ndn ngudn thu tir luong thyc trdng (Iiia, sdn, ngd...) chi du nudi sd'ng hg vai ba thang. Thdi gian cdn lai trong nam, hg chd'p nhan sd'ng du canh, du cu vdi cdc hoat ddng kinh td' hai lugm, san bdt. Nhin chung hoat ddng kinh te cua ngudi Chiit d khu vyc nay Iam rudng, nucmg rdy, chan nudi va cac nghi phu gia dinh. Chan nudi chii yd'u la trau bd, Ign, gia cdm, ngoai ra cdn cd hoat ddng khai thac cac san phdm tir rimg nhu san bdt ddng vdt, Id'y gd, ciii, song may, cay thud'c. Cung gid'ng nhu dan tdc Chiit, dan tdc Bru - Van Kilu hien nay cd nhihig hoat ddng kinh te chii yiu sau day:

Trdng trgt: ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu d day trdng Iiia, ngd, sdn, thud'c la

tren nuong rdy.

Chan nudi: Ngudi Bru - Van Kilu chua coi hoat ddng chan nudi la

ngudn thu nhap cho dcri sd'ng. Vi the tuy hg cd nudi Ign va nudi ga nhung la sy

chan nudi ty nhidn ndn nang sudt rdt thdp.

20

Hai lugm: Day la loai hinh kinh t l dam bao ngudn cung cdp thyc phdm chfnh cho ngucri Bru - Van Kieu. Di cd dugc luang thyc, thyc phdm cung cdp cho ddi sd'ng hang ngay ciia minh, ngucri Bru - Van Kilu sit dung nhiiu phuang

tidn dl danh bat cac loai: bat ca, bdt thii riing, bdt chim va hai qua Cd thi ndi, kinh td' san bdn, hai lugm vdn la mdt hoat ddng kinh td' quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng cua dan tdc Chiit va Bm - Van Kilu d Phong Nha Ke Bang hien nay. Tuy nhien, hinh thiic ciia hoat ddng ldnh te nay cdn rdt thd sa vi nd phu thudc hoan toan vao dilu kidn sinh thai ty nhidn ciia mii rimg. Bdn canh dd ddng bao cac dan tdc d day cdn phat trien cac nghe thii cdng (dan lat va mdc). Cho dd'n nay d vung nay vdn khdng cd chg, san phdm lam ra thudng dem trao ddi vdi ngudi Kinh d ddng bang ldn hoac giua cac ban vdi nhau.

Nhumg nam gdn ddy, vdi sy giiip dd cua cac chuong trinh, dy an, ngucri Bru-Vdn kieu va Chiit da cd nudi trdu, bd. Do chfnh sach bao vd rimg cua Nha nudc, ngudi Bru - Van Kilu va mdt sd tdc ngudi Chiit (Arem, May) d Phong Nha-Ke Bang ndi chung cung da dugc giao didn tfch rimg de bao ve. Mdi hd dugc giao bao vd khoang 30 ha rirng. Tuy nhidn hinh thiic hoat ddng kinh t l nay chua dem lai nhiing hidu qua cu the cho ngudi dan d day vi sd lugng bao vd rimg la khdng dang kl so vdi didn tfch rimg ty nhien rdt ldm d Phong Nha - Ke Bang. Nhin chung, tinh hinh kinh td' d ddy kem phat triln, ddi sd'ng ddng bao dan tdc cdn gap nhiiu khd khan, thu nhap binh quan ddu ngudi hd't siic thdp. Tinh trang thid'u ddi vdn didn ra thudng xuydn. Phan bd lao ddng Ididng ddng diu, ty Id tham gia lao ddng cdn tha'p, do dd thid'u ngudn nhan lyc tai chd dl phat trien cac nganh nghi kinh td' mdt each cd hidu qua. (xem bang).

Phdn bd' lao dpng vimg dong bao dan tpc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang [45]

Cac xa CO

ddng bao dan

tpc

Thugng Trach

Tan Trach

Som Trach

Tdng sd

ngudi

1967

282

142

Phan bd lao ddng

Nam

Sdlugng

469

86

37

Tyle

23,8

30,5

26,1

Nii

SoIugng

388

51

22

Tyle

19,7

18,1

15,5

Ghi chii

21

Thugng Hod

Cdng

740

3131

167

759

26,2 142

603

22,3

Tir nhung md ta ve tinh hinh hoat ddng kinh te cua ddng bao cac dan tdc viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang, chiing ta cd the nit ra dugc mdt vai nhan xet vl hoat ddng kinh t l d day nhu sau:

Kinh te ndng nghidp, bao gdm hinh thiic trdng trgt va san bdn hai lugm la hinh thiic hoat ddng kinh td' chfnh dl duy tri cudc sd'ng ciia ngudi ddn d day.

Phuang thiic boat ddng san xudt la phuang thiic boat ddng kinh td' truyin thd'ng. Trdng luomg thyc theo ldi canh tac nuomg rdy quang canh, cung cdp thyc phdm theo Id'i san bdn, hai lugn san phdm trong rimg. Vdi phuang thiic boat ddng nay, nang sudt lao ddng rdt thdp, thu nhap ciia ngudi dan khdng dang kl. Vi thd' tinh trang thid'u ddi se khdng giam ma ngay cang trdm trgng hom.

3.Tinh hinh van hoa, giao due, yte

Do sd'ng trong mdi trudng thidn nhidn khdc nghidt, hiem trd, ca sd ha tdng

tha'p kem, nin kinh te cdn gap nhiiu khd khan, do vay tinh hinh van hod giao

due d ddy cd nhiiu han chd'. Phdn Idm ddng bao dan tdc d day trinh do dan tri cdn

tha'p, chil yd'u la nhiing ngudi ldn tudi. Qua khao sat ciia chiing tdi d 25 ban cd

ddng bao dan tdc sinh sd'ng gdm cac tdc ngudi Sach, Rue, May, Arem, Ma

Coong, van Kilu, Khiia, Tri cho thdy ty Id mii chii rdt cao, sd ngudi bid't dgc biet

vid't chi dat dd'n trinh dd Idp 1 Idp 2, sd hgc sinh phdn ldm la tiiu hgc, ft cd hgc

sinh d bdc trung hgc ca sd. Dac bidt, cd nai ty Id mii chu hdu nhu hoan toan

(ching han d Ban Dodng - Tdn Trach). d day lai khdng cd trudng hgc, tre em

hdu nhu thdt hgc, ca ban chi cd 2 ngudi bid't chQ. Tuy nhien hien nay do sy quan

tdm ciia cd'p uy Dang chfnh quyIn, sy nd lyc ciia nganh giao due dao tao va sy hd

trg ciia nha Nudc, he thd'ng trudng ldp viing ddng bao dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke

Bang da tang Idn (xem bang).

22

Tinh hinh giao due vung ddng bao dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang [46,47,48,49]

Cac xa cd ddng bao dan

tpc

Thugng Trach

Tan Trach

Som Trach

Thugng Hoa

Tdng cdng

Tinh hinh phat trien giao due

Sd

hp

397

60

26

142

652

Sd khau

1967

282

142

740

3131

So trudng hpc

Tieu

hpc

01

01

Khu

vyc le

01

3

THCS

01

0

0

01

2

Sd ldp

22

4

3

11

40

Sd hpc sinh

Ldp

1-2

3,5

12

21

76

454

Ldp

3-5

128

25

8

33

194

Ldp

6-7

75

19

0

6

94

Ldp

tren

7

0

2

0

4

6

Cac loai hinh sinh boat van hod va ddi sd'ng tinh thdn ciia ddng bao cac

dan tdc d khu vyc nay cdn rdt thid'u thd'n va lac hau. Miic hudng thu van hoa

nghd thuat cdn thdp. Cudc sd'ng ddi ngheo, kinh td' bdp bdnh, bdnh tat de doa,

dilu kidn di lai khd khan da lam cho biic tranh van hoa, xa hdi vimg ddng bao

dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang trd ndn thid'u anh sang. Nhung nam gdn ddy,

Nha nudc da cd nhQmg chucmg trinh hd trg xay dyng ca sd ha tdng nhu giao

thdng, thuy lgi, nha d, trucmg hgc, tram y td' da khdc phuc dugc tinh trang thid'u

thd'n, lac hau, phdn nao tao dieu kidn cho vide md mang van hoa va timg budc dn

dinh ddi sd'ng.

23

PHANH

NGHlfiN Ctru NHUNG GIA TRI VAN HOA CAC DAN T O C VUNG PHONG NHA - KE BANG

n . l . MOT S6 KHAI NIEM

* Di san van hoa: La toan bd nhung san phdm vat chdt, tinh thdn mang gia tri lich sii van hoa, khoa hgc, thdm my do cac thi he trudc sang tao va truyin lai cho cac th^ he sau [32].

* Di san van hod phi vat thi: La toan bd nhOng san phdm vat chdt mang gia tri lich sir van hoa, khoa hgc, thdm my bao gdm cac di vat, cd vat... [32].

* Di san van hoa phi vat thi: La toan bd nhung san phdm tinh thdn mang gia tri lich sit van hod, khoa hgc, thdm my bao gdm tid'ng ndi chu viet, Id'i sd'ng, phong tuc, tdp quan, le hdi...[32].

Di san van hod vat the va phi vat the gdn kit vdi nhau tao ndn mdt he thdng gia tri dl khang dinh ban sdc rieng ciia mdt cdng ddng, mdt dan tdc. Cho ndn sy phan bidt di san van hod vat the va phi vat thi chi cd tfnh cha't tucmg dd'i. Ching ban, trong cac di san van hod vat thi nhu cac cdng trinh kid'n tnic dinh chua mid'u mao da bao ham gia tri van hod vat thi, dd la tri tud, tinh cam, thi hid'u cam xiic, thdm my...

* Bao tdn van hod la giu lai, khdng thi mdt di (Tir diin Tid'ng Viet). Bao tdn chi cd thi hiiu dugc ddy du va diing nghia nhdt khi nd dugc dat trong mdi quan hd vdi sy phat triln. Bao tdn khdng phai chi la sy cd gdng gift gin de khdng bi mdt di, ma phai bid't chgn lgc nhung hidn tugng dang cd nguy ca bi mat di dy nhumg kha nang tilm tang, lam cho nd cd thi tilp tuc song hanh cimg xu hudmg di ien ciia cudc sd'ng. Bao tdn ma khdng dua di san van hod vao cudc sd'ng thi chua phat huy dugc gia tri thyc sy ciia truyin thd'ng.

n.2. NGHlfiN c t ru CAC GIA TRI VAN HOA VAT THE.

II.2.1. Nghien ciiru lang, ban dan tdc

a.Trang thai cu trii ciia ngudi Churt

Lang ban: Cho din trudc Cach mang Thang Tam, dai bd phan cac nhdm

ngudi Chut sd'ng du canh, du d trong rimg mii. Hg phai duomg ddu vdi manh thii

dl gianh gidt timg hang ddng, rem da (trang thai cu tni nay hien cdn tha'y d mdt

vai gia dinh ngudi Rue d Thucmg Hda,). Nhung do dac diim kinh te du canh du

24

cu, hang ddng khdng dam bao cho sy di chuyin thudmg xuyen ciia hg, ndn nhung tiip llu tam bg, Igp bang la cay riing lai mgc ldn pho bid'n (trang thai cu tni nay cdn thdy d ngudi Rue, Ma Liing, Arem each day khdng lau). Vl sau, do phat triln cua siic san xudt, hg cd thi dinh canh, dinh cu trong mdt thdi gian nhdt dinh, ndn mai nha tuang dd'i bin vung dugc mgc ldn ben nhOng triln mii cao, ddu ngudn nudc.

Ban ciia ngudi Chiit thudng cd quy md nhd, chi khoang 10 -12 ndc nha, tham chf cd ban chi 3 - 5 ndc nha nhu mdt vai ban ciia ngudi Rue, Arem, d cac nhdm May, Rue, Arem, ban thucmg dyng gdn ngudn nudc, d vung mii cao noi cd dilu kien thuan Icri cho viec san bdn, hai lugm va lam rdy. Cdn ban ngudi Sach thudng d nhiing vung thung lung thdp, tuang ddi bdng phing, noi cd dieu kidn phat triln rudng nudc, rudng vai va nuomg rdy.

Vide ddi ban de lap ban mdi cung rdt tiiy tidn. Thudng khi vimg ddt xung quanh ban, ngudn Igi cua thidn nhidn can kidt, nhu cay nhiic, cay nghen da hd't, thii vat chim mudng ngheo nan, ddt dai khd cdn...hoac trong ban cd ngudi chit bat ddc ky tit, cd dich bdnh trien midn.... la ddng bao lai ddi ban di noi khac. Khi Idp ban mdi, Py cavel (trudng ban) cd vai trd quyd't dinh. Ong thudng hdi y kid'n Chdblii (thdy ciing) va hdi ddng Thdu ke (gia Iang) rdi tdng hgp cac y kid'n dl di dd'n quyd't dinh cud'i ciing.

Trong ban ciia ngudi Chut, nha ciia khdng sdp xd'p theo mdt loai hinh nhdt dinh ma tuy thudc vao dia hinh, dia vat noi cu tni. Diim chung la tdt ca cac nha diu quay mat vl hudmg sdng sud'i. Trong ban cua nhdm May, Rue, Arem, Ma Liing khdng cd cdng trinh phu (nha vd sinh, chudng Ign, trdu bd) ndn gia sue, gia cdm (nd'u cd) diu tha rong. Ban ciia ngudi Sach thi khac hin, xung quanh nha cd cdng trinh phu va vudn cay an qua. Ban cua ngudi Chiit nhin chung cdn dan sa, chua hoan toan dn dinh.

Ngay nay, nhieu ban dinh canh, dinh cu ciia ngudi Chiit da dugc xay dyng,

nhu : ban O O; ban On cua ngudi Rue; ban Km39 dudng 20 a xa Tan Trach ciia

ngudi Arem...nhung nhin chung quy md ciia ban dinh canh, dinh cu qua nhd,

mdt ban chi khoang trdn dudi vai tram ngudi, cac ban lai d xa nhau. Sd lugng

dan cu cua mdt ban nhu vay se gay nhiiu khd khan cho vide quan ly hanh chinh,

giao thdng di Iai va nhdt la md mang van hda, giao due d miin mii.

Bdn canh dd, trong khi xay dyng cac ban dinh canh dinh cu, chiing ta chua

that sy chii trgng dd'n quan hd gifta yd'u td truyin thd'ng va hidn dai, chua ndm

25

vung tam ly, tap quan cung nhu da bd qua kinh nghidm truyen thd'ng xay dyng Iang cua ddng bao dan tdc. Dac bidt khdng tfnh het nhung khd khan khi ddi lang chuyin vl nai dinh cu mdi vdi nhung bd nga vl ca sd vat cha't, hinh thiic Iao ddng san xua't va ea nep sdng mdi. Chinh dilu dd da lam cho mdt sd diim dinh canh, dinh cu mgc len nhung Iai nhanh chdng tan vd, ddng bao lai quay vl ban cu (trudng hgp ddng bao Rue d Thugng Hoa xdy ra trong nhiiu nam).

Nha cura.

Nha cita la noi cu trii ciia mdt gia dinh, la mdt td hgp sinh boat van hda cOa mdt te' bao xa hdi. Nd phan anh hoan canh ty nhien, xa hdi, tam ly dan tdc, thi hie'u thdm my...cua mdt tdc ngudi nha't dinh. Vi vay, nha cita cua ngudi Chiit ft nhiiu mang dang da'p ciia mdt tdc ngudi sinh sd'ng trong hoan canh dia ly qua khdc nghidt. Cac budc tid'n hanh lam nha eiia ngudi Chiit hd't sire dan gian. Liic ddu gia dinh ty ehudn bi va tap trung nhumg nguydn vat lieu nhu gd, tre, niia, tranh, may, day budc...dem dd'n manh ddt da chgn. Sau dd chu nha chgn ngay td't dl tid'n hanh lam nha. nhumg ngay td't la nhung ngay chdn trong thang. Ridng thang bay ngucri Chiit khdng lam nha, vi cho ring thdng bay la thang xdu. Sau khi dinh ngay, chii nha bao cho dan ban bid't de mgi ngudi cimg tham gia.

O ngudi Chiit cd hai loai nha: nha san va nha ddt. Mdi loai nha gdn liln

vdi timg nhdm ngudi nhdt djnh. Nha san gdn liln vdi nhdm May, Ma Liing,

Arem. Cdn nha ddt gdn liln vdi nhdm Sach, Rue.

+ Nha san:

Nha san ciia ngudi Chiit rdt tam bg, thudng chi diing dugc tit 3 dd'n 4 nam.

Dd la nhiing ngdi nha nhd, cd hai mai thdp vi keo budc bang nhiing day rittig rdt

dom gian. Ky thuat lam nha theo phuuong thirc khdc ngoan va budc day, chua cd

deo ggt, bao chud't cac bd phan ciia nha. Nha ed 8 cdt chfnh dugc dat thanh hai

hang. Hang trudc cd 4 cdt (ggi la cdt cd Idd'c - cdt ddu), hang sau cd 4 cdt ggi la

cdt chin (cdt chdn). Tam cdt nay cao chimg 3,5m, dudng kfnh 0,15m. Ngoai ra,

nha cdn cd 4 cdt phu de dyng hdi nha d hai ddu. Td't ca cac cdt dugc chdn

khoang 0,5m. Khung nha gdm 2 xa va 4 vi keo budc vao nhau mdt each dem gian

(d mdt sd ban ngudi May, vi keo huge trudc vao mai chii khdng ndm d khung

nha). San nha dugc lat bdng tre, niia dap dep, each mat ddt chftng 0,7m. Phdn bd

mat bang trong nha rdt dom gian. Nha khdng chia thanh gian cd lid'p ngan. O

ngudi May dgc nha phfa trong dugc chia Iam 2 phdn bang 1 cai nep: phdn trong

(khoong), phdn ngoai (ngoai). Phdn ngoai la noi sinh boat cua dan dng trong gia

26

dmh vita la noi dl tiep khach vui chcri. Phdn trong, phfa trudc la ncri de bdp chinh, phy, ed'i gia gao va cac dung cu lao ddng. Phfa sau la cac budng ngu. He thdng budng ngu dugc ngan each bing cac lid'p dan bdng mia. Gdn sat phdn ngoai la budng vg chdng chu nha va con nhd, tid'p dd'n la budng con gai ldn, cud'i ciing la ncri cua ngucri con trai mdi cudi vg [9].

Nha san ciia ngudi Arem Iai cang thd sa, dan gian hom. Phdn trong ngdi nha khdng ngan thanh cac budng ngu nhu d ngudi May. Giua nha la noi dat bep, mgi sinh hoat gia dinh tit vui cuai din an ngii deu diin ra xung quanh be'p (con trai khi ldy vg diu lam nha rieng dl d)

+Nha da't:

Nha da't ciia ngudi Chiit la mdt ngdi nha tha'p (khoang 4 m), mai nha che

gdn 1/3 phdn trdn ciia vach. Nha thudng cd hai cita ra vao (ddu nha va cud'i nha),

va hai ciia sd (phia sau va trudc nha). Canh cita thudng la mdt tdin lid'p sa sai

khdng dinh vdi vach. ky thuat Iam nha chii yd'u la khdc ngoan, ddng chdt (con

se). O ngucri Sach, cac bd phdn cua nha da dugc bao tran, nhung cung cdn sa sai.

ca'u tnic cua nd gdn gid'ng vdi kilu nha mdt gian hai chai ciia ngudi Kinh d khu

Bd'n cQ. Dilu dang chii y la ngdi nha ddt ciia nhdm Sach rdt gdn gQi vdi ngdi nha

san ciia nhdm May, Arem, Ma Liing. Dd la sy cd mat ciia 4 thanh ngang dgc,

each mat ddt khoang 0,2m ggi la ngeckamd (ddu vd't ciia nha san). Dac bidt la

each bd tri mat bang trong nha gdn gid'ng vdi ngdi nha san. Dd la vide chia nha

thanh hai phdn (trong va ngoai) bdi mdt thanh ngang tucmg ling song song vdi

hai thanh ngang ciia bd phdn ngec (kamd) [9].

Toan bd ngdi nha vdi canh quan bdn ngoai gdm cac cdng trinh phu, mdt

vai cay an qua...da ndi ldn tfnh tuong dd'i dn dinh cua cu dan nay. Tuy vay, ky

thuat kid'n tnic cdn thd sa, phd bid'n hinh thiic ldp mdng, khdc ngoan, cdt xa chua

chii trgng bao nhSn.

Du ngdi nha ciia ngudi Chiit edn rdt dom gian, nhung nhumg nghi Id, kidng

ky lidn quan dd'n qua trinh Iam nha d hg cQng hit siic phiic tap. Chii nha chgn

ngay thang tdt (dd la nhimg ngay thang chdn trong nam) rdi ty minh dyng cdt cai

(cdt cdldd'c) ldn trudc; sau dd mdi nhd ba con giiip dd va chi cd chii nha mdi

dugc phep ngdi phfa trdn "cdt cdldd'c" dl Igp. Khi nha da hoan tdt, chii nha ty tay

nhen ldn mdt bd'p liia, bd'p liia dd phai dugc chay lidn tuc ba ngay ba dem. Sau

dd, chil nha ty minh hoac mdi thdy rang, thdy xdy (thdy ciing) td chiic Id ciing de

xin phep dng ba, thdn linh phii hd cho gia dinh dugc may mdn trong cudc sd'ng.

27

Nha ddt ciia ngudi Rue, tuy hinh dang gdn gid'ng vdi ngdi nha ngudi Sach, nhung ky thuat kiln true cdn dan gian ban nhiiu. Cac bd phan ciia ngdi nha chii yiu dugc deo, ldp ghep, budc ndi lai vdi nhau bdng day thimg hd't siic thd sa. Vi thd', tudi thg, dd ben cua ngdi nha ngudi Rue khdng dugc lau dai, trung binh chi khoang tit 2 dd'n 3 nam [9].

Cach bd tri sinh boat ciia con ngudi trong pham vi ngdi nha dd'i vdi ngudi Rue cQng rdt gian dom nhu chinh cudc sd'ng ciia hg. Sinh boat cua cac thanh vidn trong ngdi nhd khdng cd mdt quy dinh nao ca, gdn nhu mgi ngudi deu binh ding trong vide sir dung khdng gian ciia ngdi nha. Can nha bdn trong ciia hg trd thanh mdt khoang trdng dugc che bd'n phfa.

Ngudi Rue cdn cu tni mdt ncri dac bidt nua la hang da. Trudc khi dugc

phat hidn, noi cu tni ciia ngudi Rue chii yd'u la cac hang da. Cac hang ngudi Rue

chgn de cu tni thudng la nhiing hang cd mat bang cao hom mat da't dd vai ba met.

Nhimg hang ed mat bang ngang vdi mat da't, du cd rdng bao nhidu ngudi Rue

cung khdng d, trir nhumg trucmg hcrp qua cdn thid't hoac qua cd'p bach nhu sau

tran dich xay ra chang han va cung chi d tam mdt thdi gian ngdn. Mdt hang cd

thi cd mdt sd hd ngucri Rue d chung. Nhin vao cac da'u hidu nhu bd'p, ed'i gia, cd

thi bid't hang dd cd mdy hd, nd'u nhu hg di rimg vdng hoac da bd di d hang khac.

COng cd trudmg hgp mdt hang chi cd mdt hd d. Cdy cdi trudc cita hang rd't sum

sud, mat me. Vi tri ciia hang each mat dd't chimg ban 2 m. Ngudi ta phai lam mgt

cai thang bing gd dl ldn xud'ng. Sd di ngudi Rue chgn hang cao dl tranh sy de

dga cua thii rimg. Ban ddm ngii, cd thi keo cai thang ldn de vao trong cho an

toan. Trong hang cdn cd nhumg ngach sau, vl mua ddng ed thi nim vao sau cho

dd ret. Miia he nim ngoai mat hang, phfa tren cd nhieu rem da, gid va vao rem

da tao thanh dudng xoay d'c vao trong hang rdt mat [18].

Nhin chung, ngdi nha cua cac nhdm ngudi Chiit ke't cd'u cdn thd sa, dan gian. Ben trong, ngoai bd'p lira ra hdu nhu khdng cd vat gi dang ke; bdn ngoai, chi trir nhdm ngucri Sach, cdn d cac nhdm khac, ngdi nha nim tra trgi khdng cd cac cdng trinh phu, cac vudn cay, hang rao xung quanh.Cung gidng hdu hd't cac tdc ngudi thilu sd khac d khu vyc Trudng son -Tdy nguydn vdt lieu lam nha cua ngudi Chiit la nhftng nguyen vat lieu san cd d trong rftng. Hg chu yeu sir dung gd ta'u(ca cham) dl lam nha. Dieu dd, phan anh ddi sd'ng kinh te, van hda, xa hdi ciia cac tdc ngudi nay cdn qua thd'p kem, lac hdu.

b. Lang, ban ciia ngudi Bru- Van Kieu

28

Dia ban cu trii cua cac tdc ngudi Van kilu, Tri, Khiia, Ma Coong d Phong Nha-Ke Bang la ncri cd dia hinh hilm trd vdi su hien dien xen ke hen tie'p cac nggn nui, tao thanh nhung day niii Idn, xam chiem khdng gian Vung cu tni thudng la sy tan dung cac khoang ldng chao kha hilm hoac tucmg ddi bing phing kep gifta hai day mii ma ddng bao quen ggi la: 'Hung" Cac hung mii diu do tac dung xdi mdn ciia nudc mua va khi hau qua cac thdi dai cdu thanh.

Vide thanh lap lang ban d nhung dia hinh lung chftng mii, gdn mgudn nudc la rdt phd bid'n. Cd thi ndi ngudn nudc la yd'u td quan trgng hang ddu trong vide lya chgn dia diim lap ban Iang cua ngudi Van Kilu, Tri, Khua, Ma Coong.

Lang ciia ngudi Bru Van kieu la nai qudn tu cua vai chuc ndc nha. Qui md cua nd bao gdm khu ddt Iam ncri canh tac, chan nudi va ca tni. Ranh gidi dl phdn bidt gifta cac lang vdi nhau thudng cd tfnh ehd't quy udc, cd thi la mdt khe sud'i thidn nhidn, khu rftng hay mdt gd'c ed thu. Chung quanh Iang thudmg cd hang rao bao bgc bing Id d hay giang... de ngan ngfta thu dft, ke gian hay giac gia... Cd ncri do dia hinh quy dinh, sy bd trf cac ngdi nha trong lang thudmg trai dgc theo ngudn nudc, nhung nlu Iang dugc xay dyng trdn mdt didn tfch rdng va giai quyd't dugc mat bing tuong dd'i, chiing ta cdn thdy ngudi Vdn Kilu bd tri cac ndc cd mat nha quay Iai vdi nhau va dugc sip xd'p theo hinh trdn hoac hinh bdu duc.Tdt ca hudmg vao kid'n tnic trung tam la nha cdng cdng (xu khoan). Tuy nhidn kid'n tnic xu khoan (cd noi ggi la roong hay xu hd) khdng xudt hidn phd bid'n va thd'ng nhdt trong cac nhdm ciia ngudi Vdn Kieu.

Do anh hudng ciia nin kinh te nuomg rSy, vdi dac tfnh du canh da ddn dd'n tap quan sd'ng du cu kha phd bid'n d ngudi Bru - Van Kilu ndi ridng va cu dan nuomg rdy ndi chung vao nhftng thdi ky trudc day. Trai qua mdt qua trinh du canh, du cu, trong ddi sd'ng ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu da hinh thanh ndn nhung kinh nghidm tap tuc, nhftng kieng eft cd tfnh chdt quy dinh vl cac nghi 11 trong viec ddi lang, chgn ddt dyng lang.

Viec chgn da't dyng Iang dd'i vdi ngudi Bru - Van Kilu cd mdt y nghia bet

siic quan trgng ca vl khf a canh vat chdt ldn tfn ngudng, md ra nhftng vu miia bdi

thu, ban lang ydn vui hay ddn dd'n nhftng nam ddi kem mdt miia. Vi the, trong tdt

ca cdc khdu ciia cdng vide dyng lang, khau chgn ddt la khau cd tfnh quyd't dinh

nhdt. Dilu dd dugc phan anh qua nhftng quy dinh chat che cua luat tuc ve chgn

da't xay dyng Iang.

29

Luat tuc ciia ngudi Bru - Van Kieu quy dinh, chii lang (hoac gia lang) la

ngudi duy nhdt cd quyIn diing ra quyd't dinh ddi lang hay chgn ddt lap lang, ngay

ca khi vung ddt dd dam bao vl cac yd'u td nhu: thuan Icri cho san xudt, cu tni,

sinh boat (gdn rimg, gdn ngudn nudc...). Trong vide chgn dd't dyng lang theo quy

dinh ciia luat tuc, chu lang cd mdt vai trd rdt quan trgng, Ong la ngudi chiu trach

nhidm tdi cao vl sy hung vong cua lang. Day vira la quyIn lgi, vira la nghia vu

ddi vdi ngudi chii lang. Nd'u trong nam lang xay ra dich bdnh, mdt miia lidn tid'p,

ngudi chu lang phai td chftc ciing te, hgp ban dl ddi lang dd'n mdt noi khac. Dii

vay khi mud'n chuyin lang, luat tuc ydu cdu chii lang phai tdn trgng y kid'n ciia

dan lang. Nd'u chu lang khdng nghe gdp y ciia dan, nhdt la y kiln cua "Hgi dong

gid ldng" va de ddn lang ddi khd, dau dm, se bi ldn an va phd' trud't khdi cucmg vi

chil lang. Trong vai trd la ngudi chu da't, ngudi chu lang cd nghia cu thay mat

dan lang tid'p xiic vdi Yang qua cac Id cung hing nam. QuyIn Icri ma dng dugc

hudng tit cucmg vi lanh dao la uu tidn chgn ddt dung nha trudc, dugc mgi ngudi

trong lang giiip cdng siic nguyen lieu trong vide dyng nha. [29]

Tuy nhidn, y dinh cua chii lang hay y kid'n ddng gdp ciia ddn Iang chi cd hidu lyc, gia tri khi dugc Yang ddng y hay khdng. Vide xin y kid'n Yang (bing Id Cling xin que) trai qua hai khau: thii nhdt diing cap chan ga trdng (phai la ga trdng to mdi linh thidng) dl xem xet da't dd la lanh hay dft. Ne'u cho que td't mdi tie'n hanh khau thii hai, nlu khdng se bd va di tim vung da't khac. Khau thii hai dugc tie'n hanh nhu sau: gia lang ldy 8 hat gao (phai la thit gao ngon nhdt trong Iang, nguyen ven, khdng sut me) bd vao mdt d'ng tre. Sau khi ciing xong, chii Iang se mang d'ng tre chdn (theo chieu ndm ngang) d manh ddt dd. Sau ba ngay ba dem dao ldn, nd'u 8 hat gao cdn nguydn ven, nhd't la khdng xd dich, nghia la Yang bao hidu viing ddt td't, khdng cd ma quy qudy pha mdi tie'n hanh xay dyng nhd dugc. Trudng hgp cac hat gao cd xd dich nhung khdng siit me se tid'n hanh dyng lang (dyng nha lang) theo hudng xd dich. Nd'u 8 hat gao khdng dugc nguydn ven cd nghia la ddt rd't ddc, nhieu ma lim quy phai bd di tim vung khac.

Sau khi tim dugc viing ddt nhu y ca vl dilu kidn cu tni, san xudt ldn tin

ngudng tam linh, chu Iang se tid'n hanh lam Id ciing Yang thd dia (thd dia {Yang

Sug) trudc khi dyng Iang. Trong Id ciing nay, cac thanh vidn trong lang phai cd

nghia vu la ddng gdp Id vat (Ign, ga, gao, rugu...). Day vfta la quyIn Ipi vita la

trach nhidm ciia dan lang. Nd'u gia dinh ca nhan nao khdng ddng gdp, chu Iang

cd quyIn khdng cho nhftng ca nhan, gia dinh dd dinh cu, xay dyng nha trong

viing da't thudc lang. Thii ty dyng nha cung dugc luat tuc Bru - Van Kieu quy

30

dinh kha rd: ngdi nha dugc dyng ldn ddu tien la nha Iang, tilp dd la nha chii lang cac gia lang rdi mdi den nha ciia dan lang.

Trong thdi gian dyng lang, ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu thyc hidn mdt sd kidng eft nhu: dem vl nam ma tha'y canh an udng, canh bdng be nhau ra di, canh dau dm tan tat... dd la diem gd bao hieu mdt tuomg lai khdng td't dep, Iiic dd dii mudn hay khdng chii lang cQng phai ddi lang di ncri khac, hoac kidng khdng an thit con mang, ca chinh, ga rimg trong thdi gian dyng lang de trdnh xui xeo, nii ro cho cdng ddng Iang.

Tft khi dyng lang dd'n liic ve d, ngudi Bru - Van Kieu cdn phai trai qua rdt

nhiiu nghi Id ciing bai, kidng cS. Sau 3 nam, Iang phai td chiic ciing 1 con trdu, 7

con ga, gao rugti dl ta om Yang da mang nhiiu binh an, thinh vugng cho Iang.

Nhftng quy dinh nay dii mang ddm mau sic md tfn nhung Iai ludn dugc ddng bao

Bru - van Kilu coi trgng va tuan thii thyc hidn mdt each nghidm ngat. [29]

Ngay xua khi ddt rftng edn nhiiu, cdn td't, vide ddi lang dugc tid'n hanh kha phd bid'n. Theo dd la quyen sd hftu cung dugc md rdng cung vdi quy md ban lang. Vl sau, khi ddt dai cin cdi va bi thu hep thi vide chgn dd't Idp Iang gdn vdi vide xdc dinh ranh gidi gifta cac Iang vdi nhau.

Tinh cha't quan trgng ciia cac nghi Id trong xay dyng Iang ban cdn dugc thi

hien ca trong khau chgn ddt dyng nha. Mac du chii ldng da chgn dugc viing da't

vfta f dl xay dyng Iang ban nhung vide chgn dd't dyng nha Iai la cdng vide ciia

cac gia dinh trong Vdn.

Trong pham vi ranh gidi lang, luat tuc dam bao quyIn ty do chgn lya ddt de xdy dyng nha dd'i vdi mgi thanh vidn. Tuy nhidn cac thanh vidn phai cd trach nhidm thdng bao cho chii lang, tranh vi pham tdi nhung vung ddt cdm, dd't thidng, dd't edng hay ddt da cd chii, tranh xay ra tranh chdp khdng dang cd.

Ld chgn dd't dyng nha cung phai trai qua hai giai doan gid'ng nhu chgn ddt

lap lang nhung cd quy md nhd hem. Chu Id la chu gia dinh. Chii gia dinh cd

quyIn quyd't dinh cao nhd't trong nha. Tuy nhidn quyIn quyet dinh ciia chii gia

dinh cung phai tudn theo nhftng quy dinh cua lang. Khi dyng nha phai dam bao

cdy ddn ndc nha minh khdng dam vao nha bdn canh. Khi vao rimg chgn gd,

ngoai vide phai xin phep chu lang, gia dinh cdn phai ciing xin thdn rimg; khdng

dugc chat gd d riing thidng, rftng ma. Bdn canh dd, khi dyng nha, chii nha cdn bi

sy chi phd'i ciia nhirng tdp tuc kidng cO nhu: khi chat gd lam nha nhung cdy bi

vudng Iai khdng dugc diing (ddng bao cho ring cdy bi vudng la do con ma can

31

trd, gd dd khdng thi ldy). Mudn cd cay gd nhu y, nhdt la cay cdt cai trong nha ddng bao dung phuang phap sau: chat mdt nhdt riu vao than cay va dl nguydn riu Iai dd. Sang mai ra thdy nu roi nghia la Yang khdng ddng y, se khdng chat; cdn n^u riu vdn cim vao gd'c cay, se chat. Khi di rimg gap cay gd to, tdi vl xin thdn bao mgng, nd'u cd gidc ma tdt mai se chat cdy dd. Dd'i vdi ddng bao Bru -van Kilu, trong cac cay cdt nha cay cdt cai (cdt thd ma - Tataly) dugc chgn lya ky nhdt. Cay cdt cai la cay cdt dugc dyng ldn ddu tidn va khdng dugc thay ddi trong sud't thdi ky tdn tai ciia ngdi nha. Kd't cdu vi keo cua mdt ngdi nha Bru -van Kilu, ludn tuan theo cac con sd chan (4, 6, 8). Ddng bao thudng kidng khdng Iam vi keo theo cac con sd le (3, 5, 7, 9...).

Lang eiia ngudi Van Kieu, Ma Coong, Khua du xay dyng theo mdt cdu tnic

nhd't dinh nao dd hay theo mdt md hinh ty do nhung khi dyng nha ddng bao

ludn tudn thii theo nguydn tdc "lam nhd hu&ng Nam" (hoac Ddng Bdc). Ddng

bao rdt kieng ngoanh mat nha hudng Tay. Theo ddng bao, hudmg Tay la hudmg

cd nhiiu ma quy, hudng dd chi diing chdn ngudi ehd't, nd'u lam nha hudmg nay dd

bi dau dm, dich bdnh.

Ngudi Bru- Vdn Kilu rdt chii y tdi vide chgn ngay dyng nha. Thudmg khi

Iam nha ddng bao hay chgn cac ngay: 5, 6, 8, 15, 16, 25, 26, 28 ciia cac thang

trong nam (trft cac thang: thang Lek, thang Oong, thdng Ut). Ngudi Bru - Van

Kilu quan nidm: thdng Lek la thang ddu nam, thang thudmg didn ra Id hdi; thang

Oong la thang cud'i nam, thang cua nghi ngai sau vu mua. Cdn thang Ut la thang

cd thdi tid't xdu. Nd'u lam nha vao nhftng thang dd trong nha se hay bi dau

dm. [29]

Khi nha da hoan thanh va ehudn bi chuyin ldn d, ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu

bao gid cQng thyc hidn ddy dii cac nghi 11 bit budc nhu: chgn ngay gid ciing ma

nha mdi, ta cm Yang, trinh bao vdi gia tien, cam an dan Iang da giup dd gia dinh

trong thdi gian Iam nha... Ll nay bit budc phai cd chii Iang, gia Iang, trudng hg

dd'n dy. Ld vat bit budc bao gdm Icon Ign, 13 con ga (nd'u gia dinh kha gia cd

thi Cling thdm nhiiu thii khac). Mdt dilu quy dinh cho chu nha mdi la trong 3

ngay 3 dim ddu, phai gift cho bd'p ludn cd lita, khdng dugc tit. Nd'u de bd'p tit

nghia la da cd sai sdt gi dd vdi Yang, Yang gian dft bd di, khdng phii hd cho gia

chil. Luat tuc Bru - Van Kieu quy dinh, ngudi budc ldn nha mdi ddu tidn phai la

trudmg hg, kd' dd'n la dng cau. Trudng hg la ngudi dugc chii nha giao cho trach

nhidm xua dudi ta ma trong nha mdi. Liic gdn tdi ciia ngay ddu tidn cua ngdi nha

mdi, ngudi trudng hg Id'y mdt cay mia nung kfta sau dd dap manh vao cay cdt cai

32

tao thanh mdt tid'ng nd. Theo ddng bao khi nghe tid'ng nd ma quy se sg hai bd di. Chfnh vi the, neu chii lang tao ndn dugc tid'ng nd ldn bao nhidu thi dugc ngudi dan mimg vui bdy nhidu.

Cach bd tri trong nha cua ngudi Van Kilu, Ma Coong, Khua thudng gin vdi chftc nang sit dung, gin vdi nhftng vai trd xa hdi khac nhau va bao gid ciing tuan theo mdt nguydn tdc nhdt dinh. Cac thanh vidn trong gia dinh tiiy theo vai trd va chftc nang, thft bac ma sft dung, khdng dugc ldn ldn. Bdi gia dinh ciia ngudi Bru - Van Kilu ngoai chftc nang cu tni cdn bilu hidn chftc nang xa hdi cua cac thanh vidn trong gia dinh, hay mang nhftng gia tri tam linh.

Trong mdt ngdi nha cua ngucri Van Kilu, Ma Coong, Khua gian ngoai

(gian khach) la ncri dung dl thd ciing va tid'p khach nam gidi. Day cQng la noi

nghi ciia chu gia dinh (chdng va con trai ldm). Luat tuc quy dinh chi em phu nu

khdng dugc ldn, ngdi chai, nim ngii hay tid'p khach d gian ngoai. Tuy nhidn

trong nhumg dip cdn thid't (hdi he. Id tl, cudi xin...) ngudi phu nft cd the d gian

ngoai nhung chi dugc gidi ban trong khdng gian nha't dinh (trong phdn Pum).

Vide phdn chia phdn Pum va Poong trong gian ngoai la mdt bilu hidn ciia sy

phdn chia ngdi thii trong gia dinh. Han nfta vide danh cho Yang nhftng khu vyc

ridng bidt vdi nhiiu quy dinh vl kidng eft thi hidn sy tdn trgng dd'i vdi Yang.

Trong trucmg hgp , nd'u chu nha cd hai vg, khi dd vg ea dugc chuyen ldn sd'ng d

phdn Pum ciia gian ngoai, nhung khdng dugc ldn phdn Poong, khu vuc danh

rieng cho chdng va con trai ldn. Tuy nhidn khi da dugc chuyin sang d phdn Pum,

luat tuc cdm ngudi vg ca sinh boat vg chdng vdi ngudi chdng ciia minh vi nhu

thi se Iam d ul dd'n td tidn, ddng hg va Yang. Ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu cho ring

khi vg ca chuyin ldn gian ngoai, theo dd vai trd ciia hg se thay ddi theo. Ngudi

vg tft mdt thanh vidn trong gia dinh trd thanh khach ciia gia dinh.

Phdn cdn lai ciia ngdi nha Bm - Van Kilu la gian trong (gian budng). Gian

trong la chd ngii, sinh boat cua vg va nhftng ngudi thudc phai nft trong gia dinh.

Day cung la noi dl dd dac, ncri ngu ciia khach nft, cua con trai khi cdn nhd.

Vide phan chia ngdi nha thanh gian trong va gian ngoai d ngudi Bru - Van

Kilu khdng chi cd y nghia vl cu tni ma cdn cd y nghia vl mat xa hdi. Nd'u ngudi

chdng d gian khach dam nhan vai trd giao tid'p, dd'i ngoai, vdi chftc nang dai

didn thi ngudi vg d gian trong ddng nghia vdi vai trd cua ngudi ndi trg. Sy phan

chia nay thi hien kha ro tfnh chdt phu quyIn trong gia dinh ciia ngudi Bru - Vdn

Kilu.

33

Trong mdt ngdi nha cua ngudi Van Kieu, Ma Coong, Khua du rdng hay hep cung chi cd hai cfta: ciia chfnh gin vdi gian trdn danh ridng cho nam gidi; cua phu gin vdi gian trong danh cho nft gidi. Thdng thudng trudc day, cdu thang vao cita d gian ngoai, ngudi phu nft khdng dugc sit dung.

Nha ciia ngucri Van Kieu la kieu nha san khdng ldn lim, thudng chi dii cho mdt gia dinh vdi ddi vg chdng va cac con cai ciia hg cu tni. Gian chfnh thudng la ncri tie'p khdch, gdc trong cd cdt cd thd ma (tataly ang), tie'p de'n la noi nghi ngoi cua ngudi gia, vg chdng, con cai. Nhin chung sy bd tri ben trong mdt ngdi nha cua ngudi Van Kilu tuomg ddi thd'ng nhdt. [8]

0 4 ^

11 / Id

1 .10

(Scr do mat bdng cua mot ngdi nhd ngudi Vdn Kieu)

Chu thfch:

1. Cdu thang chfnh 7. Chd ngii cua khach

2. Cdu thang phu 8. Chd ngii ciia ngudi gia

3. Cita s6 9. Chd ngii cua ddi vg chdng

4. Cdt thd ma 10. Chd ngii eiia concai

5. Bd'p khach 11. Nai de dd dac

6. Bd'p gia dinh.

Cac nhdm Tri, Khua, Ma coong, thdng thudng cac budng trong ngdi nha dugc each ngan bdi nhung tdm phdn dan bing nfta va mdi budng cd mgt cfta so nhd. ^^ ^

O

? \ D

{Sa d6 mat bdng cua mdt ngoi nhd ciia cdc nhom Tri, Khua, Ma coo«g)[8]

34

Theo phong tuc cua ngudi Van Kieu, dyng ngdi nha mdi, cdng vide ddu tidn la chdn cdt thd ma (tatal yang). Cdt nay phai la gd td't, khdng ty vd't, mdi mgt va phai do ngucri cau dam nhidm vide xay dyng. Tatal yang tugng trung cho noi cu ngu cua hdn ma, ndn ngudi Van Kilu tuydt dd'i gift gin va ed nhiiu kidng cu dd'i vdind.

Nhu thC tuy vao dia hinh, vao vide bd tri cac "dung'... ma da hinh thanh nhiiu kilu dang lang khac nhau trong cac dan tdc d miin tay Quang Binh. Nhung du d hinh dang lang nao, vl dai thi cac "dung" trong mdt Vii diu nhdt thie't phai hudng tdi ngdi nha chung (xu hay guai) ciia lang. Ngdi nha chung ciia lang dugc xay dyng to, dep, cdng phu. Trudc day bao quanh lang (khu vyc cu tni) ed cac hang rao chic chin bing tre. Id d, tre cd gai... nhim dl chd'ng thii dft, trdm cip, giac gia. Khi rao ldng ddng bao cd lam mdt cdng chfnh de ra vao. Giua cac Vii (lang, ban) vdi nhau bao gid cung cd ranh gidi dugc xac dinh bing nhung diem mdc cu thi. Mdi Vii cd mdt tdn ggi rieng. Ddng bao Bru Van Kilu thudmg la'y tdn cac con sdng, con sud'i, nggn mii, tuyin thuyen... lam ten ggi cho Vii (lang) cua minh.

Cung nhu ngudi Van kilu d nha san, ngudi Khua cung d nha san. Nha san dugc kd't cdu nhu sau:

Theo chilu dgc, ldy ndc nha lam ehudn thi phfa trudc thudc mai nha trudc, phfa sau thudc mdi nha sau. Phfa trudc cd hai ciia, mdi cfta bic mdt cdi thang dl vao nha. Cach bd tri trong nha nhu sau:

Phfa trudc thudc mai trudc. Vao ciia trdn gap ngay chd cho con rl dd'n d an ngil. Kd' dd vao phfa sau la phdng khach ngu, tid'p chd cho con rl d la bep ndu an, rdi de'n budng dat cdi gia va dung cu lam an. Phfa sau phdn gifta phdng khach va budng de cdi gia va dung cu lam an la phdn lam budng ngii cho cha me, con trai cd vg mdt budng, con gai cd chdng d rl mdt budng,....Con rl duomg thdi Adud'c (d rl) thi chi ldn xud'ng cfta trong, an d di lai phfa dudi. Chd thd dng ba td tidn: Chi cd ngudi trudng tdc dugc thd dng bd, td tidn. Ban thd la mdt cai bd dat trdn ddu hoac treo trdn ddn tay trong budng nim ciia dng trudng tdc. Dudi san nha, la ncri cho ga, Ign, bd d. Thdi gian gdn day d mdt sd ncri ddng bao da lam chudng Ign, chudng trau, bd. Cdn lai vdn con tha rong.Tdt ca mgi thft cay trdng dl an ud'ng diu trdng d nuomg rdy xa nha d. Chi cd bd phan Iam va d nha da't gidng nhu ngucri Kinh.[16]

35

Tdm lai khdng gian cu tni ciia ngudi Chiit va Bru Van kilu thudng d lung chftng nui, mdt ddi noi la mat bing ciia nhftng thung lung hoac dgc theo cac con sud'i, ddng sdng nhd. Ngay nay ddng bao dan tdc d viing Phong Nha-Ke bang phdn Idm da dinh canh, dinh cu. Ca cdu lang ban cung tit dd cd nhiiu thay ddi. Lang dugc bd tri dgc theo cac true dudng giao thdng hoac lang mdi thanh lap d nhiing ncri thuan lgi cho vide di lai do kd't qua ciia vide thyc hidn cac dy an va chil truang giao ddt, giao rftng. Nha cfta cQng ed nhiiu kilu khac nhau. Thyc t l hidn nay d vung Phong Nha- Ke Bang tdn tai 3 kilu nha:

Mdt la, kilu nha xay bing xi mang do cdc chuang trinh, dy an thuc hidn

Hai la, nha d truyin thdng cua ddng bao cac tdc ngudi.

Ba la, kilu nha kd't hgp gifta ngudi Kinh va dan tdc. Dilu dd cho tha'y sy anh hudng cua chfnh sach xa hdi va mdi trudng van hoa da cd tde ddng khdng nhd dd'n vide bao tdn, phat triln nhumg gia tri van hod cua cac dan tdc d khu vyc nay.

n.2.2. Y PHUC VA TRANG Strc

a. Y phuc va trang siic ciia ngudi Chiit

Y phuc la mdt bd phan quan trgng ciia nin van hda vat chdt. Nd phan anh

trinh dd phat trien kinh te xa hdi, y thftc thdm my, tam ly dan tdc cua mdt cu dan

trong mdi trudng ty nhidn nhdt dinh.

Trang phuc cua ngudi Chiit cdn rdt thd sa. Trudc day, trong hoan canh

sd'ng qua khic nghidt, da sd cac nhdm ngudi Chut diu dl tdc dai, bui td'c sau

gay. d hg, trang sftc hdu nhu khdng cd, cdn trang phuc hd't sftc ngheo nan dom

gian. Dan dng, dan ba diu Id'y vd cay lam ao khd. Cay thucmg chgn de ldy vd

lam do, vay la nhftng sui, rang, si , do...trudc khi bdc vd, hg thudmg dung mdt

hdn da hoac mdt doan gd gd diu ldn day, rdi dung dao hoac rua bdc vd than cay

dd. Bdc xong tittig tdm, hg dimg gay hoac da dap nat ldp vd cumg bdn ngoai rdi

dung tay vd qua va dem ngam nudc tft 3 dd'n 15 ngay. Khi Idp vd ciing ngam

nudc bi nhun ra, hg dem vd nhieu ldn cho ldp vd nay rcri rung hd't. Td'm vd cdy

chi cdn Iai mdt ldp vd sgi nhu tdm vai thd. Hg dem giat va dan diu cac sgi ra.

Sau dd ngudi ta dem phcri khd rdi dung day rftng budc thanh timg chid'c kche.

Kche la mdt tdm vd cay ldn choang qua ngyc. Cung cd loai kche dugc khoet Id

trdn trdn tdm vd cay gdp ddi, hai nach hd, phai dung day that sat vao ngudi. Dd

la loai do ehui cd phd bid'n d ngudi Pdline, ngudi Indidng Chau My... va dugc ggi

36

chung mdt thuat ngft la "Pdng sd" (Poncho). Ngoai do, ddng bao cdn Idy vd cdy lam thanh cac ta ui nhu cai vay md, hoac Iam thanh cai tong toi nhu cai khd day dl mac

Trong thdi gian gdn day, vdi sy vdn ddng dinh canh dinh cu, ngudi Chiit chiu sy tac ddng manh me vl y phuc ciia ngucri Ngudn ( mdt nhdm dia phuang cua ngudi Vidt 6 miin tay Quang Binh) va y phuc cua nhdm Khiia thudc dan tdc van Kieu, chi trft bd phan nhd dang sdng tai cac hang mii giap bidn gidi Vidt Lao la vdn cdn gift y phuc bing vd cay.

Bd phan tie'p thu y phuc ngudi Khiia mac vay nhieu mau. Cac mau phan bd theo nhihig dudng sgi ngang. Cdu tao ciia may dugc chia Iam ba phdn: phdn ddu vay( klode), phdn thdn vay (a van), phdn chan vay (a chun).Toan bd vay dai khoang 0,8 m. Vay cd mau nau sdm Idn vdi hoa van hinh thoi mau vang nhat d ddu va chan vay. Nhdm nay cd do mau tring md hoac den, may ra't chat, cd kilng, tay ao hep va ngan.[8]

Bd phan ngudi Sach chiu anh hudng cua y phuc ngudi Kinh, phu nft mang loai vay kin mau den khdng cd hoa van , cd day rut d ddu vay, gidng nhu vay cua ngudi Kinh, vung khu Bd'n cu trudc ddy.

Vl trang sftc, d nhdm ngudi Sach, ngudi phu nft thudng deo loai hoa tai bang bac hay ddng (hinh canh hoa mai nd) va chudi hat cudm mua dugc ciia ngudi Viet hay ngudi Ldo, ft thdy trudmg hgp phu nft deo vdng. Cac nhdm cdn lai dung trang sftc rd't dom gian va thucmg gdn liln vdi tfn ngudng dan gian.

Ngudi dan ba Rue, Arem, Ma Liing trudc day thudmg deo nhumg vdng vd d'c niii d cd (lon pa kan) nhu chudi hat cudm ciia ngudi Kinh. Hg nhat nhung vd d'c niii, rdi diing que due Id xuyen qua. Sau dd hg xau cac vd d'c lai vdi nhau bing mgt sgi day may. Ddng bao quan nidm ngudi phu nft deo vdng d'c vao se gap may min trong cdng vide hai lugm. Cdn dan dng thudng deo vud't hd, rang nanh Igm rftng. Ddng bao ldy vud't hd va rang nanh Ign rftng phai khd, khoan Id nhd d phdn trdn, rdi xdu cac vat dd lai bing mdt sgi day rung, tao thanh cai vdng deo d cd. Ddng bao quan nidm nhung vat dd la " bua hd mdnh", giiip cho hg tranh dugc thu dft, gap may min trong san bin.

Ngudi Rue cdn la'y vd cay trong rimg dl mac va dip. Dd la cac cay: rang,

cu mach, dddc, an dang, tacoong, cha khang. Tuy diing vd cdy di mac nhung

ngudi Rue da bid't sft dung mau sic trong y phuc. Trong 6 loai cay tren thi 3 loai

ddu mau tring cdn 3 loai sau cd mau dd. D6 mac cua dan dng, ngucri Rue ggi la

37

ke cha tdi (cai khd). Dd mac cua dan ba ggi la ke cha ui. Cha ui cd hai kilu: dung dl quail tft bung trd xudng (nhu cai vay) va dung dl quang qua cd che lung (nhu cai khan). Cai dung dl dip ngucri Rue ggi la ke khum.[18]

Cach chi tac: Trudc hd't hg chgn nhftng cay cd dudng kfnh tft 20 dd'n 30 cm dl ldy vd. Sau dd hg dung td eg chat va nay dl bdc tdm vd theo y mud'n hoac lam cha tdi, lam cha ui, hoac lam khum. Bdc xong tftng tdm, hg dung gay hoac da dap nat ldp vd cumg bdn ngoai rdi dem ngam nudc 3-5 ngay. Khi Idp vd ciing ngdm nudc bi nhun ra, hg dem vo nhiiu ldn dl ldp vd cftng rcri rung hd't va tdm cd cay ehi cdn lai mdt Idp sgi gid'ng nhu mdt tdm vai thd. Hg dem giat nhiiu ldn va dan diu cac sgi dl dung. Mudn Iam chan dip thi hg phai can nhieu tdm lai vdi nhau. Ngucri Rue edn sft dung khan bing vd cay nguydn lieu la vd cay sui, rang. Si, de.

Ky thuat lam Kche (ao) cung Iam tuang ty nhu khan bing vd cay, nhung day la tdm dung lam ao. T&i vd cay Idn dung dao khoet Id trdn d gifta trdn tdm vai gd'p ddi, hai nach hd, diing ddy that qua ngudi.

Ngudi Chiit cung sii dung vay, khd bing vd cay Trudc day ngudi Rue, A Rem ty Iam vd cay tude dap vd, ngam d sud'i tft 3 dd'n 1 5 ngay, dung tay vd cho vd roi rung hd't vd chi cdn lai ldp sgi Sau dd dung lam vay, khd. Ngay nay vay dugc mua lai cua ngudi Lao. Vay bing vai sgi cd nhiiu mau, phan bd theo dudng sgi ngang. Vay cd 3 phdn: ddu, than, chan vay. Khi vdn vay xong cd ngudi dung that lung bing bac (mua d Lao) dl bude. Hidn nay ridng trang phuc ciia dan dng la do qudn mua cua ngudi Vidt (Gid'ng nhu ngudi Viet).

b. Y phuc va trang sure ciia ngudi Bru-Van Kieu

Y phuc:

Ddng bao Bru - Vdn Kieu ft bid't trdng bdng ddt vai. Ngay xua ngudi Bru

- Vdn Kilu chi bid't sit dung nguydn Hdu san cd trong thidn nhien nhu vd cay, la

cay rittig dl che than. Loai cay dugc ddng bao sft dung thdng dung nhdt la cay

Aning - mdt loai cay mgc ven cac con sud'i. Ddng bao cdn sft dung Aning de lam

chan dip. Vl sau trong an mac cua ngudi Bru - Van Kilu da cd nhiiu each tan

ddi mdi, chiu nhiiu anh hudmg cua ngucri Kinh, ngudi Lao. Tuy vay trong cac

ngay hdi truyin thd'ng, ddng bao vdn mac nhftng trang phuc cd truyin cua dan

tdc minh. Ao mac truyen thd'ng cua ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu thudng khdng cd

d'ng tay, c6 dugc khoet trdn hoac vudng. Co va Iai ao dugc trang tri bang nhumg

dudng viln mau vang, mau dd. Vay cua phu nft Bru - Vdn Kilu thudng dl

38

nguyen ca tdm vai to ma khdng may, khi mac qudn vao quanh than dudi dfnh bang kim gam, hoac mdt scri day vai budc chat. Bd y phuc ciia nam gidi ngoai khd, do cdn cd them khan ddi ddu lam bing vai cd nhiiu mau sic sac sd. Cd hai loai khan khac nhau: khan chai mau cham diing bing ngay va khan hinh chft nhat dung trong cac dip IS hdi. Khan dung trong Id hdi cd mau cham sdm ( dai khoang 1,5 - 1,7m, rdng khoang 25 - 30cm) dugc trang tri bing nhftng hoa vin sgc ngang va nhftng dudng chi vang dd.

Trang sure:

Nd'u trong y phuc ft nhiiu da mdt di nhftng loai hinh tmyen thd'ng keo theo

nd la nhung ll nghi tap tuc lien quan, thi trong trang sftc d ngudi Van kilu. Ma

Coong , Khua, Tri cdn gift lai kha nhieu yd'u td cd xua. Dd la nhftng vdng kilng,

vdng bac, hoa tai, vdng chan, vdng cd... va nhftng hinh xam trdn than thi. 6

ngudi dan dng Bru - Van Kilu cdn cd thdm chid'c tdu. Trang sftc cua ngudi Bru -

van Kilu cho ta rdt nhiiu thdng tin vl nhan sinh quan cung nhu the gidi quan.

Vf du: vdng bac d nhftng dfta tre mdi ra ddi vfta la cua hdi mdn (tai san) vfta cd

tac dung trft ma quy (tfn ngudng). 6 nhftng ngud Idm tudi, trang sftc bilu hidn sy

phat dat giau cd (vi the xa hdi), nhdt la d ngucri phu nft cdn mang y nghia gia

dinh (hdn nhan). Dd'i vdi nam gidi Bm Van Kilu, nhiing dd trang sftc nhu:

mdng cgp, nanh gdu, rang Ign rftng,... mang y nghia xa hdi nhiiu ban: vai trd, sy

thdng minh, long dQng cam. Trong dd tuc xam minh va ca rang trd thanh tap

quan phd bid'n mang nhieu y nghia: bieu hidn sy trudng thanh eiia ca nhan vl

mat xa hdi, gia dinh. Ddng bao quan nidm sau Id ca rang, ca nhan dd mdi trd

thanh thanh vidn chfnh thftc cua Vel mdi dugc xa hdi tdn trgng.

Ngudi van Kilu xua kia, nam cQng nhu nft diu ed tue bui tdc. Chua cd

chdng, ngudi phu nft bui tdc vl bdn trai va sau khi lap gia dinh hg lai biii trdn

dinh ddu. Do nghi ddt khdng phat triln, ngay trudc each phyc sftc cua ddng bao

rdt dom gian va ban chd'. Ngudi ta thudng ngam vd cay Aming dap ra de lam khd

va chan dip. Dd'n khi trao ddi dugc vai mac, dan dng phdn ldn thdi ba'y gid vdn

cdn d trdn ddng khd va phu nft Van Kilu mac vdy. Vdy ciia hg khdng dai, thudng

chi qua ddu gdi tft 20 dd'n 25cm. Ao mac ciia ddng bao thudng ehui ddu va khdng

cd tay, cd khoet hinh trdn hay vudng. Lai va cd do dugc viln bing vai dd, tring

hoac vang.[8,29]

Cac loai vat dung phuc vu cudc sd'ng vat chdt va tinh thdn ciia ngudi Bru

van kilu: Ngudi Khua, Tri, Ma coong khdng cd ban sic trong cai mac. Nghi ddt

39

khdng phdt triln. Cac loai do qudn, dd trang sftc diu vay mugn, trao ddi vdi ngucri Kinh, ngucri Lao. Trudc day cudc sd'ng ciia hg hoang sa, nhdt la ngucri Ma Coong. Hg khdng mac qudn ao ma chi dimg vd cay Aming dap ra dl lam khd, do va chan dip. Sau nay do trao ddi, vay mugn vdi ngudi Kinh, ngucri Lao hg da thay ddi each an mac. Sau day la thd'ng kd mdt sd loai dd trang sftc dd tfn ngudng, thd cung va nhac cu cua ddng bao Van kieu, Ma Coong , Khua, Tn [50,51,52]

Khuyen tai (Tang)

Dugc lam tft bac, nhdm cd khi la vang. Scri nhdm, ddng dugc ddng bao udn thanh hinh gid'ng nhu ludi cau, mdt ddu nhgn gid'ng mui ten, nhu chid'c khuy do dl gift khdi roi. Hinh dang nhu ddu hdi.

Phuang phap lam thu cdng: gd va ban udn tft kim loai nhdm, bac.

Dai 3,5cm; rdng 2cm.

NhSn (xa bet)

Nhdn la loai trang sftc cua ngudi Bru - Van kilu, ddng bao mua cua ngudi

Vidt, Lao. Chdt lidu nhdm, bac, vang. Cd khi hg ty lam ldy bing each gd nhdm,

bac.

Vdng tay (Chiic)

Vdng tay dugc Iam bing bac, nhdm. Hinh dang nhu vdng trdn ciia ngudi

Vidt nhung ed chfta hd mdt doan, khoang 2 3cm. Vdng hai ddu doan hd nhd

ddn phdn gifta to, cd khi cd canh gdn nhu vudng.

Vong cd (Koong)

Dd trang siic bing bac, cd khi bing nhdm, hoac bang chudi cudm. Loai

nay ddng bao cung mua cua ngudi Lao.

Ac (A dua)

Ao cua ngudi Bru Van Kieu thudng may tay, gdm cd 3 than mau xanh

hoac mau den. Tft cd xud'ng vai cd ta nep, thdu va cue do la nhftng ddng xu Viet

Nam thudc Phap (ddng tien Ddng Duong), xu cua nudc Viet Nam dan chii cdng

hda.

Vay (San)

40

Vay la trang phuc ciia phu nft Bru Van Kilu. Hg khdng ty san xudt dugc ma mua ciia ngudi Lao, ngudi Cotu. Vay mau den hoac trang tri hoa van phdn chan vay.

Kiem

Thanh kig m ngudi Van Kilu thudng dugc xem la vat linh thidng. Khi hdi vg, cudi chdng. Id vat ddu tidn dua ra la thanh kid'm. Thanh kid'm la dd'i tugng thd cung cua ngudi Bru - Van Kilu.

Nen bac

Day la bilu hidn sy giau cd cua hg. Bac nen cd xudt xft tft thdi ky phong kid'n cai tri. Hinh dang chft nhat, bdn trdn cd khic chft Han.

Kul tumeo

La vat tfn ngudng dan bing lat giang treo d ddu hdi nha san dl cdm ngudi la va thdy cung vao nha khi trong nha cd ngudi sinh.

Mu (Mupc)

Mu ddi ddu, khan vdn ddu (pha mdn) dl budc mui tdc trdn dinh ddu cua ngudi Bru Van kilu.Trong cac dip Id hdi nhu Id hdi dap trdng, phu nft thudng bui khan vudng chft nhu md qua mau sic sac sd de cung.

Phu nft deo hoa tai bing bac hinh canh hoa mai nd hoac chudi cudm (mua

cua ngudi Lao, ngudi Viet).

-Vdng tay bing bac, nhdm: Vdng d gifta cd chfta hd mdt doan.

Dd day cua vdng la lem. Vdng dugc ggi la cha pan.

Codng (kodng): dung deo d cd ciia ngudi phu nft. Chdt lieu thudng la

bac.

La cua hdi mdn ciia bd me cho con gdi. Nd cdn cd tdn ggi la chuc (vdng cudm).

Luc lac: Chdt lieu la bac, ddng hinh chid'c vdng cd treo thdm qua luc lac

deo d chdn tre em.

- Khuydn tai: Hinh trdn, hinh dau hdi, chdt lidu bing bac, nhdm. Phdn ldn

mua cua ngudi Lao, Vidt. Cd mdt sd ty gd ldy bing sgi nhdm, dung de lam trang

sftc cho minh. Nd'u la bing vang la do hg ty mua sdm cho minh khi cd sy giao

luu, trao ddi vdi ngudi Viet

41

Nhin chung, y phuc va trang sftc ciia cdng ddng cac ddn tdc ft ngucri trong khu vyc Phong Nha - Ke Bang bet sftc dan gian va khdng tim thdy ddu dn ban sic. Cac loai y phuc dugc che tac bdng nguydn lidu vd cay deu dugc hdu hit cac tdc ngucri trong khu vyc sit dung tft nhung nam 50 cua thi ky XX trd vl trudc va each lam vl co ban gidng nhau. Trang sftc ciia hdu hd't cac dan tdc trong khu vyc nay cung chi thudn tuy la nhftng vat lieu ldy dugc tft san phdm san bit, hai lugm nhu rang, mdng vud't cac loai thu du, ldng chim. It thdy ddng bao sit dung cac loai da quy va kim loai mau. Ngoai trft bac dugc sft dung nhu mdt thft cd gia tri giai ddc va trft ta. Vdi vide md rdng giao tid'p vdi cac dan tde cdng cu va can cu, nhdt la tft sau each mang thang Tam nam 1945, chfnh quyIn Cach mang da cd chfnh sach hd trg va tao dieu kidn cho ddng bao hdi nhap vdi cac cdng ddng dan tdc khac thi trang sftc va y phuc ed truyen ciia ddng bao chd' tac tft vd cay da khdng dugc ddng bao sft dung nfta ma chuyin sang sit dung nhftng chdt lidu hidn dai nhu dd may mac san, cac loai ao qudn may bing vai cdng nghidp. Tdng ldp tre khdng cdn deo trdn minh nhftng trang sftc tft san phdm ty nhidn nfta ma sit dung cac trang sftc la san phdm cdng nghidp nhu ddng hd, nhSn kim loai va cac loai da mau.

n.2.3.C6NG CU SAN XUAT VA DO DUNG TRONG SINH HOAT DCJl

S6NG

Trong qua trinh tdn tai va phat triln dl thfch umg vdi mdi trudng ty nhidn cac tdc ngudi thieu sd trong khu vyc Phong Nha -Ke Bang da tao cho minh mdt each ling xft khdng chi trong cu tru, trang phuc ma cdn sang tao cdng cu san xudt va dd diing trong sinh boat ddi sd'ng.

a. Cdng cu san xua't va do diing cua ngudi Bru - Van Kieu

1. Cdng cu san xua't kinh te

Ngudi Bru- Van Kilu lam nuomg rdy. Phucmg thftc canh tac chu yd'u la trdng lua kit hgp lam nucmg rdy. Sft dung cay bip va bfta rang, dung trau bd lam sftc keo. Rudng nude mdt nam Iam hai vu. Di thu hoach lua, hg cung dung hai de cit, dao liim dl but va sau dd bd lai dua vl nha. Ngudi Ma Coong, Khua tudt liia bing tay bd vao gui nhd va chuyin sang gui Idn khi ddy (ggi la A Chdi). Hg bd lai thanh tftng bd nhd treo d gian bep. Hg dap vd lua bing chdn va phai d ndng nia. Sau dd ed't dyng trong quay dan bing may tre.

42

Ngudi Ma Coong, Tri khai thac ngudn lucmg thyc d sudn ddi nui, phat dd't, tia lua nucmg, tia bdp, ngd, dau, trdng sdn lam lucmg thyc, thyc phdm.

Cdng cu cd truyen cd: Dao phat (Pa pia), Riu (A chat), gay chgc la (Roal), Cao cd (Knor, Avilnl). Sau day la thd'ng ke mdt sd loai cdng cu cua ddng bao van kilu. Ma Coong , Khua, Tri . [50,51.52]

l.I.Cdy:

Cdng cu lam ddt la cay, do ddng bao lam Idy. Cay cd thdn cay, na cay gid'ng cay chia vdi cua ngudi Viet. Ddng bao mua cay cua ngudi Viet de phuc vu san xudt Ilia nudc.

1.2. Biia:

Bfta cung dugc Iam bing gd, mua lai ciia ngudi Vidt va cung chi cd d mdt

sd tdc van Kilu, Khua.

1.3. Gay chgc to tra hat (Apat,Tariel):

Gay cd bit sit dung dl chgc va tra hat hoac chi cd gay (Roal) lam bing cay rftng chat, vdt nhgn mdt ddu, lam xong mua dua di dd't, dl'n mua khac chat lai cay khac.

1.4. Dung cu cdt Ida cua ngudi Bru- Vdn Kieu:

Chu yd'u la hai hoac liim, hg cQng vay mugn cua ngudi Viet. (Mdt so khdng su dung chi trud't lua bing tay).

1.5. Gid dung hat giong tra hat (Ka rua xa rao):

La vat dung trong sinh hoat cua ngudi con gai. Ddi khi diing dl dyng lua,

bip trdn nuomg vl hoac hai rau, mang rftng dyng vao gid nay. Cd khi Ka rua xa

rao dung dl dyng hat gid'ng nhu dau bip, lua de tria. Gid deo trudc bung, khi

ngudi chgc Id di trudc, ngudi tria hat di sau bd'c hat tft gid de tria. Cd khi Ka rua

xa rao la gid dan bing may rftng cd hoa van hinh d tram va td mau, dugc tang

cho con gai khi ve nha chdng dl dyng kim chi, ciia hdi mdn cha me tang. No

dugc dan bing sgi may va tre Id d (na) vdt nhgn, nhdn, dan theo ky thuat Idng

mdt. Hinh khd'i try trdn, day trdn nhd, mieng hoi loe ra. Sgi dan sft chat, ben

ngoai cd thit mdt sgi may te't Iai lam giay deo. Trgng lugng 0,4kg, cao 23cm,

dudng kfnh 23cm.

1.6. Rua (Aeon):

Dung de phat rdy, can dai, ludi thing, cd mdu. Hg ddt mua cua ngudi Viet.

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1.7. Cuoc ldm CO ngo, liia tren nUffng (ARiene):

Loai cudc nay cung dat mua cua ngudi Viet. Luoi nhd, can ngdn.

1.8. Xuc cd: (A Nugc)

Ngudi phu nft Van Kilu, Khua, Ma Coong thudng diing loai nay. Hg ty dan la'y bing sgi gai, may xe lai. Hg dan hinh mit cao, d tram nhd lam thanh mdt tfci hinh vudng, sau dd cit trdn Iai, phfa mat ngoai cd vanh may cudn lam nep. Hg dung day may hoac gai cdt thit thanh vgt dung dl xuc ca. Trgng lugng 0,3kg, dudng kfnh 60cm. Cach thftc dan gid'ng nhu each dan cua ngudi Vidt.

1.9. Luai bdt cd:

Ludi nay dung dl danh bit ca d cac doan sdng sud'i. Ludi mua cua ngudi Vidt. Mdt sd ncri hg ty dan, gid'ng dan ludi cua ngudi Vidt vung biln. Hoac trao ddi vdi ngudi Viet bing cac san phdm hg lam ra.

1.10.]<aRem:

La dung cu dao cu mai, sin (gid'ng mai, thudng cua ngudi Vidt nhung thid't didn ngang ludi nhd ban). Ngudi Ma Coong, Khua, Tri, Van Kilu dung Xa Rem dl dao cu d rimg, hai mang rftng... Cd khi dung dl chgc id tra hat dau ngd. Xa Rem dugc ren tft sit, hinh dai, ludi bet nhd Scm. Mdt ddu cd thi gin can dai 60-70em bdng tre hoac gd tau. Ddng bao khdng ty ren dugc ma dat mua d Lao hoac cua ngudi Vidt

1.11. Dao phdt rieng- Vo dung dao:

Dao do ddng bao dat mua ciia ngudi Vidt. Kilu dang phu hgp vdi ngudi di rimg. Can dao ngin, luoi dao vfta phai, ddu mui dao bing khdng nhgn, de trong hdp vd dyng dao do ddng bao ty Iam ggi la Xo ra chu. Ddng bao dung gd deo thanh hai thanh mau vang nhat, mat trong khoet ldm vao dl dyng dao, mat ngoai cd khic trang tri hinh chim, bdn dudi cd cham hinh ngudi va mdt sd hga tie't trang tri dang hinh hgc. Hai thanh gd dugc ghep lai, dung day budc lai va dat dao vao trong. Khi di rittig hg deo bdn minh hoac de phat rdy, nuomg. Trgng lugng 0,2kg, dai 34cm, rdng 7cm.

1.12. ADu:

La mdt loai dung cu dung trong sinh hoat ciia ngudi Bru- Van Kilu. Dugc

dan tft cay nfta Id d la'y d rftng vl, che nhd, vdt nhdn, cd khi dftgc dan bang sgi

may. Adu dan thanh hinh khd'i try trdn. Mat day hoi lep nhd, trin than sudn

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phdng ra, gdn ed bdp vao. Midng dan kit hinh eon ret de ddu mui. ADu dung dyng ca, tdm, cua, dc, bit dugc d sudi ed khi dyng dao rya. Trgng Iugng 0,2kg, cao 36em dudng kfnh 15cm.

1.13. Achoi:

La mdt loai dung cu gui ldn cua ngucri Van Kilu. Thudmg dung dyng cac san phdm thu hoach dugc nhu lua, sin, ngd, dau.. Achdi ed 2 loai: loai ldm va be. Cha't lieu dung dl dan la cay tre Id d ldy tft rftng vl, che vdt thanh nan nhd. Kilu dang Achdi gidng chiec phdu, day vudng, midng hoi loe, hinh khd'i try chdp. Ky thudt dan long ddi. Dl cd hai thanh tre kit lai hinh chft thdp. Phdn midng cd thdm vanh tre nep vao va dung sgi may nftt lai theo chieu thing dung. Trgng Iugng 0,5kg, cao 40cm, dudng kfnh 27cm. Day deo gui dugc kd't tft vd cdy rec bdc ra phai khd dan hinh con rit budc vao giii lam day ggi la Ta lanh. Sgi day dai 40em.

1.14. Mng:

Day cung la loai gui, mdt dung cu dung trong sinh hoat ciia ngudi Bru-

Van Kilu. Dan gid'ng Achdi nhung kfeh thudc ldn hem. Kilu dan hinh mit cao

rdng 2-3cm mdt d. Dang gid'ng hinh chdp cut. Day nhd midng loe, thudng dan

bing sgi may. Cd day lam quai deo cung lam bing sgi may. Thudng ddng bao

dung dl gui ciii, bip, sdn d rdy, rftng vl. Trgng lugmg 1kg, cao 58cm, dudng kfnh

36cm.

1.15. Co Pa:

Dung cu dl dyng dao, rya cua ngudi Khua khi di rimg phat rdy. Chdt lieu

dan cung bing sgi may hoac cay na che nhd vdt thanh sgi manh kd't lai dan theo

ky thuat ldng 1. Bdn trong cd cac thanh tre Iam tru. Cd Pa cd dang hinh try, day

trdn, be gdc, thanh midng kd't lai. Cao 37cm, dudng kfnh midng 0,53m.

1.16. Lao ddm cd: Ty lam bing sit mai nhgn, hinh ludi xia (gin can bing

tre, tnic).

1.17. Bay bdt cd (Ra Pay Xi):

La mdt loai dung cu do ngudi Van Kilu ty lam bing gd, tre, nhya, sit cd

cdi thanh bdy gin ludi cau sit, chi, day cudc nd'i vdi mdt doan tre cai d cac doan

sdng sud'i. Ludi gdn mdi cau la giun ddt de bdy ca. Khdng cdn phai ngdi dgi cdu.

Sau mdt thdi gian vai tid'ng la hg di dd gd ca.

l.lS.Sinetbantia:

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La loai nd vira la sung do ngudi Ma Coong ty nghi va tao ra. Hinh gid'ng cay sung nhung ddu mQi cd gin cd gin mQi ten xin bing kim loai sit. Than sung Iam bing gd. Day cao su dugc budc vao than dl tao sy cang cua mui tdn, cd Idy CO gid'ng nhu Idy nd. Khi bin mui tdn Iao ra nhung khdng bay di vi cd sgi day bude gift kem. Sung dugc dung de di bit ca d cac doan sud'i.

1.19. Dung cu bdt trdn: (Cgp Pu Xanh)

Dyng cu ty chi tao ra diing dl bit tran, rin Iam thftc an hoac dung dl trao ddi vdi ngudi Kinh. Ludi la mdt khung sit dugc ldy tft mdt doan sit 6 ud'n thanh hinh chid'c kep vira du dl kep cd con tran, rin. Nd'i ludi vdi can dai l-2,5m, can Iam bing tre hoac bing gd du cdm tay. Dung mdt doan day chic, bin nd'i budc gifta ludi va can. Khi Ifta tran, rin vao bdy sap, dung day rid't keo Iai dl gift tran khdng bi suy. Trgng lugng 0,5kg, dai 43cm, ludi 8cm, can 2m.

1.20. Bdy chim, bdy thii (Ta Rdu):

Bdy chim dugc lam tft cay tre, na. Id d vdt nhd dai 20cm. Mdt ddu budc day, cd que dai, day bude thit nit sau dd dat d cac doan rftng dl bay chim cu da't, chim bim bip, ga rimg...

Bay thu thudng ldm bSy chudng, hoac bay thdng Igng bing day (phanh xe dap) cdi d cac doan rftng con thu di qua dl mic bdy. Hoac dao hd bdn trdn day la.

1.21.Nd(^b):

Dung di san do ddng bao ty lam ldy. Cdnh nd phai dung loai gd deo dai, thdn nd bing gd lim. Day huge canh nd cung dugc bdn tft loai rd cay seng. Mui tdn lam tft sd'ng cay doac va la cay doac. Na dung san cac loai thu nhd nhu sdc, chim.. .

1.22.Damcd:(AR.t)

Dung cu de dam ca dugc lam tft tre Id d. Che vdt thanh nan, dan hinh d'ng,

mdt ddu cd chfta Id dat midng gdm cac nan tre dan ngugc vao trong. Bdn trong

dat mdi nhit ca la tdm, cua gia nhd, sau dd dat d cac doan sudi dl dam ca. Xung

quanh Ard chen da dl khdng bi trdi. Ard cd loai ldn cd loai be, tuy thudc vao

ngudi dan.

1.23. Ong cdu cdn cdu (Cd bg):

Dong bao ty lam de di cdu ca. Cdn cau la loai sao true dai 1- 1,5m. Ong

cdu la mdt d'ng gd khoet rdng rudt ben trong, mat ngoai khic ranh, thanh d'ng

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day 1 cui. Ong dung dl cudn day cudc ndi vdi cdn cdu. Ong cau cd dudng kfnh 11 cm, cao 8cm.

i.24.Qd:(Adang)

La loai dd dung trong sinh hoat gia dinh cua ngucri Ma Coong. Dugc dan bing tre na Id d, che thanh sgi nhd, vdt nhdn, dan theo kieu ldng mdt. Day gdn hinh vudng, thanh than va mieng hai loe ra. Kit day deo gid'ng nhu chile gui. Thanh mieng dung day nhd bing may kd't gift chic va dep cho Adang. Dung dyng hat gidng dl tria khi den mua hoac trud't lua trdn nucmg, khi ddy lua chuyen sang gui (A chdi) ldn. Ngoai ra cdn dugc dung dyng rau rftng, mang rftng. Trgng Iugng 0 3kg, dudng kfnh 28,5cm, cao 20,5cm.

1.25. Khoong:

La mdt loai gid dugc ngucri Ma Coong dan tft tre Id d. Hinh dang gdn gid'ng Adang. Dan sgi mdng thanh midng ty ket Iai ma khdng cdn phai dung sgi may. Day nhd thdn midng hoi loe ra. Khoong diing dyng rau, d'c, ca bdt d sud'i. Trgng lugng 0,2kg, dudng kfnh 20cm, cao 2 1, 5cm.

1.26. Gui (Phdng Gui Xa Rang)

La mdt loai gui ciia ngudi Ma Coong dan dl dyng cac loai san phdm tft nuomg rdy dy trft ldm luomg thyc. Dugc dan bing tre Id d, dan 2 Idp, ldp ngoai dan sgi nhd, vdt nhdn cd cai thdm hoa van ky ha. Gdn 2/3 thdn nhudm mau den. Thanh midng dan hai dp vao gid'ng thanh chum. Trdn midng kit trdn bang sgi may. Nip ddy cung dugc dan 2 ldp cd hinh chdp ndn cut. Ky thudt dan rdt kheo leo, ldng mdt, ldng ddi. Bdn ngoai cd budc day deo gui. Tdng the nhin gidng hinh thang khd'i try. Mat trong dan nan day horn, thd horn. Loai Phdng Gui Xa Rang nay cd the dua ldn rdy dl thu hoach san phdm va sau dd gui ve nha. Nd'u gap trdi mua bdt chgt, san phdm dyng bdn trong khdng bi udt.

7.27. Riu don cdy (Achat):

Dftng dl phdt ed't. Riu dat mua ludi cua ngudi Kinh. Cd mdt sd ngudi Van

Kilu cd thi ren. Cac nu ddng bao ty deo va tra can dl dung.

1.2S. Bdy sap (nhum San Dudng)

Bdy chudt: Do ba con ty lam. Bdy la mdt cdn tre va mdt d'ng tre cat ngin.

Bdn trong dl mdi nhir la sin, cd sgi day thdng Igng budc vao cdn va mdt cai tay

dl sap bay chudt, thd, nhfm.

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1.29. Sdng sdn (TkUhng):

Sling ty tao bing gd deo hinh dang gid'ng khdu sung nhung bdn trdn thanh dat mui tdn va day cao su, cd ldy cd va mui tdn. Day la su cai tid'n tft chid'c nd, na ciia ddng bao.

1.30. Cdo co (Knor, A vinh):

Ngudi Van Kilu dung dl cao cd lua, cd ngd. (La loai cudc nhd gid'ng cud'e chet cua ngudi Viet).

2. Dd dung sinh hoat hang ngay

Trong cudc sd'ng sinh boat hing ngay, dd dung cua ngudi Bru-Van Kilu kha dan gian. Cac dung cu diing trong gia dinh do hg ty Iam ra mdt sd. Cdn Iai la trao doi bing cac san phdm hg thu dugc d rftng, trao ddi vdi ngudi Viet. Cac loai dung cu dan ty lam bing mdy tre hoac gd. Nhftng san phdm la cdng cu bing may tre dan eye ky tinh xao va dep. Nguyen lidu dl dan chii yd'u la tre, na Id d va may rftng. Mdt vai ban cua Van Kilu, Ma Coong chi cdn Iai mdt vai ngudi cdn dan dugc cac loai vat dung. Sau day la thd'ng kd mdt sd loai dd dung cua ddng bao van kieu. Ma Coong , Khua, Tri . [50,51,52]

2.1.. Mdm (Pa Diin Xang):

Day la dang vfta mam, vfta re dung dyng cam, xdi, bdi ngd cua ngudi Van Kilu, Ma Coong, Khua. Ky thuat dan rdt tinh xao. Tre Id d dugc che nhd, vdt nhdn, dan theo ky thuat long ddi. Mat mam hinh trdn, mat dan day xen nhau. Cd thanh gd ndi Idn cao 7- Scm chin cho thftc an khdng dl ra ngoai. Phdn than dan gid'ng hinh ke d tram cung bing may tre- rdng mit cao Id rdng 5-110 cm. Phong cdch tao dang dep vftng chai. Tdng thi gidng khd'i try trdn, day khdng dan. Mat trdn mam gid'ng chid'c rd can ldng. Phdn chan de cd chan cai thdm thanh gd dan cheo hinh chft thap tao sy vftng chai. Theo phong tuc ddng bao dl an cam ca nha cung bd'c bing tay. Chi cd canh muc ra bat, mdi ngudi mdt bat. Bat cao 16cm, trgng Iugng 0,5kg, dudng kfnh 28cm (cd chid'c 33em).

2.2. Ray (Rudt):

Dung dl hdng dd xdi, cam bdi ciia ddng bao Ma Coong, Khua, Van Kilu.

Ray dugc lam tft gd cay bun ndn rdt nhe, dai khdng mgt. Thdn gd hinh tru trdn,

khoet rdng bdn trong dai 30 em. Khd'i try trdn cd thanh day 5-7cm. Ben trong cd

cai mdt chid'c que dl tdm dan. Tdm dan bing tre Id d dan thanh nan nhd dl khi

hdng hoi nudc bd'c ldn lam ehfn hat gao. Ray dd xdi la thftc an chfnh cua ddng

48

bao. Ray dat trdn mdt cai ndi bing kim loai. Thucmg la ndi ddng, nhdm mua cua ngudi Vidt, Lao.

Ngudi Khua, Macoong hay lam Ray hay cdn ggi la Rudt tft tre vdt nhan, mdng dan thanh mdt tdm dan hinh phdu (ndn) dat trdn ndi. Bdn trdn day la.

2.3. Vo qud bdu kho (A ludi A dd)

La dd dung trong sinh boat cua ngudi Van Kilu, Khua, Ma Coong. Ddng bao trdng bdu eo dl khd gia, bd mgt ldy vd dl dyng hat gidng hoac dung dyng nudc la'y tft sud'i vl sinh boat. Cd khi d ngucri Ma Coong dung dyng rugu, doac, dua phoi khd, khi ning rugu bd'c hai, chdt rugu bam sau vao thanh vd bdu, sau dd dd nudc vao tao thanh mdt thft nudc cd mui rugu gdn gid'ng nhu rugu edn. Day la mdt thft nudc udng cua ngudi Ma Coong.

2.4. Chdy gid (0 tri 0 loa)

La loai dung cu diing de gia tiiu dt, mudi cua ddng bao Ma Coong, gia dinh nao cQng cd. Gd dung de Iam chay rdt td't, chic bin. Ddng bao deo thanh hinh chid'c chay nhd, d gifta cd khoet dl cdm nim.

2.5. Trap (doom)

La dung cu dung trong sinh boat gia dinh cua ngudi Ma Coong. Danh cho ngudi phu nft khi vl nha chdng dyng kim chi, dd tu trang ca nhan nhu lugc, guong, tim... Trap dugc dan 2 ldp, chdt lieu la tre Id d vdt nhd nhdn. Ldp ngoai dan day, theo ky thuat Idng ddi. Mat trong dan tdng met. Xung quanh than cd mit may. Nip day cung dan 2 Idp cd be gdc vudng vdn, chdn dd' bing gd. Toan bd trap cd hinh khd'i chft nhat cac gdc be vudng. Vanh midng dan ridng dp vao, kd't lai bing sgi thay. Kilu dan d thanh khac vdi phdn mat va nip. Phdn than dudi dan treo kilu ldng ddi thd, than trdn dan chat ldng mdt. Day cftng dugc dan 2 ldp, mat ngoai dan sua ke 6 vudng, mat trong day dan day gid'ng d phdn than. Trgng lugng 0,7 kg, cao 25,5cm, rdng 15,5cm.

2.6. Mo trdu (Ra Iang ta tide):

La loai vat dung do ddng bao Van Kilu ty lam Idy bing gd thu de deo vao

c6 con trdu, bd. Khi trdu bd tha rdng md dugc deo vao cd phat ra tid'ng kdu de

nhdn bid't con vdt dang d ddu. Md gdm cd 3 phdn- 2 thanh be cd ehui td 1 ddu de

xdu, 1 ddu gid'ng chid'c dui trdng, d gifta la mdt khd'i try trdn bang gd cd ehui Id 1

ddu. Ddu cdn lai deo tuy y thfch. Cdu tao 2 bdn 2 thanh gd khd'i try d gifta, dung

sgi ddy may xau budc vao cd con trau. Khi trau chuyin ddng, md va vao nhau

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phat ra tieng kdu lach each ndn chu nhan se nhan bid't dugc. Mdt sd gia dinh Iai Iam md bing dng tre. Tuy nhidn cdu tao diu gid'ng nhau.

2.7.Tin (tdp):

Dung dyng xdi, cam dl mang theo khi ldn rdy, nucmg. Dugc dan tft scri mdy, gdm 2 phdn dan thanh hinh khd'i try trdn up vao nhau, cd kd't day dl deo. Ky thudt dan rdt tinh xao, dan long ddi.

2.8. Ddn gdnh (Kiln)

Ngudi Ma Coong ty lam ldy dl ganh nudc tft sdng, sud'i vl nha, ganh lua tft rdy vl. Kiln dugc lam tft cay tre nfta Id d che ddi Idy mdt nua deo 2 ddu cd mdu. Khac vdi ddn ganh ciia ngudi Kinh, kiln deo rdt ngin va nhd phu hgp vdi dudng rftng nui. Khi ganh 2 tay cd thi nfu gift dugc 2 ddu. Ddn ganh dai 103,5cm, trgng lugng 0,4 kg, rdng 4cm

2.9. Hu (Khang):

Hu dung dyng rugu. Cd nhiiu loai dyng rugu cdn rd't ldn. Cd loai bdn ngoai hga tid't rd't dep. Gd'm men da luan. Phdn ldn loai hu nay ddng bao mua Iai ciia ngudi Kinh tft rd't Idu. Cdn loai be dung dyng rugu dl d gian thd, la loai binh cii tdi bing gd'm sft hoa lam ggi la khang hoa.

2.1 0. Coi gid ggo (ta ban):

Ddy la vdt dyng chfnh dung dl chi bid'n luang thyc, thyc phdm ciia ngudi Bru van kilu. Cdi dugc deo tft mdt khd'i gd, khoet Id d gifta, bd'n bdn cd gd thanh Cdi diing dam lua, ngd (gia pdi)

2.11. Nia say ggo (ta tung, ta ving):

Ddng bao dan dl say gao sau khi dam. Loai ldn ggi la ngdng (ddng), loai

nhd dung dl sang gao ggi la trang. Chdt lieu dan la may tre na Id d. Dan theo ky

thuat Idng ddi. Sau khi dan xong nep vanh bing sgi may.

2.72. Ke't nUng Id ke:

Day la mdt loai dung cu ddng bao dan cho ga mai de va dp tning. Mdt

doan d'ng tre Id d dugc che nhd mdt ddu thanh nhiiu nan, doan dudi dl nguyen.

Sau dd che nan doan phdn doan trdn gid'ng mdt, chid'c rd, dan theo kilu long mdt,

ben trong dl ram ra hoac la, cdn bdn dudi dung dl cim xud'ng ddt hoac cdm vao

hdi nha.

2.7i. Lode (Oi nhd't ga):

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La loai dung cy ddng bao Ma Coong dan dl nhd't ga ban ddm tranh bi chdn cao an thit. Lugc dan dan gian ldn be tuy thich. Ky thuat dan Idng md't. Hinh dang gid'ng mdt chid'c long d mien xudi.

2.14. Dda (Tua mun):

Dua dugc Iam bing gd mun, gidng vdi dfta cua ngudi Kinh nhung dai hom. Thudng khi cd khach ddng bao mdi ldy ra dung, cdn phdn ldn thucmg an bd'c bing tay.

2.75. Thia (Budng):

Thia dugc lam bing gd hoac bing kim loai dung dl muc thftc an. La dung cu trong sinh boat gia dinh ciia ddng bao, hg mua ciia ngudi Kinh.

2.76. Bdt (Tang an):

Bat dyng canh chia phdn timg ngucri trong bfta an gia dinh ciia ngudi Bru van kilu. Bat mua lai cua ngudi Kinh.

2.77. Coi gid tieu (Ta ban tidu):

La loai ed'i chuydn dung dl gia tidu, dt, mudi ma gia dinh nao cung cd mdt chi^c. Cdi lam tft gd bung dai nhe, khoet mdt Id nhd d gifta, xung quanh deo hinh khd'i try trdn.

2.18. Dao cdt (Achiw):

Ddng bao mua cua ngudi Kinh. Ddt theo hinh dang cua hg, cd loai dao be cong. Dung dl cit thai dung trong sinh boat gia dinh.

2.79. Soong (Ade soong):

Ndi dung dl ndu thftc an trong gia dinh. Chdt lidu bing sit, nhdm, ddng.

Do trao ddi vdi ngucri Kinh ma cd, ddng

2.20. Chieu (Chieo, pude) :

Ddng bao dan bing la gai, la hdi d rftng ve, phcri khd, dan hinh cheo d tram,

dan ddi dung dl trai d giudng hoac dudi dd't.

2.27. Tdu hiit thuoc (Cd dgc hiit)

Ngudi Bm Vdn kilu hut thud'c la tir nhd. Ddy la mdt tuc Id. Tre em 5, 6 tudi

da tdp hut thud'c. Tdu cd hai phdn, phdn bing dd't nung ty nan bing tay, nung

trong Idn khoang 2 tid'ng ddng hd, hg dua ra dung que tre cit thanh doan nhd dit

vao d'ng tdu dl ngdm. Dd't nan phai la loai ddt set deo, khdng cd cat, nan tdu mdt

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ddu hinh trdn cd duomg kfnh 2cm, tdu dai 5cm, rdng 3cm, d gifta cd dat Id cho thdng hai. Tdu chuyin tft mau vang cua ddt sang mau hdng cua gach non hoac mau xam cua sanh da dd'n do. Sau dd dat dng ngam vao la cd thi hut dugc. Ddi khi ddng bao cdn dung ddng, bac dl bit chd ngam.

2.22. Bdn xat hut:

Dugc ddng bao lam dl cit thud'c la. Thud'c la do hg trdng ldy dl dung. Hg hut nhiiu vao mua ddng. Khi thu hoach xong phcri khd, xau lai dl d gac bd'p. Khi sft dung hg la'y ra bd sgi gan d gifta, sau dd che bien bing each cudn trdn la thud'c Iai dua vao ban xit dl cit vun thud'c thanh sgi dl dung hut. Ban xit dugc Iam tft 1 thanh gd cua xe dai 62cm, trgng lugng 0,3kg, rdng 5cm, mdt ddu cd khoet Id trdn dl cudn thud'c ehui qua Id dl xit. Khi xit hg kep ban vao nach ngudi xat dl gift, cdn mdt ddu kia dat xud'ng dd't. Cudn thud'c dua vao Id trdn, hg dung dao rya dl xit.

D6 diing sft dung trong IS cung, IS hdi cua ngudi Van Kilu:

1. Dao: Dao su dung trong IS thftc cung thdn d Id hdi ddm trau.

2. Cdt: Cdt chdn lam Id dam trau.

3. Kid'm: Sft dung trong IS ciing hdi dam trau cua ngudi Van Kilu.

4. Ndi ndu cam mdi cung trong IS hdi:

Chu yd'u la ndi ddng cd tft rd't lau ddi, do mua lai ciia ngudi Kinh. Hidn

nay vdn cd gia dinh dang sft dung ndi nay.

5. Dd thd cung bdn mang cua ngudi Bru-van Kieu.

6. Giao cac loai:

Dung dl miia hat trong IS hdi cua ngudi Bru-van Kilu. Giao cdn dugc

dung dl di san thu rftng.

7. D6 dung thd cung td tidn:

Bat, ndi va cac dd dan dyng dd thd cung dyng d cdt cai nha.

8. Sgt dan thd ma phfa nha vg cua ngucri Bra-van Kieu.

9. Bd dd thd thdn lua (Yang va bdn) cua ngudi Bra-Vdn Kilu.

10. Bd dd lidn quan dd'n ma thudt chfta bdnh, ma thudt lam hai, ma thudt

tinh ydu.

11 Bd dd sft dung trong Id ca - cat rang cua ngudi Bru-van BCieu.

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12. Bd dd sft dung trong Id thdi tai cho tre con cua ngudi Bm Van Kilu.

13. Bd dd Id dl cung trong IS hdi dap trdng cua ngudi Ma Coong:

Nhin chung, cdng cu san xudt va dd dung sinh boat cua ngudi Bru- Van Kilu, cdn hd't sftc dem gian; nguydn vat lieu chu yd'u ldy tft thidn nhidn va hg ty chd' tac vdi ky thuat thd sa. Bdn canh dd da bit ddu xudt hidn mdt sd cdng cy san xudt va dd dung sinh boat dugc mua, ban hoac trao ddi vdi ngudi Kinh nhu cudc, cay, riu, thia,, bat...

b. Cdng cu san xuS't va dd dung cua ngudi Chiit

Tmdc day cdng ddng ngucri Chiit sd'ng tuomg dd'i dn dinh trdn dia ban thd'ng nhdt d vung trang du, Idy ndng nghiep trdng lua Iam nghe sd'ng chu yd'u. Nhung do tac ddng cua lich sft, mdt bd phan chay ldn vung nui phan tan thanh nhiing nhdm nhd sd'ng rai rac trong cac hang ddng len da. Tdc danh Chiit vi thd' ra ddi. Do chiu sy tac ddng chi phdi cua dilu kidn sd'ng mdi ma sinh boat kinh td' ciia tdc ngudi cQng cd sy thay ddi phu hgp vdi hoan canh.

Ddi sd'ng kinh te ciia ngudi dan tdc Chut ngheo nan, kem phat triln. Tap quan du canh, du cu vdn cdn gin vdi boat ddng san bin hai lugm. San xudt truyin thd'ng la canh tac nuomg rdy, phat rftng lam rdy theo phuang thftc hda canh, chgc Id tra hat. Ddn tdc Chut gdm cd ngudi Sach, May, A Rem, Ma Liing, Rue. Ngay nay dugc sy quan tam ciia Dang va chfnh quyen ba con da va dang sd'ng trong cac ldng ban dinh canh, dinh cu. Tuy nhidn nin kinh t l vdi hinh thftc chid'm doat (hai lugm, san bin thii, ddnh bit ca) vdn chid'm vi tri quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng. Kinh t l nuomg rdy nang sudt thd'p, khdng du luomg thyc thyc phdm. Nghi thu cdng thd'p kem, khdng phai la nghe chfnh. Cdng cy san xudt thd sa.

Dudi ddy la thd'ng kd mdt sd cdng cu va dd dung sinh boat cua dan tdc Chftt: [50,51,52]

1. Ve cac cdng cu sinh hoat kinh te cua ngudi Churt:

1.1. Cdy bdp cua ngudi Sdch:

Cd ca na cay va ach cay. Ngudi Sach ty lam ldy bing cac cdng cu nghi

mdc deo cua ra na va ach cay, cdn ludi cay mua cua ngudi Vidt Cay dung dl cay

mdng nudc va ca rudng nuomg khd (rogng ndc, lucmg khd).

7.2. Bi)[a rdng:

Bfta do ngudi Sach ty Iam. Cd loai bfta rang dftng, bfta bdng gdn gid'ng vdi

ngudi Kinh. Sftc keo chfnh la trdu, bd.

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1.3. Cudc (Cudc cd xa ly):

La loai cudc nhd dung de lam cd ngd cua ngudi May. Ludi sit nhd, can gd (luoi 6 X 8cm). Cdn ed loai luai nhu dao be cong dung de lam cd lua. Cd loai cudc Idm dung dl trdng khoai.

1.4. Rua (Pra):

La dyng cu dl phat rdy (se rogng). Rya chu yd'u mua cua ngucri Kinh. Tdc ngudi Sach cQng cd lam nghi ren nhung cung rdt hid'm.

1.5. Dao phdt (Dao):

Dung dl phat cay rimg khi dd'n mua lam rdy. Dao phat cd can ngin. Thudng dl vao gid (adu) deo bdn minh. Ddng bao di Idn rdy hoac di rftng cung mang theo dao.

1.6. Riu (Td cd):

Riu lam bing sit, ddng bao diing dl phat cay to. Riu do ddng bao ty lam ldy. Can riu bing gd dan vao nhau hinh chft thap. Khi bit ddu phat rdy ddng bao lam Id cung. Riu cung dugc dat trang trgng ldn bdn canh Id vat dl cung.

1.7. Gdy chgc 16 (kol kmoch):

Cd hai loai, mdt loai bit sit, mdt loai khdng. Thudmg khi dd'n mua tria hat mdi chat gay. Lam xong mdt mua hg dua dd't, dd'n mua khac lai lam cai mdi. Thdng thudmg khi tria hat ngudi dan dng di giat lui phfa tmdc chgc Id cdn ngudi phu nft mang kdang dyng hat gid'ng di phfa sau tria hat.

1.8. Giii nho (Kdang):

Dyng cu dl dung san phdm thu hoach. Chdt lidu bing may tre dan. Hinh

dang: Hinh try trdn, day hci vudng. Ky thudt dan long md't, bdn ngoai budc giay

dl deo. Ddng bao dung dyng lua trud't dugc nd'u ddy chuyin sang gui ldn. Cd khi

dung dyng rau, mang.

1.9. Gdi ldn (ka pha):

Dung dyng lua gui vl nha. Dan bing tre Id d vdt thanh sgi. Ky thuat dan

long ddi. Day cd chan hinh vudng, budc tft than xud'ng day dl gui. Midng hinh

trdn hoi loe ra.

1.10. Ddp:

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La dyng cu dugc dan bing may, tre Id d dung dl dung dao, rya di rimg. Ky thuat dan ldng md't. Day hinh try trdn, gifta than hcri dp vao gdn mieng loe ra. Cd day budc deo ngang thit lung.

1.11. Xdng:

La mdt loai gui Idm gidng ka pha nhung dugc dan sua ban. Id to, d cheo qua tram. Ddng bao diing dl dyng cui, sin. . .

1.12. Oi (cu lung)

Hinh khdi try trdn, dan bing tre nfta id d. Ky thuat dan ldng md't. Phfa trdn cd trdn diu, phfa dudi day hcri vudng. Dung dyng rau mang.

1.13. Cdn cdu (Ca vdc)

Cdn va d'ng cdu cua ngucri May, Sach ty Iam ldy dl cau ca d sud'i Iam thftc an cho gia dinh. Cdn cau la mdt doan tre tnic, d'ng cau Iam bing gd cd khoet rdng bdn trong, mat ngoai cd Khfta ranh dl cudn day, day bing sgi cudc. Ludi cau bing sit mua ciia ngudi Kinh.

1.14. Vo bao dung dao di rdng (Kapau A nhidn)

Ngudi Chftt diing gd khoet rdng bdn trong, mat ngoai vd ldn thanh gd dl budc day deo gdm 2 minh gd dp lai vdi nhau.

1.15. Triia (Magng)

Ngudi Sach dan tft tre Id d che ra sgi nhd, dan theo ky thuat ldng md't. Hinh dang gid'ng khdi try trdn, mdt ddu nhgn, midng hinh phSu, thudng dat d cac doan sud'i dl dam ca lam thftc an cho gia dinh.

1.16. Mdm:

La loai gid dan bing tre Id d. Day nhd lung bung phinh cd that mieng loe.

Cd 3 tai dl deo day. Thanh midng dan qudn lai. Dung dyng cua, d'c, ca md dugc

d sud'i (ngucri Sach cdn ggi la oi giodng).

1.17. Bdy chim (Veo)

Ngudi May ty lam de bdy chim d nucmg rdy. Mdt doan tre dugc vdt nhd, ud'n cong mdt ddu va budc day cai cim xud'ng da't. Nd'u chim dung vao, thanh tre bat Idn khid'n cho sgi day rut gidng thdng Igng, chim da sa bay.

1.18. Cdi gid dt (Ta Pan):

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Mdt doan gd nhd deo day vudng thit d gifta, midng hinh trdn. Bdn trong khoet 16 dung dl gia tidu, mudi, dt.

1.19. Cdi gid ggo cua ngudi Chiit:

Ddng bao dung mdt khdi gd ldn deo thanh hlnh chid'c ed'i dl gia gao, ngd, dam bdi. Cdi dugc dung nhiiu ddi. Cdi gia gao nd'p (dd'p), che bid'n bdt nhuc tft cay doac (ca pat). Cay ba rui (be), bdi ngd (pdi). Gd rdng 40cm, dai 60-70 cm, khoet Id trdn sau 20-30 em, Chay gia dai 1,60 m. Chay cd khoet d gifta mdt doan dl dd cdm gia.

1.20. Mdm (Todc):

La san phdm tft may tre dan cua ngudi Sach dung de dyng thftc an trong gia dinh nhu cam dd, bdi. Chan dan hinh qua tram, thanh midng dan sgi may gdm nhieu ldp. Chan trdn rdng, cd hinh sdng. Mat mam dan day sft nhau, dan ldng ddi.

1.21 Ca lgc nudc che (Ca todng)

La dung cy cua ngudi May dan bing may tre, hinh gid'ng chid'c phdu, hinh tam gidc, cd tay cdm, dung dl lgc nudc che Iam dd ud'ng cho gia dinh: dai 49cm, rdng 30em, trgng Iugng 0,25kg.

7.22. Rg (Ta Gd)

Dung cu dugc dan dl nhft bdy rua lam thftc an trong gia dinh cua ngudi

Ma Liing. Cao 8,5cm, ddi II cm; rdng 6,5cm.

1.23. Bdy vodng:

Bdy thu to Ign, nai, gdu, hd. Lam bing than cdy mau, thit d chan con thii. Nd'u thu vfta thi lam bdy veo, cd ao: Thit d cd.

Bdy Pdn, Tom Tap: Bit chim dat nai cd qua chin rung.

Bdy trum: Bit rin.

Bdy Td ho: Bdy phdng gdm cd gian gac, lao phdng, bdy lat. Dung sftc bat

dl phdng lao vao c6, nach con thu. Khi lam bdy cd lam ddu bao hidu dl bao cho

ngudi di rftng bid't ma tranh.

1.24. Nd (Nd, Ta Midng theo each ggi cua ngudi May):

Na dugc lam tft cay Chi si. Than lam bing gd lim dftgc che tft khue lim to

dugc deo thanh than na. Phoi trdn gac bd'p cho that khd, sau dd dung manh sft

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tudt cho tran, tilp dfo dung la chudi khd ehui tran bdng. Sau dd dung sap ong ha hdng chudt di chudt lai. Canh na dugc lam bing gd cay Chi si cftng, dai, chgn cay gd Chi si to bing bip chan hoac diii ngudi Idn, dung dao bdc ldp vd phia mat trdi mgc, dung Ifta ha cho chay sem chd bdc vd. Sau nay chd ha chay dd dm myc, cdn phfa mat trdi lan thd gd trd ndn ciing, xoin. Luc dd hg chat lam canh na. Hg che ddi ra kilm tra do cumg xoin dam bao. Dung gd lim, tau deo ndn dua ha lita cho cumg rdi mdi ddng che. Sau dd ldy manh sft cao bdng nhdn, la chudi khd ehui bdng lang va cudi cung la sap ong ha ndng danh bdng canh na. Na cd loai na trdng va loai na mai. Ldy na (con khoi) dugc lam bing nga voi hoac gd mun. Day na dugc Iam tft sgi rd cua cay sen (hg cua cay Si). Dua gd dap vd, bd phdn vd eftmg, ehi ldy phdn sgi to ben lai. Ben to bing dua an com. Khi bdn chud't bing sap ong Idn ddy. Sau dd cdt mdt ddu ddy Idn, ddu kia treo mdt hdn da to tft 7 -10 ngay cho ddy gian cang hd't cd mdi budc vao canh na. MQi tdn lam bing sd'ng lung cua la cdy nhuc (doac,rgm). MQi tdn vud't nhd, chud't sap ong ndn rdt cumg va dugc gin canh la ngae. Cd loai mQi tdn nhiing ddc dugc Idy tft mil cay tdc, ndu sdi Idn, nhung ddu mQi tdn nhgn vao vao nhieu ldn cho chdt ddc dfnh cumg. Sat chd dfnh ddc cd khia mdt vdng dl khi bin con thu mui tdn bi gay, phdn dfnh ddc se lam eon thu mau chit. MQi tdn dugc dyng trong d'ng tdn tay con vugn, con vugn bi ehd't ngudi ta dua cit canh tay, Idt da may thanh hinh chid'c dng dyng tdn. Na khdng nhiing dung dl san bin ma cdn la san phdm dl trao ddi. Ridng ngucri Sach, na cdn la vat ky nidm cua ngudi bd trao tang cho con gdi trudc khi vl nha chdng, va cdn tang cho con rl vdi mong mud'n cho con rl sidng nang cdn cu, bid't cdm cai na tim kid'm thftc an cho vg con, gid'ng nhu la cua hdi mdn cua bd me cho con gai khi ve nha chdng.

1.25. Nong (ca put), sang(del):

La nhftng dyng cy dl dyng lucmg thyc va chi bid'n luong thyc

1. 26. Bdn mdi sdn:

Ngudi Chut ty sang tao ra ban mai bing manh sit, due Id, cd khung gd

ghep lai dl ep bdt sin lam thay luomg thyc cho gia dinh.

1.27. Noi hong (ca hdn), Seng (ndi):

La loai dyng cu diing de hdng xdi, hdng bdi ciia ngudi Chut. Bd phan

hdng cd khi dugc Iam bing gd ggi la ray hoac Iam bing tre may dan hinh gid'ng

chid'c phdu dat trdn ndi hdng.

1.28. Tip (^ip):

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La dung cy dl dyng cam, ngd xdi mang theo di rftng, rdy. Tfp dugc dan bing may tre che thanh scri nhd thanh hai nua hinh try up Iai vdi nhau, bdn ngoai cd deo scri day dl mang bdn minh.

1. 29. Tdu (Co):

Ngudi Chut Iam dl hut thud'c. Tdu cd hai phdn. Mdt phdn la ddt nung ty nan ldy, nung qua Ifta. Mdt phdn la dng tre tnic gia nhd, cit ngin giit vao tdu sau dd bit ddng, bac, tdu dai 1,25cm.

1.30. Diing cti che tgo lita

Tmdc day khi chua cd lua, ngudi Chftt da tao ra Ifta bing each cat mdt manh sit nhd, da cudi, bui nhui hoac hai thanh tre khd dat cheo chu V. Khi lam hai cyc da dap vao nhau lira phat ra bit sang bui nhui ben vao thanh tre. Hoac hai manh sit eg vao nhau phat ra Ifta ben vao bui nhui.

1.31. Boong (bing vd cay):

Trudc day ngudi Rue dung dl ndu, dyng nudc, dyng dd an. Khi sd'ng lang thang trong hang ddng hay di lam nucmg xa, hoac vao rftng hai lugm, hg la'y vd cay trdm, cdy khdn, cdy cheo lam thanh cai boong nhu cai vung dl dyng nudc hoac dl nd'u, Cd khi chi nd'u dugc mdt ldn rdi vut vi bi chay, cd loai nd'u 2; 3 ldn. Bodng cd nhiiu loai kich c6 khac nhau. Loai to dung dl dyng nudc, dun nd'u, loai nhd diing lam bat dl an. Loai ldm hem dung lam thau dyng. Hg dao hd nhd Id'y la chudi ha qua Ifta, xd'p vao hd nhieu ldp la chudi de dy trft nudc khi hg d trong rftng.

1.32.dng Phia (Pia) cua thdy cdng:

Dung trong IS cung cam mdi ddu xuan, cung ggi hdn, chfta bdnh. Gdm hai

d'ng tre Id d dai 60cm tao am thanh bing each dung hai d'ng tre eg xat vao nhau

keo di keo lai, dm thanh reo rit diu deu.

Hiin vdt lien quan dd'n tfn nguomg cua ngudi Chftt cd:

1. Dd dung ciia ciing ma cua thdy cung.

2. Dd dung chOa bdnh, ma thudt.

3. Dd dung la IS vdt trong dam cudi cua ngudi Chut.

4. Dung cu chi bid'n bdt nhiic ciia ngudi Rue: Mdt doan cdy doac, bdt

nhiic va cac dung cu chi bid'n.

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So vdi ngudi Bm Van Kieu thi trinh do chd' tac cdng cu va dcri sd'ng kinh te cua ngudi Chut cdn thdp hem do nhiiu yd'u td tac ddng. Du sao ngudi Chut vdn cdn bao luu mdt sd dyng cu sinh boat mang ddu dn van hda hoang sa thdi nguydn thiiy nhu dung cu Idy Ifta, d'ng phfa cua thdy cung, Bodng dl dyng nude, lam ndi ndu an... Tuy hidn nay khdng cdn nhftng tan du dd nhung dl phat triln van hda va bao luu ban sic van hda, tao ddu dn phuc vy cho tham quan du lich sinh thai kd't hgp vdi tham quan du lich d vung ddng bao dan tdc thilu sd, thid't nghi ndn tao ra nhftng san phdm, mat hang may tre tmyln thd'ng cua ddng bao Chut- (Trong dd cd Rue, ARem) va d dd cd thi tao ra mdt khdng gian ridng duy tri cac ddu d'n van hda hoang sa thdi nguydn thuy dl hdp dan du khach khi tham quan du lich.

2. Cac cdng cu sinh hoat trong gia dinh

Ndi dd'n sinh boat gia dinh la ndi dd'n dyng cu san xudt va cac dd dung

hang ngay cua ddng bao. 6 ngudi Chftt cd ba nhdm cdng cu nhu sau:

Nhumg cdng cu dung trong san bin va hai lugm nhu: nd, giao, gui nhd, gid...ngudi Chut sft dyng nd, giao dl san bin. Con trai tft 13 - 14 tudi da bid't sft dung nd, giao thanh thao. Nd dugc chi tao rdt cdng phu. Than va canh nd dugc lam bing loai gd deo cd dd dan hdi rdt td't, day na dugc Iam tft mdt loai day "sdt" xe thanh sgi nhd bdn lai. Mui tdn ciia nd dugc che tao tft mdt thanh tre hoac gd chic. Mui tdn dugc vdt mdt ddu cdn ddu kia che ddi kep la cftng hinh thoi.

Ngoai nd dl san thu, d ngudi Chftt cdn cd giao va mac. Than giao lam bing cay song gia, mui giao dugc Iam bing da dugc mai sic nhgn. Giao cua ngudi nao mang da'u ridng ciia ngudi dd dl khi hg sat thu se bid't dugc cdng lao thudc ve ai. Cdn mac cd tac dung nhu mdt con dao vfta dung dl phdng khi dudi theo thu. Mac cd hai phdn: phdn can va phdn ludi, cac phdn cd thi thao lip dS dang khi cdn thid't.

Trong cdng vide hai lugm ddng bao thdng dung chid'c gid (oi), con dao

nhd (apen) va chid'c gui mang d lung. Trong dd gid va dao nhd dung dl hai lugm

rau, qua trong rftng, hoac md cua bit ca d dudi sud'i, cdn gui dung dl lam

phuong tidn vdn chuyin mang liia ngd, sdn thit thu tft riing, rdy vl nha. Gid va

gui dugc dan bing nhftng thanh tre vdt mdng, hinh thftc dem gian khdng cd

nhung hoa van hga tid't gi bdn ngoai mat gui.

- Nhumg cdng cu lidn quan dd'n kinh t l san xudt nhu da trinh bay d trdn

NhQmg cdng cy sinh boat hang ngay trong gia dinh:

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Nhin chung, nhftng dung cy sinh boat hing ngay cua ngudi Chiit cdn rdt ngheo nan. Ddng bao chi ty lam cho minh nhftng dyng cy thie't yd'u nhdt lien quan den vide ehudn bi bfta an hang ngay, nhu : cdi, chay, d'ng ndu pdi, thung, mung, met.

Trong dd cdi, chay la nhftng dung cy rdt quan trgng dl nghiln nat cdc loai

ngu cdc, cac loai cu, cay cd bdt... Cdi cua ngudi Chut la mdt khue gd trdn cd

dudng kfnh khoang 40 cm va do dai tft 60 - 70 cm. 6 gifta phdn rudt gd, ngucri ta

dung riu khoet mdt Id trdn sau khoang 20 - 30 cm. Chay la mdt khue gd trdn dai

chftng 1,6 m, dudng kfnh tft 20 - 25 cm. Hai ddu chay dl thing, phdn gifta chay

deo nhd vfta tay edm.

Ngoai ra 6 mdt sd nhdm ngudi Chut, ddng bao cdn bao luu mgt vai dyng cy sinh boat mang dd'u d'n van hda hoang sa thdi nguyen thuy. Vf du nhiing dyng cy la'y Ifta theo hai each sau day:

Cach mdt: Dung hai thanh tre khd, mdt thanh che vat canh nhu ludi dao va

dugc ghim chat dudi ddt bing cac dinh tre ddng cheo, luoi dao tre hudng Idn trdi.

Thanh cdn Iai dl nguydn. 6 gifta thanh nay ngucri ta khic cheo hinh chu V d

phdn cat tre (thung sang phfa bdn kia). Sau dd Idy dao hoac nfta nao thanh tre tao

thanh bui nhui rdi dat vao trong Idng mang chd khic vat, budc chat bui nhui

bing day rftng. Khi ldy Ifta, cdm hai ddu thanh tre nay, dat phdn khic chft

V(phdn cat) ldn ludi dao tre rdi sid't manh, eft milt nhu vay cho dd'n khi, Ifta ben

d bui nhui.

Cach hai: Dung mdt mid'ng sit nhd va mdt hdn da cudi mau xam, trong ldng

mau den va biii nhui bing vd mdc. Mud'n ldy Ifta, tay trai cdm hdn da, ngdn tay

cai kep bui nhui d ddu vidn da, tay phai cdm thanh sit danh canh cua nd theo

chilu thing diimg vdi hdn da, lam nhiiu Idn cho ndng ddn Idn dl tao thanh nggn

Ifta. Trong mdi gia dinh mdt sd nhdm ngudi Chut, thanh sit nhd dugc xem la vat

gia bao, tmyln tft ddi nay sang ddi khac.

Ngoai cac dung cu Id'y lira, d mdt sd nhdm ngudi Chiit cdn cd nhung hinh

thftc che tao dd dyng nudc, dd ndu thftc an... mang tan du nguydn thuy. Mdt sd

gia dinh sd'ng lang thang trong cac hang ddng, hoac khi di lam nucmg hay vao

riing hai lugm, ddng bao ldy vd cay trdm, cay khdn hay cay cheo lam thanh cai "

bodng" gid'ng cai vung dl ndu va dyng thftc an. Tuy theo tiing loai vo cay, cd

loai chi ndu mdt ldn la vfta chay, cd loai ndu dugc hai, ba ldn mdi chay. Khi nao

chay thi bo di rdi lam cai khac dl dung. Bodng dugc lam nhiiu kich cd va hinh

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dang khac nhau. Loai to dung dl dun ndu, loai vfta dung dl dyng thu'c an thay bat dia. Cd loai to hem nfta thi dung lam thau dyng nude tim cho phy nft khi d cii. Mudn cd nudc ndng dl tim, ngudi ta chi cdn lam cai bodng thdt to rdi nung ndng hdn da bd vao trong bodng da dyng nude la, nudc se lap tftc ndng ldn. Tuy theo lugng nudc dl trong bodng nhiiu hay ft ma hg chgn hdn da cho vfta phai dl ed dd ndng theo y mud'n. Hoac dl dy trft nudc trong rittig, hg chi cdn dao nhumg hd' nhd, la'y la chudi rftng ho qua Iiia, dem xd'p ldn lugt tft day hd ldn thanh hd rdi do nudc vao...

3. Cdng cu san xua't va sinh hoat cua ngudi Rue

Dl hd trg cho cdng vide hai lugm cua minh, ngudi Rue da dung mdt sd loai edng cy bing gd, hoac gd ket hgp vdi sit, cd khi dung ca cdng cu bing da.Sau ddy mdt sd cdng cu san xud't va sinh boat cua ngudi Rye [18]

3.1. Cai to cp:

Td eg la dung cu chu yiu cua ngudi Rue trudc ddy d trong rftng. Td cd la cdng cu gdm cd hai phdn: phdn bing gd va phdn bing sit. Ngudi Rue thucmg dung td cd dl chat cdy kapac, dl Iam todc, hoac Iam todc. td cd cdn dung dl che thdn cdy kapac thanh timg thanh nhd, rdi thai thanh tftng lat mdng dl dem sdy khd. Td ed cdn dung dl chat cac loai mang trong rimg.

VI chiic nang vd ca vl hinh dang, cai td cd rdt gid'ng cai riu cua ngudi

Kinh va ngudi Ngudn. Trong tieng Rye, td eg la tft chi chung ca phdn can bing

gd va phdn ludi bing sit. Ngudi Rue cung cd tft riu nhung lai dugc dung dl chi

cai luoi bing sit ciia cai td cd. Nhu vay la tft riu trong tiing Rue va tft nu trong

tid'ng Vidt cd khac nhau, nhung rd rang gifta chung cd lidn quan vdi nhau. Sy lidn

quan nay cd thi giai thfch la tft riu trong tid'ng Rue do mucm cua tid'ng Viet vi

ngucri Rue chi "mugn" cai ludi riu bing sit cua ngudi Vidt dl thay cho manh da

cd canh sdc trudc ddy dugc gin vao cai td cd.Theo cac cy gia ngudi Rue kl thi

tmdc kia khdng cd cai riu bing sdt dl tra vao can gd cua cai t6 cd thi cd thi dung

manh da cd canh sic de tra vao can gd rdi dung ddy mdy bugc manh da vao can

cho chic dl chat cay.

3.2. Chiec gay gd va cai dao gd

Chid'c giy gd la mdt doan gd trdn vfta bing ndm tay, dai khoang 1,2- 1,5

m, mdt ddu dugc deo nhgn. Chid'c gdy nay dugc dung vdi nhiiu cdng dung khac

nhau: dao cii mai, dao cu ndu, nay vd cdy va cung cd thi dung dl chgc Id khi

gieo hat. Cai dao gd chii yd'u la dung khi danh ong. Chid'c dao bing gd nay dung

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dd xen td ong rdi khdi canh cay va cit cac bd phan ciia td ong dl ldy mat. Ngoai ra, cd thi dung trong mdt sd tmdng hgp khdc.

3.3. Dung cu bang da

Khi chd tac vd cay dl lam khd, lam khan, hoac lam chan, sau khi dung td cd va dao gd nay dugc tdm vd cay ra, ngudi Rue phai dung cac cyc da cudi hinh trdn dl dap nat cac tain vd cay, dem ngam nudc, sau dd diing tay vd cho cac vd Cling roi bet rdi mdi dung.

Ngoai vide diing cdng cu dl hai lucrm, ngucri Rye cd thi hai lugm bing tay dl hai cac trdi cay rftng dl an nhu: di rimg, chudi rftng, trai bfta,v.v...

3.4. Dung cu dyng dd hai lugm:

Tdt ca nhiing san vat hai lugm dugc, ngudi Rue dem bd vao trong mdt cai

dung cy ma hg ggi la ke pay. Ke pay dugc dan dom gian, bang tre va bing mdy,

gdn gid'ng cai sgt nhd cua ngudi Kinh va khac vdi cai gui cua cac ddn tdc khac.

Td ong, nai chudi, cu mai, cii nau, mang rimg,v.v... hai lugm dugc, hg diu cd thi

bd vao trong ke pay dugc deo sau lung. Ke pay cftng dftng dl bd thit thu rftng san

bin dugc.

3.5. Nd:

Nd tid'ng Rye ggi la na, la mdt edng cy dung dl san bit thu rimg cac loai:

hd, gdu, Ign rftng, mang, huau...Vl nguydn tic va cdu tao cua nd thi cftng tucmg

ty nhu nd ciia cac ddn tdc khac. Cd khac chang la d hinh thftc, trinh dd ky thuat

lam nd cua ngudi Rye kha tinh xao va dugc trau chud't rdt dep. Nd nhu la mdt tai

san quy gia cua gia dinh dugc tmyln lai tft ddi nay sang ddi khac. Ngoai cdng cy

san bit ra, nd cdn la mdt vu khf ty vd rdt lgi hai, theo trayin thd'ng di dau hg

cung mang nd theo bdn ngudi.

Nd gdm cac bd phan: than nd, each nd, day nd va cai ldy nd. Than nd va

canh nd dugc Iam tft mdt thft gd rdt cftng. Day nd Iam tft mdt loai day rftng dugc

xoin lai rdt san, bdn ngoai dugc bdi bing mdt ldp sap ong that tran. Khi cdn bin

thi Idn day nd bing each keo that cang canh nd dl dat day nd vao vi tri cai lay.

Tdn dugc nim trdn mdt cai ranh cua than nd, sat vdi vi tri cai ldy. Khi bin thi Idy

ngdn tay trd bdp vao cai ldy, ddy nd bat Idn va ddy tdn bay vl phfa muc tidu.

Ngudi phai cd sftc khoe mdi cd thi keo day no dat vao chd cd cai lay dugc.

Ngudi Rue cd 3 loai nd: Loai Idn dung cho ngudi ldn dl di san bin; loai

vfta dung cho tre em tu 14 dd'n 16 tudi; loai nhd dung cho tre em tft 10 dd'n 13

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tudi dl tap san bin. Theo tmyen thdng, tre em ngucri Rue mud'n trd thanh nhung tay san bin thidn xa thi phai trai qua mgt qua trinh ren luydn tft 5 dd'n 7 nam. Luc ddu bgn tre (loai 10 den 13 tudi) tap theo sy hudmg ddn cua ngudi Idn, sau dd chung ty luydn tap bing each ty di san bit cac loai thu nhd nhu chdn, chudt, sdc.va cac loai chim xung quanh ban. CQng cd khi dung loai nd nay dl bin ga nd'u cdn an thit. Tre con chi dugc dung loai tdn thudmg va khdng dugc dung loai tdn cd tdm thud'c ddc. Tre con loai (14 din 16 tudi) cd thi di theo ngudi ldm vao rftng dl tdp bin.

3.6. Cac loai ten:

Ngudi Rue dung 4 loai tdn khac nhau vdi cac cdng dyng va chiic nang ridng:

Loai tdn thucmg khdng tdm thud'c ddc: loai tdn nay tid'ng Rue ggi la Tarah. Tarab dung dl bin chdn, chudt, chim, sdc...

Loai tdn dung dl bin khi, vugn...Ddy la loai tdn cd tdm thud'c ddc. Loai tdn nay tid'ng Rue ggi la Kyi.

Loai ten dung dl bin ign rftng, gdu, cgp, huou, mang. Loai tdn nay cung cd tdm thud'c ddc. Tid'ng Rue ggi la Taboong.

Loai ten dung dl bin ign rftng, gd'u, cgp...tid'ng Rue ggi la Kam. Kam

khac Taboong d chd ddu mui cua Kam cd gin mdt mui tdn hinh tam giac bing

sit. Tdn nay cung tdm thud'c ddc va cd tac dyng manh born.

Nguydn lidu dl lam tdn.

Di dam bao dd chfnh xac khi bin bang nd, tdt ca cac loai tdn phai cd thdn

hd't sftc thing. Do dd ngudi ta chgn va chat be cua cay Kapac dl lam tdn. Be la

cay Kapac dugc che ra rdi Idy vd cftng Iam than cua tdn. Loai vd nay rdt thing va

cung rd't cumg. Phdn cud'i mdi tdn deu cd 1 cai canh hinh thoi dl dilu khiln va

gift thdng bang cho tdn trong khi bay. Canh ten dugc lam tft la cua cay dfta dai,

mgc trdn cac len da. La cay dfta dai dugc cit dem vl phoi khd rdi ep thing dl

lam canh tdn. Ngudi ta dung mQi dao tach than ten ra lam ddi rdi gin canh tdn

vao, each dudi tdn 10 cm.

Tuy theo khfch cd cua nd, dd dai cua tdn thudng bing 2/3 than nd. Sy khac

nhau giua cac loai tdn nhu: Tarah, Kyi, Taboong la d chd dudng kinh ciia tdn to

nhd khac nhau. Loai Tarah cd dudng kfnh khoang 0,015 cm. Loai Kyi cd dudng

kfnh khoang 0,02 cm. Loai Taboong va kam cd dudng kinh khoang 0,025 dd'n

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0,03 cm. Nhu vay la tuy ddi tugng bi bin to nhd khac nhau ma chd' tac loai ten thich hgp. Cdn su khac nhau gifta cac loai tdn Tarah, Kyi, Taboong va Kam la d chd Kam cd gin 1 mQi tdn bing sit, cdn cac loai tdn khac thi khdng, ddu mQi tdn diu vdt nhgn va khdng cd nganh.

3.7. Ong dyng ten va d'ng tay vugn

Toan bd cac loai tdn dugc bd vao trong mdt d'ng cay nfta. Phdn mQi ten cd tdm thud'c ddc dugc bd vao trong day d'ng. Phdn dudi ten nim d mieng dng. d'ng dyng ten tie'ng Rye ggi la Caval.

Khi di san, ngoai nd va d'ng tdn ra, ngucri Rue bao gid cftng gai vao d'ng dyng ten mdt d'ng tay con vugn den da lot da va phoi that khd cdn de nguydn ldng, tid'ng Rye ggi la Bleng uzdd'e.

Khi bin dugc loai vugn den dai tay nay, ngudi Rye chat dut canh tay cua vugn, rdi tudt hd't ldp da kem nguydn ldng ca canh tay ra va dem phoi khd. Sau khi phoi phdn da cho thdt khd, hg lai ldn ngugc Iai cho phdn ldng ra ngoai. Hg gdp lai mdt ddu rdi budc chat, canh tay vugn trd thanh mdt cai tui rdt quy dd'i vdi hg. Trong dd hg bd cac dung cu ldy lira gdm mdt cyc da, mdt mid'ng sit va mdt gdi bfti nhui da tinh chd' rdt dS ben Ifta. Ngoai ra, hg cdn bd thud'c la nggn trong dd dl hiit nhiiu ngay khi di rftng. Toan bd cac thft bd trong d'ng tay con vugn rdi gdp va budc lai. Do cd ldp long vugn day, nen gap mua lau ngay, cac vat dl trong d'ng tay vugn vdn khdng udt. Khi cdn Ifta cd thi ldy dugc ngay. Chfnh vi vdy khi di rftng, ngudi Rue ludn mang theo nd, d'ng tdn va d'ng tay vugn. Cd dii 3 thii dd khi vao rftng hg cd the sd'ng dugc. bin dugc khi, cd thi ndu, nudng thit khi dl an ngay.

3.8. Cac loai bSy

Dl san bin cac loai ddng vdt trong rftng, ngoai vide dung nd va tdn cd tdm

thud'c ddc, ngudi Rue cdn bid't sft dung cac loai bdy khac nhau. Mdi loai bdy

dugc diing dl danh bit mdt sd loai thu, loai chim nhdt dinh. Sau day la mdt sd

loai bay chu yd'u ma ngudi Rue hay dung:

Td ho: Day la mdt loai bdy thudng dl danh bit cac loai thu ldn nhu: Hd,

gdu, Ign rftng, huou, mang. Nguydn tic ciia td ho la khi con mdi cham vao bdy,

lam bay sap, thi cd mdt mui Iao phdng ra dam vao lam con mdi ehd't hoac bi

thuong.

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Vodng: Day cQng la mdt loai bay dung dl danh bit cac loai thu ldn. Nguydn tac cua vodng la khi mdi cham vao bdy thi bay sdp va cdn vgt ldn con mdi bi cai vodng that Iai d c6.

Tren: Tren cung la mdt loai bdy ed cdu tao nhu vodng nhung dung dl bit cac loai thu nhd ban nhu: khi, vugn, mang v.v. Ridng con xac (loai khi gid'ng ngudi) bdy nay thudmg khdng cd kd't qua. Xac rdt khdn, nd'u mdt con bi mic bdy thi ca bdy leo ldn cdn bSy nhun xudng dl nhumg con khac dd'n thao cai vdng d cd ra. Nlu mudn bay con xac thi cai vdng phai lam bang sgi ddy phanh xe dap, chung mdi khdng thao ra dugc.

Katip: Loai bdy nay thudmg dugc dung dl bit cdc loai thu nhd nhu chdn, nhfm va cac loai chudt. Nguydn tic cua Katip la khi con mdi cham vao bdy, bdy sap thi con mdi se bi kep chat gifta bdy. Day la loai bdy kep.

Kjao: Loai bdy nay cQng cd nguydn tic cdu tao nhu katjp va chu yd'u dung dl bdy chudt trong nha, trong hang. Ddi vdi ngudi Rye thi Kjao gid'ng nhu con meo trong nha ngudi Kinh. kjaoedn ggi la talong.

Rdu: Cdn ggi la cha poong la mdt loai bdy dugc dung dl bdy cac loai chim thudmg an va sd'ng d mat ddt nhu cudc, chia hia, ga ldi v .v ... Nguyen tic loai bdy nay la dung vdng dl thdt cd. Loai bdy nay cd bd mdi nhu chali (ngd hat) dl chim chdc thd'y mdi de'n an, bdy sap va vdng se thit vao c6 chim.

Veo: Veo cung la loai bay vdng nhd cd cdu tao nhu rdu hoac chapodng,

cung dung dl bdy cac loai chim nhd.

Tap: Tap cung la mdt loai bdy vdng nhung khdng thit d cd ma thit d chan.

Con vat (chim, ga, thu) khi di qua bdy, gidm phai bdy lam bdy sap thi chan bi

vdng that lai

Trdn day la mdt sd loai bdy dung dl bdy thu, bdy chim ma ngudi Rye hay

dung, trong cac loai bay trdn, chi cd tdho la cd thi do ngudi Rue vay mugn cua

ngudi Khua d Ddn Hda, cdn cac loai bdy khac deu do chfnh ngudi Rue ty tao ra

dl dap ling vl nhu cdu thyc phdm cho ngudi Rue d trong rimg.

Ngoai vide dung nd va cac loai bay ra ngucri Rue edn dung tay dl bit mdt

sd ddng vat khac trdn can nhu rua, rin, d'ch nhai...

3.9. Cac dung cu danh bat: - Ari: La mdt dung cu dan bing tre va mdy

gid'ng nhu cai mgng cia ngudi Ngudn. Ari dugc diing dl dom ca theo ddng nudc

chay xudi, thudng dugc cac loai ca nhd.

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- Charode: La mdt dung cu cung dan bing tre va may, cd midng hoi rdng, eo d cd, bung hoi dai, gdn gidng cai chep eo d vung Binh Tri Thidn. Charode dugc dung dl dom ca di ngugc ddng nudc thi thucmg bdy dugc cac loai ca vfta.

01: La dung cu dan bing tre, cd mdt cai hom. Mud'n danh ca bing ol thi phai dung mdi bing cua hoac d'c da ehfn hoac da thd'i dem bd vao trong ol. Cd ngiii thdy mui thorn hoac thd'i cua mdi liln ehui vao trong ol. Dung ol thucmg danh dugc ca to, loai dugc mdt hoac hai khue. Tft ol tid'ng Rue sau nay da bid'n thanh tft oi cua Binh Tri Thidn, nhung oi d Binh Tri Thidn chi dung dl dyng ca chft khdng cdn dung dl danh ca nfta.

Xuyn: la mdt dyng cy gid'ng nhu cai vgt dl xuc ca. Xuyn dugc dan bang sgi ciia vd cay bim bim. Vd cay bim bim dem cao cho sach chi cdn lai mdt ldp sgi tring rd't dai va ben. Hg tude thanh tftng sgi vfta phai, nd'i kd't lai va cudn thanh mdt cudn sgi. Sau dd dung mdt cai kim bing tre dl dan nhu dan ludi. Chilu dai ciia xuyn khoang 1,5m, chieu rdng khoang Im. Xuyn la mdt dung cu danh bit ca rdt cd xua cua ngudi Rye. Khi di xuc ca cdn phai ed hai ngudi. Mdi ngudi cdm mdt bdn xuyn theo chieu rdng. Mdt tay dl xuyn xud'ng day sudi, mdt tay dd tren mat nudc.

Tdm lai, cdng cu san xudt va dd dung sinh boat hang ngay cua ddng bao ddn tdc Chiit, Bru - Vdn Kilu he't sftc da dang va phong phu, bao gdm nhiiu loai hinh khac nhau. Mdi cdng cu, dd dung thi hien chftc nang rieng, phdn Idm diu do ban tay va khd'i dc cua con ngudi tao ra phu hgp vdi mdi tmdng sd'ng va phuong thftc san xud't d mdt dia ban vung nui hilm trd. Dilu dd chung td kha nang tu duy va sang tao ciia cac cdng ddng tdc ngudi d ddy la hd't sftc ldn.

n.2.4. NGHlfiN ctru CAC HINH THtTC AN U6NG HUT:

Trong cudc sd'ng sinh tdn va phat triln cua bdt eft mdt cdng ddng dan tdc

nao, van boa dm thyc cftng ddng mdt vai trd hd't sftc quan trgng. Nd khdng chi

bao dam cho eon ngudi ve mat vat chdt ma cdn thi hidn nhung gia tri van boa

ddc dao. Khao sat ddi sd'ng vdt ehd't cua ddng bao cac ddn tdc vung Phong Nha -

Ke Bang, chung tdi xin ndu Idn cac hinh thftc an ud'ng, hut sau day:

a. Cac hinh thirc an, udng, hiit ciia ngudi Chiit

Cung nhu cac tdc ngudi khac trong vung, luomg thyc chii yd'u ciia ngudi

Chiit la lua, ngd, sin va cac loai rau qua, ddng vdt nhd trong rftng, dudi sudi.

Trong thdi ky giap hat va d cac nhdm sdng du cu vdi kinh td' tude doat trong

riing, ddng bao chi bid't an cu mai, bdt nhuc, va cac loai rau, qua, thit thu rimg...

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Thucmg trong mdt ngay ddng bao an hai bfta chfnh: bfta sang va bfta chilu. Bfta sang vao luc 8 den 9 gid, bfta chilu khoang 16 dd'n 18 gid.

Ngudi Chut nd'u com, ngd, sin bing phuong phap "lam pdi" Cho hat ngd vao nudc ngam tft 3 d^n 4 tieng, sau dd vdt hat ngd ra khdi nude, dl rao cho vao ndi gia thanh bdt. San tuoi ggt vd, rita sach chat thanh nhiiu mid'ng nhd, cho vao cdi gia nhd. Lua cho vao cdi gai nhd ca gao va vd trdu bdn ngoai.

Sau khi da dam nhd lua, ngd, sin, ddng bao bit ddu ndu pdi. Cach ndu thft nhdt la ddng bao cho cac bdt ngd, sin, gao cd trdn nudc, mudi vao cac d'ng tre. Ldy la chudi rimg nhet chat phdn midng cua d'ng, rdi dung dao tude bd phdn vd cdt bdn ngoai cua dng (dl khi nung Ifta d'ng tre khdi nirt). Sau dd hg dat d'ng tre dudi Ifta than dd mdt gid. Khi cd mui thom tda ra la com "pdi" da ehfn. Cach ndu thft hai, la bd nhiing d'ng tre pdi vao ndi, dyng dumg phdn midng d'ng cd bit la chudi len tren, dung nip day kfn ndi va dd nudc dun sdi cho dd'n khi nao tda ra mui thom la dugc. Ngay nay ddng bao thudng dung d'ng gd to khoet rdng hai ddu, d gifta d'ng hoi eo lai de thay cho dng tre. Phdn dudi cua d'ng Pdi dugc dat ldn mdt tdm vl dan bang cac thanh tre, phfa trdn tdm vl trai kfn la chudi. Tdm vi dugc dat each day ndi chftng 3 - 5 cm bdi cac hdn da. Com pdi trong d'ng gd dugc chin bdng hinh thftc dun each thuy.

Ngodi vide nd'u pdi, d cac nhdm May, Rue, Arem, Ma Liing cho dd'n nay cdn phd bid'n vide nd'u bdt nhuc thay com pdi. Lam bdt nhuc rdt phftc tap, dd la qua trinh chat cdy, bdc vd, Id'y thdn chat nhd thanh timg mid'ng dem phoi khd rdi gia, lgc ldy bdt. Bdt nhuc cd mau hdng nhat. Khi an ngudi ta bd bdt nhuc vao nudc sdi qudy diu.

Chi trft nhdm Sach, cdn cac nhdm khac rdt it khi gia lua thanh gao ndu com

ridng nhu d ngucri Vidt. Hg ndu com chi mdt vai ngay khi mdi thu hoach lua riy

hoac trong cac IS cung theo nhftng nghi thftc tdn giao.

Com pdi va nhuc dugc an vdi canh hoac thit thu rimg. Canh ndu bing loai

rau rftng thai nhd vdi ca, d'c bit dugc dudi sud'i. Thu rftng chat mieng vfta phai

dem nudng trdn liia hoac udp vdi mudi rdi cho vao d'ng tre vui trong Ifta than.

Ngay nay, ddng bao da bid't dung soong, ndi dl kho, hoac ludc thit thu rftng.

Ngudi Chut thudng ud'ng nudc che xanh (pha thdm ft mudi), nude la, hoac

nudc la ngai, la cay rftng va ud'ng mgu. Ngoai mgu cdn, mgu nd'u tft gao, sin ngd

do tu Iam hoac trao ddi vdi ngucri Viet, cac nhdm ngudi Chut cdn cd mdt loai

raou ddak. Cdng vide Iam rugu ddak dugc tid'n hanh nhu sau: hiing nudc tft than

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cdy nhuc chat ra, bd vao nudc cdy nhuc mdt ft vd cay "pung" dugc thui qua lua. Vo cay pung gidng nhu men mgu, neu nhiiu qua thi rugu se ding nhung ft qua thi mgu se nhat. Sau dd ddng bao u mgu khoang hai ngay mdi dem ra udng.

Ngoai ud'ng mgu ddng bao cdn rdt thfch hut thud'c va nghidn thud'c. Ngudi Chut ty trdng ldy cay cay thud'c d trong cac nucmg rdy ( tft thang 2 trdng dd'n thang 5 hoac thang 6 thu hoach). Thudc dugc qudn theo kilu loa ken, mdt ddu to, mdt ddu nhd. Thudng tre em tft 6 den 7 tudi da bit ddu hut va hut hdu nhu Udn tyc ca ngay.[9,10]

Am thyc cua ngudi Sach:

Cd thi ndi, luomg thyc cd mdt vai trd hd't sftc quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng cua ddng bao cac dan tdc thilu sd ndi chung va ngudi Sach ndi ridng. Nhu chiing tdi da trinh bay, tdn tai trong canh quan cua nui da vdi la nhftng khu rftng gia vdi nhiiu gid'ng loai thyc vat da dang. Tft chung, hg da tao thanh loai tinh bdt nhuc. Nhuc d day khdng phai la tdn ggi cua mdt loai cay ma nd la tinh bdt dugc ldy tft nhiiu loai cay thudc hg be khac nhau: ta dang (vd cay nay dung dl lam nghel -lam ndn); ca pat (doac); cay ba rui (be) hay cay mdi. Tuy nhidn, khi chung phat triln thdnh cay to, bit ddu cd bdt, ngudi ta mdi ggi la nhuc. Ddng bao an bing each khud'y bing bdt dac sanh. Ngoai ra, ddng bao d day cdn an nghen. Day la gid'ng cay hg duong xi, la cd mau xanh den. Chung thudmg mgc d cac khe sudi hay trdn cac khu rittig ram. Cach thftc chd' bid'n khdng khac vdi each lam nhuc.

Bdn canh ngudn luong thyc tft hai lugm, san phdm tft boat ddng san xudt cftng ddng vai trd quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng ciia ngudi Sach, chu yeu thftc an la bdi. Chung dugc lam tft ngd va sin. Trong thyc dom ciia ddng bao d day phd bien la mdn keng (canh). Canh dugc chi biln tft nhiiu loai nguyen lieu khac nhau, ching ban nhu cay puch/bdn md gdu, r'ieng (mdn vgt); ca dddc (mdn thyc). Ngudi ta cdn Id'y dgt non hay vac gd'c cdy sdi (dung dinh) dl an ldm gifta, cd vi nggt, mdt la mdn an chu yd'u cua ngucri di rftng.

Cung nhu nhiiu cdng ddng cu tni trdn dia ban vung cao khac, mdn an tft

cay la lay (may) kha phd bid'n trong thyc dom thudmg nhat cua cac nhdm tdc

ngudi sinh tdn trong canh quan nui da vdi. Cach an dom gian nhdt cua hg la ndu

keng. Ngudi ta Id'y tdt (dgt) non thai nhd, ky thudt nd'u gid'ng nhu cac loai canh

rau khac, cd thi cho thdm shit (thit) thu hay ca cho ngon.

Ngoai mdn canh, ddng bao cdn dn dd/dan (nudng) la cdy ca Idy dem

nudng xong chuuch (dam) vdi ca tom (cua) hay ca, cho thdm mdt ft tidu (dt).

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Ngudi ta thudng ggi mdn an nay la mdn cheo, dugc dung thay thd' cho mdn man. Mdn canh kha phd bid'n vdi hdu bet cac tdc ngudi thilu sd ndi chung va ngucri Sach ndi ridng la canh ea bang/ta bang (mang).

Ngudn dam thyc vat ft di bd sung thdm phdn nao chdt dinh sudng cho bfta com thudmg nhat cua ddng bao la cac loai ndm. Vdi cac loai ndm khac nhau nhu: t'ra cu (ndm meo), thudmg dugc dung de xao; t'ra mu (n&i md'i), chu yd'u dung ndu vdi rau lang (khoai lang) non, cd khi ngucri ta cho thdm mdt ft tdm vao cho nggt.

CQng gidng vdi cac tdc ngucri khac sinh sd'ng d vung nui cao, ngucri ta phdn bidt ndm ddc bing each nhd vao bdng ddm. Bdi, nd'u trong bdng tdi, nd'u cd mau sang tring anh ldn, ndm dd se cd ddc. Va mdt each nua, dd la nhan bid't qua khum giac. Nd'u di rimg ma ngiii tha'y mui hang ding, thi nSim d khu vyc dd la ndm ddc. [9,10]

Tuy vdy, mdn an dugc ua thfch tft ngudn nguydn lidu nay cua ddng bao

vdnla ndm. Loai nd'm mgc trdn than cay tdu. Rftng d day phd bid'n loai ndm nay,

Loai ndm nay khi hai vl, bam nhd ndu vdi cac loai rau. Dac bidt vdi loai ndm

nay ed thi nd'u vdi rau rftng, nhumg khdng dugc nd'u vdi ca, thit, bdi theo quan

nidm cua hg nd'u vdi cac thu thit, ca, thi an vao trdi ddt xung quanh hg se quay

cudng.

Am thyc ciia ngudi May:

Sinh tdn trdn cung khu vyc nui da vdi phia Tdy Quang Binh, ngudn luong

thuc nudi sd'ng ban than ciia ngudi May cung gid'ng nhu nhftng nhdm tdc ngucri

khac can cu. Ngudn luong thyc cua hg la sy tdng hgp tft nhiiu ngudn khac nhau,

6 dd, chiing ta cd thi gap cac loai ndng phdm thu hai dugc trdn nuong rdy, bdn

canh ra't nhiiu san vat thu hai tft ty nhidn: lua, ngd, khoai, sin, rau qua, thyc

ddng vat thu hai, san bit trong rftng, sdng sud'i.

Ngudn luong thyc cua nhdm tdc ngudi kha da dang, nhung trdn thyc te,

mdi loai cftng chi cd dugc trong nhftng khoang thdi gian khac nhau, chfnh vi vay,

trong nhung khoang thdi gian giap hat chd thu hoach vy mua, luong thyc chii

y^u cua nhdm tdc ngudi la cu mai, nau, bdt nghen, nhuc khai thac tft rimg sau,

xen ldn cac loai thit thu rftng, ddi luc trd ndn quy gia.

Mdn an:

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Do san lugng lua gao thu dugc tft nuong riy khdng mdy cao bdi nhieu nguydn nhan chi phd'i, ndn hd mdn an cua nhdm tdc ngudi May chu yd'u tap tmng quanh cac loai khoai, ngd, sin va nhftng san vat thu hai tft ty nhidn.

Mdn an chinh va dac trung nhdt cua nhdm tdc ngudi May la Pdi dugc lam tft hdn hgp bdt ngd va sin.

Tmdc day, nhdm tdc ngucri May lam Pdi bing d'ng tre nfta khi chua cd cac loai xoong, ndi mua tft Trang Chau, hinh thftc lam Pdi phd bid'n nha't ma chung tdi thudng gap la gia hdn hgp sin, ngd trong ndi gang. Tuy nhidn, theo ddng bao, Pdi lam trong nhftng loai dung cu nay thudmg kem ngon hon khi lam trong dng tre hay nfta rftng. Chfnh vi vay, trong nhftng dip hdi IS, nhftng d'ng Pdi thom ngon ludn dugc ngudi phy nft May ehudn bi dl dang cung thdn linh va khoan dai khach quy.

Ngoai vide ngd la nguydn lidu chfnh dl lam Pdi, sin cdn dugc cit nhd, cho

vao ndi cftng ft la dt, rau thorn va mudi dl Iam thanh mdn canh. Day cung cd thi

xem la mdn chu dao trong bfta an thudng nhat cua ngudi May.

Ngoai mdn canh sin, trong qua trinh dien da, chung tdi cho ring, bat eft loai la, dgt cay rimg nao khdng mang ddc tfnh cung deu dugc sft dung lam mdn canh. Mdn canh trd thanh thftc an phd bid'n trong ddi sd'ng nhdm tdc ngudi ngudi, dugc ndu tft nhiiu loai nguydn lidu khac nhau: rau rftng, dgt may, mang, ndm, dgt duong xi, nhung lai cd chung each chi bid'n: nudc, mudi, mdt ft mi chfnh, cho vao ndi hay chao gang, dun sdi va cho dd mdt loai la, rau rftng.

Dac bidt va cdng phu hon ca la mdn canh mang rftng: dugc ehd' bien bing

cdch ludc mang, sau dd cit nhd, dam la ta pang bd vao va ndu thanh canh. Theo

ddng bao, loai la nay cd tac dyng lam giam vi ding chat cua mang. Tft mdn canh

don gian nay, nd'u bd thdm gao dam nhd vao se thd thanh mdn chao mang. Tft

loai chao mang, nl'u cho thdm ca sud'i hong khd hay thit rimg vao dl tang phdn

bd duomg ggi la mdn tapang.

Thit rftng hay cac loait dm ca, bit dugc ngoai vide ndu canh, nhdm tgc

ngudi May cdn chi bid'n thanh nhiiu mdn an khac bing each nudng, xao hoac xe

nhd xdu vao ddy mdy treo gian bd'p dl danh.

Cung vdi nhirng mdn an trdn, bdt nhuc, nghen ludn dugc khai thac, dl lam

luong thyc trong nhiing luc thid'u ddi. Vdi bdt cd san, ngudi May chi vide ndu

nudc sdi d6 vao, trdn diu cung mdt ft mudi la da cd nhftng mdn an ngon lanh.

Mdn ud'ng:

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Nude udng trong cudc sdng thudng nhat cua ngudi May thudmg la nudc la, nudc che hoac nudc la rimg va cac loai mgu: cdn, ngd, gao, sin, doak, xung quanh noi cu tni, nhdm tdc ngucri May cdn trdng nhiiu cay che xanh ldy la ndu nudc ud'ng. Nudc ud'ng cua hg dugc dyng trong cac vd bdu, d'ng nfta mang dl riy, hoac ngay trdn riy. Hg hdi cdc loai la, rd, cu cdy rftng cho vao d'ng tre cung vdi nudc sud'i ndu thanh nudc ud'ng.

Tuy thi, loai nudc ud'ng dugc nhdm tdc ngudi ydu thfch hom ca la cac loai mgu. Ddi vdi ngudi May, mgu cdn la loai dung dl cung thdn linh va hg chi cd thi ud'ng trong nhung dip hdi IS, bdi trong cdng ddng, rdt ft ngudi ed thi lam bay il dugc rugu cdn. Trong cudc sdng thudmg nhat, cac loai mgu gao, sin, ngd ludn dugc mang ra ud'ng vao nhftng luc di rdy vl. Day cung cd thi xem la luc ldp ngudi gia tmyen thy vd'n kid'n thftc ban dia cua minh cho the hd con chau hoac kl nhftng cau chuydn cd, giao due trayin thd'ng cua tdc ngudi qua men mgu ndng ngay ngdt.

6 ngudi May, loai nude ud'ng dac bidt hon ca la rugu doak. Rugu doak

dugc chi biln tft nudc chay ra tft than cay nhuc. Khi tim dugc bai nhuc, ngucri

May thudmg chgn nhftng cay to khoe, sai trai dl lam doak. Khi dy, hg se cit d

budng trai, la'y d'ng tre humg nudc, sau dd bd vao d'ng nudc nhuc mdt ft vd cay

pung dugc ho qua Ifta. Loai vd cay nay gid'ng nhu chdt xuc tac giup nudc nhuc

Idn men. Trong cdng ddng tdc ngudi, ngudi lam doak ngon la ngudi bid't bd

Iugng vd pung nhu thi nao cho phu hgp. Bdi nhiiu qua doak se bi ding, nd'u ft

qua rugu se bi nhat. Thdng thudng, nhftng cay nhuc khi hd't cho nudc lam mgu,

chung se bi dd'n ha dl tinh lgc thanh bdt nhuc.

Cung vdi vide ud'ng mcru la tyc hut thud'c. 6 cdng ddng nhdm tdc ngudi

hdu nhu ai cung hut thud'c, bd't kl dan dng, phu nft, ngucri gia hay tre con. Ngucri

May ty trdng thud'c la trdn nuong rdy. Sau khi thu hoach, hg mang vl dung day

may xau lai, hong khd trdn gian bd'p dl danh sft dung. Khi hut thud'c, hg se dd la

thud'c theo chilu dgc, sau dd qudn lai theo kilu loa ken. Gdn ddy, mdt sd ngudi

bat ddu cit nhd la thud'c thanh sgi gdi thanh gdi mang theo bdn minh, khi hut hg

dung la chudi khd quin lai thanh dilu.[9,16]

Tuy chua thdt ddy du, nhung nhftng md ta trdn, theo chung tdi phan nao

phan dnh van hod dm thyc ciia hg la each umg xft vdi ngudi gia va khach dd'n

vid'ng tham. Khi cd khach vid'ng tham, bang mgi each gia dinh ngudi May tim

cho duoc mdt mdn an ngon dl dai khach. Khi dy, mdm com chi cd ngudi chii gia

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dinh, ngudi gia ddn tiep khach cua gia dinh, phu nft va tre con hoac cac thanh vidn khac phai an ridng hoac dgi khach an xong hg mdi bit ddu an phdn cua minh. Tuy nhidn, d nhftng ban lang dinh cu hidn nay, cung each trdn cftng cd phdn thay ddi, thudmg trong bfta an, ngucri gia va tre con gianh dugc phdn uu tidn.

Am thyc ciia ngudi Rue:

Do dilu kidn sd'ng trong rftng bdnh tat nhiiu, hom nfta ngucri Rye cd dilu kidn chi tac mgu (tftc la todc) ndn ngucri Rye rdt thfch ud'ng mgu. Nhu tren da ndi dia ban cu tru cua ngudi Rye each day vai tram nam, tmdc khi chay vao rftng la vung xung quanh ngdm Ring. Day la mdt vung cd nhiiu cay kapac. Cay kapac d day mgc thanh rftng. Dd la dilu kien thuan Igi dl ngudi Rye chd' tac ra nhiiu mgu todc. Chfnh vi vay thdi quen thich ud'ng mgu cua ngudi Rye dua cd tft lau. Vung rftng nui d xa Thugng Hda, noi ngudi Rue cu tni sud't mdy tram ndm qua, tuy cay kapac khdng mgc thanh rftng nhumg rai rac chd nao cftng cd. Do dd ngudi Rue liic nao cQng cd rugu dl ud'ng. Ud'ng rugu ddi vdi ngudi Rue cd tac dung kfeh thfch, tang cudng sftc chd'ng dd dd'i vdi bdnh tat. Va ud'ng mgu vao ngudi Rue lam vide hdu nhu khdng bid't mdt.

Kl tft khi vdn ddng ddng bao vl sd'ng dmh cu ddng bao khdng cd dilu kidn Iam va ud'ng rugu todc cua minh Ddng bao chuyin sang ud'ng rugu do ngudi Ngudn ndu dem ldn ban hoac ddi hang hoa.

Bdn canh tyc ud'ng mgu, ngudi Rue cQng cd tyc hut thud'c la rd't phd bid'n.

Tre con 9; 10 tudi da bid't hut thud'c. Ngucri Rue hut thud'c la bing ca nggn thud'c

la khd. Hg ty trdng thud'c dl hut. Khi thud'c la da ldm, hg ldn lugt bai nhftng nggn

la gia rdi dung sgi lat dang xdu la thanh timg xdu treo cho khd. Khi hut hg dem

la thud'c xe mdt mid'ng to lam do, phdn cdn lai hg dem xe nhd rdi dem cud'n nhu

cai loa ken dl hut. Thud'c da tit nhung hg vdn ngdm mai cai tan d midng. Ngam

mai chan hg dem gin vao vach hang dl cdn hut thdm ldn nfta. O ngudi Rue, gia

tre Idn be, nam nft deu hut thud'c. Hiit thud'c dd'i vdi ngucri Rue hinh nhu tang sy

chd'ng dd mdt mdi cua co thi, dac bilt vl mua ddng, hoac budi ddm, budi sdm

cdn giiip hg chd'ng dd cai gia ret ciia nui rung.

Ngoai vide thfch ud'ng rugu va hut thud'c, ngudi Rue cdn thfch udng nudc

che. Trudc day d trong rftng ngudi Rue thudmg ud'ng mdt loai che rftng ma ti^ng

Vidt ggi la la vdi, tid'ng Binh Tri Thidn ggi la la bdi. Cay vdi than to, cao va la

cung to hon la che. La vdi cd dac diim gid'ng che la dem bd vao nudc sdi cOng

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cd nhftng vi chat. Sau khi vl d dinh cu, ngudi Sach da bilt trdng che xanh nen ngucri Rye cftng trdng che xanh dl udng. Ngucri Rue rdt thfch ud'ng nude che xanh. Che hg trdng khdng du ud'ng quanh nam nen hg thucmg mang ngd, thud'c la ddi la'y che cua ngudi Ngudn mang den dl ud'ng. [8,50.51]

Vo cay diing trong cac sinh hoat khac.

Ngudi Rue bie't dung ba loai vd cay lam men dl chi biln mgu ma hg ggi la todc. Ba vd cay dd tieng Rye ggi la apang, pochet va pachal.

Trong ddi sd'ng hang ngay, ngucri Rye cdn dung vd cay dl lam xa phdng tim giat. Cd hai loai cay dl Iam xa phdng la cay pudong va quai. Hg dung manh da cao ldp vd gidy bdn ngoai bd di, rdi cao tid'p ldp vd bdn trong thanh tftng sgi manh, vun. Khi dung, hg dem cac sgi manh cao ra dugc, bd vao nudc vd ra bgt dl tim, gdi ddu hoac giat cha tdi, cha ui. Ngudi Rue cdn bid't dung vd cay then dl an vdi trdu thay cau.

Ngudi Rue khi sd'ng da dung nhiiu loai vd cay dl phuc vu cho cac nhu cdu sinh boat nhu an, ud'ng, mac, dip, tim giat, v.v...va dl'n khi che't hg cQng lai Idy vd cdy lam quan tai dl chdn cdt ngucri ehd't. Ngudi Rye thudmg Id'y vd cdy kadu dl bd ngudi ehd't thay cho quan tai rdi khidng di chdn.

Nhiing dilu trinh bay trdn day tuy chua ddy du nhung cung cho thdy rd vd cay chid'm mdt vi tri quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng ngudi Rue tmdc day. Va qua nhinig midu ta dd, chung ta cd thi phdn nao hinh dung dugc hinh bdng cudc sd'ng cua ngucri Vidt cd thcri xa xua.

b. Cac hinh thurc an, udng, hiit ciia ngudi Bru - Van Kieu

Dd an hay thftc an chu yd'u hang ngay cua ngudi dan tdc Ma Coong chu

yd'u la com xdi va mudi tring + mi chfnh + dt qua (tuoi) dam ra (ggi la cheo) dl

an hang ngay. Bdn canh dd hg cdn kiem them mang rftng, rau rftng, d'c hoac bit

ca d sud'i dl an thdm.

- Ngudi dan tdc Ma coong thucmg an ngay 2 bfta khoang 8->9 gid sang va

budi chilu, Ngudi ta dung ed'i dl dam gao bing tay sau dd hdng Idn cheo sau dd

dung tay bd'c, vit xdi chaim vdi xdi an. (hg an ud'ng ft sir dung bat dua nhu ngucri

kinh).

Cdn nudc ud'ng cua hg thi chu yd'u la nudc sud'i nhung chu yd'u ngudi ta

Id'y nudc sud'i vl va ud'ng ludn. Chi cd mdt sd hg dun sdi rdi udng nhung chii yd'u

hg ud'ng nudc lanh tft sud'i.

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Ngucri Ma Coong hg an ngay nao thi hg gia gao ngay dd, hg ft gia gao tmdc cho ngay sau. (Cd tmdng hgp an bfta nao gia gao bfta dd). Chu yeu gia bing tay va edi.

Thftc an bing gao, thftc an phu, khoai, sin, lac, vftng ..., ndu ehfn, gao nip thi hdng. Ngay xua thi ty tuc, chi mua d dudi xudi mudi va dudng; ne'u khach quy den hg di bit ca khe vl lam lap. Bit ea d sud'i vl cit ddu xau nudng rieng, danh vay, bd mdt rdi than ca rdc ldy thit nia bing la ru ri, bim nhd thit va ddu ca, trdn vdi gia vi, dt tuoi rdi mdi khach. Dugc con Ign hoac con to hon Ign rftng, chia deu nhau cho cac ndc nha trong lang. Ngudi di san chi Idy rieng cai ddu, dudi de vl cung thdn linh rimg nui phu hd

Bfta an thudmg ngay cua ngudi Bm - Van Kilu rdt dom gian. Thftc an chu yiu la com rau. Thinh thoang cd thit thu rimg. Ngudi Bru - Van Kilu an hai bfta chfnh la bfta sang va bfta tdi. Bua an sang vao khoang tft 7h - 8h, bfta an tdi thudmg vao luc 18h - 19h. Ddng bao Bm - Van Kilu ft Iam thit vat nudi phuc vy cho cac bua an, ndn trong bfta an hing ngay rdt ft cd thit. Ngudi Bru - Van Kilu cd kha nhiiu loai com dugc ndu tft gao nd'p, gao cumg, gao dd... Com dugc an vdi cac loai rau hai lugm trong rftng.

Ky thudt nd'u nudng cua ddng bao Bm - Vdn Kilu rd't don gian chi cd ludc

va nd'u. Cach chd' bid'n thftc dn nay ciia ddng bao dugc dp dung chu yd'u cho

nhftng loai thit thu rftng nhu Ign, nai, chim, ca...

Ngoai cac bua an chfnh ddng bao cung cd cac bfta an phu. Cac bfta an phu khdng quy dinh gid gidc. Thftc an chfnh trong bfta an phu la ngd, dau, sin, khoai.... Nhftng thftc an phy thudng dugc ddng bao ludc ehfn dl cd thi dung trong vai ngay phdng khi di lam rdy vl ddi bung cd thi an ngay.

Ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu rdt kidng ky trong vide an ud'ng. Neu mdi vi

khach ldn ddu tien de'n choi, ddng bao khdng bao gid mdi an cac mdn nhu: thjt

ga rftng, thit mang, ca chinh, rua, d'c... Ngucri Bru - Vdn Kilu cho ring nlu mdi

khach nhftng thftc an dd, nhung ngudi khach se khdng bao gid quay lai nfta.

Trong bua an ddng bao thudng hdi khach an nhumg thft gi va nhftng thftc an nao

thi khdng an dugc. Ngudi Bra - Van Kilu cung rd't hiiu khach. Ddng bao quan

nidm gia dinh nao cd khach dn ngu tai nha thudmg dem Iai may min cho chu nha

vd gia dinh, ndn trong nhftng bfta an hing ngay ddng bao dl du ra mdt phdn hy

vgng khdch se dd'n. Khi mdt gia dinh nao dd trong Iang cd khach cac gia dinh

khac thudc Mu cd nghia vu mang com thjt dai khach. Tuc Id nay cdn dugc md

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rdng ra ca cac Vel cua cdng ddng Bra - Van Kilu. Tuy nhidn theo luat tuc khach la khdng dugc vao lang, vao nha khi trong lang, trong nha cd tang hoac cung IS. [29]

Trong nhftng ngay binh thudng ngudi Bra - Van Kilu rdt kidng gid't thit Ign, ga. Nd'u nha ed khach, phai xin phep ma ga, ma Ign rdi mdi dugc phep md thit. Khi ldm con ga phai dl nguyen ca con dat ldn mam cung vdi mdt bat com, mdt ddi dfta. Nguci Idiach phai Iam IS xin phep ma ga xong mdi dugc an.

Tmdc day trong an ud'ng ngucri Bm - Van Kilu ky an cac loai thit nhu chd,

rin, hd, voi. Ngudi Bru - Van Kilu cho ring thit eon chd, rin la nhftng con vat

bdn thiu, an vao se gap xui xeo; voi la con vat hay giup ngudi; hd la thdn nui, an

vao se bj thu. Tmdng hgp nd'u cd hd chit, hay mic bdy phai lam Id cung, thud

ngudi dd'n khdc hd. Ngudi khdc ho phai la ngucri dan ba cd chdng nhung khdng

cd con. Ddng bao cung kidng an nhirng con vat dugc xem la vat td (To tem) cua

ddng hg minh.

Thdng thudng trong bfta an chfnh cua ngudi Bru - Van Kilu ngudi con dau khdng bao gid dugc ngdi an vdi cac thanh vidn trong gia dinh nha chdng. Ddng bao cdm ky vide con dau ngdi an vdi bd chdng, nha't la nhftng ngay Id td't, hay cung bai. Trong nhftng ngay dd phy nft phai lam lung vdt va nhung lai an sau cftng. Nd'u trong bfta an hing ngay chi cd com rau thi trong nhftng ngay Id td't, hdi he thftc an chfnh la thjt va xdi. TTiftc an trong nhftng ngay ndy dugc chd' bid'n theo mdt ky thuat khac ban, dugc chgn lya ky cang va phai la nhung loai thyc phdm td't nha't ciia lang cd dugc.

Trong ta't ca cac bfta an cua ngudi Bm - Van Kilu, bfta an cung nha mdi la

bfta an mang tfnh cdng ddng cao nhdt. Bdi day la djp chu nha mdi tdt ca cdc ba

con trong lang cung dd'n dy, nhan mdt sy kidn rdt quan trgng dd'i vdi vj chu nha:

Iam chu mdt ngdi nha mdi. Com an trong IS cung nha mdi phai la loai gao thom

deo. Cach chd' bid'n cftng khac hing ngay: gao phai dugc ngam qua ddm, va sft

dung hoi ndng cua nudc dl ndu chin. Cdc mdn an tai Id cung nha mdi cftng rd't

phong phu va da dang. Trong Id cung ma nha mdi cd mdn gan va la sach (cua

con Ign) dugc dl sd'ng xdu xem ke vdi nhau bing nhftng chid'c que tre dai. Sau Id

Cling chung dugc dem bdp vdi mudi rdi mdi mang ldn mdi khach udng mgu. Mdt

dilu kha ddc bidt la trong IS cung nha mdi ngucri Bra - Vdn Kilu chi dung nhumg

phdn mim ciia con vdt dl Iam thftc an.

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Nhu vay cd thi ndi, bfta an cung nha mdi cua ngudi Bm - Van Kilu la bfta an mang tfnh cdng ddng, cdng cam kha cao. Thanh phdn khach mdi khdng chi cd dan lang, lang ban ma cdn cd ca khach qua dudng. Theo quan nidm cua ngucri Bru - Van Kilu trong bfta cung nha mdi cang cd nhiiu ngudi tham dy cang vui, cang gap nhiiu may min. Luat tyc Bm - Van Kilu quy djnh mgi ngudi dd'n dy IS an nha mdi dieu dugc phdn nhu nhau, nhung ngucri trong lang bdn vide khdng din dy cung dugc chia phdn. Tuy the, nhung ngudi dd'n dy IS phai cd mdt cai gi dd nhu: bat gao, chai mgu, mdt ft tiin bac... mftng gia chu.

Khi cac nghi IS cung nha mdi thyc hidn xong, thftc an dugc dgn ra, mgi ngudi, tftng td'p, tftng tdp ngdi xung quanh nhftng chid'c mam la chudi va chid'u, an ud'ng, trd chuydn vui ve. Nhftng ngudi gda va phu nft, mang phdn cua minh vao an d nha trong. Dd'i vdi ngudi Bra - Van Kilu, bfta com cung nha mdi la bfta com chu nha tra on mgi ngudi trong lang da giup dd minh Iam nha mdi, cung la bfta com dung cung ma nha, cdu mong ma nha giup cho gia dinh lam an phat dat, mua mang bdi thu, khdng cd ke dau ngucri d'm...

U 6 N G R U O U CAN

Ud'ng mgu cdn la hinh thftc sinh boat van hoa cdng ddng mang tfnh xa hdi sau sic cua tdc ngudi Ma - Coong, thudng didn ra vao cac djp: cung trcri (IS hdi Dap trdng), cung com mdi, cung thdn linh, cudi hdi, tidn ngucri di xa hoac ddn ngudi trd ve, san dugc thu rimg... va dac bidt la khi cd khach quy dd'n nha.

Huang vj mgu cdn thom dju, cay ndng, khdng ddm nhu mgu dd' ngudi Kinh

nhung rd't ha'p ddn ngudi ud'ng. Nguydn lidu dl lam mgu cdn chu yd'u la sin, ngd

va nd'p rdy, diu la nhftng san phdm do chinh tay ngucri dan lam ra. Trong dd mgu

dugc lam tft nd'p rdy cd ehd't lugmg ngon nhdt: thom, dam da va dugc nhiiu mgu

nha't. Cdn mgu sin cung ngon nhung nd'u lam khdng kheo thi mgu rdt dS bj

ding, chua va ud'ng dau ddu. Men rugu thucmg dugc ddng bao chd' tft nhieu la,

qua, rd cdy rftng khac nhau. Rugu ngon hay khdng phdn ldm quyd't djnh bdi chdt

lugng cua men mgu nay.

Chudn bj ud'ng mgu cdn, hO mgu dugc gd nip, cim cdn, dat gifta nha, trdn

midng hu gac mdt thanh nfta nhd. Bdn canh hu mgu la mdt thung nude sudi sach

tinh, trong veo dugc ldy tft ddu nggn sud'i va cd mdt ddi bat hoac mdt ddi sftng

trdu dftng dl muc nudc dd vao hu mgu cho ngudi ud'ng. Trudc khi vao tide mgu,

ngudi chii nha phai hudng vl cdt ma (ban thd td tidn) dl khd'n vai linh hdn nhutig

ngudi da khudt mdi cung chung vui mgu cdn trong nha minh. Xong ldi khd'n ciia

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chu nha, khach dugc dai mgu phai cdm thanh nfta nhd trdn mieng bft mgu trong tay minh va ndi ldi cam on, chuc tyng: "Chuc cho mgi ngudi sftc khoe, mua thuan gid boa , mua mang thing lgi khdng bj thu dft pha hoai, khdng bj chim chdc an het... chuc di din noi ve din chdn, xdm lang binh ydn va cam on chu gia dinh, ban Iang tin, ydu va danh nhftng tinh cam sau sic". Trude khi ud'ng, chu nha thudmg thft cdn mgu dl kilm tra thdng cdn hay chua, ddng thdi cftng chiing td vdi mgi ngucri la hu mgu khdng cd ddc. Tuy theo tftng cudc mgu ma sd lugng hQ mgu cd thi la mdt, ba, bd'n, nam...hu. Khi ud'ng mgu mdi binh mgu chi cim hai cdn tftc la bai ngudi ud'ng mdt luc. Rugu thid't dai khach thi khach vdi chu nha ud'ng trude, nd'u la mgu cung trdi thi dng Giang Son (Gia Dinh Keo - ngucri dugc cdng ddng Mang - Coong tdn kfnh ggi la Chiia ddt) va mdt ngudi cd uy tfn trong cdng ddng ud'ng tmdc.

Tfnh binh ding cung dugc thi hien qua tide mgu. Tdt ca cac thanh vidn tham gia bd't kl gia, tre, gai, trai diu dugc ud'ng. Trong hai ngucri ud'ng cd ngudi tmdc, ngudi sau mdi ngucri ud'ng mdt sftng trau hoac mdt bat mgu, bao dam cdng bing, khdng ai udng nhiiu hon va cung khdng ai ud'ng kem. Trong khi ud'ng mgu ngudi ud'ng xong tmdc khdng dugc budng cdn vdi ma phai chd ngudi kia ud'ng hd't mdi cung budng cdn nhudng ehd cho nhftng ddi ud'ng tid'p theo. Nd'u khdng tudn thii nguydn tic nay ngudi dd bj coi la mdt ljch sy. Vdi sin tfnh hid'u khdch cua cdng ddng, khach den ban hoac dd'n tham ban lang ngucri Ma -Coong, ta't ca ngudi dan trong ban lang se dd'n gap gd, hdi tham tinh hinh sftc khoe, kl chuydn, hat hd, dua vui...Chfnh luc dd chu nha se mdi khach ud'ng mgu cdn. Nhftng ldi mdi chan that lam cho khach khd ldng tft chdi cudc vui, cudc giao luu gap gd. Ud'ng mdt, hai hay ba sftng trau tuy thudc vao kha nang "tim Iugng" cua minh, khi lugng sftc minh khdng ud'ng nfta thi phai thdng bao vdi chu nhd va nhumg ngudi ud'ng dl hg tid'p tyc cudc vui. Rugu khdng "nang dd" nhu mgu dd' nguci Kinh nhung ud'ng lim cung say. Khi da nga say thi eft ydn tam nim gifta san nha ma ngu, luc dd bung chu nha da ung, long chu nha da md'n, coi dd la "xilu Ka lo" ban tam giao vdi gia dinh minh.[53]

Vdi nhftng net dac trung la bft mgu chi cim hai cdn cho hai ngudi ciing mdt

thdi diim; tudng nhd dd'n vj thdn linh che chd cho cudc sd'ng ciia minh, tmdc luc

ud'ng rugu, mgi ngudi ud'ng ludn dam bao cdng bing, binh ding, doan ket va

cung vdi huong vj hdp ddn cua rugu cdn, td't ca da tao ndn net dep van hoa dan

tdc dac sic cua cdng ddng ngucri Ma - Coong noi day.

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C. NGHlfeN Ctru CAc GlA TRI VAN HOA PHI VAT THE

II.3.1. VAN HOC D A N GL\ .N

a. Van hoc dan gian ngirdi Chut

Ngudi Chut trong qua trinh Iao ddng san xudt ra cua cai vat chdt da sang tao ra nhftng gia trj van hda tinh thdn, thdng qua nhftng hinh thftc van nghd dan gian rdt dac sic, mang dam da sic thai ridng ciia minh. Vl van hgc dan gian cua ngudi Chut da cd nhiiu cdng trinh dl cap den, trong dd dang kl nhdt la thanh qua cua nha nghidn cum Dinh Thanh Dy.

Vl CO ban, kho tang van hgc dan gian ciia ngudi Chut dugc thi hidn qua tmydn cd, thdn thoai, truyin thuyd't....

La mdt loai hinh chid'm uu thi trong kho tang van hgc ddn gian cua ngucri Chftt, traydn c6, thdn thoai, trayin thuyd't thi hien quan niem cua con ngudi vl vQ try, vl cudc dd'u tranh chd'ng chgi vdi thien nhien, vl khat vgng ciia con ngudi vuon dd'n cudc sd'ng dm no, hanh phuc.

Ndi de'n truydn cd ngudi Quit, tmdc hd't phai dl cap dd'n nhftng cau chuydn vl

ngudn gd'c sinh ra cac dan tdc (trong dd cd dan tdc Chut ). Dd la cau chuydn

"Tam gid tning sinh ra con ngucri"; da giai thfch cac dan tdc diu sinh ra tft tam

cai gid tning - Ngudi Chut sinh ra ddu, rdi dd'n ngucri Khua, ngudi Lao... va cud'i

cung la ngudi Kinh. Rdi traydn "Ngudi Chut khdng cd chu" vi cha me dl lai cai

chu trdn da trau bj chd an md't. Cdn chft ngudi Kinh dugc cha me vid't lai trdn da

ndn vdn cdn cho dd'n ngay nay... Traydn "Len da di ldp biln" kl traydn ngay xua

vung ngudi Chiit d biln hd mdnh mdng, nhung sau dd, cd nhung len da d dau

bay dd'n ldp ddy biln hd lam thanh rftng nui nhu ngay nay. Rdi cau chuydn

"Dang vl" kl ring ngay xua ngudi Chftt d ddng bing, do giac gia, loan lac phai

chay ldn vung rftng nui. Con dudng chay giac cua hg rdt gian lao phftc tap, phai

qua nhiiu rimg nui sdng hd hilm trd... [9,10]

Truydn cd cua ngudi Chftt cftng thudmg Idy cac dl tai ve sy tfch cac hidn

tugng tdn giao tfn ngudng nhu sy tfch thd bd'p Ifta (tmydn "Hai dng va mdt ba ma

bd'p") sy tfch cdy thud'c la, cay che, hoac sy tfch ve cac cdng cu san bin nhu nd,

lao, bay...

Truydn cd va tho ca dan gian ciia ngudi Chftt cung thudmg la'y hanh phuc con

ngudi, Id'y tinh ydu Ifta ddi, tinh nghia vg chdng lam ed't ldi. Trong dd, qua tam

78

hdn lang man ciia cac tac gia dan gian, nhftng md'i tinh say dim dugc nay nd ngay trong cudc sd'ng gian nan, vdt va, nhu tmydn "Koi lu ma" kl ve md'i tinh oan trai cua ddi trai gai, nhung hg vdn mdt long chung thiiy yiu thuong. Thdng qua hinh thftc didn xudng dan gian, ngudi ta dl cap den cac boat ddng lao ddng san xudt nhu Chuydn cua ngudi con trai; Chuydn cua ngucri con gdi; Ddy budi sdm [16]. Hoac thdng qua dd dl khuydn ran, giao dye con cai nhu Bai Khuydn cac con; Bd day con ... [16]

Bd day con

Bd me khuydn day con

Sidng Iam an, dimg nhac

Mud'n dugc vg, dugc chdng

Nhu thidn ha

Nhu xdm lang

Phai lam bing xdm lang

Nhu nia con oi

Lam cho dugc

Nhu thidn ha

Khdng thua kem xdm lang

Lam cho dugc nhu hg

Dl mai sau

La'y chdng

Bid't dudng ma lam an

Dftng ndi bay huydn thuydn

Dftng ghen tudng tham the

Ma phai theo anh em

Theo hg hang Iang xdm

Conoi!

Bdn canh dd, truydn cd ngudi Chut cung thudmg ldy loai vat lam nhan vat

chinh - dudi hinh thftc truydn ngu ngdn. Traydn ngy ngdn bao gid cung cd hai

79

tuyd'n nhan vat "Con cgp, con rin" tugng trung cho ke ddc ac, xao tra nhung ngu dd't, cdn con ngudi dai didn cho sy thdng minh, lanh lgi, biln lanh, loai tmydn nay bao gdm nhumg yd'u td khdi hai, hdm hinh, nhung cd y nghia giao due con ngudi sau sic.

Tmydn cd cua ngudi Chftt cdn ldy the gidi thdn linh bao la, ddy quyIn uy

Iam dl tai midu ta. Dd la nhiing cau chuydn md ta vl "thdn sdm, thdn mdy", vl

"thdn gd'c cay", "thdn nui". Nhiing vj thdn dd cd sftc manh vd bidn, cd thi gay

hai ngucri nay va phu hd cho ngudi khac hoac dl giai thfch cac hidn tugng trong

ty nhidn nhu mdt sd truydn kl sau:

Than thoai ngudi Rue ve nan hdng thiiy

Ngudi Rue va cac cu dan thudc nhdm tiin Viet Mudng trong ky ftc cua hg cdn nhd dd'n nan hdng thuy da xay ra trdn trai ddt. Vl nguydn nhan cua nan hdng thuy thi d ngudi Rue cung nhu o cac thdn thoai khdc deu la do con ngudi khdng chju nghe ldi hoac do con ngudi sa dga. Bien phap dl tao ra nan hdng thuy va each Idiic phuc hau qua sau nan hdng thuy thi thdn thoai ngudi Rye cd khac so vdi cac loai thdn thoai khac.

Ngudi Rue kl ring, mdt gia dinh ng cbi cd mdt ngudi con gai nen bd me

phai chgn cho con gai mdt ngucri chdng din d rl trong nha. Chang rl la mdt

ngucri sidng nang, tdn tuy vdi cdng vide. Bd vg la ngudi rdt khd tfnh, mud'n gi

phai dugc ndy va ft khi nghe ldi khuydn can cua ngudi khac. Mdt hdm dng thdy

trong ngudi bj mdt, hoi khd chju ndn da sai ngudi con rl di ra sud'i kid'm con gi

vl nd'u chao cho dng an. Tmdc khi con rl di, dng dan: con ra sud'i hd gap con gi

ddu tidn thi eft chat cai ddu ciia nd dem ve ndu chao cho ta an. Vang ldi ngudi

con rl ra sud'i di mdt quang thi thdy bdn bd sud'i cd mdt dd'ng ddt vfta mdi bj dun

ra va tran xud'ng ca long sud'i. Chang rl quan sat rdi phan doan: trong hang nay

phai cd con vdt gi to Idm mdi dun ra nhiiu ddt nhu thd'. Phan doan xong anh bit

ddu cao dd'ng dd't bdn ngoai hang. Cao hd't ddt bdn ngoai midng hang Id ra, anh sd

tay vao thi dyng phai mdt cai gi uom udt. Ngudi con rl nghi, day dung la con vat

ma bd vg minh dang mud'n an thjt. Nhin ky anh ta thdy dd la con thudng ludng

ndn keo dd't Id'p cfta hang lai rdi vl nha dan vg khdng dugc kl cho bd nghe. Qudn

ldi chdng dan, ngudi vg lai kl cho bd nghe. Nghe con gai kl xong ngudi bd dung

dung ndi gian, ming nhid'c tham td ngudi con rl. Ngucri con gai hd't ldi can ngan

nhung ngudi bd vdn khdng nghe. Cud'i cftng dng ty minh di bit con thudng ludng

dl an thjt. Ong cao ddt d midng hang rdi dao hang cho tdi chd con thudng ludng

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dang nim. Hinh nhu nd dang ngu ndn vdn nim ydn bdt ddng. Ngucri bd mud'n ldy cai ddu vl ndu chao ndn dng ta dung cai td eg bd mdt nhat vao ddu con thudng ludng. Ldp tftc mdt ngudn nudc tft ddu con thudng ludng phun ldn, phun ldn mai hit ngay nay sang ngay khac. Luc ddu nude dang ldn ddy sud'i, sau dd nudc dang tilp lam ngap he't cay cdi, nui non lam cho con ngudi va mgi vat trdn mat ddt deu ehd't hd't. Duy chi cd 2 anh em (mdt trai va mdt gai) kjp Id'y cay chudi, cay gd khd dl lam be ndn edn sd'ng sdt. Sau tran lut ldn dd, con ngudi va van vat diu ehd't hd't. Trai ddt chi cdn lai nui da, biln ca va hai anh em. Chi cd hai ngudi nhung vin khdng cd ddt lam nha d va dl san xudt. Thucmg tinh trdi tha xud'ng mat ddt rd't nhieu md'i va cui myc. Mdi ehui vao cac khue gd myc dl bid'n gd muc thanh chdt mun. Sau dd trdi tha tiep cac loai giun xud'ng dl sdng trong cac chdt miin rdi bid'n chung thanh ddt mau md. Sau khi da cd ddt, trdi bit ddu tha hat gidng cac loai rau mau xud'ng dl con ngudi san xudt va cd cai an. Tid'p dd'n trdi lai cho cac loai sinh vdt cay cdi nay nd va phat trien phuc vy cho ddi sd'ng con ngudi. Cd ddt dai mau md dl san xudt, cd du chim mudng dl san bin, cd du cay cdi dl lam nha, cudc sd'ng cua hai anh em ngay cang dn djnh.

Dl bao tdn phat triln ndi gidng, trdi bit hai anh em phai ldy nhau, nhung nhu thi thi loai ngudi se pham tdi loan luan. Vi vay ea hai ngucri tft ddu dl'n cud'i diu kidn quyd't chd'ng lai sy du dd cua trdi. Nhiiu ddm, trcri da bdng ngudi em dat nim bdn canh ngudi anh, nhung bj hai ngudi tft chdi. Cd ddm, trdi lai bd' ngudi anh dat nim bdn canh ngudi em, nhung ca hai deu quay lung lai vdi nhau. Thi la trdi cung chju thua y chf cua hai anh em.

Mdt budi sang dep trdi, tmdc khi chudn bj ldn nuong rdy, ngudi em gai dem ta'm vd cay ra ngdi d cfta dl khau va lam dd mac, ngucri anh ngdi an trdu va ngim nhin ngudi em dang khau va. An xong mid'ng trdu, ngudi anh edm cai ba trdu nem vao chd ngudi em ngdi. Ba trdu roi dung vao khe hd gifta bip dui va cang chdn do ngucri em ngdi gdp chan lai tao thanh. Ba trdu dfnh vao dd rdi ty nhidn to ddn, to ddn trd thanh mdt cai bgc thdt to gdm nhiiu tning. Den khi cai bgc va ra thi ngudi Rue, ngudi May, ngudi Sach ra tmdc , sau dd la ngucri Kinh, ngudi Lao v.v... Tft dd, loai ngudi trdn trai dd't mdi ngay mdt ddng due hon.[18]

Truyen thuye't niii da di lap bien:

Theo truyin thuyd't cua ngudi Rye, sau tran hdng thuy, trdn mat ddt chi cdn

Iai nui da va biln ca. Con ngudi khdng cd ddt dl lam nha d va san xud't. Thi la

cac loai nui da ban nhau di Id'p biln dl cd dd't cho con ngudi lam nha va san xudt.

Loai da di ddu gdm cac hdn mii mdt to va khde nhdt. Ddy la ddi qudn tidn phong

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trong qua trinh cac nui da di ldp biln. Loai di gifta gdm cac hdn nui ddi, nui ba, cung rdt to va khde la ddi quan chii lyc. Loai di sau cung, gdm nhiiu hdn nui to nhd, gia tre khac nhau, dinh kd't vdi nhau tao thanh tftng day. Day la ddi quan dy bj cua ddi quan ldp biln. Cdng vide ldp biln dang tid'n hanh rdt khdn tmong rdm rd va ddy khf the. Bdng mdt con chim chang Iang bac ddu d ddu bay dd'n va hdi cac nui da:

- Cac anh di dau vay?

Cac nui da liln tra ldi:

- Chung tdi di ldp bien.

Chim cudi va ndi mdt each mia mai:

Tdi bay tft nhd dd'n nay da bac ddu, nao cd thdy biln dau ma cac anh ddi ldp.

Nghe chim ndi vay cac nui da tudng la that ben bao nhau dftng lai khdng di ldp biln nfta.

Luc nay nhiing hdn nui mdt (Chut mdeh) ranh tay, ranh chan di dugc nhanh horn ndn mdt sd da ra nim gifta biln. Nhung hdn nui ddi, nui ba do cd vudng nhau ndn di cham hon, mdt sd vita dd'n bd biln (nhu d Deo Ngang, deo Ly Hda, deo Hai Van), cdn phdn ldn d gifta ddng bing. Nhftng day nui gdm cac nui gia, niii tre, mii me, nui con do vudng vfu nhau ndn di chdm nhdt, cd day chua ra khdi rftng. Thd' la nui non nim d vung rimg nui, vung ddng bing va d gifta biln nhu hidn nay. [18]

Mot cai triing nd ra Ba Anh Em

Sau tran lut ldn ngap hd't trcri ddt, trdi hd't tdt ca mgi loai trdn mat ddt, may

chi cdn lai mdt ngudi anh trai va mdt ngudi em gai. Put cho phep hai ngudi ldy

nhau. Nhung hai ngudi khdng chju. Cd mdt bfta, sang ddy, em gai quit nha, anh

trai ngdi an trdu, vut ba trdu vao dung Trdd'c cui (ddu gdi) cua em gai. Chd Trdde

cui dugc ba Crdu dfnh dd sinh ra mdt cai tning, dp nd ra dugc ba ngudi thanh:

Ngudi May la anh ca; Ngudi Ngudn la anh thft hai va Ngudi Kinh la em ut.

Hai cha me nudi cho ba con dd'n khi bid't an thi Ngudi Ngudn va Ngudi

Kinh cho an com la ung, an rdi ngu ngon; cdn ngudi May cho an com dd ung

(khdng ung) ndn an rdi ma vdn eft dam (khdc), khi dugc cho an ndu mdi ngii

ngon. Dd'n khi bid't choi, ngudi May thi ung (thfch) choi na va tdn, cdn ngudi

Ngudn va Ngudi Kinh dd ung Iai dam bd me phai lam sung cho chcri mdi he't

82

dam. Luc ngii, Ngucri Ngudn va Ngucri Kinh dugc bd me dip chan cho thi ngu ngon, cdn Ngucri May thi dd ung ndn dam, bd me phai ldy vd cay ddp cho thi ittig, ngu sung sudng.

Bd me de a chft va hg cho cac con: ngudi con ca thi ghi vao tdrn da trdu,

ngudi eon thft hai va ngucri con ut thi ghi vao hai tdm da. Rdi dl ngudi con ca d

lai trdn nui rftng cao lam an, canh gift thu dft cho hai em, cho con thft hai vl d

vung thdp gdn anh ca, edn con thft ba ve miin xudi d lam an. 6 trdn nui cao, anh

ca khdng edn than, dl ehd an mdt tdm da trau ndn ngudi May mdt chft, mdt hg.

Cdn hai ngucri em vid t vao hai tSim da, ndn Ngucri Ngudn va Ngucri Kinh cdn chu,

cdn hg. Tft dd, ngudi Ngudn va ngucri Kinh cd chft, cd hg cho dd'n nay; cdn ngudi

May khdng cd chft, khdng cd hg.[16]

Tdm lai, tuy kho tang truydn cd cua ngudi Chut cdn ngheo nan, nhung nd

phdn nao ndi ldn ljch sft tde ngudi, khat vgng cua con ngucri mud'n vuon ldn

chinh phyc ty nhidn cai tao xa hdi dl gianh la'y cudc sd'ng binh ydn, hanh phuc.

Ddng thdi nd cOng thi hidn quan nidm cua ddng bao vl nhung pham trii my hgc

nhu cai chan, cai thidn, cai dep, cai cao thugng. Traydn cd cua dan tdc Chiit vi

thi cd tac ddng giao dye sau sic.

b. Van hpc dan gian ngudi Bru-van kieu.

Tftng thi hd nd'i tid'p qua di, ddng bao Bra-Van Kilu da xay dyng va tfch

luy cho minh mdt vd'n van hgc dan gian da dang, phong phu ludn dugc phat huy

va bdi dip thdm trong ddi sd'ng tinh thdn cua cdc tde ngucri.

Tuy nhidn, khi di sau vao tim bilu vd'n van nghd dan gian d ngudi Van

Kilu, chung ta phai dac bidt luu y den tfnh giao luu, anh hudng van hod cua cac

tdc ngudi kd' edn. Trong ndi bd ngucri Vdn Kilu, yd'u td vay mugn tid'p thu van

hoa ngoai tdc khdng diu nhau. Nhdm Tri, Khua, Ma coong cd nhiiu anh hudng

van hod Lao trong luc dd nhdm Ba hy mang ft nhiiu yd'u td van hoa Vidt... Tuy

thi nhin chung tfnh thd'ng nhdt la mdt net ndi bat trong van hod ciia cdng ddng

ngudi van Kilu.

Day la mdt hinh thu'c sinh hoat van nghd kha phd bid'n d ngudi Van Kilu.

Nd cd sftc hdp din, ldi cud'n mgi ldp ngudi, mgi Ifta tudi. Hdu nhu mgi ngudi

Vdn Kilu diu thfch nghe Angxoartayba va ft nhiiu diu bid't kl nd.

Nd'u gat bd nhung yd'u td huyen hoac, thdn linh trong cac tmydn cd, chung

ta se phdn nao hiiu dugc dilu ma ngudi Vdn Kilu mud'n ndi, mud'n gui gim

83

cung nhu nhumg dilu ma cudc sdng cua ngftoi Van Kilu phan anh vao dd. Dftng tmdc cac hidn tugng ky vl, bf dn cua tu nhidn, ddng bao da bing kha nang nhan thftc cua minh giai thfch, kham pha... Traydn ed phan anh nhdn thftc vl the gidi ty nhidn ddng thcri cung da phan anh nhung hidn tugng xa hdi, ndi ldn nhftng tinh cam, suy tu, khat vgng cua ddng bao.

Truydn cd Van Kilu cftng la noi ddng bao da giii vao dd ldi giai thfch vl ngudn gdc dan tde, nhftng miin ddt ma cu dan da di qua, nhu traydn qua bdu, chuydn con chd hay chuydn kl vl sy thfch cac Mu...

Trong vd'n chuydn cd, eiia ngucri Van Kieu, sd Iugng cdc chuydn kl ve nhOng ngucri md cdi chid'm mdt ty Id kha cao. Paltui (ngucri md cdi) la boa than cua nhftng ngudi ngheo khd, ddi rach, eye nhgc khdng sdn, gian nan khd khan khdng nan, cd tdm long cao quy ddi vdi mudn loai va ddng loai.

Nhiing cau chuydn ed dS hiiu, mdc mac nhung cd sftc ldi cud'n dd da dugc

ddng bao kl cho nhau nghe trong nhftng budi nghi ngoi sau lao ddng, hay bdn

nhung bd'p lua bap bung cua nhung ngay mua bay luc rdi rai.

Tft vide nghidn cum cac tac phdm van hgc dan gian cua ddng bao cac dan tdc d vftng Phong Nha- Ke Bang, chung ta cd mdt sd nhan xet sau:

- Da sd cac tac phdm van hgc dan gian ciia ngucri Chut va ngudi Bru - Van

Kilu diu d dang tmydn thdn thoai, tmyln thuyd't, cd tfch. Ngoai ra cdn cd mdt

bd phan thudc thi tho ty do. Tuy vay, gia trj cua van hgc dan gian ngudi Chftt va

ngudi Bru - Van Kilu dgng lai trong ldng ngudi dgc chu yd'u vSn la d thi loai

tmyln thuyd't va cd tfch. d mdt sd tdc phdm cd hidn tugng giao thoa gifta cac thi

loai thdn thoai va tmyln thuyd't, cd tfch. Ching ban nhu tmydn "Con Cdc va con

Khai" [15],"Thdn thoai ngudi Rue vl nan Hdng Thuy" [18] "Sy tfch nui khdng

diradbiln" [15].

- Cdt tmydn dan gian thudmg rdt dom gian. Cd khi cdt tmydn chi nhim giai

thfch mdt hidn tugng ty nhien, xa hdi rdt binh thudng. Ching han tmydn "Mgt

cai triing nd ra 3 anh em" dugc xay dyng tft vide anh trai ngdi an trdu, vut ba trdu

vao ddu gdi em gai, ngudn gd'c cua dan tdc May, dan tdc Ngudn, dan tdc Kinh da

dugc giai thfch mdt each dom gian, dS hidu. Tuy ed't tmyen rdt don gian nhung

ngucri ddn da bid't lya chgn cac chi tid't ddc dao, hgp ly, khid'n ngucri dgc tin dd la

that. Trong hai nhdn vdt xud't hidn trong tmydn, ngudi ddn da bid't chgn ngudi em

gdi, gin cho em gai vai trd sinh nd. Nhu vay, mac du cdn don gian nhung da sd

ed't tmydn dan gian ngudi Chut va Bm - Van Kilu da mang lai cho ngudi dgc

84

nhung tinh lift hdp din cd khi rdt hai hudc. Ching ban tmydn "Hai anh em" cua ngudi Bm - Van Kilu, ngudi dgc bdt ngd phat hidn ra md tfp cua tfn nguomg phdn thyc trong tmydn dan gian khi ngudi chdng ndi vdi vg mdt each ty nhidn "Trade sau cftng chet. Tao tid'c cai cua mi lim. Mi cdi vdy cho tao xem mdt tf" Tilp theo la chi tid't: Len thdy cung bat cudi...Day chfnh la nhumg phut rdt thu gian rdt quan trgng cua tmydn dan gian Bra - Van Kieu mang lai cho ngudi dgc. Nhin chung tmydn dan gian ngucri Chut kha sinh ddng da dang. Yd'u td thdn thoai xudt hidn vdi tdn sd kha cao trong traydn. Cdn traydn dan gian ngucri Bru -van Kilu thudmg tap tmng d thi tmydn cd tfch va tmydn cudi cham bid'm ndn ndi dung ed't traydn cd nhiiu chi tiet chan thyc, gdn gui vdi ddi sd'ng thudmg ngay cua ngudi dan. Cac tdng Idp ngudi dan Iao ddng diu la nhan vat cua tmydn. Dac bidt nhimg ngudi dan cham chi cdn cii, thdng minh thudmg dugc ca nggi ngoai ra hinh anh cua cac thdn, vua, cac con vat cung xudt hidn trong tac phdm.

- Truydn dan gian thudmg cd ngdn ngft gian dj gin vdi sinh boat thdi quen hang ngay, phong tuc tap quan cua ngudi dan vung miin. Tmydn ddn gian ngudi Chut va Bm - Vdn Kilu gin vdi ddi sdng dac tnmg cua mdt vung miin nui. Nhiiu tft dja phuang xudt hidn trong tmydn. Ngdn ngft nhan vdt, ngdn ngft ngudi kl ddi khi khdng phdn bidt rd rang. Da sd tmyen dugc xdy dyng tft ldi kl cua ngudi kl chuydn. Thinh thoang d mdt sd truyen ngdn ngft cua nhan vat cung da dugc chu y. Ching ban trong truydn Chan tha khat cua ngudi Bru - Van Kilu, ngudi ta da bid't dua vao mdt sd ldi thoai khid'n cho ngdn ngft tac phdm trd ndn sinh ddng hom nhu:

Td'i bd me di lam vl, chan tha khat ndi vdi bd me:

Ngay nay bit dugc con A khe nudng an, con nhii em dl cho bd me nfta

nhung nd an hit ludn.

- Cam on hai anh da cum sd'ng tdi. Tdi bid't ldy gi tra om cho hai anh?

- Ong bay trdn cay, cd trai cay gi an ngon, tha xud'ng cho anh em tdi an

nfta ... hoac trong tmydn "Hai anh em" "Hai ngudi Xid'u" [16] cua ngudi Bm -

van Kilu cung da dugc ngucri dan luu y dd'n nhftng ldi thoai kha sinh ddng, tao

ndn phdn hdp ddn cho tac phdm.

Trong ngdn ngft kl chuydn xudt hidn nhiiu yd'u td van boa dja phuong.

Ching han trong traydn "Ldy chdng Td Lan" [16], Icri ngudi con trai hoi:

- O ngdi ddy lam gi?

85

Ngudi con gai tra ldi:

Milng dgi chdng.

Ngudi con trai ndi:

Ldi Td Lan lam gi? Di vdi milng.

Chet sd'ng milng cung d vdi anh, ldy anh, lam vg anh, Giang ung vay rdi...

Qua ngdn ngft cua traydn dan gian ngudi Chut va Bm - Van Kieu, ngudi dgc cung thdy sy sang tao cua ngudi dan trong each kl chuydn. Chang ban, tft cau chuydn "Sy tfch cdy khi" trong van hgc dan gian Vidt Nam, kd't hgp vdi van boa dja phuong, ngucri Bra - Van Kilu da sang tao ndn cau chuydn "Hai anh em" cung khdng kem phdn bd'p ddn. Ddn tdc Chut da cd mdt sd tac phdm tho vid't theo thi ve, hat ra, tho ty do. Dilu dang quy la hg da gift mdt sd nguydn ban bing ngdn ngu ddn tdc Chut. Tuy ddy mdi chi la nhftng tac phdm tho dan gian du kd't cdu ngdn tft don gian nhung phdn nao da ndi Idn udc mo khat vgng cua con ngucri vl mdt cudc sd'ng an lanh, d'm no, hanh phuc. Mat khac day cung la ldi nhin giri, nhumg bai hgc qu ' vl le sd'ng, vl dao hid'u cua con ngucri ma dan tdc Chut da mud'n tmyln lai cho con chau ddi sau. Mdt sd cau thanh ngu tuc ngft trong van hgc dan gian cung dugc ngucri dan noi ddy vdn dung sang tao vao ddi sd'ng van hoa cua dan tdc minh. Dilu nay da cho thdy yd'u td van boa ngdn ngft cua dan tdc Chut va Bru - Van Kilu rdt dang dugc quan tdm gin gift. Ching ban: Khdn ca ddi, dai mdt gid; con nhu cha la nha cd phuc, con hon cha la nha cd tdi.

Nhu vay, mac dft cac tac phdm van hgc dan gian cua dan tdc Chut va Bra

- van Kilu chua dugc phong phu da dang, ngdn ngft chua dugc trau chud't nhung

nd vdn dl lai cho ngudi dgc dn tugng vl sy gian dj, dS hiiu, dd gdn va rd't chan

thanh cua ddng bao dan tdc. Dgc tac phdm cua hg, mdt phdn nao dd chung ta se

hiiu thdm vdn hoa phong tuc ciia ngudi ddn noi day. Van hgc dan gian cua dan

tdc Chut va Bm - Van Kilu rdt xumg dang dugc luu trayin va gin gift. Mdt sd thi

loai nhu tmydn cd tfch, truydn cham bid'm, hai hudc cdn dugc sang tao thdm nfta

dl ddp ftng nguydn vgng, udc mud'n vuon dd'n mdt cudc sd'ng chdn, thien, my cua

con ngucri.

n.3.2. NGH$ THUAT D A N GIAN

a. NGHfi THUAT D A N GIAN NGUdi CHtfT

86

Trong kho tang van hda dan gian cua ddng bao Chut, nhumg lan dieu dan ca noi len nhu mdt loai hinh dac sdc dugm tfnh trii tinh. Vdi ndi dung phong phu, ddn ca dugc su dyng trong nhiiu khung canh. Bing ldi ea dju nggt, mang giai didu trdm ling, di vao tam thftc cua con ngudi, phan anh tinh ydu lao ddng, ydu tu do va tinh ydu Ifta ddi tha thid't.

Lan dieu Ka tom- ta lenh

Dan ca ngudi Chut gin bd mdt each ty nhidn vdi sinh boat hang ngay cua ddng bao. Dd la lan didu Ka tom- ta ldnh nghia la con trau di cay (Ka tom la con trau, ta ldnh la cay ddt). Didu nay bit ddu bing didp khue la "Ka tom - ta ldnh" hai ldn va sau dd la ndi dung bai hat. Lan didu nay thudng dung dl hat dd'i dap nam nft trong lao ddng san xudt, trong vui choi (cung cd thi hat mdt minh hoac hat hai nam, hai nu). Ra't cd thi didu hat nay bit ngudn tft tid'ng ggi nhau di lam ddng tft sang sdm hoac, theo ddng bao trade day cdn cd didu "Ka rang- ta ndn" nghia la chieu vl trdn dinh nui, la tid'ng ggi nhau di vl luc trdi da chilu. Didu dan ca nay khdng chi tao ndn khdng khf vui nhdn, hang say lao ddng san xudt, ma thdng qua dd cac chang trai, cd gai cdn giri gim tam tinh cho nhau:

"Ka tom- ta ldnh, ka tam- ta Idnh, bdi chj mdi, chiing chidng Kdang, Kdi,

Tihal Ktoi, bdi chj mdi, Ka torn- ta ldnh, Ka tom- ta Idnh che phudng lino, phi eo

chd, che hel vdng tugc..."

Tam djch "(Ka tom- ta ldnh) o nang oi, mang Kddng, mang Kdi di hdi trdu,

0 cd di khdng, o nay oi (Ka tom- ta ldnh ) em cung mud'n di, ma trdu cd ehd, em

sg, em hai khdng dugc"

Didu Ka tom- ta ldnh cdn la ldi nhin nhii trau ddi kinh nghidm cho nhau

trong lao ddng san xud't:

"Ka tom- ta ldnh, Ka tom- ta ldnh, kon a chim thi un aten ka chdng bi ai a

ehjt".

Tam djch "Con chim den an gid'ng cay, hay bin ehd't nd"

Khdng chi trong lao ddng san xudt, dieu Ka tom- ta ldnh cdn dugc hat

trong cdc djp cudi, IS td't va nd cdn la tii'ng ra con cua cac ba me. Ndi dung bai

hat cd thi sang tac tuy humg, thudng la nhumg cau hat trao duyen fa'n dao, tinh tft

hoac la nhOng cdu trdu gheo nhau nghjch nggm, hdm hinh va cd khi la nhung ldi

ran day dd con ngudi. d day, didu dan ca Ka tom- ta ldnh cd vdn didu rdt thd so

87

gidng nhu didu ed so cua cac didu hat vf va hat dam d mien Thanh-Nghd-Tinh.[9,10]

Yeu que huffng ddt nudc: ddng bao rdt ty hao ve sy giau cd, dS lam an ciia " nui rftng" ban lang minh. Nui rimg khdng chi la noi chdn rau cit rdn ma cdn la kho tai nguydn vd tdn dl con ngucri sinh sd'ng, tdn tai va khdng ngftng phat triln. Vi vay hg ddng vidn eon chau phai doan kd't, quyd't tam chid'n ddu gift la'y ban lang.

Giac den cung nhau danh

Cho dd'n ehd't mdi thdi

Cdn mdt ngudi cung danh

Danh hd't giac mdi thdi

Gift la'y ban rimg qud ta

Oi con chau ta oi!

Va

Tdi 6 rftng qud tdi

d'm dau thud'c men cd trong rftng

Ldy cd gia vl xdng

Ma sd'ng vui

Tdi khdng di dau

Tdi d noi me cha da cit rdn chdn nhau![15]

Yeu lao dgng: Lao ddng cua ddng bao May ndi riing, cua ddng bao

Chut ndi chung la lao ddng rdt nang nhgc ma hidu qua lai rd't thd'p nhu phat rftng

Iam nuong rdy trdn nhung sudn nui cao dd'c dftng cheo leo, di Id'y ong, bdy chim

thu trong rittig sau, di khe sud'i cau, chai ca,v.v..Dau lao ddng vdt va tft sang dd'n

chilu, nhung la ty do, ndn vin say sua, vdn thfch thu vi nd dem lai cudc sd'ng

sung sudng cho minh, ddy du cho anh em nhu thidn ha. Cho ndn cha me khuydn

con, dng ba day chau la:

Con ddu va chau chit

Anh em cung doan kd't

Cftng nhau ma lam an

Dugc sung sudng cho minh

Cho anh em ddy du.

Vala:

Bd me khuydn day con

Sidng lam an, dftng nhac

Mud'n dugc vg, dugc chdng

Nhu thidn ha

Nhu xdm lang

Phai bing xdm lang [15]

- Tinh yeu nam nS: Bit ngudn tft cudc sd'ng lao ddng nuong rdy, hai lugm tinh ydu nam nft cua ngucri May ndi ridng, cua ngudi Chiit ndi chung dugc bilu hidn sau sic, t l nhj trong Iao ddng di cau "Tim con kd tom", di tim ong "mang cai bai ngan ngin" ve "khi ning vang chilu, con ve ve kdu" va di lam nuong ray,v.v..Bing nhumg hinh anh vf von dn du, sau sic dd'i dap gifta nam va nft nhu nam hat ve ring:

Di tim con ka torn, chj oi! [8,15]

Bit dugc bd vao ca dang, chj oi!

Ld'y trdu an trdu, chj oi!

Nhu con chim rftng Lao

Nhu con chim phia nam

Nhu eon chim miin xudi, chj oi!

Nim d nggn khe nay

Sang d nggn khe kia...

Va ngudi nft dap lai ring:

Di tim con ka torn, hoi anh!

Bit dugc bd vao ca dang, hdi anh!

Ldy trdu an trdu, hdi anh!

Da chd dgi nhau

Chd dgi dd'n gap nhau

89

Mang nang, ning ndng mdy ciing di, hdi anh!

V.V..

Cd thi ndi hat ve Pa eo va ve Tom td ldng la mdt Ian didu dan ea ddc dao cua ngudi Chut ( Rue, Sach, May) ndi chung. Cho dd'n nay nd vin la lan didu dan ca phd bi^n ciia ngudi Chut, dem lai cho ngucri Chut cudc sd'ng vui tuoi, lanh manh, tran ddy hanh phuc

b. NGHfe THUAT D A N GIAN NGUCJl B R U - V A N KIl^U

Nghd thuat dan gian ciia ngucri Bra- Van Kilu kha da dang, trong dd dan ca ciia ngucri Van Kilu cd nhiiu thi loai nhu Prodoac, Oat, A dang con... Mdi Ian didu nhu vay thudng dugc sft dung va bilu hidn trong nhung bdi canh khac nhau.

*Oat: Oat la mdt loai hinh hat giao duydn danh ridng cho nam nft Van Kilu

khi da d tudi tmdng thanh. Di sim la mdt tuc Id cd tft lau ddi va khd phd bid'n.

Theo tyc Id nay ddm ddm tdp thi con trai chua vg thudng tu hgp d nha cdng

cdng ciia lang, gap cac cd gai dang tim y tmng nhan dl hat dd'i dap va giri gim

ndi long.

Oat la lan didu dugc sft dyng trong nhumg luc di sim: "Em oi! nui cao ddt

rdng anh tim dd'n lang nay ching bid't cd dugc hai hoa khdng?" Ngudi eon gai

trong nhumg luc a'y se cd nhiiu each tra ldi, nhung thudng thi bidn dudi nhumg

dndu:

"Con ngudi ed chan cd tay

Nui nao ma di khdng dugc

Sud'i nao ma ldi ching qua

Chi sg con budm chd hoa

Con ong chd mat..."

Ndi dung Oat trong nhung luc di sim thucmg dugc ddi trai gai sang tao phu

hgp vdi hoan canh tam trang cua minh luc dd.

=" Hat Prodoac: Day la nhumg bai hat vui trong cac dam tide, chuc nhau vao

djp cudi xin. Gdn vdi hinh thftc Prodoac cd hat xomdt. Xondt cung la mdt thi loai

hat vui, trong cac cudc chcri dau dn ao, khi mdt ngudi hat, cd nhieu ke phu hoa di

kem vdi vu.

90

* Roai trong, Roai toi: la lan didu dan ca phd bid'n trong nhiing ngudi gia, nha't la trong cac dam IS ma chay, ndi dung, am hudng nang phdn kl ll, oan trach...

* Hat m (Adang con): Hat ra la didu ra con cua ngudi Van Kilu. Theo nhjp budc cua ddi chan ngudi me diu con ldn nuong la ldi hat ra nggt ngao. Ldi ra khdng cd nhac cu di kem nhung Iai di sau vao tam hdn con tre. Ndi dung thi hidn Icri dd danh cua ngudi me va len vao dd la mo udc vl tuong lai td't dep cua dfta con ydu quy cua minh.

Ngoai cac thi loai dan ca trdn, d ngudi Van Kieu cdn cd nhinig hinh thftc hat ke't hgp vdi ddng tac mdt each chat che nhu xuon (mua). Thdng thudng cac didu vu ed kem theo ldi hat bilu didn d cdc budi dam trau, dam ma... Idt ta sy nhdn nhjp, trdm hung, sdi ndi.

* Bai hat "di sim"

Trong phong tyc hdn nhdn cua ngucri Bra-van kilu hinh thftc tim hiiu phd bid'n nha't dd'i vdi con trai con gai Van Kilu la thdng qua cac budi "di sim" hay •podc xu". Cung nhu nhiing tap tuc khac, tuc di sim" hay "podc xu" la mdt tap tyc da cd tft lau ddi d ngudi Van Kilu Thdng thudmg vao cac budi tdi, nhdt la vao cac budi td'i cua tudn trang sang, cac chang trai (la Idu) va cac cd gai (cu mdr) theo nhau vao rftng, hay dd'n cac nha "xu" dl chuydn trd, thd Id tinh cam... Cd khi hg ty ddng tap hcrp lai thanh tdp nam, bay ngucri hay ddng hon lu lugt di tft Vii nay sang Vii khac. Bao gid cung the, ldi sinh boat luc ban ddu cua "di sim" la Id'i sinh boat tap thi (trd chuydn tap thi, hat tap thi) nhung khi da "phai ldng nhau" cac chang trai cd gai lai ty ddng tach ra thanh ddi ridng le.

Dudi trang khuya va trdi sao ddi nam nft thanh nien giri gim long minh qua

nhumg bai hat giao duydn. Gifta khdng gian thanh ving, gigng ca, tuoi tre ciia

ngudi eon trai cdt ldn:

"Bong em lap ldnh nhu sao mdi mgc

Ddng em Idpo ldnh nhu vdng trdng non

Hinh em vdng vdc nhu trdng dem mudi sdu

Ta di tim gap ngUdi cn!

Tinh em vdi vg nhU trdng dim mUdi bdy

Ta ldn tim den ngUdi cd"

91

Dap Iai ldi ea nhu mdt Icri ngin giii tim kid'm dd, ngudi con gai thd Id ndi Idng cua minh mdt each tinh tft:

Anh ailsao anh vdn chua ngu

Anh cic "odt"hodi

Tren cdc chdi lua rdy

Anh CO biet khong?

Em d chdi ben nay chua ngu dai anh

Muon thoi ken Aman nhung lgi thieu mgt ngudi

Ken Aman khong thoi not minh

Em bie't thudn ai bdy gid ngodi anh

Cang vl khuya ddi trai gai cang xfng Iai gdn nhau, gigng ca trd nin cang qudn quyt gin bd la thudng:

"Em Id ngudi anh cdy cha me den cudi

Thuang em de'n ndi sdu

Nhd em de'n om

Udc gi gan mat trd ve em mdi mdi" [8, 50]

Cft nhu the, dem nay qua dem khac thanh nien nam nft Van Kilu tim den nhau, hat cho nhau nghe nhftng bai hat qud huong ciia dng cha va nhumg bai hat do ban than minh ty tao ra. Hdu hd't nhumg thanh vidn cua cac cdng ddng ngudi nay diu bid't hdt va bid't sang tac bai hat. Nang khid'u sang tao nghd thuat cua hg cd thi ndi mang tfnh bdm sinh va kha phat triln ...Nam nft thanh nidn. Van Kilu khi hat trong cac cudc "di sim" thudmg sft dung cac nhac cu kem theo. Cd thi hg dung sao vdi am didu vi vu, trdm bdng, reo rdt...dung dan "ta lu" ( mdt loai dan nhd dom gian ehi cd hai ddy) thanh thdt nhu ldi tdm sy nhd to, dung ken be (mdt loai khen phd bid'n cua ngudi Lao) vdi dm thanh rdn rang, ldi cud'n... Ngoai ra hg edn dftng cac nhac cu dm nhac nhu " Krao" va " Ta riing" thfch hgp cho ldi ndi

a cam" ldi ndi bdng gid, hay ndi xa ndi gdn - mdt ldi ndi phd biln va dyoc ua chudng trong cac cudc " di sim"). Trai gai Van Kilu nhan bid't cac tfn hidu thdng tin qua cac nhac cu nay rdt gidi. Dd la mdt sinh boat lanh manh, mdt net dep trong van hod cac dan tdc d miin tay Quang Binh.

n.3.3. CAC LOAI NHAC CU

92

a. Cac loai nhac cu cua ngi/di Bru Van Kieu

1. Ken Khsui:

La mdt loai nhac cu thdi bing hoi cua ngudi Bru - Van kieu. Hg ty lam ldy bing dng sao tnic. Cd ehui Id gid'ng nhu sao cua ngudi Vidt nhung khi thdi la thdi dgc mdt ddu d'ng. Truyin thuyd't kl lai ring: Cd hai anh em di dao chcri trdn thidn dinh khi trdi lyt. Hg ngdi trdn mdt chiec be bing chudi ket lai. Ngudi anh bit nhumg con tdm nhay ien be nudng an, cdn ngudi em gap nhumg cd tien xinh dep tren trdi ma quen nudc nit khi nao khdng bie't danh d lai trdi, cdn ngudi anh lai mai milt nudng tdm qudn em. Khi nhin lai khdng thdy em dau ben ggi. Ggi mai. Sau dd ngudi anh ldy d'ng sao thdi dl ggi em. Tft dd xudt hidn ken khsui. Ken thdi dl ggi hdn ngucri ehd't trd vl, thdi trong cac djp Id hdi, thdi trong dam cudi. Tuy theo cac loai IS thdi cac lan didu nhac. Thdi ggi hdn thi didu nhac reo rit ai oan, thdi trong dam cudi

thi didu nhac vui tuoi, vdn va.

2. Ken Ta rdm:

La nhac cu thdi bing hoi dung trong IS hdi.

3. Ken Amam:

La nhac cy thdi bing hoi dung trong Id hdi. Ken Amam thdi trong Id cudi.

Id hdi, vui choi. Id Td't. Ken dugc lam tft nhumg d'ng sao tnic nhd. Ngudi Ma

Coong dua phoi khd, cua thanh doan dai ngin khac nhau, d'ng dai nhdt 124cm,

ngin nhd't 115cm. Gdm cd 12 d'ng. Dudng kinh mdi d'ng lem. Hg dung dui sit

nudng qua Ifta dl dui Id ken. Mdi d'ng dui mdt Id. Sau dd dugc gin kd't lai. Mdt

thanh gd hinh d van dai 15cm, mdt ddu hcri nhgn, dui Id va kd't vao cac d'ng sao

tnic. Khi thdi tft d'ng gd ken phat ra dm thanh tft cac d'ng sao tnic. Cac ngdn tay

ngudi thdi dilu tid't dm thanh vao cac Id sao theo didu nhac cua ddn tdc minh.

Ddng bao chgn loai san cung rdt cdng phu. Cac d'ng sao cung phai diu nhau,

thanh d'ng day 1mm - 1 , 5mm. Khi cua xong ddng bao dung que sit nung qua Ifta

dl dfti thdng doan d'ng sao. Cd nhu vay khi thdi hoi thdng sudt ca doan d'ng tao

thanh dm thanh. Thanh d'ng sao mdng ndn khi lam phai rd't cdn thdn, nhe nhang,

nd'u khdng se gdy vd ddp d'ng khdng thi lam ken dugc. Sau khi kd't xong sao vao

thanh gd hg dung sgi may che nhd, vdt nhdn budc cd djnh 2 ddu cua ken. Cdng

doan cud'i cftng la dung sap ong, nhya cdy tram lai gift thanh gd va dng sao de

ken khdng cd Id hd kin hcri thi thdi ken mdi cd tac dung va hoan chinh. Ken dugc

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dung thdi trong cac Id hdi ddp trdng cua ngudi Ma Coong, thdi theo cac Ian didu dan ea ciia ddn tdc hg.

4. Kin Pi:

La loai nhac cy thdi bing hoi dung trong IS hdi. Thdi khi trai gai ydu nhau, di sim.

5. Ddn Achung:

Dan Po Ifta, dan Tung tin thudc nhac cu nhdm ddy.

6. Ddn mdi:

La nhac cu lam bing la ddng mdng 7-8 em, ngang 1 em. Hai ddu la ddng dui hai Id dl cdt ddy. Bdn phai la mdt vdng day cd thi ludn 4 ngdn tay. Bdn trai la sgi ddy dai 1 5 em. Khi thdi la ddng nim ngang giua hai mdi trong luc a'y tay phai giat ddy chung thing dl tao ra dm, nhd hut hcri vao hoac ddy hoi ra ludi ga chuyin ddng tao bid'n dm. Dan mdi sft dung khi trai gai ydu nhau, tim ban tinh trong Id hdi vui choi.

7. Chieng ndm, Thanh la, Trd'ng:

La loai nhac cy thudc nhdm gd cua ddng bao Bm-vdn Kilu. Chidng num cd

chieng chdng ldn, chidng vg nhd hon thudng dugc dung trong nhftng nghi IS

quan trgng cua cdng ddng. Khi bilu didu chidng dugc treo sat mat ddt.Ngucri

choi ngdi,mdi ngudi dung hai chid'c diii danh ca vao mat cua chieng. Dung chdn

dudi thing dat dudi chidng lam thu phap ngit chidng, dui trudc la dui cai,dui

dudi bung la dui dye [50,51]

B. Nhac cu truyen thdng cua ngudi Churt

1. Ddn dng bdt: (Td ro bdt): quan trgng cua cdng ddng. Khi bilu didn

chidng dugc treo sat mat dd't. Ngudi choi ngdi, mdi ngudi dung hai chile dui

ddnh ca vao mat cua chidng. Dung chan dudi thing dat dudi chidng lam thu phap

ngit chidng dui tmdc la dfti cai, dui dudi bung la dui dye.

Ngudi Chut lam bing d'ng tre Id d. Mdt ddu cd mit bjt kfn, mdt ddu Ididng, d

gifta cd khoet mdt Id nhd, cd sgi day nd'i tft tryc dd'n thftng dan. Hg lam mdt cdn

keo bing tre be cong cdt vao keo trdn day cua dan gid'ng nhu cdn keo nhj cua

ngudi Vidt, nhung ciia ngucri Chut thi ngin hon. Dan dai 5,2cm; duomg kinh

6cm; trgng lugng 0,4kg. - Dan d'ng (td ro bon): 6 ngudi Chut cd dan d'ng danh

cho ddn dng va cd dan d'ng danh cho dan ba. Ca hai loai dan nay diu Iam bing

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dng Id d, mdt ddu cd mit (cua nd) bjt kfn va mdt ddu khdng. Hai dan deu cdu tao cd mdt ddy ndi tft tryc dan dd'n thung dan. Dan nam gidi cd cdn keo. Theo Mac Dudng loai dan dng dd cua ngudi Chut ggi ldn hinh anh nguydn thuy cua dan nhj. Loai dan d'ng danh cho phy nft lai cd thdm thanh gd gin d ddu dan dl nang day dan ldn. Khi choi, nghd nhan dung ngdn tay gdy day dan.

2. Sdo (Pi):

Ngudi Chut lam bing dng bfta nhd, hai ddu rdng, trdn than cd 6 Id thdi mdt ddu ed gin ludi ga. Khi thdi dilu khiln cac ngdn tay tao am didu cdn thid't. Sao dugc thdi trong Id cudi. Id tit va nam nu trao duydn thdi didu dan ca Ca Tdm- Ta Ldnh. Sao (pi) cua ngucri Chut dugc lam bing d'ng nfta nhd, hai ddu cit rdng, trdn than sao cd 6 Id, mdt ddu sao gin luoi ga dung dl thdi. Khi thdi, nghd nhdn dftng ky thuat dilu khiln 6 ngdn tay dat ldn cac Id sao, dl y tao thanh am didu cdn thid't.

Dan d'ng va sao dugc didn xudng luc cudi xin, djp td't va edn dung cho cac cap trai gai thdi dl trao duyen, giri gim tam tinh. Dilu dat bidt la ndi dung eae ban nhac cua dan va sao diu phd nhac theo didu Ka tom- ta Idnh.

3. Ddn mdi (Kdoong), Sdo dgc (Kldc):

Bing d'ng true nhd thdi cac didu nhac trong cac Id hdi cua ddng bao.

4. Td vd (Cd vd):

La mdt d'ng nfta nhd bing ngdn chan dai 40cm, hai ddu rdng, phfa thdi cd

khoet vat va gin vao ludi ga. Khi thdi ngdm mdt ddu vao chd cd gin ludi ga, hai

tay bjt ddu kia. Hai tay dilu khiln dm thanh theo y mud'n, thudng dl thdi bao

hidu ggi nhau trong riing, hoac tap hgp dan ban. Tu va (ca va) la mdt d'ng nfta

nho bing ngdn chan ngudi ldn, chieu dai khoang 40 cm, hai ddu dl rdng. Phfa

thdi cua tu va cd khoet vat va gin vao dd mdt ludi ga. Khi thdi, mdt ddu d'ng tu

va ngdm vao midng (ddu cd gin ludi ga) va ngudi thdi dung hai ban tay bjt ddu

kia, hai ban tay cd nhidm vu dilu khiln dm thanh theo y mud'n. Tu va thudng

dugc sft dung nhu tfn hidu dl ggi nhau trong rftng hoac la tfn hidu cua Py Cavel

tdp hgp cac thanh vidn trong lang...

5. Chieng (phing la):

Lam bing ddng, hinh trdn, mat hcri ldi. Khi danh dung khuyu tay va cui

tay dl danh. Cd khi dui la gd qudn vai dl tao do mim khi danh, am thanh vi the

ngdn vang. Tid'ng chidng danh trong tang ma khac vdi am didu tie'ng chieng danh

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trong Id hdi va tuy thudc vao sft dung cua ngucri danh. Luc danh, ngudi ta sft dung ca khuyu tay va cui tay, cung cd thi dung dui bing gd, ddu danh quSii thdm vai, tao nen do mem khi danh vao mat chieng, dl am thanh vang ngan hon. Chieng dugc dung trong cdc cudc sinh boat cd tfnh chdt tap tbi nhu ma chay, hdi he, cudi xin... Tuy thudc vao ndi dung IS nghi budi Id ma ngudi ta sit dyng cac am didu khac nhau cua chidng. Vf dy nhu trong ma chay, ngucri ta dung khuyu tay va cui tay danh deu trdn mat chidng tao ndn am didu trdm bdng vfta phai. Cdn trong hdi he. Id cudi, ngudi ta danh ddn dap vao mat chidng tao nen am dieu vang xa.

6. Ong Phia (Pia) cua thdy cung:

d cac thdy cung cdn cd mdt dung cu dm thanh la d'ng "pia". Nd dugc dung

trong cac IS cung com mdi, ddu xudn, nha't la cung ggi hdn, chfta bdnh tat cua

cac thdy cung. Dung cu dm nhac nay bao gdm hai d'ng Id d dai khoang 60 cm.

Khi choi, thdy cung keo di keo lai hai dng Id d dd lam cho nd eg xat vao nhau

tao ndn dm thanh reo rit diu. [9,51]

Tdm lai, nhac cu cua cac tdc ngudi thilu sd' d Phong Nha -Ke Bang tuy

cdn don gian vl kd't cd'u nhung tuong dd'i da dang vl mat loai hinh . Nhac khf cua

hg cd dii loai thudc bd hcri, bd day va bd gd. Trong eae loai nhac khf cua cac tdc

ngudi d day, chung tdi nhdn thd'y ngucri Bra-Van kilu cd nhieu loai nhac ey nha't.

Tmdc tidn, phai kl dd'n loai nhac cu gd bing ddng nhu chidng(thanh la) vdi

nhumg chftc nang khac nhau trong cac boat ddng phi vat thi cua hg. Cac loai

chidng to, nhd cd nhiiu chftc nang khac nhau, chung dugc sft dung hdu hit mgi

dam cudi, dam ma, IS ciing trdu.. Bdn canh dd chung cdn cd chftc nang boa giai

cac mau thudn cua lang cung nhu cd nhdn. Cdng la mdt loai nhac cy dugc sft

dyng trong mdt sd nghi IS mang tfnh chdt tdn giao ldm nhu cung lua mdi, IS cudi

ddm trdu..Trd'ng cua ngudiVdn Kilu cung gid'ng nhu trd'ng cua ngucri Ta Oi, Ka

Tuva dugc dftng vao nhung Id nghi khi gid't cac vat hid'n sinh bd'n chan. Cac loai

nhac cu bing day cung ddng mdt vai trd quan trgng trong sinh boat van nghd dan

gian cua hg trong dd phai ke dd'n achung mdt loai nhac cy don gian dugc lam

tftdng tre tftoi nguydn mit, day dan dugc lam bing cdt tre tft d'ng tre dd nd dftgc

ddm trong khi hat. Dan pa liia cd cdu tnic gid'ng dan nhj nhung cd bd'n ddy, cd

thi dung vl hoac gdy dl ddm cho cac bai hat trong nhftng ngay hdi. Cdn nhac cu

cua ngudi Chut cung khdng phong phu vl loai hinh va cdu tao dom gian nhung

chung lai phan anh tfnh nang da dung, cd the bilu diSn trong eae djp IS hdi, cudi

xin, va trong ca tang ma nhu dan d'ng,dan mdi, sao, til va.. Hidn nay, do sy tac

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ddng cua nhiiu phuong tidn thdng tin dai chung nhu dai, loa phdng thanh, ti vi... ndn cac nhac cu da bj mai mdt theo thdi gian, sd ngudi bilt sft dung cung khdng nhiiu, nhdt la ldp tre. Mdt sd loai chi cdn tdn tai trong tiem thftc ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc d day.

n.3.4. cAc L£ HOI TRUYCN THONG CUA CAc DAN T6C

LS hdi la hinh thftc van hda ed tmyen , ludn gin liln vdi cdng ddng dan cu ndi chung va cu dan ndng nghidp ndi ridng, nhim hudmg tdi sy hda hgp gifta con ngudi vdi nhau va vdi ty nhidn. Ld hdi la ncri phan anh sy udc vgng va cung nhu sy cung thinh cua con ngudi dd'n cac d&g thdn linh ve mdt cudc sd'ng an lanh no du.

a. Ld hgi cua ngudi Bru - Van Kieu

La cu ddn cd nin kinh te nuong rdy lau dcri, ddng bao Bra Van Kilu thudng dugc td chftc IS hdi vao khoang thdi gian ndng nhan, sau mua vy thucmg dap umg nhiing nhu cdu sinh boat van hda tinh thdn cung nhu tao ra cac hinh thftc vui chcri nghi ngoi.

Sau ddy chung tdi xin gidi thilu mdt sd IS hdi chfnh cua ngucri Bra Vdn Kilu.

- Ld tria liia:

Tmdc khi tria lua d timg gia dinh, chu lang cft ngucri cim cdy cd hinh chft

thdp ddu lang bao hidu c&i ngucri la vao. Sau dd chu lang diing ra lam Id cung

chung toan ban. LS vdt bao gdm: Lon, ga, lua gid'ng, rugu do gia dinh ddng gdp.

Cling xong chii lang ldy mau cua cac con vat vdy ldn cac hat gidng vdi y nghia

"mau roi dd'n dau, lua mgc dd'n dd". Cudi budi IS, chu lang nhic nhd mgi ngudi

vl cac dilu cdm ky, nhiing kidng eft trong thdi gian tria lua nhu: cdm tre nhd qua

lai rdy; khdng dugc an cac loai thjt thft da chit... Nhirng kidng cft nay nhim trdnh

rui ro cho lang va gia dinh. Ddng bao quan nidm nd'u an thjt thft chit lua se bj

thd'i, bj hu din dd'n mdt mua. Ludt tuc Bra - Vdn Kilu quy djnh hinh thftc phat

dd'i vdi tmdng hgp nay la, canh cao, nhic nhd, bdi thudng hu hai. [29]

- Ld Cling com mdi (Id an te't)

LS cung com mdi la nghi IS cud'i cung trong hd thd'ng cac tfn IS lidn quan

dd'n ndng nghidp, ndi dung ciia Id la ciing thdn Yang AvI da phu hd cho vu liia

bdi thu. Theo tap quan le nay dugc td chftc kha quy md, mang tfnh chdt cdng

ddng, didn ra trong mdt thcri gian dai.

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Ngucri Bm Van Kilu , sau khi thu hoach xong lua trdn cac nuomg rdy thudng td chftc IS "mdc hdn lua"ve nha d timg gia dmh. LS nay chi cd nhftng ngudi trong gia dinh tham gia , khdng mdi khach khfta. Ba chu lua se chgn nhumg bdng lua mdy hat budc ldn cdt nha chinh(cdt cai) dl cung Yang. Trong IS cung chung dugc td chftc tai nha chu lang, dan lang phai ddng gdp phdm vat bao gdm: mdt che mgu, mdt eon ca nudng, mdt dia bdnh la va mdt chen com lua mdi, trdn mdi la diu cim mdt la cay bilu thj sy tucri td't, dugc mua. Sau khi chudn bj xong IS vat, chu lang, chu Id dumg ra khdn cdu ma mdi ma rSy vl an lua mdi. Ndi dung bai khd'n nhu sau: O Yang phia Ddng, Yang phia Tdy, Yang mdy, Yang set, Yang niii,..., nay Ida dd tudt ve, hon lii dd ve kho, heo (ldn) dd mo, ruau dd ddy che, xin mdi cdc Ydng hay cdm cdn rugu, dn mieng thit heo, dn bdt cam lua mdi. Mong Ydng cho mua sau lua sai bdng,mdy hat, den mua thu hogch ddy giii, ngap keo, nguaig codng khong het,... O Ydng".

Ddng bao Bm - Vdn Kilu edn cd mc xin "keo" (xin que) sau IS khdn tung

bang ddng bac tring. Nd'u ddng bac sdp chumg td Yang ung hd, sang nam se

dugc mua lai; nd'u ddng bac ngfta phai tid'p tuc xin keo tid'p.[8]

Ld Lape Vel (Ll ciing than lang)

Mdt trong nhiing nghi Id gin chat vdi vide bao vd tai nguydn thidn nhidn d ddng bao Bm - Van Kieu la IS cung mid'u lang "Lape Vel". Hang nam dd'n djp phat rdy, ddng bao Bru Van Kilu td chftc Id "Lape Vel" dudi sy ehi dao cua chii lang. Theo quy djnh cua luat tuc trong Id cung mid'u lang mdi Dung pjair ddng gdp mdt con gd, mdt lon gao, nd'p, mgu,... Cung xong ca lang cung nhau an udng tai chd va ngu lai qua ddm. Cung vao djp nay chii lang nhic nhd vl nhumg dilu kidng cft, nhftng khu vyc dugc phep va khu vuc edin lam rdy cho mgi ngucri trong Vel bid't trudc khi vao mua riy mdi. Day cung la luc mgi ngudi trao ddi cho nhau nhung kinh nghidm, ky thuat san xudt ma hg tfch luy sudt cudc ddi.

- Ld dam trau (Id hie'n sinh)

Ld dam trau (Id an trau) la net sinh boat van hoa lau ddi cdn bao luu trong

ddi sd'ng cac tdc ngudi d Tmdng Son - Tay nguydn. LS cd ngudn gd'c tft tyc hien

sinh cdu mua xa xua phd bid'n trong cu dan ndng nghidp va xudt phat tft mdt

trayin thuyd't cd tft Idu ddi cua ddn tdc Bra - Van Kilu. "Ngay xua con ngucri

chii yd'u dya vao sdn bin, hai lugm, danh ca chua bid't dd'n trdng trgt. Hdng ngay

con ngudi mang vu khf vao rftng dl san tim nhumg san vat cua ty nhidn mang vl

nudi sd'ng ban thdn minh. Cho dd'n mdt hdm, dng trdi sai con hai con trau mang

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lua xudng trdn gian va bay cho loai ngudi each trdng trgt. Nhung khi dd'n trdn gian, ddng bao d gdn hon ndn trau da phan phat Ma hd't d dd, khdng mang lua den cho ddng bao dan tdc d miin nui, ndn khi xud'ng d trdn gian giup mgi ngudi cay cdy, trdng triia. Tft dd trau ta tftc gian ngudi miin nui, ndn khi xudng trdn gian nd ching cdn d vdi hg, ma xudng giup cho ngudi ddng bing keo cay. Cdn nhung ngudi miin nui tuy cd dugc lua gidng nhung phai trdng tria bing sftc lyc cua minh, trau khdng giup" Do dd hing nam cft dd'n mua thu hoach, hay bj thidn tai djch boa, ddng bao lai td chftc IS dau trau dl tra thu va xua dudi mgi sy xui xeo do trau gay ra.

Ld dam trau khdng chi mang y nghia cdu mua ma ngay cang dugc md rdng trong sinh boat tin ngudng nhu: IS khanh thanh nha lang, IS nam mdi, II kd't nghia trong quy md toan Vel, hay trong pham vi gia dinh nhu IS cudi, IS khoi...

Trwdc ngay hdi, nha lang dugc trang tri, sfta sang Iai: chidng trd'ng, thanh la,cdng cu lao ddng vu khf, chid'n Igi phdm dugc dua ra tnmg bay; trai gai Bra -van Kieu quit dgn ban Iang, td chftc san bin, danh ca chudn bj thyc phdm cho ngay hdi, mdt sd dugc vao rimg chgn cay lam cdt dam trau, tuyin chgn trau... Tmdc nha lang, chu lang cho dyng mdt cdt dam trau do cac thanh nidn tuyin chgn tft rftng vl: cdt dam trau phai lam bing cay bdng gdn gia, dugc cham khic nhiiu hoa van.

Tfnh chdt quan trgng va linh thidng cua IS dam trau dugc phan anh qua

nhung quy djnh vl cdm cft dd'i vdi dan lang cung nhu khach mdi tham dy. Cu

thi, trong thdi gian Id hdi, trong lang khdng cd ai dugc phep ldn rdy, vg chdng

khdng dugc quan hd, khi trdu ddm khdng dugc dua gion, ndi tuc, khach mdi chi

dugc an ud'ng tai chd khdng dugc mang vl, ddu trau va nhumg phdn thjt ngon se

ddng cung Yang: tdt ca mgi ngudi ai cung cd phdn, khdng dugc ngudi cd ngudi

khdng. Sau dd ca lang qudy qudn bdn chen mgu cdn, bdn canh mdm thjt, cung

nhau nhay mua xung quanh dd'ng Ifta, trong tid'ng chidng, tid'ng trd'ng rdn rang

bao hidu nhftng dilu td't dep se dd'n trong nhftng ngay tdi.

Trong cac Id ddm trau gia lang thudmg ld'y mau trdu bdi cho cac thanh nidn

trong Iang. ngudi Bm Van Kilu quan nidm mau la ddu hieu cua sy may min.

Chfnh vi thd' ai dugc gia Iang bdi mau vao ngucri se gap dugc nhiiu may min,

tranh duoc riii ro.[8,50]

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LS hdi dam trau la net sinh boat van boa cd tmyln, thi hidn tfnh cdng ddng trong sy edng hudng: cdu phuc, cdu an, cdu mua, gdp phdn lam ndn tfnh ddc dao trong sic thai Id hdi ndi chung, phan anh dac trung van boa cua tdc ngudi Bra - Van Kilu ndi ridng.

- Ld Calo (Ld ke't nghia anh em )

LS ket nghia thudmg dugc td chftc hai Iang khi xay ra nhftng sy kidn he trgng. LS kd't nghia giua hai lang thudmg khdi ddu bing tuc kd't ngbia Cal[ giua nhumg ca nhdn vdi nhau. Ve sau nay IS Cal[ thudng dugc did'n ra gifta cac gia dinh , nha't la cac ca nhdn vdi nhau. Ddng bao Bm - Vdn Kilu quan nidm khi da la "Gala " cua nhau thi xem nhau nhu anh em, ddi no cung hudng, hoan nan cung chia.

Khi nhu cdu kit thdn da chin mudi, Xud't Vel cua hai lang se td chftc lam IS. Khi hai Iang da ke't nghia vdi nhau thi khdng cd sy phdn biet ma xem nhu mdt nghia vu giup dd nhau khi khd khan ddi kem mdt mua, trach nhiem giup dd trong san xud't, sinh hoath, tang ma, IS hdi...

Thdi gian td chftc trong 3 ngay ddm, cung cd khi keo dai dd'n 7 ngay ddm nd'u nam dd dilu kidn vdt chdt ddi dao. Vi du: nd'u lang A ty minh dumg ra lam IS mdi lang B, sau dd mdt thdi gian lang B se td chftc mdi lai. Khi dugc lang B nhan ldi, lang A se vl chudn bj trong nhiiu ngay. Trong nhimg ngay dd ddn lang khdng ai dugc tft chdi trach nhidm hay Iam nhumg vide ridng gia dinh ma phai ganh vac vao cdng vide chung cua cdng ddng.

Ld hoi dap trdng ciia ngudi Ma Coong

LS hdi Ddp trd'ng cua ngudi Ma Coong dugc td chftc mdi nam mdt ldn

vao djp rim thang gidng (tft ngay 16-17 thang gidng am ljch).

Muc dfch cua Id hdi la nhim dl cdu trdi, cdu ddt cho mua thuan gid hoa,

nuomg riy dugc tuoi td't, dan chung dugc dm no, khoe manh, gia sftc khdng bj

djch bdnh. Ld hdi gdm hai phdn chfnh: Phdn thft nhdt la Iam Id td' trdi cua Chua

ddt, phdn thft hai la phdn ddp trd'ng vui choi cua tftng ldp thanh thid'u nidn.

Dja diim: thdng thudmg IS hdi ddp trdng dugc td chftc tai ncri ma Chua ddt

sinh sd'ng, nhung chi dftgc td chftc tai cac ban nim phfa thugng ngudn sud'i Ca

rodng tfnh tft ban Ca rodng II trd ldn. Cac ban phfa dudi nhu ban Nju, ban Ban,

ban Khe mng khdng dugc td chftc cho du Chua dd't cd 6 dd. Do vdy, nam 2006 Id

hdi vdn se dugc td chftc tai ban Ca rodng I mac du Chua ddt mdi hidn sinh sd'ng

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tai ban Ban (Chua da't cu vfta chit vao ngay 19 thang 1 nam dt ddu, Chua dd't mdi cd ddng ngudi hg hdng d ban Ca rodng I). Vide ke' nhiem vj tri Chua ddt thdng thucmg dugc giao cho ngudi ed uy tfn trong ddng hg. Tuy nhidn nd'u ngudi dd khdng du nhiing dilu kidn vl sftc khoe va gia dinh nhu dau yd'u, bdnh tat hoac neo dom, ddc than thi nhirng ngucri than trong ddng tdc hgp lai va tid'n cft mdt ngudi cd ddy du cac dilu kidn trdn dl dam bao dam duong dugc cdng vide. Cd thi ndi day la diem rd nhdt thi hidn y thftc trach nhidm rdt cao trong td chftc cdng ddng cua ngucri Ma - Coong.

Thanh phdn tham gia la ddng dao ba con dan tde cua 18 ban trong toan xa Thugng Trach gdm cdng ddng ngucri Ma Coong la chu yd'u, ngudi Van Kieu va cac tdc ngudi khac. Ngoai ra cung thu hut dugc sy tham gia cua cdng ddng ngudi Arem d xa Tan Trach, ngudi Ma - Coong d Lao. Tdt ca diu hdi tu vl ddy trong nilm vui xudn mdi vdi mo ude dugc trdi ddt phu hd cho sftc khoe, thdc liia ddy bd. Ngudi Ma - Coong coi day nhu la mdt ngay td't cua ridng hg va ty hao chi hg mdi cd dugc ngay IS nhu thd' nay.

Ld vat: LS vdt dl t l trdi trong ngay IS hdi la: 18 hu mgu cdn, 18 con ga, 24

con ca, mdt sd' dgt mdy (nggn cdn non cua cdy nudc), dgt lui (phdn nggn cdn non

ciia cdy la ndn), dgt doac (phdn nggn cdn non cua cdy bung bang) va 6 tfp xdi dl

bay trdn 6 mdm cung.

Toan bd Id vdt nay dugc ddng gdp tft mdi hd gia dinh thudc 18 ban ciia xa

Thugng Trach. Trudc ngay Id khoang mdt thang, mdi hd gia dinh ty nguydn

mang dd'n nha trudng ban 4 loong gao nd'p dl tmdng ban ndp cho Chua ddt Iam

mgu cdn va dd xdi. Ga cung dugc ddng gdp tft cac ban, mdi ban 2 con (nha ai

nhiiu ga thi ty nguydn ddng gdp), dgt may, dgt lui, dgt doac do con chau cua

Chua ddt la'y vl.

Theo ngucri gia kl lai thi tmdc kia ngudi Ma Coong sinh sd'ng d ddt Lao,

vi giac da,mdt nhdm ngudi da vugt sud'i, bang rftng vl hudmg mat trdi mgc va hg

luu lac dd'n mdt vung ddt cdn hoang so. Tai viing ddt nay cd sdng sud'i, nui non

bao bgc, hg quyd't djnh dftng chan d manh ddt nay sinh co, ldp nghidp. Theo thdi

gian, ddn cu ngay mdt ddng due, mdt ban nhd ven sdng Ca Rodng dugc hinh

thanh, mang tdn Vin Rra-klogc (theo tid'ng Ma Coong nghia la "ban thudng

ludng"). Tdn ban tft truyin thuyd't cua ngudi Ma Coong vl cudc chid'n gifta con

ngudi vdi mdt loai vdt la trong budi ddu djnh cu. Xua kia, cft den mua mua nudc

sdng Ca Rodng ddng ldn ngdp lut ca mdt vung rdng ldn, tryc tid'p de doa din

cudc sd'ng ciia con ngudi. Dudi sdng cd mdt loai vdt minh dai hung dfi, khdng

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gidng ca ma cung chang gidng rin, thudng vdy vung d nhftng vyc nudc sau, dan ban ggi loai vat dd la Rra - klogc(tbudng ludng). Hg cho ring ban lang hing nam bj ngap lyt la do loai vat nay gay ra. dl didt trft loai vat nay, ngudi Ma Coong dung cay thud'c ca, gia ndt nem xudng sdng. Rra- klogc cay mit tim dudng trd'n chay. tft dd vl sau khdng thdy loai vat nay xudt hidn nfta (hidn nay ca Rodng ed mdt Idng khe can, ddng nudc trong veo dd vl sdng Ca Rodng, ngudi ta ndi ring dd la dudng trd'n chay cua lu thudng ludng kia tao thanh).

Hidn nay d ban ca Rodng 1 cd cay ed thy rdt ldn, canh la sum sud ca mdt vung, gd'c cay to bd'n ngudi dm khdng xui. dd'n mua xuan cay dam chdi ra hoa, tftng dai hoa dd di tung ra nhu nhumg ddm lua nhd. Vl cay cd thy nay, ddng bao kl lai tmyln thuyd't: xua kia, khi trd'n chay khdi vung ddt cua minh d bdn lao, ngudi Ma Coong mang theo chid'c gdy thidng cua tdc ngudi minh. dd'n ncri d hg mdi dyng nha, chid'c gay thidng nay dam chdi, mgc rS thanh cay. thdy la, ngudi Ma Coong bao vd va coi cdy nay la mdt cdy thidng.

Tmdc ddy, vdi ldi sd'ng du canh, du eu nay ddy mai dd, va ca hidn nay du sdng d khip mgi noi nhiing ngudi Ma Coong ludn xem ban ca Rodng la cdi ngudn cua tde ngudi minh. Vi thd', hing nam hg diu trd vl vung ddt thidng dl dugc sd'ng trong khdng khf IS hdi Ddp trd'ng.

Cung theo trayin thuyd't nay, ngay xua vung ddt ngudi Ma Coong sinh

sd'ng ludn bj lu khi hoanh hanh. Mae du ngucri Ma Coong Iam lung vdt va dl lam

ra hat lua, cu khoai nhung khi lua chin thi Iai bj Iu khi ldy trd'ng ra danh va theo

tid'ng trd'ng, lua cft vl nha ciia hg nha khi. Ngudi Ma Coong rdt lo ling, ban ddu

hg da lam hd't mgi each vdn khdng ngan dugc. Nhung rdi hg da ldy dugc cai

trd'ng cua nha hg khi va td chftc danh trd'ng vao mua xuan. khi trd'ng dugc danh

ldn thi that ky didu, khdng cdn thdy bdng dang lu khi nfta, ndn tft dd nam nao

cung dugc mua, ddi sd'ng ba con nhd vay ma ngay cang sung tiic.

Dl tftdng nhd cdng lao cua td tidn va dl cdu cho trong nam dugc mua

thudn gid hoa, hang nam vao ngay 16 thang gidng dm ljch, ngudi Ma Coong deu

td chftc cung td', va sau nay da trd thanh IS hdi Ddp trd'ng cua ddng bao Ma

Coong.

Ngay tmdc chua cd Ijch nhu bdy gid, ngudi Ma Coong dung mdt doan day

mim dl that nut, mdt mit tugng trung cho mgt ngay, mdt thang cd 30 mit, ddng

thdi nhin trang dl dilu chinh ljch cho khdp vdi cac ngay trong thang, each tinh

lich td chftc Id hdi do ngudi dftng ddu ban chii Id dam trach.

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Tmdc khi Id hdi dugc td chftc, dudi sy dilu hanh cua chii ddt, cac gia lang thdng bao din timg thanh vidn cua edng ddng ve mftc ddng gdp vdt chat. Tft thang tu am ljch, sau vy lua xuan, ddng bao bit ddu ddng gdp gao nd'p. Thudng mdi ban ddng gdp mdt con ga, 60 lon gao nep (loai nd'p den dac san cua dja phuong) dl lam mgu bidng (tinh mgu nep), mgu edn... cac ban lang diu phai chuan bj mdt thft rdt quan trgng, mdt thft khdng thi thid'u dd la trd'ng.

Trdng dugc lam tft nguydn lidu gd va da trau. Day la cdng vide hd't sftc quan trgng quyd't djnh thanh cdng cua budi IS. Nlu trdng danh khdng cd am vang thi khdng linh nghidm, vi the trd'ng phai dugc cac gia lang va cac nghd nhan tryc tid'p chgn gd, da va lam trdng. Theo phong tuc, tang trd'ng cua ngucri Ma Coong dugc lam tft cay "chi cup" - mdt loai cay thud'c rdng mdt, sd'ng hang mdy chuc nam trong rftng sau. Tang trdng cd thi gift tft nam nay qua nam khac, dung cho dd'n khi hdng thi thay cai mdi. Cdn mat trd'ng, tmdc day ddng bao thudng chgn mdt con trau to, chilu 15 thang gidng bit ddu xe thjt dl Idy da bjt trd'ng. Trong nhihig nam gdn day, vide gid't trau vao ngay 15 khdng cdn td chftc nfta, vide chgn da bjt trd'ng la khi tai cac ban hoac xa cd lam thjt trau, bd (hoac cung ed thi la da con son duong), ngucri Ma Coong chgn t&i da dep nha't dem xdng ldn bd'p va de'n Id hdi thi dem ra bjt mat trdng.

Ngudi Ma Coong khdng bjt trd'ng nhu ngudi dudi xudi dl mat trd'ng cang thing, ma lam theo each ridng ciia minh. Hg dung sgi day may rimg xau cheo vdi nhau, rdi ld'y nhung ndm tre ndm chat lai, keo cho mat trd'ng ed hinh thu ky quae nhu mdt qua cdu gai. "Qua cdu gai" nay la hidn than cua tam linh, cua tid'ng ndi thdn ky, nhu tid'ng cua ngudi Ma Coong gifta rftng xanh dai ngan khdng bj khudt phuc bdi gid, mua, thu rftng hoang da... vide bjt trd'ng chi dugc lam mdt ngay trudc ddm Id hdi.

Tmdc khi didn ra Id hdi Ddp trd'ng, ngucri Ma Coong cd Id "tha ludi" trdn

mdt khue sud'i Cdm (cdn ggi la khe Cfoi) d ban Byt each dd khdng xa dl bit ca

phyc vu cho vide t l Id. Khue sud'i Cdm nay dugc chu ddt quyd't djnh lya chgn.

Sau khi chgn khue sud'i Gd'm, chu ddt giao nhidm vu bao vd khue sud'i cho tmdng

ban. Khue sud'i nay ludn phai dugc gift gm sach se, khdng dugc dl bj ul tap,

khdng ai dugc danh bit ca tai khue sud'i nay. Nl'u ai vi pham se bj chu dd't phat

va, thudng mftc phat va la mdt hu mgu cdn, mdt con heo... (gdn day da cd dan

ban vi pham va va da bj phat va). Mdi nam mdt Idn chi cd chii dd't mdi cd quyIn

cho phep mdt sd trai ban nhd't djnh tha ludi danh bit d khue sud'i Cdm dd. Ca

danh dugc tai day se lam dd ciing 11 va dl ca Iang cung an. Khoang 4 gid ngay

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16 thang gidng (each khoang 15 gid ddng hd tmdc khi Id hdi diSn ra), vai ba ngudi than trong gia dinh cua Chua da't la nhumg ngudi dugc phep tha me ludi ddu tidn trdn sudi eSm dl bit ca nhung khdng phai la bit ca dl cung tai IS hdi ma la dl cung tai sud'i cfoi.

Con trai tmdng cua Chua ddt dugc uy quyIn lam ngucri cung tai ehd nhim xin phep cho dan lang danh bit ca trade khi hidu dugc phep danh bit ca trdn sud'i cdm cua Chua ddt dugc ngdm cdng bd'. Sau khi cung xong, mgi ngudi ty do danh bit va giao ndp lai cho ngudi lam IS cung, mdi ngudi khoang tft 2 - 5 con ca dl lam IS vat cung trong IS hdi Dap trd'ng.

Dja diim td chftc Id hdi la ban Ca Rodng 1, mdt ban tmng tam ciia xa Thftgmg Trach. Khi vl chilu, tid't trdi cang lanh cung la luc nhung bude chdn cua nam nft thanh nidn, cua dan dng, dan ba trong xa dd vl ban Ca Rodng 1 dl tham gia Id hdi. Vao nhumg ngay nay, chi trft nhumg ngudi d'm dau, gia yd'u Ididng thi di dugc, cdn lai deu nao nftc di hdi, day la djp lam quen, hd hen, tim ngudi ban tinh, rdi sau dd kd't duydn thanh vg chdng.

Sau khi trd'ng da dugc bjt xong va dugc treo ldn thi Id hdi dugc bit ddu. Trdn khoang sdn rdng cua ban Ca Rodng 1, mdt cai rap da dugc dung Idn, rap nay dugc Igp bing la cdy ritng, phfa trong rap cd mdt sap tre nhd, rdng vfta du dl bay bidn cac dd IS. Chu dd't bay IS vdt va huong an dl cung Id. Huong an la mdt cai sap tre thd'p, trdn bay 6 mdm cd nhd. Mdi mam cd cd thjt ga ndu vdi chdi xdi non, mdt tip xdi, mdt hu mgu bidng (mgu bidng la thft dd ud'ng ndi tid'ng cua ngucri Ma Coong, thft Id vat khdng thi thid'u trong cac djp cung, td' dugc lam tft nip nuong, men la, thom nftc, tring va sanh nhu sfta. Theo phong tyc ciia ngudri Ma Coong, rugu hidng dung dang cung cac vj thdn hoac djp ban cd khach quy -cd le thft rugu nay xudt hidn trade khi ed mgu cdn ndn da trd thanh mdt dd IS ddng cung khdng thi thay thd") va mdt ft lua gao, ea, thjt ga. Tuong umg vdi 6 mdm cd la 6 hu rugu cdn dugc dat ngay tmdc sap nfta.

Khi cdng vide chudn bi hoan tdt, thi trdi ciing da nha nhem td'i, mgi ngudi

gia, tre, trai, gai trong trang phuc tmyen thd'ng cua ngucri Ma Coong da tu hdi

ddng dii, chat ca khoang san rdng ciia ban Ca Rodng 1. each vj tri cung te khdng

xa, cac chum, cac che rugu cdn do dan ban mang dd'n bay thanh tftng hang dai,

mgi ngudi cd mat ddng dii hao hftc chd dgi gid khai IS. Ban hanh Id gdm 6 thanh

vidn, do chii dd't - mdt chftc sic do truyin ngdi theo huyd't thd'ng, da cd tft Idu

ddi; chii dd't la ngudi cd uy tfn khdng chi vdi ddng bao trong mdt ban ma vdi ca

mdt vung gdm nhiiu ban - dumg ddu Iam chu IS. Tmdc ngay td chftc IS, chu dd't

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phai vao rftng ngu 3 ngay dl gift minh cho that tinh khid't, trong sach tmdc khi cung t l thdn hnh. Trong ban hanh Id, chu ddt la ngudi chu IS, cac thanh vidn khac phu Id giup chu ddt cung t l (chu ddt cd vai trd nhu dng chanh td', cac thanh vidn khac nhu cac chdp sy trong mdt IS cung t l cua ngudi Kinh). Khi hanh IS, ban hanh IS sft dyng Id phuc tmyln thdng. Nhumg bd Id phuc nay chi dugc sft dung mdi nam mdt ldn, trong Id hdi Dap trd'ng va dugc trayin lai tft ddi nay sang thd' hd khac, do mau den cai khuy bac. Chu ddt mac vay do mau den cd nhiiu boa tid't sac sd, ddi tde dai xoa ngang lung.

Dudi anh trang rim cua thang ddu nam, trong sy thidng lidng sau tham ciia nui rftng, chu da't thip sang nhumg cay nin lam bing sap ong va ldm rdm khdn; "mdi giang va eon ma mdt vl an xdi, ud'ng rugu hidng chiing kid'n IS hdi, phu hd cho ngudi Ma Coong cd cudc sd'ng ydn lanh, lam an no du, mua mang bdi thu..."

Cac thanh vidn khac cua ban hanh Id thay nhau vao cdu khaii. Trong khi

chu ddt lam Id, mdt thanh vidn trong ban hanh IS phu trach vide rdt mgu vao bat,

nhiing thanh vidn edn lai di vdng quanh, budc tftng budc chdm chic, canh tay

vung tft tft dua ldn cao, td y cdu khdn thdn linh chd che, ban phat phude Ianh cho

mgi ngudi.

Ld cung kd't thuc khi chu IS bd'c nhftng nim lua gao nem ra nhiiu phfa.

Ong dd't nhumg que sap ong sang ldn va bit ddu cung mcri "Giang" va mdi con

ma mdt vl an xdi, chumg kid'n Id hdi ma phft hd cho ddng bdo Ma Coong dugc

mua va sinh sdi nay nd. Ld cung t l trdi ddt keo dai gdn mdt gid ddng hd.

Sau khi kd't thuc phdn Id, chu dd't tuydn bd chuyin qua phdn hdi. Phdn hdi

la phdn khdng kem phdn quan trgng cua IS hdi Ddp trd'ng. Chii dd't dd'n tmdc

chid'c trd'ng dat trang nghidm tmdc dai thd cdm doan gd'c cua cdy may dap manh

vao mat trd'ng mdt hdi dai, sau dd ldn lugt tft gia lang, tmdng ban dd'n mgi ngudi

dan thay nhau vao dap trd'ng. Tid'ng trd'ng vang ldn, tftng nhjp trd'ng ddn dap vang

xa, vgng vao tftng vach nui, pha tan sy tinh Iang cua nui rittig. Tieng trd'ng va

ragu cdn nhu tid'p thdm sftc manh cho nhftng ngudi tham gia ddm Id hdi. Dudi

anh trang, ddn ban xa, ban gdn ai ai cung tham gia dap trd'ng, tftng tdp ngudi cdm

tay nhau nhay mua, thay nhau trd tai ddp trd'ng, vita ddp trd'ng hg vira hd ldm; "

Roa 1ft giang oi" (sudng qua, vui qua trdi oi). Tid'ng trd'ng cang vl ddm cang thdi

thu, hoa ldn tid'ng reo hd eiia mgi ngudi quanh anh lira bdp bung dugc ddt ldn

gifta ban Ca Rodng.

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Khung canh nao nhidt nay chi kit thue khi nao mat trd'ng thung. Vi theo quan nidm cua ngudi Ma Coong, mat trd'ng dugc dap vd la thi hidn dugc sftc manh doan kd't dan tde, giup hg gin bd, chung sftc, chung Idng bao vd ban lang.

Khi trd'ng thung, luc nay, nhiing anh Ifta dang bap bung cung bit ddu tan, tra lai man ddm nguydn thuy cho nui rftng. Nhumg ddi trai gai lau nay da cd y, cd tinh nhung chua mdt ldn dugc dd'n vdi nhau, nay khdng hen da ty tim dd'n vdi nhau, cung nim tay nhau, dit nhau di vao rftng, ra bd sud'i... trudc khi ga gay sang, hg rdi nhau va chia tay, ai vl nha ndy, khdng bdn biu khdng vudng mic gi nhau, mdi ngudi lai theo cudc sd'ng ridng cua minh, lai di rdy, phdt nuomg, lam mua va hen gap Iai vao Id hdi nam sau.Gat bd nhumg trayin thuyd't mang tfnh huyIn thoai, IS hdi dap trdng cua ddng bao Ma Coong la net van hoa tidu bilu mang dam ban sic van boa tdc ngudi d vung Phong Nha -Ke Bang cdn phai dugc bao tdn va phat huy. [51,55]

- Ld cung Da:

Ld cung Da la mdt ttrong nhirng tap tuc cd y nghia tam linh nhdt ldm trong

ddi sd'ng ciia ngudi dan Ma Coong. Ld dugc td chftc sau khi mgi nha da tria

xong lua nuong. Ld vat bao gdm 4 con ga, 2 hu mgu cdn, 4 con ea va 2 tip xdi

nd'p than, toan bd Id vat dugc chia Iam hai mam cung. Dja diim cung tai mdt

tang da Idmgdn ban Ca rodng 2. Thanh phdn tham gia: Chua dd't- thi hanh IS, cac

gia lang va trudng ban. Ndi dung cung: Gdm hai ndi dung:

Mdt la cung linh hdn cua nhiing ngudi Kinh ngay xua bj ehd't tai tang da

nay. Ngucri Ma - Coong quan nidm ring, ngucri bj pham tdi nang ma eh^t thi linh

hdn cua hoe khdng dugc sidu thodt ndn thudng hay qudy nhidu dan lang. Do vay

muc dfch cung la nhim cdu sidu cho linh hdn ciia nhumg ngucri bj chit d ddy

dugc sidu thoat, dftng vl qud'y nhidu ddn ban.

Hai la cung trdi dd't, thdn linh bao cao vdi trdi dd't va cac vj thdn linh vl

vide ddn ban da tria xong lua, mgi ngucri se khdng danh bit ca trdn sud'i cdm,

ddng thdi cdu trcri cho nuong riy khdng bj pha hoai, mua thuan gid hoa dl lua

dugc tuoi td't, dan ban dugc dm no.

Tuc thdng gia vdi nhau va con rl kidng mdi nhau an mdt sd loai ddng vat

hoang da:

Luon (nung), ca chinh (xia ca chinh), rin (cu xanh), rua (pft), ba ba, dui

(cu pi), ga rftng (trudi ca mdng), mang (pdi), cheo cheo, ky da (ta ry), ky nhdng

(ta gidng) la nhumg loai ddng vat hoang da nhumg ngucri cd quan he thdng gia vdi

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nhau nhu bd me chdng vg hai bdn va con rd mydt ddi khdng mdi nhau an. Nghia la neu mdt trong hai bdn da an thi khdng dugc phep mdi bdn kia cung an. Ngudi Ma- Coong rdt kj vl dilu nay bdi hg cho ring nhftng con vat trdn thudng hay manh gia, luon leo ndn nd'u hai bdn thdng gia cung an cac loai dd thi se xay ra xung dot, mat doan kit [26]

Le Cling trau: Day la mdt tfn ngudng dugc xudt bidn tft trong mdt tdp tuc quen thudc cua ngudi Ma - Coong do la IS cung Trau. Ld cung Trau thudng dugc td chftc d cac gia dinh va ddi khi cung dugc td chftc d quy md lang ban. LS cung thudng dugc td chftc tai cac khu vyc ciing trau thudc vung rftng cua nhieu ban. Ld cung dugc td chftc khi ma gia dinh hoac lang ban dd cd vu mua bdi thu, lua thdc ddy bd, chan nudi dugc nhieu gia sue thi IS nay mdi dugc tid'n hanh (thdng thudng khoang 3 nam hoac 6 nam mdt Idn). Tai Id eiing, ngudi ta td chu'c dd't Ifta dl nuomg thjt trdu lam mdm cung trdi ddt va thdn linh da phu hd cho hg dugc mua. Do dd vao cac ngay thudng d khu vyc cung trdu se bj edin ddt lita dl tranh su nhdm Idn cho thdn linh ddn dd'n sy qud trach dd'i vdi dan ban.[26]

Dilu dang luu y la trong cac IS hdi cua ngudi Bra Van Kilu phdn IS dugc trai rdng ra khip ca mdt chu ky san xud't, trong dd chu yd'u la cac nghi IS vl ndng nghidp. Dilu nay thi hidn hinh thftc cung bai, d ndi dung vl cdm ky, kidng eft , sy dl cao vai trd cua Yang Boi cung nhu cac vj thdn khac (thdn may, mua, sdm, gid). Do y nghia linh thidng cua viec cung thdn trong IS hdi nen eae thanh vidn trong cdng ddng ludn cd y thftc va tuan thu thyc hidn mdt each nghidm ngat, nd'u mdt thanh vidn nao dd khdng tuan thu thi se bj phat rdt nang. Trong khi an ud'ng khdng dugc tranh danh nhau, khdng dugc an ud'ng tmdc chu lang, gia lang. Ngudi vi pham nhiing tmdng hgp nay se bj dan lang chd cudi. Neu la tre em nhd mic ldi phai nhic nhd, khiln trach bd me. Nd'u ngudi ldm mic ldi se bj phat ga, mgu..

d IS hdi chung toan Vel thi mdi gia dinh phai cd trach nhiem ddng gdp:

Ign, ga, gao nd'p, rugu... Gia dinh nao khd khan se dugc ddng gdp bing cdng sftc.

Trong khoang thcri gian diSn ra Id hdi luat tuc quy djnh mdi thanh vidn diu phai

cd nghia vy ganh vac, khdng dugc ai trd'n tranh, hay di lam vide khac, vide ridng

gia dinh, dan lang khdng ai ldn rdy, di lam hay lam nha ma tap trung vao ehudn

bj cho Id hdi. Trong nhumg ngay didn ra IS hdi khach khfta dd'n choi phai d lai

khdng dugc bd vl. Nd'u Iang cd td chftc Id hdi dam trau . cac thanh vidn nhdt la

trai trang phai ganh vac nhiem vy tuyin trau, chgn cdt dam trau, trang trf cdy

ndu... Nhumg quy djnh trdn ngoai vide phan anh nhung boat ddng cua ngudi Bm

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an Kidu cdn phan anh nhinig chudn myc gia trj, nhumg each thftc trong umg xft cua cac thanh vidn dan lang, gdp phdn hinh thanh ndn nhumg net dep cua IS hdi. Dac bidt la nhumg quy djnh mang tfnh nguydn tic nay da ddng vai trd quan trgng trong vide cung ed tinh thdn doan kd't tuong trg, dn djnh xa hdi, tao khdng khi lanh manh trong sinh boat cdng ddng d ngudi Bm - Van Kilu.

b. Ld hdi cua ngudi Chiit

Gidng nhu cac tdc ngudi thilu sd khac, nhftng cu dan cd ddi sdng gin lien vdi boat ddng nuong rdy cd tmyln, ljch IS hdi cua ngudi Chftt cung gin chat vdi ljch san xudt. Thdi diim td chftc Id hdi thudng vao sau mau vu, day la khoang thdi gian ndng nha trong nam, dap ftng nhu cdu sinh boat van boa tinh thdn vdi nhiiu binh thftc vui choi nghi ngoi sau mdt nam san xudt cua ddng bao, d hdu hd't cac tdc ngucri thilu sd ndi chung, va ngucri Chut ndi ridng, IS hdi la mdt phdn cudc sd'ng cua hg. Va chu ky cua mdt vu mua ndng nghidp bao gid cung dd'i didn vdi thii thach va nhieu md'i de doa cua thidn nhidn (ban ban, lu lyt) cho ndn, cung nhu nhiiu cdng ddng cu ddn ndng nghidp khac, vide cung thinh dn hud cua thidn nhidn cung la md'i quan tam hang ddu ciia ngucri Chut. Dd khdng chi gin vdi mdt vu mua bdi thu ma edn la sy an nguy cua ca cdng ddng.

Le Klodng:

La IS tim ddt dl lam nuomg rdy. Khi di tim ddt, chu nha mang theo mdt ft IS vat nhu mgu, xdi thjt rftng. Dd'n dam ddt vfta y, chu nha dat IS vat xud'ng mdt gd'c cay to, hoac trdn mdt hdn da ldn dl cung thdn ddt, thdn nui phu hd cho mua mang dugc td't tuoi. Cung xin thdn linh xong, chu nha phat mdt dam nhd dl lam dd'u. Nd'u nhu vai ddm sau, hg nim mdng thdy diim td't thi tid'p tue phat tid'p dam dd't dd dl Iam rdy.

Li lap hd (Icldp Id): Ld cung dugc tid'n hanh sau cdng vide chgc Id tra hat da

hoan td't. Myc dfch cua nghi Id nay la cdu mong thdn linh phu hd cho mau mang

dugc tuoi td't va thu rftng khdi qud'y pha. LS vat gdm cd com, mgu, mudi, nudc

va thjt thu rimg. Chu nha dgn IS vat d mdt gdc cua rdy rdi ggi mcri cac thdn linh

vl nhdn IS, trong dd cd mdt vj thdn trong coi thu rftng la vj nft trdn tmdng, vi vay,

khi cung, chii nha phai quay lung lai noi dl IS vat dl tranh nhin tha'y vj thdn trdn

tmdng dd. Ld vdt cung xong, chu nha an mdt ft, sd cdn lai dl nguydn d rdy

khdng dugc mang vl nha. Ld com mdi (chdm cha bdi): Khi cdy lua da chin,

ngudi vg ciia chu nha ra rdy ngit mdt ft bdng lua mang vl gia thanh gao nd'u

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com, cung vdi mdt ft ca, rau mang ldn riy dl cung. LS ciing nay nhim cdu xin than lua va cac vj thdn linh khac cho phep thu hoach mua mang.

Le cam mdi (Chdm cha bdi):

Khi cay lua da ehfn, vg ra rSy ngit mdt ft bdng lua mang vl gia thanh gao ndu com, cung vdi mdt it ca, rau mang ldn riy dl cung. Ngudi chdng bay bidn cac IS vat d mdt gdc rdy, ngucri vg cung vai cdu xin thdn lua va cdc vj thdn khac cho phep thu hoach mua mang.[22]

Le dn mieng dugc miia: Sau khi thu hoach xong, ddng bao td chftc IS cung

com cho dng ba, td tidn va ma rimg, ddng thdi dl ca gia dinh cung an mftng

thanh qua lao ddng cua minh vdi mdt vu mua bdi thu. Cac nghi IS hdn quan dd'n

boat ddng san bit - hai lugm. Dd'i vdi ngucri Chut san bin la cdng vide ciia dan

dng va Of day cd hai hinh thftc san: san tdp thi va san ca nhdn. Cac con thu ldn la

dd'i tugng san cua ca tdp thi thanh nidn, trai trang trong lang. Khi san dugc con

mdi ldm, thjt cua chftng dugc chia diu cho nhumg ngudi di san va ca nhiing thanh

vidn khdng tham gia. Tuy nhidn hidn nay, san phdm san dugc ngoai nhiing ngudi

tham gia thi chi danh bieu cho nhumg ngucri lang gilng than thudc va hg hang

than thudc. Hoat ddng san bin cung dugc tid'n hanh ca nam, nhung chu yd'u la

hinh thftc san ca nhan vdi cac eon thu nhd, khdng ehi nhim cung cdp ngudn dam

cho bfta com cua ddng bao ma cdn la ngudn thftc an dy trft quan trgng cho mua

mua, dac bidt la trong cac djp IS hdi quan trgng trong dam cudi, dam ma, cung

mftng Ilia mdi, hoac dung dl dai khdch quy.

Mua san d ngudi Chut thudng tft thang 8 dd'n thang 12, hg chgn dugc ngay

td't rdi cir ngudi tai gidi di san thu rimg (nd'u dugc Ign rftng la td't nha't). Thu rftng

san dugc, ngudi ta vdt bd phdn radt, cdn dl nguydn con quay ehfn tren bip Ifta.

Mgi thanh vidn trong lang deu cung nhau mang IS vdt nhu bdt nhuc, gao, nd'p,

sdn rugu dd'n mdt dia diim da djnh sdn, trdn mdt bai ddt bing gdn lang. LS cung

thudng td chiic vao budi sang, cung xong, ngucri ta cit ddu, tai, dudi, bd'n chan

dua vao rftng, noi da bit dugc thu dl cung thdn san. Sau dd mgi ngudi cung nhau

an ud'ng rdt vui ve.

Tdm lai IS hdi truyen thd'ng cua cac tdc ngudi d vung Phong Nha -Ke

Bang xet vl loai hinh cung khdng nhiiu lim nhung da phan anh dugc cudc sd'ng

tinh thdn phong phu cua nhftng con ngudi nd day. Sau nhihig ngay san bin, hai

luom trd vl, hg Iai quay qudn quanh dd'ng lira trang tdm cua thj tdc -vfta an ud'ng

vfta nhay miia dl bilu thj sftc manh, nilm vui va mong mud'n thdn linh phu hd

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cho minh dat dugc thanh qua trong cdng vide. Dilu dang luu y la trong IS hdi vdi

sif gdp mat ea vl hinh thftc ldn ndi dung da trd thanh mdt trong nhumg dac trung

van boa, bilu thj quan nidm vl the' gidi quan, nhan sinh quan cua tdc ngudi. Tft

nhumg tfn nidm tdn giao xoay quanh nilm tin thidng lidng " van vat huti linh" da

dua din mdt hd qua: nhung Id thftc tdn giao gin lien vdi cac boat ddng san xudt,

sinh boat, quan hd xa hdi...Trong dd Id thftc ndng nghidp chiem phdn ldm trong

ndi dung cung nhu hinh thftc sinh boat tfn nguomg dugc rai khip va khep kin ca

mdt chu ky san xudt trong nam. Bdi chu ky cua mdt vy mua nuong rdy bao gid

cQng ddi didn vdi nhumg thft thdch va nhiiu md'i de doa cua thidn nhidn, hon nua

cdn den sy an nguy cua cdng ddng. Nhin chung ndi dung IS hdi chua that phong

phu, cdn qua nang vl IS nghi tdn giao, cung bai, te Id, cac boat ddng van boa

nghd thuat cdn ngheo nan (trft IS Dap trdng. Dam trau) phdn ldn don didu ft cd sy

kd't hgp gifta Id va hgi, thdi gian didn ra ngin, khdng gian hep, quy md nhd.. Mac

du vdy nhung nd cd mdt y nghia to ldn thit chat thdm tfnh cdng ddng, tinh thdn

doan kd't, tuong trg ldn nhau tmdc mdi tmdng thidn nhidn khic nghidt va hilm

trd, gdp phdn lam ndn tfnh ddc dao trong sic thai IS hdi cua ddng bao ddn tdc d

miin nui phfa Tdy tinh Quang Binh.

n.3.5. PHONG TUC TAP QUAN

a. PHONG TUC TAP QUAN CUA NGUClI BRUVAN KI^U

1. Cac nghi Id trong hdn nhdn ciia ngudi Van Kieu.

Budc dudng tft hdn nhdn di dd'n gia dinh dd'i vdi trai gai Vdn Kilu la kha

phftc tap va phai thyc hidn nhieu nghi Id theo quy djnh ciia ludt tyc. Chang dudng

dd dai ngin, tuy thudc vao nhiiu Iy do, nhung la nhung thft thach nang nl cho

mgi ngudi nhdt la dd'i vdi ddi tre. Ngudi con gai kl tft luc ddng y tid'p nhan

nhftng mdn qua nhd trong cac ldn "di sim" cho dd'n luc trd thanh "ma" ma chdng

cd bid't bao nhidu nilm vui nhung cung khdng ft nhftng lo toan trong dd. Ngudi

con trai kl tft luc hoan tdt xong cdng vide "ca rang" cho tdi luc trd thanh dng chu

cua gia dinh phai ganh vac bid't bao cdng vide. Mud'n cd dugc hanh phuc Ifta ddi,

gia dinh hanh phuc, ddi trai gai phai thyc hidn cac budc sau:

Giai doan tim hieu.

Budc tim bilu la budc ddu tidn ciia hdn nhdn giai doan tim hiiu rd't quan

trgng dd'i vdi cudc sd'ng vg chdng sau nay. Hanh phuc gia dinh, tinh ydu ddi Ifta

cd vung bin hay khdng phdn Idm phy thudc vao kit qua vide tim hiiu.

110

Tudi ydu duong ddi vdi nam nu Van Kilu thudmg tft mudi bd'n, mudi lam tudi. Day cung la tudi tmdng thanh theo quan nidm cua ddng bao cac dan tdc d midn tay Quang Binh Tuy nhidn mudn dugc mgi ngudi edng nhan la da thyc sy truong thanh ngucri con trai, con gai Van Kilu phai thyc hidn xong nghia vy "ca rang, xau tai" Ngudi eon trai (la lau), ngudi con gai (Cu mdr Van Kieu tim hieu nhau qua cac budi lam nuong, Iam rSy, qua nhftng ldn gap nhau trong cac djp hdi he... Nhung rd rang hinh thftc tim hiiu phd bid'n nhdt dd'i vdi con trai con gai Van Kilu, la thdng qua cac budi "di sim" hay 'podc xu" Cung nhu nhumg tap tuc khac, tuc di "sim" hay "podc xu" la mdt tap tyc da cd tft lau ddi d ngudi van Kilu. Dd la mdt sinh boat lanh manh, mdt net dep trong van boa cac dan tdc d mien tay Quang Binh

Thdng thudmg vao cac budi td'i nhdt la vao cac budi td'i cua tudn trang sang

cac chang trai (la Idu) va cac cd gai (eu mdr) theo nhau vao rftng, hay dd'n cac

nha "xu" dl chuydn trd, thd Id tinh cam... Cd khi hg ni ddng tdp hgp lai thanh tdp

nam, bay ngudi hay ddng hon lu lugt di tft Vii nay sang Vii khac. Bao gid cung

thd', ldi sinh boat Iiic ban ddu cua "di sim" la ldi sinh boat tap thi (trd chuydn tap

thi, hat tap thi), nhung khi da "phai long nhau" cac chang trai, cd gai lai ty ddng

tach ra thanh ddi ridng le. Dudi trdng khuya va trdi sao ddi nam nft thanh nidn

giii gim long minh qua nhumg bai hat giao duydn. Gifta khdng gian thanh ving,

gigng ca tftoi tre cua ngudi con trai cdt ldn:

"Bong em Id'p ldnh nhu sao mdi mgc

Ddng em Idpo ldnh nhu vdng trdng non

Hinh em vdng vac nhu trdng dim mUdi sdu

Ta di tim gap ngudi ai!

Tinh em vdi va nhU trdng dim mUdi bdy

Ta ldn tim di'n ngudi ai"

Dap lai ldi ca nhu mdt ldi ngin giii tim kid'm dd, ngudi con gai thd Id ndi

Idng ciia minh mdt each tinh tft:

"Ndng di (ten mgt ngdi sao) dd tdi gdn chdm nui.

Anh ai!sao anh vdn chua ngu

Anh cd "odt"hodi

Tren cdc chdi liia rdy

111

Anh cd biet khdng?

Em a chdi ben ndy chua ngu dai anh

Mud'n thoi ken Aman nhung lgi thieu mgt ngudi

Ken Aman khdng thdi not minh

Em bii't thudn ai bdy gid ngodi anh

Cang vl khuya ddi trai gai cang xfng lai gdn nhau, gigng ca trd ndn cang qudn quyt gin bd la thudmg

"Em Id ngudi anh cdy cha me de'n cudi

Thuangem de'n ndi sdu

Nhd em den dm

Udc gi gan mat trd ve em mdi mdi"

Cu' nhu thd', dem nay qua ddm khac thanh nidn nam nft Vdn Kilu tim dd'n

nhau, hat cho nhau nghe nhftng bai hat qud hftong, cua dng cha va nhumg bai hat

do ban thdn minh tu tao ra. Hdu hit nhumg thanh vidn cua cac cdng ddng ngudi

nay diu bid't hat va bid't sang tac bai hat. Nang khid'u sang tao nghd thuat cua hg

cd thi ndi mang tfnh bdm sinh va kha phat triln ...Nam nft thanh nidn Van Kilu

khi hat trong cac cudc "di sim" thudng sft dung cac nhac cu kem theo. Cd thi hg

dung sao vdi am didu vi vu, trdm bdng, reo rdt...dung dan "ta lu" ( mdt loai dan

nhd don gian chi cd hai ddy) thanh thdt nhu ldi tdm sy nhd to, dung ken be ( mdt

loai khen phd bid'n cua ngudi Lao) vdi am thanh rdn rang, ldi cud'n... Ngoai ra hg

cdn dung cac nhac cy dm nhac nhu " Krao" va " Ta riing" '*' thfch hgp cho ldi

ndi '• a cam" ldi ndi bdng gid, hay ndi xa ndi gdn - mdt Id'i ndi phd bid'n va dyoc

ua chudng trong cac cudc di sim"). Trai gai Van Kilu nhan bid't cac tfn hidu

thdng tin qua cac nhac cu nay rdt gidi.

Sau mdi Idn di "sim" hay podc xu", ngudi con trai thudng tang cho ngucri

con gai nhumg vdt ky nidm nhu vdng bac, chudi cudm, cac bdt Ifta ga, chile ddng

hd... nhung cung cd khi ngudi con trai tang ngudi con gai mdt ft tiin ( khoang

dam ba nghin ddng bac Vidt nam hien nay). Nd'u cd gai' nhan Idy cac vat ky

nidm, cd nghia la da ngdm hen udc vdi chang trai. Cdn nd'u cd gai tft chdi cac

" dd van " ( vdt ky nidm) cd nghia khdng ddng y tid'p tuc tim hieu. Chang trai

phai chuyin sang dd'i tugng khac. Nhumg vdt ky nidm lam tin ( dd van) cung se

112

dugc hoan lai cho chu nhan neu nhu sau nay do mdt nguydn nhan nao dd ddi trai gai khdng trd thanh vg chdng.

Theo tuc Id cua ddng bao Bm Van Kieu, mdt " la lau" (trai chua vg) hay mdt "cu mdr"( gai chua chdng) cd thi lam quen, tim bilu nhiiu dd'i tugng khac nhau. Bdi chi ed vay hg mdi dS dang tim dyoc cho minh ngudi tinh ly tudng ( Ka Ram). Trong ngdn ngft cua ddng bao Van kieu, " Ka ram" la mdu ngucri mo ftoc cua nhumg chang trai hay ngucri con gai phai dat dyoc nhirng tieu chudn nhdt djnh. Vf dy:

Nlu la " la Idu la ram" ( chang trai ly tudng) thi phai lao ddng gidi, khoe manh, dung cam, tmng thyc, umg dd'i nhanh...

- Nd'u la ' cu mdr" ( cd gai ly tudng) thi phai lao ddng gidi, sidng nang, biln

hau, cd cai dep ngoai hinh... [8,29]

Nhu vay tidu chudn lao ddng gidi la tidu chudn hang ddu trgng vide lya chgn

ngudi ydu ciia nam nft thanh nidn ddn tdc Vdn kilu 6 miin Tay Quang Binh

Dilu nay hoan toan phu hgp vdi hoan canh va mdi tmdng noi ddng bao cu tni.

Sinh ra va ldn ldn gifta vung rftng nui, dilu quan trgng nhdt dd'i vdi con ngucri la

phai cdn cu, sidng nang, bid't ydu va quy trgng lao ddng. Cai dep dd'i vdi ddng

bao la nhumg cai gi gdn gui thid't thyc. Dep la phai bid't lao ddng, bid't lo toan gia

dinh. Ngudi con trai dep, cd lim con gai ydu thuong, san dudi la ngucri

"...vdng nai dn ud'ng

Lgi thudng cd mat noi viec chung cua ldng

Xd nhd chdng xi'p ddy ddu thii

Bep nhd chdng xe'p ddy xuang cd to

Dd sdt chdng ren, rUa nhu cd mdi

Mdng tay chdng mdn vi dan nhdng chiec giii cho em.."

Ngudi con gai dep la ngudi bid't lam rdy gidi, lo cho con cai khoe manh, la

ngudi:

Di xdc cd vdng dd ben bd

Em phdt rdy vdng cdy vdng cdnh xud'ng ndi"

( " Cha chdp"

Hay: "Oi em dep ldm ngudi thuang ai

113

Nhd em Ida ddy bd, ddn heo nung nuc"..

("Oat")

Ddi trai gai Van Kilu, khi da tim hieu ky cang thyc sy ydu nhau, thdy khdng thi nao xa nhau dyoc nfta.... se bao cho bd me cua minh bid't. Nd'u dng bd ba me ddng y, chdp thuan dd'i vdi nguydn vgng va tinh ydu cua con cai hg se nhd dng mai ba md'i ( Kanlrana - thdng thudng Kanlrana la dng cau) danh tid'ng cho nha gai bid't. Cdn nd'u nhu bd me thdy khdng dugc, hg se can trd cudc hdn nhan. Nhung thdng thudng con cai da ddng y thi cha me cung ddng y. Cha me rdt tdn trgng vide lya chgn ngudi ydu cua con cai... Dd'i vdi ddng bao Bm Van Kilu dng Mai, ba md'i ( Kankana) cd mdt vai trd rdt quan trgng. Kankana la ngucri thay mat cho nha trai di lai tham hdi nha gai trong nhiiu ldn. Mdi ldn di tham nha't thie't phai cd mdt mdn qua ' tinh cam" nho nhd nhu con ga, can nd'p, chai mgu.... Kanlrana la sgi day nd'i lidn hai gia dinh la chuyin tin mdi khi cd vide xay ra. Trong dam cudi, Kanlrana la ngudi chii hdn. Sau dam cudi Kanlrana la ngudi dumg ra theo ddi, giam sat, giang boa nd'u ddi vg chdng cd nhiing xfch mfch. Nhidm vy giam sat nay cua Kanlrana cdn keo dai cho dd'n luc ddi vg chdng dd qua ddi... Khi da dugc sy ddng y, nhdt tri cua hai bdn, nha trai se tid'n hanh Id an hdi ( Pgdc pld cam pay), IS bd cua (dd van) chinh thftc. Trong IS an hdi nha trai cft mdt doan gdm:

Ngftdri lam md'i (Kankana)

- Chil lang (Ariay vii) cdm kid'm bac

Aam ( bd de chang trai)

Tmdng mu (xudt mu)

Em gai bd mang ganh dd dac cua cai

Nhiing dai didn dd cua nha trai se gap chii lang, tmdng hg, bd va dng cau

ciia cd gai ban bac thd'ng nha't ngay cudi va sd cua cai tien bac cua hai bdn se

trao ddi cho nhau trong ngay cudi. Sau IS dn hdi, ddi trai gai dugc ddng hg hai

nha thfta nhdn. Giai doan tun hiiu coi nhu la kd't thuc. Ddi trai gai nhu vdy da

lam xong thii tyc " dfnh hdn", da la vg chdng cua nhau vl mat Id Iang nhu chua

la vg chdng trong quan hd chdn gdi...

Giai doan cudi

Sd dl ggi la giai doan cudi bdi vi dd'i vdi ngudi. Bra - Vdn Kieu vide kd't thuc

hdn IS khdng cd nghia la ddi vg chdng da lam xong nghia vy vdi nhau, dd'i vdi

114

ddng hg va ban lang... Ngay cudi da qua di, ddi vg chdng da cd con (tham chf cd chau) nhung n^u nhu hg chua lam xong IS kdt thuc ( pdy pldh), IS tra on thdn hnh hay IS " khoi" thi hg vdn chua dugc thyc sy dugc xa hdi coi la trdn tria ttong dao vg chdng, trong nghia la ngudi... Chfnh vi vay giai doan cudi tfnh tft sau khi lam xong IS an hdi ( pg6c pld campay) cho dd'n khi lam xong IS "khoi" (Id hoan tdt). Thdi gian dd tuy thudc hoan toan vao kha nang td chftc IS " khoi"cua cac cap vg chdng. Neu ddi vg chdng giau cd Id " khoi" mau chdng dugc thyc hidn. Cdn nd'u nhu ddi vg chdng ngheo khd thi thdi gian dd cd nghia la hai muoi, ba muai nam, thdm chf keo dai dd'n ddi con chau... Nhung thdng thucmg cft dam bay nam sau khi cudi, cac cap vg chdng Van Kilu bing mgi each thyc hidn cho dugc IS ma cac cap vg chdng phai thyc hidn trong giai doan cudi.

Ld cudi:

LS cudi (Aid carmai) dugc tien hanh theo dung ngay gid ma hai gia dinh da

thd'ng nha't trong ngay nhan IS "dd an" chfnh thftc. Aid carmai nghia den la ddi

dua ca da qudy vao ndi com. Nghia bdng la nha gai cho eon minh sang lam ndi

trg, phuc vu cho nha trai. Nha gai ke tft day mdt di mdt ngucri lao ddng. Day

cung chfnh la IS nha trai mdc dau vl nha minh. Doan mdc dau gdm cd nhftng

ngudi bdn nha trai, kanlrana, va dng cau cua cd gai... cdn cd bd me.... [8,29]

2. Tuc Id cudi hoi ciia ngudi Ma Coong

Ngudi Ma Coong cudi vg cudi chdng tft dd tudi 14 - 15 trd ldn. Nd'u ngudi

con trai va con gai quen va thfch nhau thi ed quyIn di bd cua (hay ggi la di an

hdi) cho gia dinh nha gai vdi sd tiin dl bd cua khoang 500.000 ddng trd ldn dd'n

1.000.000 ddng (bd cua nhiiu tiin hay ft tuy thudc vao con mun (con gai dep

hay xdu) va sd' tiin nay ngudi me vg dugc cdt gift. Khi bd cua thi ngudi con trai

cdm tiin va mgu dd'n nha gai va cd quyIn vl d vdi nhau va coi la vg chdng, sinh

con de cai.

Nd'u trong qua trinh sd'ng vdi nhau (khdng kl thdi gian lau hay mau).

Nd'u ngudi vg khdng thfch nfta hoac bj chdng dap danh thi cd quyIn bd ve nha bd

me minh va ngucri chdng phai di chude lai vg vdi sd tiin bing tiin di bd cua va

sd tiin nay ngudi me vg cung dugc cdt gift. Nhung nd'u ngudi con gai dd khdng

thfch vl sd'ng vdi chdng minh nfta hay ngugc lai thi ngudi me vg phai di tra lai

tiin bo ciia dd cho ngudi con trai (phong tuc ciia ngudi Ma Coong la ngucri con

gai la'y chdng ma hay bd chdng vl dl ngudi chdng di chude lai vg cang nhieu

ldn thi ngudi me vg lai cang dugc nhiiu tiin).

115

* Dd cudi: Di cudi dugc vg cho minh, hoac con chau thi nha trai phai chudn bj 12 con ga, 2 con Ign, tiin 600.000 ddng dua cho nha gai. Sau dd nha trai dua Id vat, tiin ciia din tmdc mdt ngay d nha gai va xin cudi vdi nha gai (phong tuc xin cudi cua ngucri Ma coong la nha trai de'n va dumg tmdc nha gdi lam thu tyc xin cudi nd'u khi nao nha gai ddng y mdi dugc dua dd Id vao nha gai tmdng hgp cd luc nha gai chua ddng y thi hg nha trai phai dumg tmdc nha gai cd thi sud't ca ngay khi nao nha gai ddng y mdi dugc budc vao nha).

Ngudi dan tdc Ma Coong sd'ng theo phong tyc, tap quan cudi vg, cudi chdng ridng cua hg. Cd thi bd cua va vl sdng vdi nhau sud't ddi nd'u chua dii tiin dl cudi vdn binh thudmg. Cd thi sdng vdi nhau 10 nam, hay 50 nam kl ca dd'n chdt rdi ma cd tiin thi cudi vdn binh thudmg. Nd'u dd'i vdi nhumg ngudi cd tiin ciia thi hg bd xong thi cudi ludn. Cdn dd'i vdi nhumg ngudi ngheo chua du tien cua dl cudi thi eft' luc nao cd tiin cua thi cudi. Trudng hgp khdng ed tiin cua dl cudi thi sau nay con chau cd tiin thi hg cd quyIn cudi cho bd me, hay em cudi cho anh hoac chj (cho tiin cua dl cudi cho hg). Cdn sd'ng vdi nhau dd'n gia va ehd't ma vSn chua cudi thi sau nay eon chau vin cd quyIn td chftc cudi cho bd me.

Phong tyc rude dau: Khi mdc dau thi cd dau va thdm l->2 ngudi con gai trong ban di ddu doan dd'n nha gai (bd me, anh em nd'u thfch di khdng thdi) cdn chft rS cd thi di sau cung va mang theo dd dac ao qudn cua cd dau. Khi din nha trai cd dau budc vao ludn dd'n nha. Tmdc khi vao nha cd dau phai ldy mdt ca nudc lanh rfta chan mdi dugc vao nha. Sau dd hg hang ba eon mang thjt, rugu, com (xdi) ra an ud'ng, hat hd cd thi l->3 ngay chu yd'u la mgu cdn va mgu thidng. (D6 Id cua nha gai khi dd'n nha trai la mdt hu mgu va mdt dam com xdi).

Ddu tiin: Ngudi con trai dd bid't hoac khdng bid't, nhung cha me ngudi con

trai dugc tin trong lang cd ngudi con gai sieng sin, that tha, dep nit, dep ngucri.

Cha me ngudi con trai dua tiin cho con va nhd mdt dng mai md'i de'n Iang ben bd

cua. Ngudi con gai thdy ung y thi la'y sd tiin dd va cung nhd mdt ngudi con gai

khac thua vdi cha me la con da chdp thuan. Cha, me bdn gai bid't va tim hiiu tiiu

sft ngudi con trai dd, nd'u thdy dugc thi cdt sd tiin va bao con gai minh: Nd'u

ngudi con trai dd'n ldn sau (ldn 2) phai ddi mdt dd'n hai nen bac tring hoac cai gi

dd tuy y, nd'u khdng cd thi thdi. Ldn thft 3: Con trai dd'n xin phep ba, me con gai

dl cho 2 gia dinh gap mat ban bac quylt djnh ngay cudi.

Dd'n ngay cudi con trai tdp tmng bdn nha trai: Chudn bj tiin bac, Ign, ga, vdt

Id dd'n cudi.

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Phong tyc chung: Ngucri con trai khi dd'n phai cd:

Mdt cai kiem cd vd,

Mdt cai ndi ddng ndu dugc khoang 20 long gao.

Mdt chudi cudm,

Mdt vdng bac.

Va 4 - 8 ddng bac cu bd trong ndi va mdt sd tiin nfta dl phdng cau ddi mdt nen, dua cho me 8 ddng bac tring, dua cho cha mdt nen va cdc loai tiin cdng can ngudi phuc vy budi IS va 10 con ga, 3 con heo tft 20 kg - 100 kg.

Khi dd'n hg nha trai chua dugc ldn nha, ngdi dudi ddt. Hg nha gai phai ngudi

xud'ng chao va mcri com nudc, banh chi, bdnh chay. An ud'ng xong rdi nha gai

bit ddu ddi tien nhu trdn. Nd'u cd thi nap ludn, nd'u khdng thi xin khd't Iai vai

thang, vai ndm. Nd'u nha gai ddng y thi dugc Idn san giao Ign, ga, cac vdt Id cho

nhd gai. Nd'u nha gai khdng ddng y thi vl. Anh chj bd nhau.

Hg nha gai ddng y ga con cho hg nha trai thi mdi hg nha trai ldn san an banh, ud'ng mgu cdn 3 ngay ddm. Cdn hg nha gai chudn bj: khi con ldy chdng: banh chi, banh tay gdi nhd vai tram cai, gao nd'p, qudn ao...Budi Id do cau quyd't djnh. Ngudi con gai ve nha chdng, anh em va cau dua dau. Nha trai tiep nhumg ngudi dua dau mdt con ga ludc nguydn con, mdt chai ragu, tid'p mdy ngudi kia cung vay. Khi con gai ldn dd'n nha con trai: nha trai chudn bj mdt cyc da, mdt cai kid'm, 1 cap dua bd'p, 1 ca nudc va 1 vdng bac. Ngudi me cdm tay ngudi con dau dat chan vao cue da, dua vat IS da chudn bj ndi trdn xdi nudc vao chan con dau rdi ndi cdu mong cho con dau minh sinh sd'ng vdi gia dinh trgn ddi, manh me, Iam an phat dat.

Ngudi con gai budc vao nha ngdi xud'ng. Trong nha chudn bj nim xdi mdi

hai vg chdng cung an va lam con ga con gid. Nd'u gid umg td't, thi ngucri con gai d

vdi ngucri con trai dd trgn ddi, nd'u chan ga umg xdu thi con dau dd sdng khdng

hanh phuc. Ba ngay sau con gai, con rl va cha me bdn trai de'n nha gai dua 3 con

ga, vai chai rugu xin dem dd dac con dau minh vl. Ngudi con gai da ldy chdng,

khdng ngii vdi chdng trong nha cha me. Khdng de nha me.

Khoang 1 nam vl nha chdng, neu ngucri con gai dd khdng ydu ngudi con

trai nfta thi nha gai va cdu phai tra lai sd tiin da nhdn ciia ngudi con trai hdm

ngay cudi, nhan bao nhidu phai tra lai bdy nhidu. Nd'u khdng may chdng chet,

ngudi con dau phai d vdi bd chdng, em chdng, anh chdng hoac ngudi trong hg

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hang cua chdng tuy theo sy sip xep cua nha chdng. Nd'u ngudi con gai khdng nha't tri, hg nha chdng phai ldy lai cua cudi, cd eon thi hg bit ea con. Hg khdng cho d vay vi hg sg ngucri con dau di Idy ngudi khac, ma hg nha trai trach, hg hang hg dau dm, lam an khdng may min. Hg trach ngudi con ddu qua chdng. [50,51]

3. Phong tuc trong quan he hdn nhan

Khi nam nft thanh nidn Bra Van Kilu ldm ldn, hg phai trai qua nhiiu Id nghi tap tuc dl dugc cdng ddng edng nhan. Dilu kidn ddu tidn de dugc thid't lap quan hd hdn nhan la phai trai qua tue ca rang, xau tai nhim chumg td sy tmdng thanh ca vl thi chdt ldn y thftc. Ngoai ra, cac thanh vidn nam nu dugc cdng ddng tmyln thy nhftng nguydn tic cd tfnh bit budc trong hdn nhan nhu:

- Nguyen tdc Hon nhdn ngoai tgc.

Theo quy djnh cua nguydn tie nay mgi thanh vidn trong cftng mdt Mu tuydt

dd'i khdng dugc ldy nhau, quan hd tfnh giao vdi nhau. Ngudi vi pham nguydn tic

nay se bj khep vao tdi loan ludn(A gam, A e, A tan).

Khi ddn sd tang ldn, theo dd Mu dugc md rdng, nguydn tdc ngoai hdn d ngudi Bru - Vdn Kilu khdng cdn dugc dp dung chat che nhu trade. Cu thi, luat tuc Bru - van Kilu cho phep nhung ngucri cung ddng hg sau 5 ddi dugc Idy nhau.

- Nguyen tdc hdn nhdn mgt chieu.

Nguydn tic hdn nhan mdt chieu quy djnh, eon trai Mu Bleng Idy vg d Mu

Xdm. Khi cd con trai, Mu Xdm khdng dugc Idy vg d Mu Bleng ma chi dugc ldy

vg d nhumg Mu khac, dd'n lugt con trai khac ngoai Mu Bleng chi dugc Idy vg d

Mu khac ngoai Mu Xdm. Vl mat tfn ngudng cung nhu mat luat tuc, ngucri Bru -

van Kilu khdng chdp nhdn nhftng cudc hdn nhdn trai vdi nguydn tic dd, nghia la

khdng cd sy trao ddi giua hai ddng hg. Nhumg cudc hdn nhdn di ngugc nay diu

bj ddn lang ldn an gay git, va cung xd'p vao tdi loan luan vdi hinh thftc xft phat

nang.

- Nguyen tdc cutru trong hdn nhdn.

Nguydn tic cu trft trong hdn nhan quy djnh: Ngudi phy nft Bm - Van Kilu

sau khi kd't hdn phai vl cu tni bdn nha chdng. Nguydn tic nay phan anh tfnh chdt

ciia xa hdi phu quyIn vdi sy dl cao tuydt dd'i vj tri ngudi chdng, ngucri vg chi

ddng vai trd thft yd'u trong gia dinh, phu thudc ca ve mat kinh te, xa hdi va tfn

ngu&ng. Khi chdng ehd't, nd'u ngudi phu nft Bm - Van Kilu mudn quay vl nha bd

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me de, hg phai chdp nhan hai ban tay tring. Cd nhumg tmdng hgp ngoai Id, sau khi ldy chdng con gai mudn vl nha bd me de thi phai thdng qua y kid'n va phai dugc ddng y cua anh em trai trong gia dinh.

Ngoai cac nguydn tic cd tfnh chdt bit budc dd, ngudi Bra Vdn Kilu cdn cd nhiiu tap tyc cd trayin khac trong hdn nhan nhu:

- Hinh thtcc Hon nhdn con co, con cdu.

Ddng bao Bm Van Kilu chi chdp nhan cho con trai cd ldy con gai cau, nhung khdng cho phep con trai cau ldy con gai cd. Trong trudmg hgp con trai cau la'y con gai cd bj xem la vi pham luat tyc. Ngudi vi pham se bj lang phat va bj dudi ra khdi Iang. Nguydn tic nay thi hidn tfnh thfta kl theo ddng ndi, bao vd td'i da tai san cho ddng hg, tmdc day con trai cd va con gai cau du mdi ra ddi nhung da bid't dugc coi nhu la vg chdng chua cudi. Vi thi nd'u sau nay vi ly do nao dd ngucri con trai mud'n ldy vg khac, phai Iam IS xin phep nha cau, xin ldi con gai cdu, nd'u khdng se khdng dugc phep kit hdn vdi ngudi con gai khac.

- Hinh thitc hdn nhdn cudp va.

Tuc cudp vg la hd qua tryc tid'p cua nguydn nhdn : Tai san chi phd'i manh

me dd'n hdn nhan. Dilu nay dugc thi hidn qua vide cua cai chi phdi din ndi

dung tfnh chdt trong quan he hdn nhan cua ngudi Bru - Van Kilu . Trong xa hdi

ngudi Bru - Van Kilu , cd nhumg ngudi vi qua ngheo khdng thi cd vg hay ngucri

gidu mud'n cd vg dep cung td chftc "cudp vg". Tuy nhien luat tuc quy djnh: Nd'u

cftdp ngftdi phy nu da cd chdng, ngudi con trai phai bu mdt khoan tiin cho ngucri

chdng cu. Nd'u khdng cd tiin, sau khi cd con gai phai ga cho ngudi chdng cu

hoac cho con trai cua ngudi chdng cu.

Vai trd cua ong cdu trong hon nhdn.

Ong cau cd mdt vai ttd dac bidt quan trgng trong hdn nhan va gia dinh cua

ngudi Bru Van Kilu Thyc te trudc day cho thdy quyIn ban cua dng cdu rdt

ldn, ddi khi cdn hon ca bd me de. Dilu nay thi hidn qua cac vide: ddi cac sinh Id

ga chau gai, quyd't djnh ld'y vg cho chau trai... diu do dng cdu quyd't djnh. Khi

ngudi chau gai di la'y chdng, dng cau cd trach nhidm dumg ra lo lidu de td chftc

cdc thii tyc nghi IS dam cudi; vai trd chu hdn, ngudi Iam chiing trong dam cudi

ddng thdi la ngudi dumg ra ghi nhan sd cua cai nha trai mang din. Trong dam hdi

cung nhu dua dau, dng cau la ngudi khdng thi thid'u. Trong thdi gian tid'p sau

dam cudi, ngudi cau cd trach nhidm theo ddi cudc sd'ng cua chau: Giup do khi

khd khan, hoa giai khi xfch mfch. Vdi vai trd quan trgng dd trong hdn nhan, khi

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ngudi cau chit ngucri chau phai thd cung, linh hdn cau dugc dat noi ban thd hg bdn canh nhftng vj thdn khac cua gia dinh.[8,29]

Trong Id cudi ngucri Bm Van Kieu phai trai qua cac tap tuc: Tyc rita chan, tue an com chung, tyc lai mat... va ba ngay sau khi cudi hg phai lam IS lai mat d nha gai (IS dap bd'p).

Tuc rda chdn dugc thyc hidn khi cd dau budc vao nha trai, mdt ngudi trong hg nha trai lap tftc la'y nudc vdy vao ngucri cd dau, sau dd deo vao tay mdt chid'c vdng bac. Tuc bilu hidn y nghia nha trai da chd'p nhdn cho cd gai budc vao nha cung nhu cd gai d lai mai mai.

Tuc dn cam chung dugc thyc hidn trade ddm tdn hdn. Nha trai cft mdt ngudi mat tay nd'u mdt ndi com nhd, thjt mgt con ga, hdp bd'n bd kieu, trudc la dl cung sau dd hai vg chdng tre se an bd'n bd kieu dl ma khdng bit. Ngudi chu hdn se Idy mdt nim com cung 2 mieng gan ga cho vao midng chu rS va cd dau. Sau Id nay hg mdi chfnh thftc dugc quan hd chan gdi vdi nhau.

Tuc lgi mat dugc td chftc vao ngay thft 3 sau khi cudi. Vao ngay dd, hai vg chdng cftng mdt sd ngudi bdn nha trai mang IS vat sang nha gai dl td chftc an ud'ng mdt ldn nfta. LS tuy nhd ban dam cudi nhung cung kha td'n kem. Nha gai se Iam mdt mdm cung dl bao cho ma nha gai bid't con rl, vi vay trong IS nay con rl dac bidt quan trgng.

Sau khi da tid'n hanh IS cudi, trong thdi gian chung sd'ng vdi nhau, ddi vg

chdng cung phai tfch luy cua cai dl lam Id khoi (IS din on cha me). Trong tdt ca

cac Id lidn quan den hdn nhan cua ngucri Bra - Van Kilu thi IS " khoi" la nghi IS

quan trgng duy nhdt, vfta mang y nghia tfn ngudng (ty nguydn) vfta cd gia trj luat

tyc (bit budc). LS " khcri" theo ddng bao Bm Van Kilu ed nghia la trgn ven

hoan ta't.... Dugc td chftc d nha trai (con rl tft 3 -5 ngay), khi lua da ddy kho, ga

ddy sdn, rugu tran che, ca khd ddy gui... Day la nghi IS quan trgng cua mdt ddi

ngudi, thi hidn long bid't om cdng Iao sinh dudng dd'i vdi bac cha me, vdi ddng

hg, vdi cdng ddng. Khi chua thyc hidn dugc IS " khoi" ( bdt kl ly do gi), coi nhu

ddi vg chdng chua lam trdn nghia vy cua ngudi con. Tfnh nguydn tic cua nghi Id

dugc thi hidn b nhumg quy djnh cua luat tuc vl nghia vy cua con cai ddi vdi cha

me: Ludt tuc khep hg vao tdi bd't hid'u. Hg khdng nhumg bj ddn Iang coi khing

ma trong nhiiu quan he bj edin doan, anh em bdn chdng khi sang choi thdng gia

bj cdm ldn nha, hai gia dinh khdng dugc tha chung trdu, bd, khdng dugc san xud't

chung d. Bdi thi, du khd khan bao nhidu ddng bao Bra Van Kilu cung cd ging

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tfch gdp dl thyc hidn cho bang dugc Id khoi. Chfnh vi thi trong ddi ngudi, nd'u bd me khdng cd dilu kidn td chftc thi con cai phai lam IS nay cho bd me. Chi cd khi nao Iam xong IS khcri ngucri con rS mdi cam thdy thyc cam thdy tra on dugc cho nhumg ngudi sinh thanh nudi duong ndn ngudi vg minh, mdi dugc Iang xdm kfnh nl. Trong quan nidm cua ddng bao Bra - Van Kilu, chi sau khi IS khoi dugc thyc hidn, ngudi vg mdi thyc sy la thanh vidn, la ma cua nha chdng, dugc thd cung trdn ban thd ciia ddng hg.[8,50]

4. Phong tuc tang ma ciia ngudi Ma coong .

Ngudi che't cd thi lam dam dudi nha va Iam IS tren nha. Khi che't ngudi ta cd thi dl tft mdt din 3 ngay trong nha sau dd mdi dua chdn. Khi chdn thi d day khdng lam hdm (quan tai) bing gd ma chi lam bing cay nfta. Trudng hgp gia lang mdi cd quan tai gd. Cdn Iai ngudi binh thudng thi khi chit ngudi ta ldy nfta. Id d lam thanh mdt tdm l->3 ldp sau dd dan lai va dl ngudi chdt vao va qudn lai lam quan tai (Ngudi Ma Coong cd thi khdng cdn than nhu ngucri kinh cd thi nhin tha'y xac cua ngudi ehd't nhu trd ddu hoac chan vi hg chu quan) sau dd ngudi ta dua chdn.

Khi khidng di ngudi ta di that nhanh cd thi chay. Mdt sd ngudri chay di

trudc doan (nd'u gia lang thi cd ddu bd khidng di trudc) va l->2 ngudi cdm theo

khoang vai 3 qua tning ga. Khi dd'n chd chdn, ngudi ta ld'y trumg ga nem xud'ng

dd't, nem ehd nao ma tning ga vd thi xac chit chdn chd dd. (tmdng hgp tning ga

nem vao 3 ldn mdi vd).

- Khi chdn xong ngudi ta cd thi chay nhanh vl nha (vi phong tuc cua hg la

sg ma) va lam thjt Ign, cd thi lam thjt bd, ga dl ud'ng mgu. Cd thi ud'ng rugu 2-

> 3 ngay ddm lien tyc.

Do nhdn thftc vl xa hdi chua cao, ngudi Tn, ngucri Ma Coong d Thugng

Trach cdn bilu bid't rdt thd so vl xa hdi, din dd'n tinh trang bj nhiiu dilu lac hdu,

md tfn chi phd'i. Do tin ring mgi boat ddng trong dcri sd'ng hang ngay deu do cac

lyc lugng sidu nhidn quyd't djnh, ngudi Ma Coong d Thugng Trach hay thd cung

cac thdn va cdu xin cac thdn, coi cac thdn nhu thdn Nui, thdn Sdng, thdn Sudi,

thdn Dd't la nhOmg ngudi quyd't djnh. Hg cd nhiiu dilu kidng ky dd'i vdi cdy lua,

cay luong thyc chinh cua hg. Nhftng riy lua hg trdng phai dugc bao vd cdn than,

khdng dugc phdng ul va tdt nhidn khdng dugc bdn phdn hay lam gi d ul ddi vdi

cay lua. Khi cd ngudi ehd't, ngudi Ma Coong quan thi thi lai hai, ba ngay la ft

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nhdt. Trong nhumg ngay dy, than nhan ngudi ehd't phai cham sdc thi thi nhu luc cdn sdng, dd thftc an vao midng ba bua mdi ngay dl ngudi ehd't cung an. [50.51]

b. PHONG TUC TAP QUAN CUA NGUClI CHtfT

1. Hdn nhan va gia dinh

Ngucri Chftt lap gia dinh sdm, con trai 17, con gai 16 tudi da dugc bd me

cho ty do tim ban ddi cua minh. Trai gai tmdc khi tid'n hanh hdn nhan, cd mdt

thdi gian ty do tim hiiu. Vide chgn ngudi yeu gin liln vdi quan diim thim my

bit ngudn tft lao ddng. Hg cho ring ngucri con trai dep la ngudi Iam rdy, di san,

danh dan, thdi sao, hat didu "katom - taldnh" gidi. Ngudi con gai bid't deo cai

gid (kdang) di hai rau, bit d'c, gia gao, gia bdi, bil t nghe didu "katom - taldnh"

Ngudi Chut khdng cho phep hdn nhdn gifta nhinig ngudi cung huyd't thd'ng

(cung khau cu muych trong). Con chau ciia nhftng thanh vidn thudc cu muych

ngoai dugc quan hd hdn nhan vdi nhau.

Dd'n ddi thft tu (tftc chit) mdi dugc quan hd hdn nhan vdi nhau, khdng phan bidt cu muych trong hay ngoai.

Hdn nhan ciia ngudi Chut la hdn nhan mdt vg mdt chdng da bin vung, ft

tha'y cd sy bdt hda, vg chdng ty nguydn ed thi bd nhau, nhung phai bdi thudmg

kha nang nhdt la khi da cd eon. Vide ngoai tinh ft khi xay ra va bj nghidm cdm

bdi nhumg hinh phat ngat ngheo.

Qud trinh tid'n hanh hdn nhan gifta cac nhdm ngudi Chut cd sy khac nhau

dang kl. Nhdm Sach chju nhiiu anh hudng hinh thftc hdn nhan ngudi Kinh thi

hidn d cac budc trong hdn nhan, thi hidn vai trd phu quyIn dam net. Cdn nhdm

May, Rue, Ma Liing, Arem bao luu nhiiu yiu td cd. Trong ehi dd hdn nhan, vai

trd dng cau va vide thach cudi che dd d xu (d rl) khi chua du sfnh IS d nhdm

May, Rue, Ma Liing, Arem dugc coi trgng bon nhdm Sach. Dac bidt do sdng

can cu vdi cac tdc ngudi Van Kilu, Viet (ngudn) tft lau ddi, ndn gifta hg da cd

quan hd vdi ngudi Kinh. Chinh dilu nay cung gdp phdn Iam cho qua trinh tid'n

ban hdn nhdn cua cac nhdm ngudi Chut cd nhung budc khac nhau nhdt djnh.

2. Tang ma ciia ngudi Churt

Trong thdi gian sd'ng trong cac hang nui, bode trong nhumg tup llu tam bg,

khi gia dinh nao dd cd ngucri ehd't ddng bao dat ngudi ehd't d tai hang hoac d tup

llu va dung tdm vd cdy ldn che kfn thdn thi ngucri da ehd't. Sau dd, con chau cit

mdt mid'ng vd cdy dip trdn thdn thi ngudi ehd't (d chd ngyc) bd vao gid (vdi y

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mang ngudi da chit theo minh), rdi chia lai cho ngudi chet mdt ft cui, gao, na, ndi, rya... va tft bidt ngudi chl t di din vung ddt mdi hoac hang da mdi dl smh sdng.

Ngay nay nghi IS tang ma da thay ddi nhiiu. d da sd cac nhdm ngucri Chut, khi cha me, dng ba chit, con chau bao cho ba con dan ban bill. Ngucri che't dugc bd chiefu de dgc gifta nha trade cfta budng chu, ddu quay ve hudmg cud'i nha. Ngudi chet dugc dl d nha ba ngay. Trong thdi gian dd, con chau lam Igm ga cung mdi ngudi da ehd't va td tidn, thdn linh vl dy IS.

Sau ba ngay con chau va ba eon dan ban dua ngudi chet den noi an nghi cud'i cung. Den noi da djnh, thdy cung nim qua tning nem xud'ng ddt dl tim huydt, chd nao tning vd, chd dd se chdn ngudi ehd't. Khi da chdn cdt ngucri chit xong, con chau khdng qudn dl trdn phdn md cac dung cu sinh boat hang ngay nhu soong, bat va mdt sd cdng cu lao ddng nhu riu, rya...Sau dd, mgi ngudi ra sud'i tim rfta sach se rdi mdi vl nha. Ba ngay sau, con chdu Iam com ga vao md ciing vd mdi hdn ngudi da ehd't vl nha. Tft dd vl sau, con chau khdng lui tdi tham vid'ng phdn md nOa.[9,10]

3. Tuc sinh de theo y mud'n ciia ngudi Rue

Nguci Rue cung nhu ngudi Sach, cd tuc sinh de theo y mudn rdt dac biet.

Tuc nay trudc day thudng chi dp dung cho nhumg ddi nam nft chua din tudi

thanh nidn nhim ban chi vide sinh de qua sdm. Theo tap tyc cua ngudi Rue thi

con trai, con gai phai dd'n tudi tmdng thanh mdi dugc ldy vg, ld'y chdng va sinh

con de cdi. Ngucri Rue khdng chdp nhan vide sinh de qua sdm khi chua dd'n tudi

thanh nidn va khi chua phai la vg chdng.

Trong thyc t l ngudi Rue cung nhu cac dan tdc khac, tudi phat due d con

gai thudng bit ddu tft 13- 14 tudi, va d con trai thudng tft 15 - 16 tudi. 6 ngudi

Rue vdi Ifta tudi nay khi hai bdn cd tinh y va td ra thfch nhau thi hg cd quyIn ty

do ru nhau vao rftng dl trd chuydn ma khdng hi bj sy ngan can cua bd me va gia

dmh. Sau mdt vai ldn trd chuydn Iam quen, nd'u hai bdn thdy y hgp tam ddu thi

hg cd thi sinh boat tinh due vdi nhau mdt each thoai mai sud't 3- 4 nam trdi cho

dd'n khi cudi ma vin an toan tuydt dd'i. Sd dl hg dugc ty do nhu vay la vi ngudi

Rue da dung phep thdi dl ban chd' vide sinh de qua sdm trong thdi gian nay. Hg

cd hai phep thdi: thdi thit va thdi md. Ngudi con gai bj thdi that se khdng bao

gid cd con, mud'n cd con tbi phai thdi md. Thdi thit cung nhu thdi md diu chi ap

dung ddi vdi nft gidi. Cd nhiiu each thdi va mdi ngudi cd thi dp dung mdt each

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khac nhau. Cd thi thdi vao nudc udng, dilu thud'c, milng trdu dl ngudi nft udng, hut thudc, an vao ngudi. Va cung cd thi thdi qua khdng khf nhumg vdi khoang each dudi 5 met. Mudn thdi dugc thi phai hgc each thdi va phai hgc thudc mdt bai chu bing tieng Rue ed kha dai. Khi thdi ngudi thdi phai dgc bai chu, vfta la'y hoi vfta m'n thd ehd dd'n khi dgc xong bai chu mdi thdi. Quan sat hg thdi bilu diSn, Chung tdi thdy qua trinh thdi nhu la mdt qua trinh tao didn, tfch didn rdi phdng didn. Chung tdi da tmc tid'p gap mdt sd em nam 15-16 tudi dl hdi tham, cac em cho bi^t mud'n thdi cd kd't qua thi phai cd thdy day va phai tdp Iuydn kha cdng phu va cung mdt nhiiu thdi gian.

Thdi that va thdi md chu yd'u khac nhau d bai chu. Nd'u bai chu d thdi thit dgc xudi thi khi thdi md cd nhieu doan phai dgc ngugc. Thdng thudmg, d ngudi Rue khi da chdp nhdn thdi thit thi hg khdng bao gid bd nhau, trft nhung tmdng hgp ca bidt, vi cd quan hd than thudc ma cha me phat bidn sdm va can ngan kjp. Thdi gian thdi thit nhu vay thudng keo dai tft 3 - 4 nam cho dd'n tudi Idy vg la'y chdng. Khi nao cudi nhau thi hg bit ddu thdi md. Nlu vi mdt 15 do gi dd ma khdng thdi md dugc thi ngudi nft phai chju canh vd sinh sudt ddi (18)

4. Tuc thich sinh con gai, Id "bd cua" va Id ciing ciia ngudi A Rem.

Cd le hid'm cd tdc ngftdi nao thfch sinh con gai nhft ngudi A rem. Vdi hg

mdi djp ai sinh con gai hg liln md mcru an mimg. Theo quan nidm cua ngudi A

Rem "con gai" la tai san quy cua ddng hg. Con gai dd'n tudi ldy chdng, con trai

phai lam Id bd cua theo ydu cdu cua nha gai. LS bd cua phai cd nam hu mgu,

mudi nen bac, hai con ga trd'ng va tiin mat. Theo gia lang Dinh De cho bid't: Ld

bd cua bdn nha gai do cau mdt quyd't djnh va hudng trgn ven, bd me cua cd gai

khdng dugc gi. Cudi xong cd gai di lam dau, nd'u bdn chdng lam vide gi dl cd gai

bo vl thi chdng phai chudn bj 3 hu mgu, 3 con ga trd'ng vd ca tiin mat nfta qua

nha gai gap cau lam Id xin lai vg. Cau ddng y mdi dugc dua vg vl, neu dl vg bd

vl ldn nfta thi IS xin vg tang ldn gdp ddi .Nha nao nd'u chdng say mgu hay gdy gd

thi cung phai dat Id xin Iai vg. Ld xin Iai vg phai td'n tiin, nd'u khdng cd ngay

phai xin kha't, nhiiu Idn khdng tra hd't thi vl d nha cdu Iam lung ma tra Id cho

cau.

Cung nhu ngucri Vidt, trong cudc sdng hang ngay, ngudi A rem cung cd Id

cung. Hg cung td tidn ma hg hiiu la "ma nha" va hg cung cung ca "ma rftng" khi

cd mdt sy kidn gi ddy. Vide cung td tidn - ma nha cua ngudi A rem cung that

don gian, don gian ca vl ly do, don gian ca vl Id cung va ldi cung. Vf du khi cd

ngudi b xa dd'n, cd gao dl nd'u com an va cd mgu ngon dl ud'ng thi ngudi A rem

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dung ngay nhumg thft dd dl cung td tidn. Hg rdt mgu ra bat, dl gifta nha, la'y mdt ft lua cung dl vao bat va Iam sao cai bat Ifta nay vdn chay ldn mdt ft khdi la dugc. Ldi ciing se cd ndi dung la "nhan cd ngudi dd'n nha, cd gao ngon ndu com, cd mgu ngon dl ud'ng xin mdi td tidn - "ma nha" phu hd cho mgi ngudi khoe manh" Ly do dl cung "ma rimg" thi cd khac hom. Dd la luc bit dugc con thu nhu con Ign rftng chang ban hay khi thu hdi dugc san vat gi dd trong rftng. Khi cung "ma rftng", ngudi ARem thudng cd mgt cai bat dyng mdt ft hoa rftng (thudng la hoa mdu don rftng). Ndi dung cung cung don gian ring nhd cd "ma rftng" ma bit dugc con nay, con khac, xin cam on va mdi cung hudmg dl Idn sau tiep tuc giiip dd!"...[50]

n.3.6. T6N GIAO TIN NGI;6NG

a.Tdn giao tin ngudng ciia ngudi Chiit

Sd'ng trong dilu kidn dja ly hit sftc khic nghidt, sftc san xud't lai qua thdp kem, ngucri Chut phai chdng tra vdt va tmdc sftc manh ciia ty nhidn, nhiiu khi gdn nhu bd't lyc. Hidn tugng mdt mua, ddi kem, bdnh tat, ehd't chdc..thudmg xuydn xay ra de dga. Dd chfnh la mdt trong nhumg nguydn nhan ra ddi tfn nguomg tdn giao. Cd thi ndi, tfn nguong tdn giao cua ngudi Chftt la mdt tfn ngudng da thdn, pha trdn vdi nhung yd'u td linh vdt cdn kha dam da va nhftng tfn ngudng cua cu dan ndng nghidp lau ddi.

1 .Coi sd'ng va coi che't trong quan niem ciia ngudi Chiit.

"Coi sd'ng cdi ehd't" la sy phan anh thi gidi quan, nhan sinh quan cua mdt tdc ngudi nhdt djnh. 6 ngudi Chut dilu dd dugc bilu hidn ddu tiidn la trong quan nidm vl thd' gidi bao quanh minh. Hdu nhu xung quanh hg, tft nui rftng, sdng sud'i, trdi dd't dd'n nha c&a...ddu ddu cung cd nhumg lyc lugng "cu muych" (thdn ma) tni ngu; cac loai "thdn ma" cai quan nui rftng, dd't dai ma con ngudi dang d. Nhumg "thdn ma" thudng "ddi an", ndn lam bdt cft vide gi ddng bao cung Cling bai, ddng Id vdt. Vf du: trudc khi di san, chu nha phai dd'n canh cdt nha "Cdldd'c" - noi ma nha d dl cdu khdn ma nha, thdn ru phu hd. Khi san dugc mudng thu phai cung cho thdn thd dja ngay tai chd mdt ft ldng, dudi va miu tai cua con thu san dugc. Vl dd'n nha phai cung ddu thu cho cac loai "thdn", "ma" Ngoai ra khi gieo hat, thu hoach lua hay Iam nha, cudi vg, ga chdng cho con ... diu phai cung cd Id vdt cdu khdn. Theo ddng bao, cd lam nhu vdy, ma, thdn mdi "vfta long" phu hd cho cdng vide dugc trdi chay. Cd thi kl tdn mdt vai loai ma:

- Cu muych yang: Ma trdi

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- Cu muych nha : Ma nha

- Cu muych pd'p : Ma be'p

- Cu muych bni: Ma rft

- Cu muych trodd: Ma sudi....

Trong cac loai ma dd, ma trdi dugc coi la quan trgng nha't, cai quan toan bd cac loai ma khac. Nhung thyc t l ma cd anh hudng dd'n ddng bao nhiiu nhdt la ma nha. Ma nha (ma dng ba td tidn da ehd't) d ngay cdt chfnh cua nha (Cdt Cdldd'c).

Chfnh nhftng lyc lugng sidu nhidn dd la nguydn nhan cua mgi may min, thanh dat trong lao ddng, sin xudt, trong cudc sd'ng hang ngay, va cung la nguydn nhdn cua mgi rui ro tai hga nhu md't mua, ddi kem, d'm dau, djch bdnh, ehd't chdc.mud'n tdng thdm may min, ban che rui ro, theo ddng bao khdng edn each nao khac la phai cung te thftong xuydn.

Nhu vay, thd' gidi quan cua ngudi Chftt bit ngudn tft quan nidm van vat bum linh. Theo ddng bao, khdng gian vu try chia Iam 3 tdng:

Tdng trdn "Pldi" (Tdng trdi) la the gidi cao xa cua vu try. 6 day cd nhftng ddng thdn linh td'i cao vd hinh cai quan. Dd Id thdn mat trdi (Sgn mo at pldi), thdn mat trdng (Sgn pu Io an), thdn gid (Sgn ka jd), thdn may (Sgn may), thdn djnh mdnh (Sgn kuy Idj)...Theo ddng bao, vide xay ra han ban, lut bao, mdt mfta, djch bdnh, ehd't chdc... Ia do cac thdn trdn trdi khdng vfta Idng. Vi thi mud'n trft tai hga, ddng bao phai thudmg xuydn cung tl, cdu nguydn dl cac thdn vfta long.

Tdng gifta (Pdn ni) la thd' gidi mat ddt, ncri con ngucri va van vat sinh

sd'ng. Nhung ngay d thd' gidi nay cung cd nhumg loai ma khac nhau nhu ma rimg,

ma sud'i, ma td tidn, dng ba...ddng bao quan nidm khi eon ngudi ehd't, via (vai)

thanh hdn ma, qudn quanh vdi con ngucri.

Tdng dudi (Pdn he) la the' gidi danh ridng cho nhiing ngudi xdu (nhumg

ke gian ac, nhiing ngudi chit xdu, chit bdt die ky tft...). ddng bao cho ring,

nhumg ngudi xdu khi ehd't vfa bj giam cdm dudi mat ddt, hoac bid'n thanh nhumg

con vdt bdn thiu, hoac bid'n thanh ma ac gdy hai cho con ngudi.

Vu try dugc phan thanh 3 tdng vdi nhung thi gidi thdn, ma, con ngudi cu

thi. Do la CO sd ciia nhung Id cung td' hang ngay cua ddng bao.

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VI nhan sinh quan, ngucri Chftt quan niem con ngudi cd rdt nhiiu vfa, tft vfa ddu (vai Ko Iddc) din vfa chan (vai chin) vfa tay( vai xi) dau dau trong co thi con ngudi cung cd via. Vfa cua bd phan nao di ra khdi thi xac (Pry) thi bd phan dy dau. Nhung du phan bd chd nao cac vfa cung deu ra vao tft ban tay, nen ddng bao quan niem ring vfa ban tay la quan trgng nhdt (cd noi dl cao vfa ddu). Khi via d bd phan nao trdn co thi lia khdi xac la noi dd bj dau dm, mud'n khde manh phai ggi hdn vl. Khi vfa quan trgng nhdt cua con ngudi lia khdi xac thi ngudi dd che't. Khi chet cac vfa bay lang thang trong khdng trang va biln thanh hdn ma (cu muych) chi cd vfa quan trgng nhdt (vfa tay hoac vfa ddu) la d lai trong nha, cdn vfa chdn (vai chin) theo xac ra md ma.

Dilu dang chu y la mac ddu hd thd'ng thd'ng thdn linh d ngucri Chftt kha phong phft, nhung quan nidm vl cdi chet (the gidi cua linh hdn ngudi ehd't) khdng ro rang. Dilu nay cd quan he vdi chi dd phy quyIn va vide xac lap quyIn thfta ke ciia ngudi con trai tmdng. Ngucri Chut do dilu kidn sd'ng khd khan, cua thfta khdng bao nhidu, ndn quyIn thfta ke cua ngudi con trai tmdng khdng dugc chft trgng. Vi thi quan nidm vl cdi chit d ngucri Chut - sftc manh, uy quyIn cua td tidn - khdng phat triln thanh mdt hd thd'ng phftc tap. [9,51]

Tdm lai, coi sd'ng va cdi chit trong quan nidm cd trayin cua ngucri Chiit thi hidn mdt sy nhan thftc sai lech thi gidi ty nhidn va con ngucri. Coi mgi vat diu cd linh hdn. Tft nhan thftc sai Idch dd ddn dd'n nhumg boat ddng tdn giao tfn ngudng nhu cung td', dang IS vat, ma thuat....rdt phftc tap. Dilu dd gay nhieu anh hudng tidu eye dd'n cdng viec xay dyng xa hdi mdi d ngudi Chut.

2. Cac nghi thiic thd ciing.

Nhftng quan nidm sai ldm vl sy tdn tai cua linh hdn, thdn thanh khip mgi

noi cua ngudi Chftt la co sd tfn ngudng cho cac hinh thftc thd cung phftc tap d hg.

Dd la nhftng hinh thftc thd cung lidn quan dd'n nghe san bin, den chu ky

Iao ddng nuong rdy va trdng lua nudc.

+ Nhitng hinh thdc thd cung lien quan di'n nghe sdn bdn.

6 ngudi Chut, mua san bin bit ddu vao thang 9 dd'n thang 2 nam sau. Vi

vay, hang nam, cft dd'n thang 9, Py Cavel chgn ngay td't rdi cft nhumg ngudi tai

gidi di sdn thu rftng (nd'u dugc Ign rftng la tdt nhdt). Thu rftng san dugc ngudi ta

vftt bo phdn mdt, cdn dl nguydn ca con quay chin trdn bd'p Ifta. Mgi thanh vidn

trong Cavel cung mang theo IS vat nhu bdt nhuc, cii mai, cu sin, gao, nd'p,

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ragu...defn mdt dja diim da djnh san, trdn mdt bai ddt bing gdn Cavel. LS cung thudng td chftc vao budi sang khi Chdblu va Py Cavel cung xong, ngudi ta cit dau, tai, dudi, 4 chan dua vao rftng, chd nhumg ngudi dan dng da bit dugc thu dl Cling thdn san. Sau dd mgi ngucri cung an udng vui ve.

Thdi gian gdn day, IS cung thdn san tap thi trong cac Cavel ft ddn, ngucri ta thay vao dd nhftng Id cung rieng timg gia dinh, hoac trong nhdm ban san vdi nhau. Cac nghi thftc, IS vat ciing te nghi san bin vi the cung don gian ddn, nhiiu luc chu nha chi cdn ft mgu, cam nd'p.

Ngoai ra, trong qua trinh san bin, nd'u san dugc thu ldm, ngudi di san phai cit bdt cac bd phan cua con thii san dugc nhu tai, dudi, ehan...dl cung thdn san, mong thdn tid'p tuc phu hd cho cdng vide dugc may min.

-I- Nhiing nghi thdc cung lien quan de'n chu ky lao ddng nuang rdy.

Ld Kldd'ng: La Id tim da't dl lam nuong riy. Khi di tim ddt, chu nha mang theo mdt ft IS vdt nhu mgu, xdi thjt rftng. Dd'n dam ddt vfta y, chu nha dat IS vat xud'ng mdt gd'c cay to, hoac trdn mdt hdn da ldn dl cung thdn da't, thdn nui phft hd cho mua mang dugc td't tuoi.

Cung xin thdn linh xong, chu nha phat mdt dam nhd dl ldm ddu. Nd'u nhu

vai ddm sau, hg nim mdng thdy diim td't thi tid'p tue phat tid'p dam da't dd dl lam

rdy.

-Ld Id'p Id (Kld'pld) Id cung dugc tid'n hanh sau cdng vide chgc Id tra hat da

hoan ta't. Muc dfch cua nghi IS nay la cdu mong thdn linh phu hd cho mua mang

dugc td't tuoi va thft rftng khdi qud'y pha cdy cdi. Ld vdt thudng cd com, mgu,

mudi, nudc, thjt rftng, chu nha dgn Id vat d mdt gd'c rdy, rdi ggi mdi cac vj thdn

vl nhdn IS. Ddng bao quan nidm trong cac vj thdn linh vl dy Id, cd vj thdn trdng

coi thu rftng la thdn phy nft trdn tmdng, vi vay khi cung chu nha phai quay lung

lai noi dl Id vat, dl tranh nhin thdy vj thdn trdn tmdng dd. LS vdt cung xong, chu

nha an mdt ft, sd cdn lai dl nguydn d riy khdng dugc mang vl nha.

LS com mdi (Cham cha bdi). Khi cay lua da chin, vg ra rdy ngit mdt ft

bdng lua mang vl gia thanh gao ndu com, cung vdi mdt ft ca, rau mang ldn rdy

dl cung. Ngudi chdng bay bidn cac Id vat d mdt gdc rdy, ngudi eg cung vai cdu

xin thdn lua va cac vj thdn khac cho phep thu hoach mua mang. [9,10]

Cac hinh thufc ma thuat.

Ma thudt chita benh.

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Ngudi Chut (Rye, Sach, May...) quan nidm con ngucri cd phdn xac va phdn hdn (vai); tdt ca mgi bd phan ciia con ngudi diu cd vai, cac vai Iia khoi xac thi con ngudi se bj dau d'm. Theo ddng bao cac vai lia khdi xac la do mdy nguydn nhan sau:

Do cac thdn, ma bit gift vai luc con ngucri dang ngu, hoac vai mai choi vdi canh dep ma khdng vl vdi xac.

- Do cac thdn, ma dot nhap vao xac dudi vai di.

- Do ma xd'u, ma ngudi sd'ng danh dudi hoac quyd'n ru vai di.

Vi vay, khi dau d'm, bg mdi thdy cung dd'n bdi tim nguyen nhan gay benh (thudmg gieo ddng tiin bdi am duong) va sau dd tid'n hanh Id die si (IS cdt tay). Thdy cung ddu ddi vdng hoa rimg, tay edm hai d'ng nudc keo di keo lai va dgc ldm rdm ldi cung ggi cac ma vl nhan Id. LS vat gdm 7 cai banh (khdng cd banh thi dung com) 1 con ga, 1 dia trdu cau. Sau khi cung xong, thdy cung budc ddy chi vao cd tay ngudi d'm dl gift vai lai. Dd'i vdi tre con, ngudi ta vit mdt nim com nhd, hay mdt qua trumg ga ddt vao Idng ban tay em nhd va budc chi (khi qua nui khe, ma sau dd bj dau thi phai dem IS vdt din nui khe dd dl ggi vai vl).

Sau khi cung ggi vai vl, chii nha phai lam com, canh, rugu cung nhd ma

nha phu hd cho ngudi dau. Vide cung vai khdng qua cdu ky, nd'u nha ngheo qua

chi cdn dd't trdm buong vdi nudc sudi la du. Ong thdy cung cung khdng ddi hdi

IS vat gi, chu nha cd cai gi bilu cai dd.

Ngoai cung, ngudi Chut cdn chfta bdnh bing each "thdi" cua cac thdy

cung, hoac cua mdt sd ngucri gia cd kinh nghidm. Thdy cung sau khi dgc thdn

chu dugc thdi hoi vao noi bj dau. Cach chua bdnh "thdi" theo ddng bao rdt cd

hidu nghidm vdi cac bdnh nhu: chd bj ung nhgt, da thjt bj xdy xat mau chay, dau

mit...

Ma thudt ldm hgi:

Ddng bao tin ring, mdt sd thdy cung (thdy xay, rang) cd phep thuat hai

ngudi. NhOng ngudi dd, cd thi cung dl dudi ta ma, chfta bdnh, nhung cung cd

kha nang gdy hai cho ngudi khac. Thdy cd thi "thu" ngudi bj thu ghet Iam cho

ke dd dau xuong, nhftc gdn. Id thjt, thdi da, to byng....rdi dam ra ehd't ngay hoac

ehd't ddn.

Tft chd sg hai ma thuat lam hai, ngudi Chftt tin ring cd ma ngudi sdng

(cha nanh hay cha va). Dd la vide ddng bao gin cho mdt sd ngudi hoac mdt sd

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gia dinh nao dd ed ma dang sg ndi trdn. Ngudi bj gan la "cha nanh", "cha va" la ngudi "xdu mdm, xdu midng", hay ndi nang qud ming ngudi khac, ma ngdu nhidn ngudi bj qud ming dau dm, hoac trong chidm bao thdy mdt ngudi nao dd dd'n lam hai minh. Dac bidt ngucri Chut cdn quan nidm ke ludi nhac la "cha nanh" Ddng bao cho ring, ngudi "cha nanh" cd mdt thdi ky di hgc phu phep, phu chu va ed thudc ddc. Hg chinh la ke gay tai hga cho dan lang la ngudn gd'c cua dau d'm, bdnh tat mdt mua.... ndn bj mgi ngudi cam ghet, xa lanh. Ddng bao cho ring, "cha nanh" trdng tha'y ngudi d'm se lam cho ngudi d'm nang thdm, tha'y qua dang ehfn se lam cho nd thd'i, thdy tre em se Iam cho nd dau...Ban than nhftng ngudi xdu sd mang tid'ng cd ma dd rd't khd tam. Hg bj coi la ngudi rdt nguy hilm "khdng trong sach" con cai cua hg khd ldy vg, la'y chdng (vi con ma dd se theo sang gia dinh khac).

Lgi dung long tin dd, mdt sd ke xdu ty gan cho thanh vidn nao dd trong lang (thudmg la nhftng ngudi ngheo ddi, hoac la ngudi cd bidt tai nhdt djnh) la "cha nanh, cha va" chuydn cd ma di gay hai ngudi khac. Ddng bao quan nidm ring, sd dl cd ma ngudi sd'ng, la vi nhftng gia dinh cd ngudi chdt do Ididng lo vide ma chay chu dao ndn hdn vfa khdng cd noi an, chdn d, sd'ng vu vo trdn trdn gian, lau ngdy thanh "cha nanh, cha va" nhap vao con chau.[8,9]

Hidn nay, hidn tugng ma ngudi sd'ng giam bdt, nhumg thanh kid'n vl ngucri cd ma vdn cdn. Cac gia dinh bj nghi cd ma lam hai phai hdi vg, ga chdng cho con minh rd't xa.

Nhu vdy, qua vide tim bilu nhung nghi Id, tfn ngudng cua ngudi Chut, chung ta thd'y tfn ngudng dd thudc nhiiu loai pha trdn, chdng cheo vdi nhau. Nhung tft nhftng hinh thftc phftc tap dd, chung ta vdn tha'y dugc ddu d'n cua mdt trinh dd tu duy, trinh dd phat triln kinh t l - xa hdi cua cu dan tdc ngucri nay.

Ngay nay, cung vdi cdng cudc xay dyng cudc sd'ng mdi, nhiing tfn nguomg,

tdn giao phu'c tap cua ngudi Chftt da ddn dugc giam bdt. Nhiiu tfn nguong tdn

giao chi cdn lai trong ky ftc cua ngudi gia nhu mdt tang tfch cua thdi qua khii.

Tuy nhidn, do dcri sd'ng kinh td' ciia ddng bao qua ngheo nan, lac hdu, nhan thftc

cdn tha'p kem, thi cac hinh thftc tdn giao, tfn nguong d ngudi Chut vdn cdn co sd

dl tdn tai.

b.Ton giao tin nguong cua ngudi Bru- Van kieu

1. Tuc thd cung ciia ngudi Van kieu

130

Cung nhu mgi ddn tdc cdn d tinh trang xa hdi phat triln chua cao, nhan thftc vd vu try, th^ gidi, con ngudi, cdn thd so. Ngucri Van Kilu xua kia trong ddi sd'ng tam linh cua minh da phai chju chi phd'i bdi bao nhidu dilu md tin, hu tuc lac hau.

Tft khi Igt long me cho dd'n luc nhdm mit xudi tay, ddi sdng mdi con ngudi bj xa hdi rang budc, rdi lai ty minh rang budc Ididng bid't bao nhidu dilu. Con cdn nim trong byng, me da phai kidng cft khdng an cdc loai thu mic bdy, khdng an thjt tran. Luc ra dcri va Idm ldn, ngucri Van Kilu khi ngu khdng dugc nim ngang nha, thd chan ra cfta sd.. khi chit, mud'n dugc dugc md ydn ma dep, mgi ngudi lo td'ng tang phai chgn ddt, xin phep Yang tmdc khi dao huydt.

Ddng bao tin ring mgi hoat ddng trong dcri sdng hang ngay diu do cac lyc

lugng sidu nhidn chi phd'i. Tdt ca mgi hidn tugng khac thudng cua thidn nhidn

cho dd'n canh quan nui rimg, sdng sud'i, gd'c cdy, bd'n nudc... diu cd thi la dd'i

tugng thd cung. d ngucri Van Kilu cdn tdn tai kha dam net hinh thftc cung bai

cac vat thidng va cac Tang. Thanh kilm, manh bat, vidn da dj hinh hay Yang nui

(Yang ko), yang sdng (Yang krdng), Yang ddt (Yang kute)... trong dd vj thdn

cao nhdt, ddy uy lyc d ngudi Van Kilu la Yang bdng. Vide thd Ifta va bd'p Ifta rdt

phd bid'n d ngudri Vdn Kilu. Hg tuydt ddi cdm mgi sy Idy Ifta tft bd'p gia dinh

mang ra ngoai, cdm con rl ty ddng ld'y Ifta tft bd'p ra hut thud'c.

Vide thd cung td tidn dugc dat bidt chu trgng d ngudi Van Kilu. Thd cung

td tidn d ngudi Vdn Kilu la thd cung dng ba, cha me; nhung ngudi ddng tdc ch^t

tft 16 tudi trd ldn, nhumg ngudi chdt bdt thudng khdng nim trong sd dugc thd

Cling. Ngudi Van Kilu thudmg lam mdt cai nha san nhd, dyng noi cao rao quang

dang, dftng ridng cho vide thd cftng td tidn. Hg thudmg dyng noi xa nha, ft ngudi

qua lai... tuy nhidn cOng cd noi kiln tnic nay Iai nim canh nha dl tidn vide thd

cung.

Sau khi ehd't dugc vai ba nam, ngudi Van Kieu td chftc mdt budi IS trgng thi

dua linh hdn ngudi qua vao dd. Bilu tugng linh hdn ngudi mdt thudng la nhftng

vat cu thi nhu manh ndi, manh bat vd...[8,51]

Ngudi Vdn Kilu cdn cd hmh thftc thd cung thdn bdn mdnh. Theo hinh thftc

thd cung nay, mdi thanh vidn trong gia dinh thudng dugc tugng trang bing mdt

cdi bat. Gia dinh ngudi Vdn Kilu cd bao nhidu ngudi la cd bdy nhidu bat dl

cung. Nhung cai bat nay dugc tdp hgp trdn mdt ban thd nhd dyng d cdt cai ngdi

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nha. Mdi khi cd ngudi trong gia dinh dm dau, ehd't bat bdn mdnh cua bdnh nhan lai dugc mang ra cung.

2.Thd ciing dng ba td tien ciia ngudi Khiia

Ong ba td tidn dugc thd cftng cua ngucri Khua thudmg dugc chia theo ngudi Me de, ldy Me de Iam vj td ddu tidn va nhumg ngudi da chit thudc vl Me de dd, chi cd ngudi tmdng tdc mdi dugc lap ban thd dng ba td tien.

Ban thd td tidn cua ngudi Khua la mdt cai bd dan hai ldp tre rdt cdng phu: Trong bd dd bd mid'ng vai tring gdi cac hat gao tugng trung cho cac vong hdn ma cua Me de va nhftng ngudi da chet ma minh dugc thd theo vong hdn Me de, hai cai bat, hai ddi dang day Iai kfn dl trong budng tmdng tdc nim ngii bing each dat dudi san trdn ddu hoac treo trdn ddn tay cung phfa ddu nim cua tmdng tdc. Ngoai ra, ngudi Khua khdng thd cung gi nfta. (15,16)

3. Tin ngudng ma thudt:

Ngudi Bm Vdn Kilu khi ndi vl the gidi ma quy cd mdt hidn tugng kha dac bidt dd la malai - ma ngudi sd'ng. Theo ddng bao, nd'u ngudi binh bthudng an phai thjt con mang ehd't se bid'n thanh ma lai. Ma lai cd than hinh cau bin vi sudt ngay khdng tim rfta. Ddng bao rdt sg ma Iai lam hai. Ma Iai la mdt loai ma chuydn di gay hai , hut mau, an gan radt ngucri vao ban ddm, nhdt la nhftmg ngudi dang d'm dau.

Trong cudc sdng hing ngay dl chd'ng Iai ma lai ddng bao da nghi ra kha

nhiiu each: dung ngai (thud'c trdng), thdi bua (vao ban ddm) dl ma khdng thi lai

gdn. Loai ma lai cd dac diim hay ngii ngay, sg dd tanh, ndn khi ngiri dd tanh ma

lai se bd di. Ngoai ra ddng bao cdn dung xac mdt loai doi trdn vdi bdt mdt loai

nhya cay bd vao thftc an cua ma lai, nlu an phai nd se mdt linh. Ddi vdi nhumg

ngudi bj nghi la cd ma lai, nhung ngudi Bra Van Kilu cd nhftng quy djnh rdt

nghidm ngdt: ngudi bj nghi la cd ma lai bj dan Iang ghd sg, xua dudi, rudng bd.

Thdng thudng ngudi bj nghi la cd ma Iai phai sdng trong rimg sau, each Iy vdi

cdng ddng lang... Cac thanh vidn cua cdng ddng khdng dugc tid'p xuc vdi ma lai.

... Nd'u ngudi bj nghi ed ma lai vi pham nhumg quy djnh dd, gia dinh than chu

phai bdi thudng. Cdn cac thanh vidn trong lang cd tinh giup dd, quan hd vdi

ngudi bj nghi vdi ma Iai se bi cdng ddng Idn an, nd'u rai pham nhiiu Idn se bi

dudi ra khoi cdng ddng.

Ngudi Bru-Vdn Kilu cdn cd hinh thftc ma thuat lam hai nhu thu, yd'm...va

ma thuat tinh ydu, day la hinh thftc mudn thu hut ldi keo vl minh nhftng dd'i

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tugng khac gidi. do ban than ty thyc hien hoac phai thdng qua mdt ngudi khac, nhu d nhdm Khua, Ma coong phai thdng qua dng Pathau.

Ma thuat chfta bdnh la mdt trong nhftng hinh thftc dugc ra ddi kha sdm. Nhung dang ban ddu cua nd ngay nay d ngudi Van Kieu la md nhat di nhiiu, thay vao dd nhung bmh thftc va bilu hidn mdi. Ngudi Van Kieu cd Id'i chua bdnh nhu thdi, phu chu. d nhdm Khua, Ma coong hinh thftc chfta benh lai gin liln vdi quan nidm hdn vfa, dugc thyc hidn thdng qua mdt ngudi thdy cung.

Thd ma phia nha vg (Yang Cugia) cung la mdt hinh thftc tfn nguong phd bid'n d ngudi Van Kilu. Ma phfa nha vg dugc tugng trung bang mdt cai sgt nhd, dan lat cdu ky, cd trang tri hoa van... Sau khi ngudi con trai da cung ma nha vg, anh ta dugc phep dem cai sgt nhd nay vl dat d ban thd nha minh.

Yang abdn (thdn lua) ma vat tugng trung la mdt te lua say nhat dugc bude vao cdt cai cua ngdi nha. Ngudi Van Kilu cd nhiiu kidng ky ddi vdi cay lua, hat thdc. Trong ngay tudt ddu tidn ciia mua thu hoach, ddng bao thudng khdng cho ngudi la mat vao lang. Nhumg riy lua cua hg dugc bao vd cdn than, khdng dugc phdng ud', bdn phan hoac vdy mau Idn dd.

Yang lua d ngudi Vdn Kilu dugc cung vai vao cac djp phat riy, tria hat, tudt lua va thu hoach. Trong ndm, hdi mua dugc thyc hidn vao thdi gian tria lua. Trong djp nay ngudi ta tai dyng tugng trung cac bftoc cua mdt chu ky sin xudt tft gieo trdng cho dd'n khi thu hoach, vdi y mud'n khdn cdu mdt vu mua bdi thu. Yang abdn luc nay se dugc eu thi hod bing hinh anh me lua, thudmg la mdt ngudi dan ban nhiiu tudi trong lang. Me liia se chi bao cho ba eon Iam an, each tid'n hanhld nghi cftng bai dl dugc mua.

Trong gia dinh ngudi Vdn Kieu khi cd ngudi ehd't, eon chau phai di bao

cho td't ca ba con anh em trong vii biet. Xac cua ngudi ehd't thudng dugc dat theo

chilu ngang ngdi nha, chan hudng ra phfa cua sd. Cac nhdm Khua, Ma coong,

thi thi ngudi ehd't Iai dugc quay theo chilu dgc ngdi nha, chan hudmg ra cfta

chfnh. Ngudi hd't dugc dl trong nha ft nhdt la hai ba ngay mdi chdn. Trong nhinig

ngay d'y, than nhan ngucri ehd't phai cham sdc thi thi va dl thftc an vao midng ba

bua mdi ngay. Sau dd ngudi ta mdi td chftc Id dua ma vao nghia dja cua Iang.

Ddng bao khdng cd tyc tao md hay tham vid'ng md ma, cdng vide nay chi thi

hidn trong cac Id cung d ban thd td tidn, khi con chau mud'n hudng ve nhftng

ngudi da khud't [8,50]

4. Tin ngudng Totem (vat td)

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Ddi vdi ngucri Bm Van Kieu, Tootem chfnh la nhumg dilu cdm ky lidn quan din cac vat td cua cac ddng hg. Ngudi Bra Van Kilu cd kha nhiiu ddng hg khac nhau (Mu Xdm, Tu Vel, Ra Lu, Pai, Xa tang, Bleng, Hup...). Mdi ddng bg diu cd nhumg vat kidng lien quan den ddng hg. Trong quan nidm cua ddng bao nhung vat kidng thudng la ddng vat hay thyc vat nao dd cd nhiiu quan hd vdi ddng hg va dugc ddng bao xem la vat td. Dd'i vdi loai vat td nay, luat tuc Bm

van Kilu cam sft dung, cdm gilt hai hay an thjt. Ddng bao cho ring nd'u ai cd trong ddng bg (Mu) pha hoai hay gilt chet vat td cd nghia la da pham dd'n sy linh thidng. Trong tmdng hcrp do, ngudi vi pham se phai chju nhiiu hinh phat khac nhau (nd'u vd tinh phai nop hidn vat dl cung ta ldi, vat phdm phat la ga, mgu... Nd'u cd tinh vi pham than chu va gia dinh than chu phai dumg ra xin ldi ddng hg va td chftc cung ta ldi kha to, vat phdm cung gdm Ion, ga, xdi...)

S.Thd than ban menh

Trong cac hinh thftc thd cung cua ngucri Bra - Van Kilu cd mdt hinh thftc thd cung kha dac bidt dd la hinh thftc thd ban mdnh. Thd thdn ban mdnh d ngucri Bru van Kilu chfnh la vide thd linh hdn cua nhung ngudi dang sd'ng. Ddng bao Bra - Van Kilu quan nidm, con ngucri bao gid cd hai phdn: phdn hdn va phdn xac. Vide thanh dat hay d'm dau, manh khoe cua mdt ca nhdn nao dd la do phdn hdn quyd't djnh, gdy ra. Khi hdn ydn tinh, khdng bj xuc pham, khdng bj qudy pha... hdn se lam cho con ngudi khoe manh, khdng bj dm dau. Cdn khi mdt ngucri nao dd gap rui ro, d'm dau, bdnh tat... la do hdn khdng ydn, phai td chftc cung hdn. Vide cung hdn cua ngudi dang sd'ng d ddng bao Bra - Van Kilu chfnh la vide cung cai bat dugc tugng trung cho nhumg linh hdn. a ddng bao Bm Van Kilu mdi mdt ngucri cd mdt cai bat ridng tugng trung cho linh hdn cua minh. Bat dugc dat d ban thd ridng gdn cdt chfnh cua gian ngoai. Ddy la noi rdt thidng lidng lidn quan dd'n hdn mang cau mdt con ngudi. Ddng bao chi dem mdt cai bat cua ai dd ra cung khi ngudi dd bj d'm dau. Trong gia dinh, ddng hg, edng ddng nd'u ai khdng tin dilu dd nghia la trai vdi luat tyc tft xua dl lai. Tft nhumg quan nidm dd da hinh thanh ndn mdt sd quy djnh bao vd bat thd ban mdnh: c&n vg, con cai, nhdt la ngucri la dyng cham dd'n bat thd.

6. Tuc thd ciing cua ngudi Ma Coong.

Ngudi dan tdc Ma coong hg thudng thd con ma trong nha (ggi la con ma

Mgt) dl cdu may cho mua mang nuang rdy. Chd dat thd con ma Mgt thudng dl d

cdt nha b gian gifta. d gian nay thi ngudi ta kidng cft mdt dilu dd la dan ba va

con gdi khdng dugc ngdi va ngii d gian nay. Hang nam ngudi ta cd thi ciing ma

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mgt mdt ldn dl cdu may min. D6 cung chu yiu la trdu, Ign, bd ( cd the mdi thft mdt ft). Khi cung ma mgt cd thi cung chung hoac cung ridng. Cd thi ca hg hang anh em cung thd hoac cung chung mdt con ma mgt vdi nhau hoac cua ai thd cua ndy.

Ngudi gia lang cd trach nhidm vdi thdn xdm vl vide cung lang va kdu ggi ba eon doan kd't giup dd ngudi trong lang - Ciing lang dl thdn linh, thd dja phu hd hang nam dugc mua va sftc khoe.

Ld cung khi mdi dd'n mdt chd mdi: 1 eon ga, 1 chai mgu, 1 chen com, d 3 > 10 nam tbi cftng Igm, cung trau t l cho thdn hnh.

Dd'n thang 5 tria lua nuong xong, phai cung lang bing heo ca Iang dd'n an tdp tmng vui ve noi chd quy djnh. Thfch nghi cua ngudi Bd Ru d nha san, dl chd'ng thu gift, cdn dudi san dl nudi Ign, trau, bd va dl cac vat khac nhu cdi gia gao, cui .V.V..

Thftc an bing gao, thftc an phu, khoai, sin, lac, vimg ..., ndu ehfn, gao nd'p

thi due hdng ngam nd'p rdi hdng, ca, thjt, ngay xua thi ty tuc, chi mua d dudi

xudi mudi va dudng; nd'u khach quy din hg di bit ca khe vl lam lap. Bit ca d

sudi vl cit ddu xau nudng ridng, danh vay, bd radt rdi than ca rdc ldy thjt rita

bing la ru ri, bim nhd, thjt va ddu ca, trdn vdi gia vj, dt tuoi rdi mdi khach an cd

chai mgu thjt thi hg di san bit d rimg. Dugc con Ign hoac con do ban Igm rftng,

chia diu nhau cho cac ndc nha trong lang. Ngudi di san chi la'y ridng cai ddu,

dudi dl vl cung thdn hnh rimg nui phu hd.[51]

Ndi vl ma: Hg rdt nhiiu ma

Ma ngudi ehd't:

Ma lua: Cung khi Ma chin, cung ga hoac heo, trau ma hg trai, hg gai: Khi

la'y chdng phai dem theo ma vl nha mdi, vl nha mdi phai cung trau.

Ma sd phan ddi ngudi: Ngudi dd hay dau d'm lien mien, trong nha cd ngucri

ehd't, ngudi chdt ldn: nha cd dilu kidn va lang dan ndc nha, due ea than cay cd

nip lam quan tai. Hg khdng bjt khan tring, dua com bay ngay. Hg tft bidt ngucri

ehd't bing con ga hoac con Ign, con trau. Hg nao giau cd Iam dam ma mdi, cd

thanh la, trd'ng, ken di vdng quan tai 3 ngay ddm. Nd'u nha ngheo lugm bing

chid'c chid'u rdi chdn, hg chi chdn mdt ldn rdi bd, khdng dao di, dao lai, mdi hg

chdn mdt gdc nhd noi nghia dja Idn va noi hg an lang, hg khdng dgng dd'n. Nd'u

ngudi nao dd'n dd chat cay lam cd ... Hg din 1 trau, 2 heo, 7 ga vi lam dgng thdn

linh, ddng dd'n ma quy hg hang ...

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Hg khdng an td't, ma ngay mdt tit, hg chi kidng chat cui, danh trd'ng, gia gao. D^n mdng hai tft sinh boat binh thucmg, hg chi an td't luc nao hg thu hoach lua riy xong. Hg lam dam ma, mdi rdng rai ca Iang dd'n an ud'ng linh dinh 3 ngay, 3 ddm, ai dd'n dd diu cd an, hg nao giau lam dam ngudi mdi chit, chia cua cho ma. Ngudi nao ngheo, qua mdt nam sau lam dam va cung mdi an ud'ng 3 ngay ddm, cd trdng ken, thanh la danh gd, cdn con gai trong hg da di ldy chdng bdn hg cha, me Iam dam ma bao tin, ngucri eon gai phai dua eon ga hoac heo nap Id dl cd hid'u vdi hg hang ngucri eon gai Idy chdng. [50,51]

n.3.7. CAC LUAT TUC

Trong kho tang van boa ban dja, luat tuc ddng mdt vai trd nhu la nhumg gia trj chudn myc, dilu tid't quan nidm, hanh vi umg xft cua tftng ca nhan, nhdm tdc ngudi nhim dl dung hoa lgi fch cdng ddng lidn quan dd'n san xudt va thid't che xa hdi.Sau day chung tdi se trinh bay mdt he thd'ng luat tuc cua cac tdc ngudi vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang.

a. LUAT TUC CUA NGUCJl CHtJT

Tiic sinh de

Khi ngudi dan ba chudn bj dd'n ngay sinh nd, ngudi chdng Iam mdt cai lan,

Igp bing la cay rdt don gian d ngoai rimg, hoac tim mdt hang da nao dd, rdi dua

vg dd'n d dgi ngay sinh de.

Thudng thudmg, hg dy trft tai llu hay hang da nhftng thftc an va mdt ft dd

dftng cho hai vg chdng trong vai ngay, nhumg ngay sau hai ngudi ty tim ldy thftc

dn dd ud'ng cho minh. Ngftdi dan ba sau khi sinh xong cd thi ty minh cham nom

Id'y dfta tre va ty chudn bj ldy nhirng dd an, thftc ud'ng. Ngudi Chut quan nidm

ring, nd'u ngudri dan ba sinh de tai nha hay trong lang ban, thi se gay nhiiu tai

hga cho nhumg ngudi than va dan Iang, vi ngudi dan ba khi sinh mang nhiiu vfa

xdu, khi dfta tre mdi ra dcri, nd dugc tim rfta dl Iam sach vfa, dudi vfa xdu ra

khdi than thi cua nd. Sau 30 ngay, hai vg chdng ndu nudc la thom dd Idn hdn da

xdng rdi mdi dugc vl nha. Khi vl dd'n nha ngudi chdng chudn bj Id vat nhu mgu,

thjt com dl cung bao cho dng ba, td tidn, thdn linh bid't vl dfta tre- mdt thanh

vidn mdi cr trong gia dinh ciia minh.

Ldm nhd:

136

Du ngdi nha ciia ngucri Chiit cdn rdt don gian, nhung nhumg nghi IS, kidng ky lidn quan dSn qua trinh lam nha d hg cung hit sftc phftc tap. Chu nha chgn ngay thang tdt (dd la nhung ngay thang chdn trong nam) rdi ty minh dyng cdt cai (cdt cdldde) Idn tmdc; sau dd mdi nhd ba con giup dd va chi cd chu nha mdi dugc phep ngdi phfa trdn "cdt cdldde"dl Igp, khi nha da hoan tdt, chu nha W tay nhen ldn mdt bd'p Ifta, bd'p Ifta dd phai dugc chay hdn tuc ba ngay ba ddm. Sau dd, chu nha ty minh hoac mcri thdy rang, thdy xay (thdy cung) td chftc Id cung dl xin phep dng ba, thdn linh phu hd cho gia dinh dugc may min trong cudc sd'ng. [9]

Tuc cudi xin.

Ngudi Rue do cd mdt bi quylt cd thi sinh de theo y mud'n ndn trai gai din tudi phat due (trai tft 15-16 tudi, gai tft 13- 14 tudi) cd thi ty do tim bilu va quan he tinh due vdi nhau mdt each thoai mai (td't nhidn la khdng cdng khai) cho din tudi tmdng thanh (nam tft 19- 20 tudi, nft tft 16- 17 tudi). Khi ca hai bdn nam nft mud'n lap gia dinh thi vide cudi xin cua ngudi Rue phai qua cac budc:

Dam hoi. (tid'ng Rye ggi la pleng)

Nha trai cd mdt ngudi md'i va mdt ngudi dai didn gia dinh (cau hoac anh) dd'n nha gai dam hdi va xin cho ngucri con trai dugc d rl. LS vat gdm cd: 12 mid'ng trdu, 2 con ga, 2 cai bat, 2 hu ragu. Nha trai mang nhumg IS vat nay dd'n nha gai. Nd'u nha gai ddng y, bd cd gai rdt mgu rdi dem tdt ca Id vat bay ra nha rdi dd't trdm huong. Ngudi bd khdn bao cho ma nhd, ma ddt bift va xin phep tft nay ed chang rl dd'n d nha minh.

d re. (tid'ng Rue ggi la xu)

Sau khi nha gai nhan Id vat thi ngudi con trai dugc quyIn dd'n d rl bdn nha

gai. Thdi gian d rl la 3 nam. Trong thdi gian d rl ngudi con trai phai lam mgi

vide cho nha gai va hai ngucri dugc phep an ngii vdi nhau.

Xin cudi.(tid'ng Rue ggi la kloi)

Gdn hd't thdi gian d rl, bdn nha trai phai dua ll vat sang nha gai xin cudi.

Ld vat xin cudi gdm cd: 4 con ga, 1 ndi ddng va 4 cai bat.

Ll cudi. (tid'ng Rye ggi la doong)

Ld cudi dugc td chftc tai nha gai. LS vdt cudi cua nha trai dua sang nha gai

gdm cd: 1 con Ign, 2 con ga, 2 ndi ddng, 1 chyc bat, mdt chudi hat cudm va 2

dao nta. Nha gai chudn bj gao va rugu dl 2 hg an ud'ng vui ve. Dam cudi d ngudi

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Rye ea hai gia dinh cung lo. Sau khi an udng xong nha trai dugc quyIn mdc dau vl.

Ld ddn dau. (tid'ng Rue ggi la tan)

Khi vl nha chdng, ngudi con gai phai mang theo mdt ft gao, do qudn, chan dip va bit budc phai cd mdt cai nd. Sau ba ngay ddi vg chdng phai trd vl nha bd me vg va phai mang theo mdt sd Id vat. Khi ve nha bd me vg, tdt ca mgi ngudi trong gia dinh kl ca con rl bic mdt cai ndi ldn bd'p. Sau dd dat vao ndi mdt ddi dua, mdt vdng cudm va hai vg chdng cdm tay nhau trong ndi dd. Luc dd bd vg tuydn bd vdi ma nha tft nay trd di hai vg chdng chfnh thftc ldy nhau. Dd'i vdi ngudi Rye, tdt ca cac IS trong cudi xin IS nao cung phai cung ma. Ma d day la nhumg ngudi trong gia dinh da chft va ma ddt ncri dang d. Ca nha trai va nha gai diu phai cung ma trong nha. Muc dfch cua vile cung ma nay la bao cho ma bid't trong nha sdp cd ddu hay rl va cd gi an dugc phai dl cho ma hudng trudc.

Theo tyc Id cua ngucri Rue, con chau sau ba ddi, tftc la dd'n ddi thft tu la cd

thi ldy nhau dugc. Tmdc day, d trong rftng do quan hd than tdc, bg khdng ldy

dugc nhau. Vi vdy con trai, con gai phai qua Lao dl Idy vg, ldy chdng rdi mdi

dem nhau vl chd eu.

Tft ngay dugc phat hidn vl sd'ng djnh cu dd'n nay, tuc Id cudi xin ndi trdn

cung khdng dugc duy tri. Hidn nay cudi xin cua ngudi Rye chi tap tmng vao Id

cudi. Va trong ngay cudi, cd ging td chftc mdt bfta an cho no la dugc.[18]

Tuc ma chay

So vdi cac dan tdc khac thi tuc ma chay cua ngudi Rye kha don gian.Khi

cd ngudi ehd't, vide ddu tidn phai lam la giet mdt con ga, ndu mdt chen com dat

tren ddu ngudi ehd't dl cung. Theo tyc Id ngudi Rue, cd ngudi chit la phai chdn

ngay trong ngay, trft trudng hgp ehd't vao luc chilu td'i thi phai chdn ngay hdm

sau. Khi cd ngudi chft, mgi ngudi trong gia dinh phai cd mat ddng du, trft tmdng

hgp di rftng xa khdng bid't. Dd'i vdi ngudi Rue, tdt ca mgi ngucri trong ban phai

dd'n dl tidn dua ngudi chft vl vdi dng ba td tidn, dd la nghia vu cua ca cdng

ddng. Ngudi Rye cd tuc Id trdi chdn, trdi tay ngudi chit. Khi ngudi bdnh trut hoi

thd cud'i cung, hg ld'y mdt sgi ddy rftng de budc hai ngdn chdn cai, hai ngdn tay

cai Iai vdi nhau. Trudc khi lidm tftc la trade khi xac chft dugc dat vao mdt tdm

vd cdy rdi bd trdn lai, hg mdi thao cac sgi day budc tay budc chan ra. Tdm vd

cay bd xac chft dugc budc bing ba sgi may rimg. Mdt sgi d trdn ddu, mdt sgi d

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dudi chan va mdt sgi d gifta byng. Ba sgi day budc dd cd chfta lai ba cai vdng nhd dl xd cai ddn vao rdi khidng di chdn.

Trade khi mud'n chdn d dau, ngucri Rue phai xin keo dl dao huydt. Nd'u xin dugc ca ba keo mdi dugc chdn, nlu xin khdng dugc phai di xin ncri khac. Huydt dao sau khoang 1,2m, ddu budng ve phfa mat trdi lan, chan hudng vl phfa mat trdi mgc. Chdn xong ed dip md. Md dugc dip cao, hinh hd dai theo than ngudi ehd't. Gdn day ngudi Rue lai bit chude ngudi Sach, ngudi Ngudn md dugc dip trdn va cd ngudi cdn Iam nha md bang tranh tre rdt don gian.

Sau khi chdn ba ngay, ngucri Rue phai td chftc cung bd ma tai md. Ld vat cd ga, com, canh. Tuc nay cd phdn gid'ng nhu ngudi Vidt d Binh Trj Thidn ggi la cung md cita ma. Sau khi chdn, ngay nao cung phai dat com d trong nha dl cung ngudi ehd't. Sau tam ngay thi lam IS cftng hit tang tai nha. Tft dd trd di ngudi sd'ng khdng cdn nhd va khdng ed nghia vu gi ddi vdi ngudi chit nua. Hg khdng ed tuc ky gid va tham vid'ng nhu ngudi Kinh. Do dilu kidn sd'ng du cu ndn ngudi Rue khdng ed nghia dja ridng, hg chi chdn each nha khoang 100m.

Tmdc day d trong rimg chua vl sdng djnh cu, do thieu cdng eu dao bdi ndn ngudi Rue khdng cd tyc chdn cdt ma ehi dung vd cdy bd lai rdi dem bd ngoai rftng va Id'y la cdy ddy kfn lai gid'ng nhu ndm md. Sau dd gia dinh va dan ban keo nhau di d chd khac

Tuc chfira benh

Do dieu kidn sd'ng trong rftng, bdnh tat nhiiu nhung khdng cd thud'c men

dl chua bdnh, ndn ngudi Rue phai chfta bdnh bing nhiiu each khac nhau: Thdi,

rang, xin keo,v.v...

Thoi.

Phep thdi la mdt each chfta bdnh kha phd bid'n d ngudi Rue va mdt sd tdc

ngudi khac d Phong Nha-Ke Bang. Dd'i vdi bdnh nhe thi dung phep thdi. Phep

thdi cd hai kilu khac nhau: Thdi tryc tiep vao bdnh nhan hoac thdi gian ti^p vao

chen nudc rdi cho bdnh nhan ud'ng. Khi cd ngudi hdp hoi rdi dau, ngudi Rue

cung chfta bing each thdi. Nd'u thdi tryc tid'p cd khi phai dung thdn cdy nhang

hoac trdm dd't Idn dl thdi. Ca hai each thdi, ngudi thdi phai dung dd'n ndi lyc cua

minh va phai cd mdt qua trinh luydn tap tfch luy kinh nghidm. Cung cd khi ngucri

thdi phai dgc mdt bai chu bing tid'ng Rye ed dl thdi cum ngucri bj hdp hoi. Ngoai

viec chua cac bdnh thdng thudng, bj hdp hoi, ngudi Rue cdn thdi dl chfta cho

139

ngudi bl rin cin. Cd thi ndi phep thdi la mdt phuong phap chua bdnh cua ngudi Rye cd hidu qua va ft td'n kem.

Rdng.

Phep rang cung la mdt each chua bdnh ma ngudi Rye thudng dp dyng. Nhftng ngudi bdnh dau lau ngay da dung phep thdi ma vdn khdng lanh thi phai dung din phep rang. Phep rang khdng phai ai cung Iam dugc ma chi cd mdt sd ft ngudi, gidng nhu cac thdy mo mdi cd thi rang dugc. Phep rang thudng sft dung dl chfta cho nhung ngudi bdnh do cac loai ma Iam hai, dac bidt la ma nudc. Dl tid'n hanh mdt cudc rang, ngudi thdy rang phai dftng mdt loai nhac cy dan tdc kha cd xua, dd la cai kldd'ng va bai chu bdng tid'ng Rue. Tuy theo mftc dd ciia bdnh ma thdy rang quyft djnh chgn lya cac kilu rang. Cd hai kilu rang: Rang sang va rang td'i.

Rang sang la rang Id thidn khdng phai che day gi ca, mgi ngudi cd thi quan sat va theo ddi cac ddng tac va ldi ndi cua thdy. Thdy rang ngdi bdn canh bdnh nhdn, trdn ddu thdy cd ddi mdt vdng hoa rftng. Ld vat kem theo dl rang gdm cd mdt bat gao, mdt bat nudc, mdt chai mgu, mdt cay den. Thdy rang vfta dung nhac cu kldd'ng vita hat hoac dgc thdn chu dl ndi chuydn vdi ma. Ndi dung bai hat, bai chu la khuydn con ma hay tha cho bdnh nhdn. Nd'u phai con ma bit dau thi sau khi lanh se ed Id ta. Bat nudc va bat gao thdy thudmg dung dl thdi hoac dl pha vao ngudi bdnh.

Rang td'i la rang ed sy che day dd'i vdi thdy rang. Thdy rang dugc ngdi

trong mdt budng td'i, xung quanh cd mdt tdin min quay trdn che kfn. Rang tdi thi

khdng cdn cd vdng hoa, cdn IS vdt gid'ng nhu rang sang. Dd'i vdi cac bdnh nang,

rang sang khdng lanh thi phai dftng rang td'i. Nhumg ngudi Rue bj ma nudc ydu,

chfta rdt khd, thudng phai dung kilu rang tdi. Ngudi mic ma nudc thudmg ra bd

sud'i ngdi hoac ndi nham nhf lung tung. Dd'i vdi loai bdnh nay, khi rang phai

dung dd'n mdt sd thu thuat khac nfta, nhu ldy day budc mdt vdng xung quanh cd

bdnh nhan tugng trung cho con ma dang deo dudi bdnh nhan, chua mudn budng

tha. Sau dd tid'p tyc rang dl cit day deo ed, khdng cho ma nudc ydu nfta, bdnh

nhan mdi cd thi lanh dugc.

Thdy rang d ngudi Rue khdng nhiiu vi ddi hdi phai cd mdt sd dilu kidn nhdt

djnh. Trudc hd't thdy rang phai cd mdt sd bilu bid't vl xa hdi, phai thudc mdt sd

bai hdt, bai chu va quan trgng hom la phai vita dan vfta hat dugc. Mud'n trd thanh

thdy rang thi phai cd mdt qua trinh hgc hdi va dugc tmyln nghi. .[3,18]

140

b. L U A T TUC CUA NGU61 BRU-VAN K I £ U

1. Luat tuc lien quan de'n tap quan trong sinh de

Mdi dan tdc cd nhumg quan nidm ridng trong vide sinh nd va nudi con. Dd chi'nh la sy phan anh nhan thftc cua con ngudi vl thd' gidi, la vd'n tri thftc dan gian dugc tfch luy luu tmyln tft ddi nay sang ddi khac. Ngudi phy nft Bru - Van Kilu khi cd thai vdn lam vide cho dd'n ngay sinh nd va chd' dd an ud'ng khdng khde mdy so vdi thudmg ngay. Tuy nhidn, de dam bao cho vide sinh nd dugc td't dep, ngudi phy nft Bm - Van Kilu khi mang thai phai kidng eft nhung loai thftc an cd hai cho sftc khoe cua ba me va thai nhi. Nhung do dilu kidn sd'ng thdp, phai Iam viec nhiiu, thdm vao dd la ngudn thftc an khdng du chdt ndn hidn tugng sdy thai hoac de non din dd'n tir vong d ngudi Bm - Van Kilu kha phd bid'n.

Ngudi phy nu Bm - Van Kilu khi mang thai dugc mgi nguci ggi la "Kuay

hokol", nghia la ngudi cd con trong bung. Dd'i vdi ngudi Bra Van Kilu, khi

ngucri phy nft mang thai bj d'm hay cd tridu chftng say thai bg khdng dung thud'c

hay chua trj ma chu yd'u dya sy chi din ciia thdy cung (Mojao) qua tuc bdi bdnh

(mui), dl bid't con ma nao dang qudy pha dl sim IS vat cung, cdu cho ngudi bdnh

dugc khdi. Trong quan nidm cua ddng bao Bra Van Kilu vide sdy thai la do

Yang Koq (hay la Yang Plah) va con ma Iai (Yiang) da bit linh hdn cua dfta tre

gay ndn cai chdt cua thai nhi va ngudi me. Vi thi khi bj sdy gia dinh phai Iam IS

cung Yang dudi ma di va xin Iai linh hdn. Ld vat cung cho thai nhi bao gdm: 2

con Ign nhd va 1 con ga. Trong dd mdt con Ign la cung cho Yang Ciet (thdn bao

mdnh ngudi bj sdy thai) va Yang Yah (thdn mfta hat tugng trung cho tfnh tinh

ngudi phu nft), mdt con cung cho Yang Koq va ma lai, cdn con ga cung cho

Mojao va Liim (ngftdi giup vide cho Mojao). Trong Id Mojao dung ma thuat,

binh khf va thud'c bua trft ta ma. Bua trft (Chuaplab) la cai mdng gdu, bdn trong

cd thud'c bdt. Mojao dung Chuaplab fe vao xung quanh ngudi phu nft, sau dd

chia bua vao bd'n gdc nha xua dudi ta ma. Sau khi da dudi dugc ma ra khdi ngucri

phu nft bj sdy thai, Mojao tid'n hanh nghi IS ggi vfa (ardrvid) va dung sgi chi

tring budc vao cd tay dl gift cho via khong bj bit nua.

Da sd cac ddn tdc d Trudmg Son - Tdy Nguydn diu cho ring vide sinh de

gdy ra d ue, bdn dd'n Yang, nhd't la nhftng vj Yang thd cung trong nha, vi thi khi

sinh nd hg khdng dftgc b trong nha. Nd'u Id vi pham, gia chu phai sim Id vdt cung

ta ldi cac thdn. Ddng bao cho ring khi cac thdn tftc ndi gidn se gdy ra dm dau

mdt mua. Vi thi, tmdc khi ehudn bj sinh con, ngudi chdng se dyng tam mdt cai

141

chdi (Dung Kol - nha de con) d ngoai vudn hay sat bia rftng cho vg sinh. Ddy la mdt tap quan cd tft lau ddi va tmdc day dugc mgi ngudi tuan theo mdt each tuydt dd'i. Sau khi sinh, dfta tre dugc cit rdn bang thanh Gidng (bang lakata), theo quy djnh cua luat tuc Bra Van Kilu nhau thai (rao) phai dugc chdn cdt edn than ngay canh cdi sinh. Trdn ncri chdn nhau thai ddng bao trdng mdt cay (cay pipa rang tap) dl ngudi khac khdng dao phai. Nlu ching may ngudi nao dd dao tning, gia dinh phai lam IS cung Yang hd mdnh, IS vat cung do ngudi bj phat ndp (ga, rugu).

Khoang thdi gian sau khi sinh con dugc ba ngay cdm ngudi phu nft tid'p xuc vdi ngucri khac kl ca chdng. Ddng bao Bra Van Kilu cho ring luc nay ngucri vg vin chua hd't d ue, bdn thiu. Ngoai ra san phu edn phai thyc hidn nhiiu kidng cft trong an ud'ng nhu: chi dugc an mudi tring dl ud'ng nhiiu nudc (nha giau thi an thjt nhung phai kho man). Trong thdi gian d cft, ngudi san phy dugc cdng ddng ggi la Rdi Kol, Set Kol (sinh con), hay Ebetper (ngu bd'p).

Sau ba ngay d chdi sinh, ngudi chdng ddn vg va con vl. Nhung tmdc khi

vl nha, chu nha phai sim Id vat gdm: nam con ga dl cung mftng cho sftc khde

dfta tre. Ddy la IS cung thdng bao vdi Yang trong nha vl sy cd mat cua dfta tre.

Khi cung, ngudi cftng vfta khdn vfta vung nhftng hat gao ldn bd long ga vdi y

ngbia giao cho Yang nhumg con ga dd. Luat tyc quy djnh, khi cung tuydt ddi

phai dl nguydn con ga, chi sau khi cung xong mdi chat ra. Trong khi cung, chii

nha phai chudn bj bd'n mdm: hai mam cung cac vj thdn trong nha, mdt mam lam

IS dat tdn, mdt mam cung cho ba dd.

Tap quan an ud'ng va nudi con tmyln thd'ng da an sau vao tam thftc cua

cac ba me, quan nidm "trdi sinh voi, trdi sinh cd" chi phdi de nang ldn ddi sd'ng

cua ddng bao. Tre em Bru - Van Kilu sau khi sinh khoang 1 thang chiing da phai

theo cha me ra rdy. Cd thi ndi tudi tho cua tre em Bru - Van Kilu la nhumg cudc

thft thach Idn, bdi luc nay chung chua du deu kidn tid'p xuc vdi ning mua. Bdn

canh dd, chi dd cham sdc khdng chu dao cho ndn chung thudmg hay bj bdnh. Dft

thd'qua trinh chgn lgc ty nhidn, giup cho dfta tre cd nhftng budc tid'p xuc ban ddu

dl sau nay trd thanh mdt ngudi cd y nghia. Vi vay, dft la tuc khdng quy djnh cu

thi nhung khi cdn nhd dugc cha me cho Iam quen vdi san xudt, dl khi ldn Idn

chung cd thi giup dd gia dinh.

Mudi ngay sau khi sinh, gia dinh lam IS dat tdn cho tre. Ld vat gdm cd ga,

mgu nd'p va mdt chid'c vdng bac. Ddng thdi day la IS bao vdi bao con xdm lang

cung td tidn. Luat tuc Bru - Van Kilu quy dinh khdng dugc dat tdn con tnmg vdi

142

nhumg ngudi da khudt, vdi ten dng ba trong ddng hg, gia dmh... bdi vi nd'u triing tdn la khdng tdn trgng gia tidn, se bj thdn Unh phat, lam cho dfta tre khd nudi, hay dau dm, gia dinh gap nhieu riii ro. Khi dat tdn phai tuan theo cac nguydn tic: cftng am hoac gdn vdn. Vf du: tdn cua ngudi con ca (bdt kl trai hay gai) la Ben, tdn cua ngudi tien theo se la Beng, Ban, Bon hay Ben, Beng... Tdp quan nay dugc md rdng ra ca cho con chu va con bac. Chfnh vi vay, qua tdn ggi cua ngudi nao dd, chung ta cd thi nhan ra anh em xa gdn. Tap quan Bra Van Kilu quy djnh, tmdc khi dat tdn phai xem que dl bilt cd linh hay khdng: n^u Axeo (que) cho mdt sdp mdt ngfta ngbia la dng ba thdn hnh da phu hd, tdn do se dugc dung dl dat... Trong Id dat tdn cho dfta tre, ba con dan lang deu dugc mdi tdi dy.[8,29]

2. Luat tuc lien quan de'n tang ma

Ddng bao Bm Van Kilu quan nidm thi gidi thdn kinh ma quy, ludn cd mdt md'i quan hd chat che vdi eon ngudi. Chfnh vi thd', d ddng bao tin ngudng da thdn "van vdt huu linh" dugc thi hidn kha ro trong y thftc va chi phd'i hgat ddng cua ddng bao. Trong bdi canh dd, nhumg IS nghi tfn ngudng, nhiing Id vat cung dang, nhirng dilu kidng ky la sy khue xa cua y thftc vao trong cudc sd'ng thyc tai cd tac dung nhu la mdt cai gi dd nhim bao vd sy ydn lanh.

Ndi dung chfnh cua ma chay la nhumg nghi Id lidn quan dd'n ngudi chit,

trong dd nhumg quan nidm vl chit td't hay chdt xdu cd anh hudmg nhdt djnh dd'n

luat tuc vl tang ma cua ngudi Bm Van Kilu: phan bidt hinh thftc td chftc tang

ma. Theo ddng bao Bru Van Kilu mdi cai ehd't ludn cd nhumg tac ddng khac

nhau dd'n cudc sd'ng hidn tai, theo dd phai cd nhftng each umg xft khac nhau.

Ddng bao cho ring ngudi chdt chua bin da mdt di ma tid'p tuc chuyin sang tdn

tai d thd' gidi khac. Trong sy "tdn tai" dd, linh hdn cua ngudi chdt vin cd quan hd

vdi ngudi sd'ng. Dilu nay dugc phan anh trong nhumg quy djnh cua luat tyc vl

cung td', ma chay, mai tang cho ngudi ehd't, dac bidt la nhumg dilu kidng cft ma

ngudi sd'ng phai tudn thu, thyc hidn. Ta cd thi thdy dilu nay rd't rd trong ndi

dung cua ludt tyc vl vd'n dl tang ma.

Cu thi, ludt tuc quy djnh: khi ngudi than ehd't, thi gia dinh phai cd trach

nhidm thdng bao cho chu hg, chu lang cung nhu tdt ca thanh vidn trong vel bift.

Cac thanh vidn trong Vel, nhdt la trong Mu phai cd nghia vu giup du vat chdt

(ddng gdp gao, tiin, chidng trd'ng, sim sfta quan tai...) va tinh thdn (td y thudng

tid'c, khdc than) cho gia chu cd ngudi bj nan. Cac thanh vidn trong Vel khdng ai

dugc trd'n tranh, thoai thac trach nhidm. Trong khoang thdi gian Mu, Vel cd tang

mgi ngudi khdng dugc ldn rdy hay di nmg, ma d nha cung ganh vac cdng vide

143

voi gia dinh cd ngudi ehd't. Theo ddng bao cd nhu vay mdi tranh tai nan cho cac ca nhan va cho cdng ddng Vel.

Ddng bao Bra Van Kieu chia cai chft thanh hai loai: chft binh thudmg (chft td't) va chft bdt die ky tft (chit xdu). Mdi cai ehd't nhu vay luat tuc cd quy djnh ridng:

. Ludt tuc trong tang ma ddi vai ngudi che't binh thudng.

Tmdng hgp ehd't binh thudng, la tradmg hgp cua nhung cai chdt hgp vdi quy luat nhu ehd't do dau d'm, gia yiu, chft d nha vdi sy chumg kid'n ciia nhumg ngudi than. Ddng bao quan nidm, ma cua ngudi chft binh thudng phu hd cho ngudi sd'ng. Chfnh vi the, dd'i vdi cac loai ma nay ddng bao rdt tdn trgng, sung kfnh va thd phung trong nha, hay nhumg quy djnh nghidm ngat khi tid'n hanh tang ma. Tuy nhidn, ma lanh se trd ndn hung dfi nd'u khdng lo toan ma chu dao, khdng cung bai diu dan, khdng td ra bdt kfnh.... Do vdy vide td chftc tang ma cho ngudi chft lanh ludn dugc ddng bao Bm - Van Kilu coi trgng. Dilu nay dugc thi hidn qua 5' thftc thanh kfnh, cung nhu thai dd trang nghidm. Id vat chu dao, thii tuc ddy du dd'i vdi ngudi ehd't, chinh nhdn td nay la tiin 11, dilu kidn quan trgng tao ndn tfnh luat tyc trong phong tuc tap quan vl tang ma cua ngudi Bm Van Kilu.

Theo phong tuc Bra Van Kilu, ngucri chdt tmdc khi bd vao quan tai phai

dugc tim rfta sach se, quan do tuom tdt va dac bidt la phai deo dd trang sftc,.

Trong quan tai cua ngudi chit tmdc day thudmg cd ddy du cac thft nhu cdng cy

lao ddng, dyng cy hing ngay, do qudn, tiin bac. Ddng bao rd't kidng vide thi thi

ngudi chdt bj dat Idch , bdi nhu thd' hdn ngudi chit se quanh qudn xunh quanh

nhd lam tdi ngucri thdn. Vide dat thi thi ngudi ehd't ngay ngin: hai tgay dudi

thing, ddu quay ra hudng cfta la mdt trong nhfing quy djnh ludn dugc ddng bao

Bra van Kilu tuan thu. Theo tap quan, thi hai se dugc dl lai trong nha 3 ngay.

Trdn 3 ngay dd con chau gdn xa cung ba con trong lang se dd'n chia budn. Day

cung la khoang thdi gian dl linh hdn ngudri ehd't sidu thoat, dl ngudi chft giai

quyft mgi khue mic, mgi cdng vide ma khi edn sd'ng chua giai quyd't xong, cdn

dang dang dor.

Luat tuc Bru - van Kilu quy dinh: nhftng ngftdi ehd't lanh ludn dugc chdn

trong nghia dja ciia lang. Trong Iang mdi Mu cd mdt khu vyc chdn ed't ridng.

Ngudi chft cua Mu nao se dugc chdn theo khu vyc ciia Mu dd khdng dugc chdn

lin ldn. Hinh phat cao nhdt ddi vdi tdi chdn cdt lin ldn la phat Ign, ga, rugu... dl

144

Cling Yang Camui. Luat tuc cua ngudi Bra Van Kilu cdm nhung hanh vi pha hoai ddi vdi cac khu rftng noi cd nghia dia. Ai vi pham se bj phat theo quy djnh cua luat tuc. Ddng bao Bm Van Kilu cho ring rftng ma la noi cac vj thdn ma quy tni ngu, n& vi pham se gay kinh ddng tdi ma quy. Theo dd ma quy se ndi gian va tra thu lai dan lang.

Bdn canh dd luat tuc Bm Van Kilu quy djnh, khi chdn phai tuan thu nguydn tic: Ddu quanh ve phfa Tay, chan quay vl phfa Ddng, dng ba chdn trdn cao, eon chau chdn dudi thdp... Ddi vdi ddng bao Bm ^ Van Kilu chdn cdt xong cd nghia la hd't trach nhjem vdi ngudi chft [11,19]

. Ludt tuc trong tang ma ddi vdi ngUdi chi't bdt dac ky tii.

Tmdng hgp chft khdng binh thucmg, la nhittig cai ehd't khdng theo quy djnh cua ludt (chft bdt die ky tft) nhu: cdy de, thu vd, sudi cud'n, ty vdn... nhdt la con che't trong bung me. Ddng bao Bra Vdn Kilu quan nidm nhiing cai ehd't khdng binh thudng la do Yang triing phat, linh ldn khdng ed ncri cu ngu ma ludn di lang thang qudy pha, gdy hai cho ngudi sd'ng. Chfnh vi thd', dd'i vdi tmdng hgp ehd't xdu ngucri Bru - Van Kilu cd nhumg quy djnh kidng cft rdt ngat ngeo.

Cu thi, trong nhumg ngay diSn ra tang Id cua ngudi chdt xdu chu lang eft ngucri lam ddu tmdc dudng din vao lang cdm ngudi ngoai vao lang cung nhu cdm ngudi trong lang di ra ngoai (ldn riy, di lam. di san...). Khach khfta Id dl n choi phai d lai cho dd'n khi hd't kidng cu. Ngucri ehd't trong rimg khdng dugc dem xdc vao lang, nd'u dem vl con ma se vl theo va pha hoai dan ldng, ngudi chft trdn riy khdng dugc dem vao nha, riy dd phai bd khdng san xudt nfta. Thi thi ngucri ehd't xdu khdng dugc chdn trong nghia dia cua lang ma phai chdn trong rftng sau. vat nudi, nftong riy cua ngucri chdt phai gid't, bd. Ddng bao cho ring lam nhu thi se tra Id, eon ma se khdng vao lang riy qudy pha mua mang, gay tai nan cho gia dinh cd ngudi chdt xdu, cho dan lang.

Tang ma ciia ngudi ehd't xdu khdng dugc an ud'ng linh dinh, khdng dugc

keo dai ngay, nhung cung khdng dugc cung bai so sai. Sau khi mai tang ngudi

chft xdu xong phai td chftc lam Id td'ng quai. Ngoai ra luat tuc cdn quy djnh, nlu

yong mdt thdi gian xay ra nhiiu tmdng hgp chft xdu, chu Iang phai lam Id bife

sinh cdu an. [11,19]

3. Luat tuc trong quan he hdn nhan

Khi nam nfi thanh nidn Bm Van Kilu ldn ldn, hg phai trai qua nhiiu Id

nghi tap tuc de dugc cdng ddng cdng nhdn. Dilu kidn ddu tidn dl dugc thift Idp

145

quan hd hdn nhan la phai trai qua tuc ca rang, xau tai nhim chiing td sy tmdng thanh ca vl thi chdt ldn y thftc. Ngoai ra, cac thanh vidn nam nfi dugc cdng ddng traydn thy nhirng nguydn tic cd tfnh bit budc trong hdn nhan nhu:

- Nguyen tdc Hon nhdn ngoai tgc.

Theo quy djnh cua nguydn tie nay mgi thanh vidn trong cung mdt Mu tuydt dd'i khdng dugc ldy nhau, quan he tfnh giao vdi nhau. Ngudi vi pham nguydn tie nay se bj khep vao tdi loan Iuan(A gam, A e, A tan).

Khi dan sd tang ldn theo dd Mu dugc md rdng, nguydn tic ngoai hdn d ngudi Bra - Van Kieu khdng cdn dugc dp dyng chat che nhu trude. Cu thi, luat tuc Bru - van Kilu cho phep nhumg ngudi cung ddng hg sau 5 dcri dugc ldy nhau.

- Nguyen tdc hon nhdn mgt chieu.

Nguydn tic hdn nhdn mdt chilu quy djnh, con trai Mu Bleng la'y vg b Mu Xdm, khi cd con trai Mu Xdm khdng dugc Idy vg d Mu Bleng ma chi dugc ldy vg d nhumg Mu khac, dd'n lugt con yai khdc ngoai Mu Bleng chi dugc la'y vg d Mu khac ngoai Mu Xdm. Vl mat tfn ngudng cung nhu mat luat tyc ngudi Bru van Kilu khdng chip nhan nhumg cudc hdn nhan trai vdi nguydn tic dd, nghia la khdng cd sy trao ddi giua hai ddng hg. Nhumg cudc hdn nhan di nguge nay diu bj dan lang ldn an gay git, va cung xd'p vao tdi loan luan vdi hinh thftc xft phat nang.

- Nguyen tdc cutrd trong hdn nhdn.

Nguydn tic cu trft trong hdn nhan quy djnh: Ngucri phu nft Bra - Van Kilu

sau khi kd't hdn phai vl cu tru bdn nha chdng. Nguydn tic nay phan anh tfnh chdt

cua xa hdi phu quyIn vdi sy dl cao tuydt dd'i vj tri ngudi chdng, ngucri vg cbi

ddng vai trd thft yd'u trong gia dinh, phu thudc ca vl mat kinh tl, xa hdi va tfn

ngudng. Khi chdng ehd't, nd'u ngudi phu nfi Bra - Van Kilu mud'n quay vl nha bd

me de, hg phai chip nhan hai ban tay tring. Cd nhung tmdng hgp ngoai Id, sau

khi ldy chdng con gai mudn vl nha bd me de thi phai thdng qua y kiln va phai

dugc ddng y ciia anh em trai trong gia dinh.

Ngoai cac nguydn tic cd tfnh chdt bit budc dd, ngucri Bra Vdn Kilu cdn

cd nhiiu tdp tyc cd trayin khac trong hdn nhdn nhu:Sau khi da tiin hanh IS cudi,

trong thdi gian chung sd'ng vdi nhau, ddi vg chdng cung phai tich luy cua cai dl

lam Id khoi (Id din on cha me). Trong td't ca cac IS lidn quan dd'n hdn nhan cua

ngudi Bru - Vdn Kilu thi IS " khoi" la nghi IS quan trgng duy nhdt vfta mang y

nghia tfn ngudng (ty nguyin ) vfta cd gia trj ludt tuc (bit budc). LS " khoi" theo

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ddng bao Bra Van Kilu cd nghia la trgn ven hoan tdt.... Dugc td chftc d nha trai ( con rd tft 3 -5 ngay, khi lua da ddy kho, ga ddy san, mgu tran che, ca khd day gui... Day la nghi IS quan trgng cua mdt ddi ngudi, thi hidn ldng bift an cdng lao sinh duong ddi vdi bac cha me, vdi ddng hg, vdi cdng dong. Khi chua thyc hidn dugc Id " khoi" ( bdt kl Iy do gi), coi nhu ddi vg chdng chua Iam trdn nghia yu cua ngudi con. Tfnh nguydn tic cua nghi IS dugc thi hien d nhung quy djnh cua luat tyc vl nghia vu cua eon cdi dd'i vdi cha me: Luat tuc khep hg vao tdi bdt hid'u. Hg khdng nhftng bj dan lang coi khinh ma trong nhiiu quan hd bj cdm doan, anh em bdn chdng khi sang choi thdng gia bj cdm Idn nha, hai gia dinh khdng dugc tha chung trdu, bd, khdng dugc san xudt chung Bdi thi, du khd khan bao nhidu ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu cung cd ging tfch gdp dl thyc hidn cho bing dugc IS khoi. Chinh vi th^ trong ddi ngudi, nd'u bd me khdng cd dilu kidn td chftc thi con cai phai lam IS nay cho bd me. Chi cd khi nao Iam xong Id khoi ngudi con rl mdi cam thdy tra cm dugc cho nhumg ngudi sinh thanh nudi dudng ndn ngudi vg minh, mdi dugc lang xdm kinh nl. Trong quan nidm cua ddng bao Bru - van Kilu chi sau khi IS khoi dugc thyc hidn, ngudi vg mdi thyc sy la thanh vidn, la ma cua nha chdng, dugc thd cung ydn ban thd ddng hg.[29]

Trong xa hdi ngudi Bru Van Kilu tmdc day cung nhu hidn nay ngoai tinh, Iy hdn cung trd thanh mdt td nan phd biln. Dd'i vdi ddng bao tdi ngoai tinh la mdt hanh ddng xdu xa vdn due dd'n Yang, xuc pham dd'n td tidn, gay ra canh Iy tan, mdt doan kd't, anh hudng ldm dd'n cudc sd'ng cua dan lang. VI khfa canh tfn nguong ngoai tinh xuc pham nang nl dd'n cudc sd'ng tinh thdn cua gia dinh, ddng hg, ban lang cua cac thi lye thdn linh. Vi thd' nhftng ai vi pham vao tdi nay diu bj xft phat nang nhdm tranh sy triing phat cua yang dd'i vdi dan Iang.

Luat tuc Bra van Kilu quy djnh. Nd'u ngudi vg ngoai tinh khi bj td giac se

phai chju trimg phat vdi nha trai. Ngucri chdng cd quyIn di ldy vg khac, ddi bdi

thudng danh dy. Ngucri vg, nha vg phai nop phat Igm, ga, ragu, nd'p.. dl cung

Yang, xin ldi ddn lang, nd'u ngucri chdng ngoai tinh ngudi vg cd quyIn bd vl nha

bd me de, va budc ngudi chd'ng phai xin ldi. Ngudi chdng khi mudn chude ldi

ngoai sy tha thft cua vg cdn phai thyc hidn cac quy djnh sau: Lam IS cung Yang,

xin ldi gia dinh bd me vg, va nhd't la phai td chftc mdt Id ( cd y nghia nhu mdt

dam cudi ldn hai ) dap umg nhung ydu cdu cua nha gai dua ra chi sau khi thyc

hidn dugc cac nghia vu dd anh ta mdi dugc vl sdng vdi tinh nhdn.

Du vdy, trong ca hai trudng hgp dd ngucri vg hoac ngudi chd'ng ngoai tinh

diu bj ddn lang Idn an coi khinh va canh cao, ngoai ra cdn phai chju nop phat

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cho ddng hg va td chftc dai dan lang an udng. Nlu ngoai tinh ddn dd'n cd con

neng , nhan tinh cua vg phai ddng gdp cua cai cho ngudi chdng nudi con ma

khdng dugc la'y con vl. Trong tmdng hgp ngudi vg mud'n sd'ng chung vdi ngudi

tmh phai tra lai dd thach cudi cho nha chdng gdp ddi, gdp ba tuy theo sy ddi hdi

cua nha chdng. 6 tmh huong ngoai tmh ddn dd'n ly hdn luat tyc dam bao quyIn

nudi con cho ngudi chdng. Nd'u con edn nhd ngudi vg tam thdi dam nhan nhung

khi tmdng thanh se vl lai nha chdng, eon cai theo ddng cha. Nd'u chdng li di vo

l^ do khdng chinh dang thudng khdng dugc hg hang chdp nhan ma se bi ldn an

va d mdt mftc do nao dd nha gai cd quyIn ddi ngudi chdng bdi thudng^ Trong

tmdng hgp ngudi vg khdng cd kha nang sinh de ngudi chdng cd quyIn Iy hdn

hoac la'y vg hai. Cdn nd'u ngudi chdng ludi nhac, sud't ngay mgu che, bd bd cdng

vide nuong riy, khdng cham sdc con cai... Ngudi vg cd quyIn bd vl nha bd me

de ma ngudi chdng khdng cd quyIn phan ddi. Tuy nhidn trong trudng hgp nay

gia lang, chu lang, chu hg cftng ba con dan lang se dftng ra hoa giai khuydn bao.

VI cac md'i quan hd tmdc hdn nhan, luat tyc cua ngudi Bru - Van Kilu quy

djnh: Nam nfi tmdc khi tfnh dd'n chuydn hdn nhdn phai trai qua khoang thdi gian

trni hiiu, phai dugc sy mai md'i ciia dng mai, ba mdi va sy ddng ^ cua hai gia

dinh, hai ddng hg. Bd't ludn trong mgi tmdng hgp, con cai cudng Iai quyd't djnh

hay chua dugc sy ddng f nhd't tri cua cha me ma ty f thyc hidn nhfing dilu

khdng dugc phep diu bj coi la tdi bd't hid'u. Trong luat tuc cung nhu trong quan

nidm cua ngudi Bra Van Kilu , khi chua la vg chdng cua nhau khdng dugc

quan hd vdi nhau. Hg cho ring dilu nay khdng nhung lam vSn dye danh dy ddng

hg mi cdn Iam kinh ddng dd'n Yang. Qua trinh tft tim hidu dl n kit hdn la qua

trinh xac ldp ddn vl mat tin ngudng tam linh dd'i vdi Yang thdng qua cac nghi IS

bit budc. Hon nfta, d ddng bao Bra - Van Kilu chftc nang tai san xudt con ngudi

- ngudn nhan lyc cua gia dinh ddng mdt vai trd rdt quan trgng khdng chi ridng

cho gia dinh ma ca ddng hg, xa hdi. Chinh vi vdy, khi chua dugc phep, chua bao

cdo vdi Yang nhung ty y quan hd se bj trftng phat. Ludt tuc quy djnh: mgi hanh

vi quan hd tmdc hdn nhdn diu phai cung Yang du nhe hay nang. Cu thi: nlu

ngudi con trai khdng nhan ldi, gia dinh phai ndp phat gdp ddi bdi thudmg danh dy

cho nha gai va lam IS cung Yang. Nd'u ngudi eon gai quan he vdi ngudi khac,

phai ty ganh ld'y hdu qua. Ngoai ra gia dinh phai xin ldi, phai bdi thudng danh dy

cho nha trai va phat cung Yang. Tmdng hgp ddi trai gai td ra bift ldi se dugc chii

lang xem xet va cho hudmg mftc phat nhe, nhung dilu bit budc la phai cung

Yang, ta ldi vdi ddng hg. [ 8,29]

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4. Luat tuc ve cac md'i quan he trong gia dinh

Gia dinh cua ngudi Bra - Van Kilu bao gdm nhumg ngudi cung huyd't thd'ng tfnh theo ddng cha (dng ba, cha me, con chau) va nhumg ngucri cd thid't lap quan he hdn nhan vdi cac thanh vidn trong gia dinh (vg, con dau, chau dau). Tun hiiu luat tuc cua ngudi Bm Van Kilu vl cac mdi quan he trong gia dinh chung ta xem xet cac khia canh sau:

Ludt tuc ve quan hi vg chdng.

Trong gia dinh nhd phu quyIn d ngucri Bra Vdn Kilu, ngudi dan dng la ngudi chu gia dinh la ngudi nim quyIn quyd't djnh mgi cdng vide trong gia dinh nhu: dyng nha, phat rdy, cung Id, ma chay, cudi xin, thay mat gia dinh quan hd giao tid'p cac Dung khac, vdi cac Mu khac... Ddng thdi chu nha cd nghia vy giao dye con cai, cung vdi ngudi vg nudi con cai khdn ldn, tradng thanh. Vai trd dai didn ciia chu gia dinh cdn dugc thi hidn d khia canh la: la ngudi cd quyIn xet xft cac vy vide xay ra trong gia dinh nhu con cai vd Id vdi dng ba, cha me, khach khfta, anh em danh nhau, tranh danh thfta kl. Khi mdt thanh vidn nao dd trong gia dinh vi pham luat tuc cua lang, ngucri chu gia dinh (Bd', chdng, anh ca) phai chiu trach nhidm thay nd'u gay ra hu hdng mdt mat, phat cung nlu vi pham tfn nguomg phai xin ldi dan ling, chii lang.

Ludt tuc cung quy djnh mgi tai san trong gia gdinh diu do ngudi chdng

nim gift va quan ly nhu: nha cfta, nuong riy, cdng cu san xudt... Theo dd quyIn

thfta kl trong gia dinh thudc vl con trai, con gai khdng dugc hudng gi ngoai mdt

ft cua hdi mdn khi di ld'y chdng mang vl nha chdng. Nd'u mdt gia dinh nao dd

khdng cd con trai quyIn thfta kl chuyin lai cho ngudi chau trai gdn nhdt thudc

Mu dam nhdn.

Ngudi phu nft - ngudi vg, con gai trong gia dmh Bra Vdn Kilu, vl danh

nghia khdng cd quyIn hanh gi. Hg phu thudc vao chdng, vao con trai... Ngudi

phu nft khi da theo chdng xem nhu tai san cua chdng va nha chdng. Ludt tuc edin

gia dinh bdn vg can thidp vao cudc sdng cua con gai. Hom nfta khi ngudi vg

khdng dam trach ndi vai trd cua mdt ngudi phu nft, gia dmh bd me vg se bj ehd

trach la khdng bid't day dd con cai. Tuy vay, vl co ban mdi quan hd vg chdng

gifia ngftdi chii gia dinh va cac thanh vidn d ngudi Bra Van Kilu la mdi quan

hd ydu thuong, tdn trgng lin nhau. Tmdng hgp la'y nhiiu vg hay ly dj trong xa

hdi Bra - Van Kilu cd xay ra nhung khdng phd bid'n, va thudng bj ludt tuc Idn an.

Cd thi ndi nguM phu nft Bm Vdn Kilu cd nhung ddng gdp nhdt djnh trong san

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xudt, trong vide dam bao cai an cho ca gia dinh, trong vide giao due con cai... kl ca vide cudi vg le cho chdng.

Ludt tuc ve gido due con chdu trong gia dinh.

Do qua trinh sinh nd, dudng dye vdt va, gian lao ndn mdi ngucri cha ngucri me Bra Van Kilu diu rdt quan tam dd'n vide nudi ndng, day dd con cai. Hg y thftc dugc vide giao dye con cai ngay tft khi cdn nhd: con trai dugc cha tang cho cai cung tdn, con gai dugc me tang cho cai gfti vdi mong mud'n con cai se san xudt gidi.

Cd thi ndi cha me la nilm ty hao, chd dya virng chic cho con cai khi budc vao ddi nhung ngay nim trdn lung theo me Idn rdy, nhumg ngudi eon Bru Van Kilu dugc me hat cho nghe nhirng bai ca ca nggi tinh ydu qud huong, thidn nhidn, cd cay, ldng tran trgng hat lua, hat ngd, su bid't on td tidn dng ba. Trong nhumg djp Id td't, cung bai hang nam, tmdng Dung, tmdng Mu thudng kl cho chau nghd vl nhumg dilu hay le phai, vl nhumg ngang trai bdt cdng, nhumg hanh ddng nghia cft cd y nghia giao due nhu: phai ydu thuong ddng loai, phai giau long vj tha. Thd'y con cai vd phep phai nhic nhd, nd'u vi pham, mic phai ldi nang se bj dan lang chd trach la khdng bid't day dd. Khdng nhumg day bao con trong cudc sd'ng ma hg cdn dua con ldn riy hudmg din tftng thao tac, chi cho con each lam. Cd thi xem Id dat tdn la bilu hidn cua tinh cam, sy lo ling cua cac dng bd ba me dd'i vdi con cai, bdi IS mang y nghia: dam bao cho dfta tre khi ldn ldn se manh gidi, khdng dau d'm. Du ngheo khd dd'n mdy cac bac cha me Bm Van Kilu ludn cd ging thyc hidn cho dugc Id dat tdn cho con cai dl cdu xin sy may min de'n vdi con minh trong cudc sd'ng.

Nfti con chau vi pham ludt tyc cua lang do khdng bilu bid't, cha me dng

ba phai chju tdi thay (vi hg la nhftng ngudi hieu bift ludt tyc nhung lai thilu

trach nhidm tmyln dat, day dd cho con chau). Luat tyc Bra Van Kilu cdm ba

me bd roi hay dd'i \ic khdng td't dd'i vdi con cai. Nhftng bac cha me nao vi pham

vao quy djnh nay se bj dan lang chd cudi ldn an. Hanh ddng bd roi khdng ydu

thuong con cai la khdng thi cha'p nhan vl mat luat tuc va ca trong quan nidm lin

trong thyc ticua ddng bao Bra - Van Kilu.[21]

Ludt tuc ve mdi quan he cua con cdi ddi vdi cha me.

Con cai Bra Van Kilu ludn bay to sy tdn trgng bift on cha me. Khi cha

me vl gia, con cai phai cd tfach nhidm cham sdc nudi dudng. 6 ngudi Bra Van

Kilu bd me thudng sd'ng ngudi con trai ca hay ngudi con trai ut. Cac anh em

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trong gia dinh ludn di lai quan tam giup dd cho anh trai ca ngudi em trai ut, gdp sue vao nudi dudng cha me. Khi cha me qua ddi con cai cd nghia vu Io toan ma chay. Dilu nay dugc thi hidn ro d Id "Khoi" nhu da trinh bay b trdn.

Ludt tuc ve md'i quan he trong thita ke

Luat tuc Bra - van Kilu quy djnh vl quyIn thfta kd' ludn dam bao quyIn lgi cho ngudi con trai. Dieu nay phan anh dac diim cua xa hdi phu quyen vdi sy dl cao vai trd cua ngudi dan dng trong xa hdi. Do nhu cdu cua xa hdi ndi chung va gia dinh ndi ridng, ngudi con gai sau khi Id'y chdng phai thudc vl nha chdng, vi thi ngudi con trai cd y nghia rdt quan trgng trong vide nd'i ddi tdng dudng.

Trdn co sd dd luat tyc quy djnh: Con trai mdi cd quyIn thfta ke tai san trong gia dinh, ddng hg, thyc chdt cua sy vide nay la dl ngan chan cua cai khdng roi vao gia dinh khac, gift gin cua cai cho ddng hg. Vi thd', khi ngudi cha mdt di, ngudi anh ca se thay cha quan Iy mgi tai san trong gia dinh, cung nhu cd nghia vy chia diu cho eae em trai. Luat tuc cdn quy djnh con gai khdng dugc nudi me trft khi con trai deu ehd't hoac khdng cd con trai; khi dd quyIn thfta kl chuyin cho chau trai gdn nha't. Tuy nhidn trong mdt vai tmdng hgp con gai cung dugc hudng quyIn thfta kd': la ngudi con hid'u thao, ngucri con rd kfnh trgng cha me vg va nha't la cd cdng trong vide nudi dudng, tang ma cha me chu dao.

5. Luat tuc trong viec xac dinh quyen sd hum, quan he sd huru dd'i vdi tai

nguyen rumg.

Dd'i vdi ddng bao Bm - Vdn Kilu rftng la tai san vd gia cung la duy nhdt cua

hg. Vi vay hg rd't quy rftng, va dugc chia thanh cac loai nhu sau: rftng thidng (xa

rftng Idu), rittig ma (xa rftng cu mui), rftng ddu ngudn...va rimg khai thac san

xud't. Nhumg loai rftng nay thudc sy quan ly cua cdng ddng. Theo qui djnh chung

cua luat tuc vl hinh thftc sd hum, cac loai tai nguydn nay chu sd hum chua bao gid

la ca nhdn va quan hd sd huu chi dftng lai d mftc dd cdng nhdn quyen sd hum va

khai thac dd'i vdi nhung ai cd cdng tim kid'm, phat hidn trade nhdt.

Ludt tyc cua ngudi Bru Van Kilu cd nhftng quy djnh cy thi ddi vdi tftng

loai ritng mdt each nghidm ngat budc cd nhan phai tuan theo. Cu thi la: Luat tyc

edin khdng dugc mang rftng ra ban, trao ddi, chuyin nhugng hay chid'm Iam sd

hOu ridng. Trong quan nidm cua ddng bao rftng thidng, rftng ma, rftng ddu

ngudn... la nhihig khu rftng gia ncri ddu ngudn cua cic sdng sudi, la noi cd cac vj

thdn tni ngu (nhft Yang xic). 6 ddy cdy cdi rdm rap vdi nhiiu cdy cd thu nhu:

cdy da, cdy dao, cdy kim giao...va cac ddng vdt quy hid'm (voi, hd, Ign rftng...).

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Vi thi nd khdng thudc ridng ca nhan nao ma thudc vl toan dan Iang. Trong nhumg khu rftng nay luat tue cain khai thac gd, phat rdy, dot lua, chan tha gia sue hay san bin thu bing ludi vdi quy md Idn... Nd'u ca nhan nao khdng tuan theo nhumg quy djnh nay, vi pham vao nhumg khu rftng cdm se bj phat theo quy djnh cua luat tyc. Nhumg hanh vi xam thyc trai phep ddng nghia vdi sy xuc pham dd'n cac vj thdn - ngudi nim quyen cai quan nhfing khu rittig thidng, rftng ma, riing ddu ngudn. Ddng bao quan nidm tdi pha rftng ma, rftng thidng la tdi nang nhdt vl khfa canh tfn ngudng: se bj phat trau, dd, Ign, ga, mgu..dl cung Yang. Xet hinh thftc, nhumg quy djnh nay dam mau sic tdn gido nhung lai cd y nghia trong vide bao vd rftng qua hinh thftc sd hum cdng ddng. Cu the:

- Dd'i vdi rftng ddu ngudn, chi tdp thi mdi cd quyIn khai thac, sft dung vao muc dfch phuc vu cac cdng tnnh cdng cdng. Khi dd ldng lam IS cung trdu, dd, Ign... nhu mdt hinh thftc chuyin quyIn sd hftu, quan ly. Ddng thdi cac thanh nidn trong lang cd nghia vu, trach nhidm bao vd nhumg khu rftng dd trudc nhumg hanh vi pha hoai, xdm laii rimg.

- Dd'i vdi rittig ma, ludt tyc Bm Van Kilu quy djnh: rftng ma cua Mu ndo

do Mu dd quan 1^ va sft dung. Do dd ngudi ehd't thudc Mu nao phai chdn cdt

trong pham vj djnh sdn cua Mu. Quy djnh nay gin vdi trach nhidm bao vd nhiing

khu rftng cdm cua ddng hg. Tuy the trong mdt lang cua ngudi Bru Van Kilu

hidn nay cd kha nhiiu Mu cung cdng cu ndn cd kha nhiiu rimg ma khac nhau.

- Dd'i vdi rftng dugc phep khai thac san xudt, ca nhan dugc quyIn ty do phat riy, chat gd, san bin... nhung phai chju sy quan ly cua chii lang. Trong luat tuc Bru van Kilu khdng thfta nhan hinh thftc kd thfta hay trao ddi mua ban rftng ndi chung, nhung lai thfta nhan hinh thftc thfta kl, trao ddi rdy (nhung chi trong ndi bd cdng ddng lang ban).

- Dd'i vdi cac ngudn lgi tft rftng nhu san phdm trdng trgt, san bin, bai lugm...

Ludt tuc Bru Vdn Kilu cd nhftng quy djnh cu thi vl xac djnh quyIn sd hiiu va

cac quan hd sii hCru; vl hanh vi vi pham va hinh thu'c xft phat. Quan hd sd hftu

trong linh lyc nay cd lidn quan tryc tid'p tdi cac hinh thftc td chftc san xudt va

phdn phd'i cac ngudn cua cai vdt ehd't do con ngudi tao ra; quy djnh vl nhiing

ngudn lgi ma cd nhdn cd thi chid'm hftu, sft dung cao hon la hinh thftc djnh doat.

Cu thi, khi td chftc san bin ca lang (hoac nhdm ngudi), thii san se thudc vl

sd huu chung ciia ca lang (hoac nhdm ngucri). Nhftng ai tham gia diu dugc

hudng quyIn Icri, sd lugng ft hay nhiiu tuy thudc vao cdng sftc, vu khf (nhu chd

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san, giao mac, ludi, gay gudc, cung tdn...). Ridng xudt Vel, Xudt Mu dugc uu tidn phdn "lapoong" (ba vai) va phdn "doli"(ddu), thi hidn sy tdn trgng cua dan Iang ddi vdi uy tfn cua ngudi dumg ddu. Trong khi phan chia san phdm san bin neu cd khach den choi, vj khach dd cung dugc chia phdn. Hon thi luat tuc edn quy djnh: tre con nim trong byng me cung cd phdn.

QuyIn sd huu ca nhan cdn dugc thi hidn trdn khfa canh, trong khi san dudi, thu chay vao trong riy ngudi khac hoac sang rftng lang khac, con thu dd vdn thudc quyIn sd hftu cua ca nhan di san (nhung khi sang tim phai bao cho chu riy, chu lang khac bid't va phai trinh bay sy vide dl ydnh bilu nhdm. Trong tmdng hgp xay ra tranh chdp, lang cd thi sang xin ldi va tra lai thu, ngoai ra cdn bj phat ga, mgu (hoac Ign).

Nhu vay, ca nhan nao mudn •vugt ra khdi pham vi rftng thudc Iang minh thi

san bin, hai nhat... phai bao cao, xin phep va phai dugc sy ddng y cua chu Iang

khac. Vf du: khi tap thi lang A mudn sang lang B san bin diu bit budc phai xin

phep chu lang B, phai cftng mdt ga, mdt Ign va phai bao vdi Yang eua lang B.

Theo quy djnh cua ludt tyc, chi khi nao lam xong cac thu tyc dd mdi dugc tiin

hanh san bin, cdn nlu khdng se bj xem la vi pham quyIn sd hum cua cdng ddng.

Luat tyc cua ngudi Bra - Van Kilu cdn bao vd, quy djnh quyIn khai thac, sft dung ddt rftng vao cac myc dfch phat riy, san bin, chat gd, hai qua, ldy cui... cho eae thanh vidn trong lang. QuyIn nay ap dung cho td't ca cac thanh •vidn trong lang. Dd'i vdi tmdng hgp ngucri ngoai vao khai thac, sft dung rftng cua lang nhung khdng dugc phep, tftc la vi pham quyIn sd hftu, se bj Iang dd xit phat theo luat tuc cua ngucri Bra - Van Kilu hanh vi nay ddng nghia vdi sy xuc pham Yang cua lang bj xam pham. Tradng hgp ngudi ngoai Iang cd quan hd hdn nhan hoac da dugc tid'p nhan vao cu trft trong lang se dugc hudmg quyIn lgi gidng nhu cdc thanh vidn khac trong lang. Nlu ngudi trong lang pham tdi se bj dudi ra khdi lang va mgi quyIn lgi ve khai thac, sft dung ddt se khdng cdn nfia.

Luat tuc cua ngudi Bru - Van Kilu cdn quy djnh: Khi cd nhumg hanh vi vi

pham da't rftng, chu Iang la ngudi dftng ra td chftc xft phat, cung Id vdi tu each la

ngudi dai didn dan lang - thay mat cac vj thdn quan ly khu rftng dd. Ong la ngudi

cd du tu each uy tfn va cd nghia vu thyc hidn sy uy nhidm cua thdn linh (Yang).

Ddng thdi, Ong phai cd trach nhidm chi ra ranh gidi cua nhumg khu rftng edin,

rftng ridng, rftng san xud't... de ddn lang bid't ve nhumg dd'u hieu , quy udc cd tfnh

ehd't cdm, kidng cft; cung nhu chi nhung ranh gidi, khdng gian rftng thudc lang

minh va lang khac bing cac dd'u md'c nhu: con dudng, khe sud'i, ddi nui, cdy cd

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thy ...(Nlu ngucri vi pham chumg minh dugc la minh khdng dugc chu lang thdng bao vl nhiing quy djnh, khi dd chu lang se bj quy trach nhidm).

Dd dam bao quyIn lgi cho cac chu thi khi tham gia vl vide xac dinh quyIn sd bum dd'i vdi cac san phdm chua the khai thac ngay lap tftc (nhung Iai gin vdi qua trinh khai pha, phat hidn tmdc) nhu: mang, ndm, doac, ddt, qua rftng, rau rftmg, mat ong, td chim ... hinh thftc xac dinh quyen sd hiiu (neo) dd'i vdi cac ngudn Igi nay dugc quy udc nhu sau:

- Ddi vdi td ong each lam ddu (chom xay) dugc quy djnh: chat mdt nhat dao vao gd'c cdy cd td ong, cim que chi thing len td ong hoac budc tum mdt gdc cay dai bdn canh cay cd td ong.

- Dd'i vdi cay gd tdt, ddu xac djnh quyIn sd hum la nhumg nhat dao dudi than

cay, hoac chfi thap dd'i vdi nhung cay sft dung lam quan tai. Khi cd ddu hidu nay

nghia la cay da xac djnh quyIn sd hum tryc tilp, gin vdi quyIn khai thac cu thi

va dugc mgi thanh vidn dan lang tdn trgng. Nd'u vi pham: Trong tmdng hgp vd

tinh, ngudi vi pham phai tra lai cho ngucri "chom xay" trade, hoac thoa thuan

ddng y chia ddi (cdng phat hidn, cdng khai thac). Ngudi Bra Van Kilu khi

danh ddu sd hftu cdn dit mdt nim la tuoi dl xac djnh thcri gian phat hidn (nd'u

phdt hidn trudc la se khd hon ngucri phat hidn sau, chu ldng can cft vao dd tuoi,

khd cua la dl giai quyd't). [29]

Nhu vay luat tuc cua ngudi Bra Van Kilu cho thdy: Sd hum td'i cao la sd

hum toan cdng ddng. Cach thftc sd hum nay phan anh thyc t l d ddng bao Bm

van Kilu khdng cd tinh trang ddt, rftng ving chii hay vd chu. Mgi tranh chdp, vi

pham quyIn sd hum se giai quyd't trdn nguydn tic: Chu Iang la ngudi cd trach

nhidm xet xit cac vi pham vdi tu each la dai didn quyIn sd hftu cdng ddng, quyIn

quan ly tdp thi.

Trdn nhumg y nghia dd, ludt tuc Bm Van Kilu vdi vide xac djnh quyIn sd

hftu, cac quan hd sd huu da thyc sy ddng vai trd quan trgng trong vide dam bao

quyIn sd hftu td'i cao cho cdng ddng va tap thi, bao vd quyIn sd huu cho cac chu

thi la ca nhdn.

6. Luat tuc trong viec xac dinh quyen va quan he sd hftu ddi vdi tai

nguyen da't dai.

Dd't dai la ngudn tai nguydn thidn nhidn vd cung quy gia, la tu lieu san xudt

chfnh Dd'i vdi ngudi Bru - Vdn Kilu, vel la co quan quan ly td'i cao, ddy dii cac

quyIn sd hftu (quyIn chid'm hum, sft dung va djnh doat), cd vai trd phan phd'i, quy

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hoach tai nguydn ddt, thdng qua vai ttd cua chu lang. Dieu nay xudt phat tft nin kinh t^ nuong riy: vide dilu banh xa hdi, san xudt chu yd'u dya vao kinh nghidm, sd hftu cdng ddng bao trum ldn sd hftu cd nhan. Tdt ea mgi khu vyc ddt dai nhu: Rdy canh tac, ddt thd cu, ncri thd cung, ben nudc, bai tha ma, bai chan tha, dudng xa va cac cdng trinh cdng cdng ... diu thudc sy quan ly cgng ddng thdng qua vai trd cua chu lang. Ngoai ra dd'i vdri ngucri Bra Van Kieu quan nidm vl quyIn sd bum ddt dai hay dja vyc cu tru cdn gin vdi quan nidm vl tfn ngudng. Dilu nay dugc thi hidn qua hinh anh "thdn ddt", tuy vd hmh nhung rdt quyIn nang. Cd nhidn, quyen nang cua thdn ddt chi dugc thyc hidn khi thdng qua vai trd chu lang (Chu dd't) - Ngudi cd cdng khai pha, tun kiem vung ddt mdi. Bdi vay chu lang la ngudi dai didn cho cdng ddng thyc hidn quyIn quan ly phan phd'i ddt dai.

Ddt dai thudc gia dinh, cd nhan quan ly nhu ddt riy, chudng trai chan nudi; da't thd cu, vudn canh tac ... Nhiing loai ddt nay, vl nguydn tic thudc quyIn sd hftu va quan ly ciia lang, nhung cac ddng hg, gia dinh, ca nhan Iai quan ly tryc tid'p. Cac ddng hg, gia dinh, ca nhan cd quyIn chilm hum va sft dung nd dl khai thac va san xudt phyc vu nhu cdu sinh tdn. Cac ddng hg, gia dinh, ca nhan cd quyIn thfta kd' trao ddi vdi nhumg ngucri trong lang (ngoai trft ddt riy), cung nhu ed quyIn dinh doat dd'i vdi cac tai san, san pham gin liln vdi khu ddt dd. Dilu nay thi hidn sy ddc lap tuong dd'i cua cac don vj lang trong xa hdi ngucri Bra van Kilu. Ngay ca khi cac nhan trong Iang mud'n xac lap chu quyIn vdi mdt viing da't nao dd phai bao cao, thdng qua y kid'n cua chu lang va nhdt la phai lam Id Cling Yang Voah.

Nhung quy djnh mang tfnh luat tuc nay hinh thanh khdng phai do mdt quyIn lyc nao ma bing sy ty lya chgn mdt each ty phat (Nhu nhftng giao udc vl ranh gidi dja phan hay nhung quy djnh earn cft). Du thd nd dugc mgi ngudi thfta nhan, tdn trgng va chdp hanh. Dilu dd cho thdy luat tyc ddng mdt vai trd quan trgng vdi mdt tu each la cdng cy quan ly, phan phd'i ddt dai.

Ddi vdi da't rdy tu lidu lao ddng quan trgng nhdt, tryc tiep cung cdp ngudn

luong thyc ddm bao duy gri cudc sd'ng cua cdng ddng, ludt tyc Bra Vdn Kilu

khdng gidi han khdng gian, sd lugng ddt rdy cua mdt gia dinh, ma tuy thudc vao

kha ndng khai pha cua gia dinh va ca nhan dd. Khi chgn dugc khu ddt riy nhu y,

chil gia dinh tid'n hanh lam da'u xac djnh quyIn chid'm hOu (chom xay) ddu tidn

va phai bdo cho chii lang ddng thdi tiin hanh Id cung vdi thdn ddt.

Dd'i vdi ddt thd cu ciia cac gia dinh, cac ca nhan cd quyIn sd hum thdng qua

hinh thftc thfta kd'. Cu thi: khi bd me chft ddt dai dd thudc vl con cai hoac anh

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em trong ddng hg. Lang khdng cd quyIn can thidp. Chu lang chi thu lai khi trong hg khdng cd ngudi thfta ke. Trong qua trinh phan chia tai san, ddt dai nd'u anh em khdng ty giai quyft dugc se mcri chu hd giai quyd't. Trong tmdng hgp chu hd khdng giai quylt dugc mdi mdi chu lang.

Trong quan hd ddi ngoai, sy tdn tai ddc lap vl chu quyIn va lanh thd ddt dai la CO sd khing djnh vj the cua lang minh vdi Iang khac. Cung nhu chu ddt, vai trd ngudi chu Iang (ngucri khai hoang lap lang ddu tidn) dugc dl cao trong md'i quan he vdi lang khac vl quan ly, phan phd'i tai nguydn ddt, sdng sud'i, rimg nui... cung nhu giai quyft cac vi pham. Dieu nay dugc phan anh cy thi trong luat tuc. Mac du ranh gidi lang, dja hinh cu tni, pham vi sd hum chi dugc phan djnh bing sy udc doan cam tfnh cua lang, gia Iang, nhung nhumg quy djnh dd la van ban sd'ng, la sy khue xa trong y thftc cua ngucri dan ndn dugc ngudi dan chdp hanh nghidm chinh. Ngudi dan bid't ve cac md'c ranh gidi (thdng qua cac yd'u td ty nhidn nhu sdng, sud'i, khe, nui, ddi, tang da, gd'c cdy...), vfta trong thyc tiSn vua trong tdm thftc. Du the', nhftng quy djnh, bilu bid't dd cd tac dyng ngan can nhumg hanh vi xdm canh, xdm cu, va la co sd dl giai quyd't cac tranh chdp, vi pham.

Khi thfta nhdn quyIn sd hftu dd'i vdi loai ddt dai canh tdc luat tuc ddng thdi thfta nhan quyIn djnh doat ddi vdi cac ngudn Igi gin liln vdi ddt dai dd. Cu thi, luat tuc quy djnh: trong pham vi ddt dai canh tac thudc quyIn quan Iy sft dyng cua gia dinh, ca nhdn cd quyIn djnh doat (trao ddi, mua ban, cho...), cd quyIn tu hum hoan todn vl sin phdm Iam ra nhu: luomg thyc (ngd, sin, khoai..), san phdm chdn nudi (trdu, bd, Ign, ga..) va cac loai rau qua. Mgi hanh vi xdm pham ddn san vdt b khu vuc da't canh tac khi khdng dugc sy ddng y hay cho phep cua chu s6 hum diu bj luat tuc cdrn, phai chju cac hmh thftc xet xft phat theo ludt djnh.

Trong nhumg hanh vi pham tdi, nhumg tdi pham dd'i vdi cdy lua diu dugc

xem la trgng tdi. Dd'i vdi ngudi Bm Van Kilu thdn Ma (Yang tro) cdn dugc

xem la hinh anh cua sy an vui trong cudc sd'ng. Vi thi cac hanh vi vi pham cay

lua se bj xft phat trau, Ign, ga.. Cu the: nd'u trdm Ifta trdn kho, du ft hay nhiiu diu

bj phat 1 trdu, I Ign va 7 ga.., phai bdi thudng. Khi cdy lua dd sang rdy bdn canh,

chu rdy cd cdy lua dd sang cd quyIn cit phdn lua dd sang, ne'u vi pham se bj phat

I Ign, 7 ga cung Yang tro, va phai thid't dai ddn lang, chu lang. Neu ngucri trong

gia dinh vi pham dd'i vdi cdy lua, chii gia dinh phai dumg ra xin ldi. Con cai vi

pham cha me chju tdi thay. Ridng ngudi gia, nd'u vi pham se bj phat nang va

khdng cho chju tdi thay. Dd'i vdi vat nudi, luat tuc quy djnh: nd'u bit dugc cua

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ngucri khac mdt, phai tra lai khdng dugc sft dyng. Khi ngudi bj mdt khdng bid't nhung cd ngudi bao, ngudi bao se dugc thudng. Nhung nd'u bao sai tftc la pham tdi vu cao, luc dd phai chju phat bing 1/2 gia trj con vat cho ngucri bj vu oan. Thu san cua ngudi khac bj thuong chay vao riy minh phai tra lai khdng dugc chiem. Nd'u ldy hoac sft dyng se bj phat d cac mftc dd: bdi thudmg, khiln trach, hoac phat cung ga...[29,30]

Nhftng vi pham dd'n quyIn sd hiiu ddi vdi tai san gin lien vdi da't dai thudc quyIn sft dyng cua gia dinh hoac ca nhan dugc luat tuc quy djnh kha chat che va ey thi, phan anh tfnh da dang va linh boat cua luat tuc trong cac hinh phat. Nhumg dilu dd da thyc sy ddng vai trd quan trgng trong vide bao vd quyIn Igi cho ngucri sir dung, bao vd quyIn sd hftu dd'i vdi cac sin phdm Iam ra. Cac chi tai (hinh phat) da phan anh tfnh cdng ddng trong xet xft, thi hidn sy coi trgng cai tinh, tdn trgng danh dy, y thftc ty giac cao cua ngudi Bra - Van Kilu.

7. Luat tuc trong viec xac dinh quyen va quan he sd hiiu dd'i vdi tai

nguyen song sudi.

Trong pham vi cua mdt Iang: khue sdng, doan sud'i, khe... chay qua dja phan lang diu thudc quyIn sd hiiu ciia tap thi lang, do chu lang quan ly. Cac ca nhan khdng cd quyIn tu hftu ma chi cd quyIn khai thac sft dyng gin vdi ngbia vy bao vd chung. day la quy djnh mang tfnh nguydn tic , chung nhdt cua ludt tuc. Ranh gidi dl phdn bidt pham vi quan If cua mdt lang dugc xac djnh bing nhftng nggn ddi, khe nhd hoac nhumg doan dudng cit ngang qua sud'i, gin vdi quyIn sd hftu cua lang sd tai. Ngudi ngoai lang khdng dugc phep xam pham khi chua dugc sy ddng y cua chu lang. Trong lang, chu lang cd trach nhidm thdng bao cho mgi ngudi vl nhumg md'c ranh gidi, cung nhu nhumg quy djnh gin vdi quyIn sft dyng khai thdc: noi ldy nftdc, noi thd cung, noi sinh boat, ncri danh ca...

Ngudn nudc thudc pham vi quan Iy ciia Iang, nd'u ngudi ngoai Iang mudn

vao khai thac, sft dung phai xin phep chu lang. Nd'u ty y sft dung khdng xin phep

chil lang se bj phat theo luat tyc. Bdi vi theo ddng bao hanh ddng dd da xuc

pham dd'n thdn sud'i (Yang Karoong) ciia lang. Dd'i vdi cac trudng hgp vi pham,

luat tyc phat Ign va thu hdi dung cu danh bdt ca cung sin phdm danh bit dugc.

Tuy nhidn khi da dugc chu lang ddng y se dugc khai thac danh bit trong pham vi

cho phep. Ca danh bit dugc thudc sd hum cua lang danh bit, nhung theo tuc Id

thudng chia cho lang sd tai mdt phdn, 2 phdn cdn lai chia diu cho nhumg ngudi

tham gia. Chu lang cung dugc chia phdn mac du khdng tham gia. Phdn cua lang

sd tai thudc vl ca lang, khdng ca nhdn nao cd quyIn tu hum. Nd'u ai chid'm lam sd

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hum ridng hoac mang ban trao ddi se bj lang phat mdt gdp ddi va cftng mdt con ga cho Yang Karoong.[29,30]

Nhu vay, trong pham vi sdng sudi cua lang, khdng phai noi nao ca nhan cung cd quyIn sft dyng, khai thac ma phai man theo nhumg quy djnh eua luat tuc. Nd'u ai vi pham, hinh thftc che tai cao nhdt la tude quyIn sft dyng.

QuyIn sd hftu cua ca nhan chi gin vdi san phdm thu dugc tft sdng sud'i bing sftc lao ddng ban than. Hinh thftc td chftc san xudt (ea nhan hay tap thi) quyft djnh quyIn djnh doat phan phd'i san phdm (ddc chid'm hay chia phdn). Dilu nay Iam nay sinh cac quy djnh vl tai sin lidn quan dd'n quyIn sd hftu cua ca nhan dd'i vdi san phdm danh bit tft sdng sudi.

-8. Luat tuc trong khai thac va bao ve da't trong chan nudi

Xudt phat tft vai trd thft ye'u cua chan nudi trong ddi sdng kinh te nuong riy tmyln thdng, ehi cung cdp ngudn cung cdp thyc phdm phuc vu cho cac nghi Id cung t l - mdt trong nhfing boat ddng xa hdi khdng thi thid'u trong sinh boat cdng ddng d ngudi Bru Van Kilu, chinh vi thd' vat nudi va ddt dai chan tha ft dugc chu y quan tam khai thac.

Ddng bao Bra Van Kilu, chan nudi theo hinh thftc tha rong d cac bai

chan tha trong rumg hoac trong khu •vyc cu tru. Chan nudi trong quan nidm cua

ngudi Bru Van Kilu la hoat ddng phu thudc vao nhiiu yd'u td ty nhidn. Mdt

phdn vl quan nidm, mdt phdn do ban chi vl mdt ky thuat, each thftc cham sdc

vdt nudi. Tap quan tha rong , keo theo sy thid'u cham sdc, phd mac sftc chju dyng

cua vat nudi, khdng cd bidn phap phdng ngfta ban rit, djch bdnh. Ngudn thftc an

do vat nudi ty kid'm ldy... la nhiing net dS nhan thdy trong trong chan nudi cua

ngudi Bra Van Kilu trong thdi ky tmdc day. Dd cung chfnh la nguydn nhan

din dd'n tinh trang chan nudi khdng phat triln va tdn tai nhiiu tap tyc cua ngudi

Bru Van Kilu. Tuy nhidn, trong chan nudi cd mdt sd quy djnh nhu: d nhumg

ncri gia sue tha rong, luat tuc cim dat bdy, san bin, khdng dugc chan tha gdn rdy,

nhdt la vao mua vu...

Ddi vdi ddng bao Bm - Van Kilu, khi cac vat nudi cd gia trj nhu trau, bd,

Ign, dd...Nd'u bj ehd't, chii nha tid'n hanh Id cung. Ddng bao cho ring, dd la do

thdn chft bit tdi, lim hai. Tradng hgp trong lang cd nhiiu vat nudi chft, chu lang

td chftc cung xin ldi vdi Yang, cdu xin yang phii hd, dftng lam hai gia sue, gia

cdm. Nd'u trong nam dd vat nudi sinh sdi nay nd nhiiu, beo tdt, khdng bj djch

bdnh cac gia dinh cung phai td chftc cung dl ta on thdn linh.

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Tfnh chdt quan trgng va bat budc cua vide cung te thdn linh trong chan nudi edn thi hidn d quyIn va nghia vu cua chu lang. Nd'u trong nam dd cd djch bdnh lam chft trau, bd hoac Ign ga...cbu Iang se bj phat vl tdi vd trach nhidm. Khac vdi trdng trgt, cac nghi le gin Uln vdi chan nudi, trade khi tid'n hanh cung bai, chu lang phai nghidn cum xem xet ky mgi tmdng hgp, tim mgi nguydn nhan... dl cd hinh thftc cung ta on hay chude ldi vdi thdn.

Vat nudi gia trj nhdt la trau, dd, nhung phd bid'n nhdt la ga, Ign. Trong cac loai vat nudi vjt la loai khdng bao gid dung trong cung IS. Ddng bao Bm Van Kilu rdt kidng dung vjt dl cung, ma chi dung trong an ud'ng. day la quy djnh chung cua mgi ngudi phai tuan thii, ai vi pham se bj Yang phat.

Nhu vay, cd thi ndi ndi dung cung nhu y nghia eua chan nudi ciia ngudi Bru - van Kilu phan anh kha rd tfnh chdt phu trg, cQng nhu sy phu thudc vao thidn nhidn. Dilu nay cdn dugc bdc Id qua sy ngheo nan vl kinh nghidm, ky thuat, cac quy djnh eiia ludt tue ddi vdi nhung vi pham trong chan nudi.

n.3.8. T 6 CHtrc C6NG DONG

a. T 6 CHlJC XA HOI CUA NGUdi CHtlT

1. Cc cau xa hoi

Td chftc xa hdi cua ngudi Chiit la cavel. Dumg ddu cavel la Po cavel (mdt sd vung ggi Id P, Pft), tftc la bd cavel. Po cavel dugc cac thanh vidn trong cavel bdu ldn theo thi thu'c ddn chu trayin thdng, thdng qua cudc hgp ciia cac gia dinh, hode hdi nghj "thdu ke" (gia lang). Po cavel la ngudi ndi nang linh boat, am bilu phong tuc tdp quan, bid't each td chftc lang ban, lao ddng gidi. Pa cavel cung la ngudi Iao ddng binh thudng, sy phan bidt gifta dng va cac thanh vidn trong cavel khdng ldm lim. Ong thudng dugc dan lang kinh nl, ndn trong djp IS td't, dng dugc an trdn, ngdi trudc, nhftng luc trong cavel san dugc thjt thu rimg, dng dugc phdn ngon hon mgi ngdi. Nhidm vy cua Po cavel la cham lo cac edng vide chung cua cavel nh djnh ngay phat riy, tria lua ...giai quyd't nhumg xfch mfch trong ndi bd cavel, cung nhu ngoai cavel, cac vu hdn nhan vi pham luat tyc... Tuy vay Po cavel cung chju sy kilm soat cua td chftc "thdu ke", mgi cdng vide Po cavel phai thdng qua y kid'n cua hdi ddng gia lang mdi giai quyd't. Nhng quyIn quyd't djnh td'i hau la cua Po cavel. Y kid'n cua hdi ddng gia lang gid'ng nh mdt sy ban bac dan chii dl giup cho Po cavel giai quyft cdng vide dung din nha't.

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Giup vide cho Pa cavel vl mat than quyIn cd Chdblu, dng thudng la ngudi tdc tmdng gia trong cavel, cha trayin con ndi, chju trach nhidm chia ddt, cung dd't, xin phep cac thdn linh phat riy lam mua mdi. Vi vay vl mat radng ddt, Poeavel khdng ed quyIn quyft djnh, dng chi ban bac vdi Chdblu. Cung cd tmdng hgp Po cavel gift ludn chftc Chdblu khi con chau cua Chdblu cdn qua nhd, khdng cd ngudi kem thay. Ngugc lai cung cd tradng hgp chdblu gift ludn chftc Poeavel, khi dng ed uy tfn vdi Poeavel va dugc hdi ddng "thdu ke"bdu Idn. Dudi Chdblu la he thd'ng cac thdy xay (thdy cung) thyc hidn cac hmh thftc cung, bdi chfta bdnh hang ngay.

Ngoai ra trdn cavel cdn tdn tai mdt td chftc xa hdi, ma hinh bdng cua nd cdn lai rdt md nhat, dd la td chftc Mudng. Dilu dang chft y la td chftc Mudng rdt ldn, khdng phai eua ngucri Chut, ma cdn la td chftc cua ngudi Ngudn, Khua, d nhiing noi hg sd'ng xen ke. Ngudi dumg ddu Mudmg ggi la chdu Mudng va nhdt thid't la ngudi Chftt gia am bilu phong hie tdp quan, cd uy tfn vdi dan trong vung va cung la ngucri nim chftc vy Chdblu cua mdt cavel nao dd, chdu Mudng cd trach nhidm giai quyd't nhumg vu xfch mfch gifia cac cavel trong vung vd nhiiu cdng vide ma Pu cavel khdng giai quyd't dugc. Hinh bdng ciia td chftc nay cdn lai rd't md nhat trong ky ftc ddng bao. Rdt cd thi vdi ddi sd'ng du canh, du cu vd vdi mdt nin kinh t l qua ngheo nan, lac hau td chftc dd khdng cdn cdn thid't nfta. Vi vdy nd ngay cdng bj mai mdt, lang qudn, din dd'n chi cdn lai nhumg tan du md nhat trong tilm thiic cua ddng bao. [9,10]

Td chftc cdng ddng ngudi Chiit thudng dugc ggi Cavel cung cd khi dugc hieu

nhu Ca'vit tftc la ban, lang theo each bilu cua ngudi ddng bing. Dftng ddu Cavel

la chil ldng va cung cd nghia la gia lang, chu lang b ddy dugc tudn thu theo

nguydn tic bdu cft ddn chu, tdt ca diu can cft vao uy tfn cd dugc tft tai nang va

dd'c dd ciia ngftdi dugc bdu: dd la mdt ngudi cao tudi, giau kinh nghidm trong

vide chgn tim va khai thac luong thyc va san bit thu rftng, khai thac cac loai ldm

thd san khac, dam duong trgng trach dd'i ngoai vdi cac cdng ddng can eu, giai

quyd't xung khic, xung ddt ndi bd trong cdng ddng va ca dd'i vdi bdn ngoai, td

chftc dilu hanh cdng ddng trdn co sd vd'n tri thftc ban dja, phong tyc tap quan...

thdng thudng trong ddi sd'ng ngudi Chut ft khi xay ra bdt ddng, xung khic Idn,

cho ndn hdu nhu rd't hid'm khi cd chuydn bai nhidm theo mdt nhidm ky nhdt djnh

ma chu yd'u cho dd'n khi chii lang chft ngucri ta mdi bdu ldn mdt chii lang

khac.Hidn nay md hinh xa hdi trayin thd'ng nhu da trinh bay trdn khdng cdn nfta

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ma thay vao dd la thift chi thdn ban dugc dp dyng thd'ng nhdt theo quy djnh cua Nha nudc.

2 Quan he dong ho

Ddng hg cua ngudi Chftt la mgt cdng ddng ngdi thdn tdc gdm nhieu gia dinh ridng le, cd quan hd huyd't thd'ng vdi nhau hgp thanh. Ngudi cung mdt ddng hg (Ngudi Chut ggi la cu muych - cung ma) khdng ehi cd quan he huyd't tdc (mdt dng td) dl nhan bie't nhau trong bdn nhan, trong he thd'ng than tdc, ma cdn cd quan hd giup dd tuong trg lin nhau vl mat kinh te .

Ngucri Chut vdn khdng ed hg, nhfing hg Cao, Dinh, Pham, Hd....deu do anh

hudng ngudi Kinh. Trong ngudi Chut hg Cao chilm ty Id ddng nhdt, sau dd mdi

dd'n hg Dinh, Pham, Hd. Nguydn nhan va thdi gian xudt hidn cac tdn hg d ngudi

Chut la mdt vd'n dl phftc tap. Dd la qua trinh anh hudmg ty nhidn eua cac cu dan

trong cung mgt khu vyc ljch sft dan tdc hgc. Ngudi cftng mdt ddng hg cd mdt

ban thd khau cu muych, dat tai phdng ngu ciia tdc tmdng (chode trong). Ban thd

hg rdt don gian, dd la chile lid'p tre hinh vudng cd canh dai khoang 0,4m, dugc

treo trdn budng ngu cua tdc tmdng gdn cdt nha chfnh - cdt cd lode. Dd la noi

ddng Id vat cho ma td tidn va cung la noi dl ma td tidn tru ngu. Xung quanh lid'p

ngucri ta treo nhiing dng nudc, d'ng dyng tdn cung, bdy danh ong... Y mud'n cung

ca'p dung cu lao ddng va sinh boat cho td tidn. Ban thd la noi thidng lidng, chi cd

tdc tmdng mdi dd'n gdn, cdn dan ba, con gai, ngucri la khdng dugc dd'n dd.

Ngudi dumg ddu ddng hg la tdc tmdng. Theo chi dd quyIn thfta kl con trai tmdng thi ngudi tmdng hg la ngucri cao tudi nhdt, tftc la anh ca ciia hg. Tdc tmdng cd nhidm vu duy tri quan hd than tdc trong ddng hg, td chftc cung ma hg. Dd'i vdi hg hang, dng la ngucri mdu myc, ludn quan tam dd'n ddi sd'ng tinh thdn va vdt ehd't cua con chau. Dd'i vdi xa hdi, tdc tmdng la mdt thanh vidn quan trgng trong td chftc "thdu ke" va nhiiu tdc tmdng gift chftc vy Py cavel, Chdblu...Ti^ng ndi ciia tdc tradng la tid'ng ndi cua hg hang dd'i vdi Iang gilng, xa hdi. Mdi thanh vidn trong hg cd quan hd tuomg ai hda thudn, mdt nha trong hg ddi, ca hg cd nhidm vu giup dd, dl td tidn "khdi budn", " khdi tftc gian".

Ngudi cd quan he cung khau cu muych trong xa hdi ngucri Chut dugc phan

thanh hai nhanh: khau cu muych trong va khau cu muych ngoai. Cu muych trong

la con chau ba thi hd cua egd va chu bac egd, cdn con chau ba thi hd ciia o, cdu,

di ciia egd diu thudc cu muych ngoai. Nhu vay trong ddng hg cua ngudi Chut

mang mau sic cua chi dd phu quyIn dam net. Trong dilu kidn sd'ng qua khic

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nghidt, con ngucri phai gin bd vdi nhau mdi sdng dugc, thi ddng hg ngucri Chut vdi y nghia cua nd cang ed co sd dl tdn tai. Tuy nhidn td chftc ddng hg cua ngudi Chftt d mdt sd tdc ngudi chua dugc chat che. Ching ban nhu tde ngudi Sach ngoai ydu td huyft thd'ng tfnh theo ddng cha, hg chi bj rang budc bdi vdn dl tfn ngudng. Mdi ddng hg thudng cd mdt Bg mia (ban thd ma), dat tai phdng ngu cua tdc tmdng, la noi ma td tidn tni ngu va dang IS vat khi cung tl. Bg mia la ncri linh thidng, ngoai trft tdc tmdng, cfci dan ba con gai va ngudi la dd'n gdn [56]

Sftc manh cua ddng hg ngudi Chut cdn thi hidn ro d tap tyc ma chay, tfn ngudng... Mdi mdt ddng hg cua ngucri Chut bao gid cung cd khu nghia dja ridng. Ddng bao quy djnh dng ba chft chdn d trdn cao, con chau ehd't chdn d chd thdp born ... Nhumg tmdmg hgp ehd't xd'u (ehd't non, chft do cay de, thu dfi lam hai...) khdng dugc chdn vao nghia dja nay. Hang nam cac gia dinh cua ddng hg nay diu tap tmng vl nha tmdng tdc dl cung bai td tidn, dng ba...Luat tuc cung cdm ky vide ngudi trong ddng hg ld'y nhau. Ddng bao cdn coi hidn tugng ld'y nhau trong ndi bd ddng hg la loan ludn va bj xii phat rdt nang.

Dd'i vdi ngudi May, ddng hg ed mdt vj tri hd't sftc quan trgng, la noi quy tu y thftc, tinh cam cua cac thanh vidn thdng qua ban thd hg. Ban thd ludn dugc bd' tri trong phdng ngu cua tmdng tde, gdn cdt nha chfnh. Xung quanh thudng treo cac thft nhu d'ng nudc, cung tdn, bdy nhu mdt hinh thftc cung td' cho td tidn. Dd'i vdi ngudi A Rem, trong quan hd ddng hg, mgi sy gin kd't thudng nghidng vl sinh boat cung td' va cac nghi thftc quan trgng diu dugc td chftc tai nha ngudi anh ca (hoac la bac ca) dugc coi la ngucri dai didn, dftmg ddu cho mdt nhanh, chi cua ddng hg [56].

Nhu vdy, td chiic ddng hg cua ngudi Chut khdng gid'ng nhu mdt eo cd'u

hanh chinh, khdng chju sy dilu hanh cua cac cdp chfnh quyln. Sy vdn hanh cua

ddng hg dua vao ludt tuc, tinh cam, y thftc... cua cac thanh vidn trong hg.

b. T 6 CHtrc XA H O I C U A NGUdl BRU- V A N Kltu

1. Co ca'u xa hoi

Thid't k l xa hdi truyin thd'ng co ban duy nhd't cua ngudi Bra - Vdn Kilu la Vel

la mdt cdng ddng gdm nhumg ngudi cd quan hd huyft thdng hay khac huyft

thd'ng cung cu tni, lam an trong mdt pham vi dd't dai nhd't djnh. Tmdc kia mdi

quan hd trong Vel la quan hd huyd't thd'ng (ddng hg). Luc bd'y gid mdi don vj cu

tni Vel chfnh la Mu. Nhung ngudi cu trft trong Vel vica la thanh vidn cua Mu •vfta

la thanh vidn cua Vel. Chu hg (xud't Mu) ddng thdi vfta la chu lang (xud't Vel). Vl

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sau do nhiiu nguydn nhan, trong Vel cd tft bai ddng hg trd ldn cung cu tru, lam

an. Dilu nay din din hd qua ben canh md'i quan hd huyft thd'ng trong Vel da

xudt hidn nhumg md'i quan hd ldng gilng. Du thi, cac thanh vidn thudc Vel binh

dang vdi nhau vl quyln Igi va nghia vu cd trach nhidm chung trong chid'n ddu,

san xudt va tdn giao, cung "chung lung da'u cat", xay dyng va bao vd ban lang

cung nhu cung chju trach nhidm vl sy hung vong cua Vel.[S,29]

Cd tbi ndi chu nghia kinh nghidm (gin vdi td chftc ty quan) cung vdi dac

tfnh cdng ddng cao (gin vdi sy udc chi cua cdng ddng) trong xa hdi ngudi Bm -

van Kilu da chi phd'i quan hd xa hdi, phan tdng xa hdi, sy phan cdng lao ddng,

md'i tuong quan gifta quyln lgi va nghia vu. Day chfnh la co sd tao ra khdng khf

ddn chu, doan kit tdn trgng ldn nhau gifia chu lang va "Hdi ddng gia lang ",

giua ngudi dumg ddu va cac thanh vidn cung nhu cac thanh vidn vdi nhau. Xa

hdi cua ngudi Bm - Van Kilu mang dac trung cua xa hdi d giai doan thdp cua sy

phat triln vdi nhumg dilu kidn ty nhidn khdng thuan lgi, phuang thftc sin suit

lac hau; hon thd' cdn bj chi phdi kha manh bdi tfn nguomg nguydn thuy (van vat

hum linh). Hd qua tryc tid'p la tao ra tfnh cdng ddng cao trong quan hd, ft tao ra

nhfing khoang each ldn trong phan tdng xa hdi. Dd'i ngudi Bra Vdn Kilu phdn

cdng xa hdi chi dftng lai d mftc dd phdn cdng lao ddng theo gidi tfnh va tudi

tac. Trong dilu kidn dd budc cac ca nhdn phai ty y dugc sy rang budc lai vdi

nhau, nha't la trong qua trinh chdng lai ty nhidn dl tdn tai. Trong Vel ai cung cd

quyln khai pha va hudng thy thanh qua lao ddng cua minh, khdng cd sy uu dai

dd'i vdi tdng ldp trdn hay ngugc lai dd'i vdi ting ldp dudi. Cy thi, mgi gia dinh ty

do khai pha rdy. Didn tfch, quy md, sd lugng... rdy khdng bj ban chi. Ngudi giau

khdng ddng nghia vdi vide sd hiiu nhiiu hon ngudi ngheo. Chu lang khdng phai

Id ngudi cd nhiiu quyln lgi ma khdng gin vdi nghia vu lao ddng cua dng chu

ldng theo ludt tyc quy djnh: phai dugc bdu ldn theo hdi nghj dan chu va dam bao

nhumg tidu chudn nhdt djnh vl tai nang va dftc do: am hiiu phong tuc tdp quan

va tin ngudng cua lang, vl tai xic kidn, cung bai quan sy, ngoai giao. Ong la

ngudi chju trach nhidm quan ly toan Vel: ddt dai lang, td chftc san xud't, cung te,

hdi he, dilu hanh cac budi xft kidn, thay mat dan Iang trong quan hd vdi cac lang

khac va ca vdi Yang. Vdi vai trd va trach nhidm cung nhu uy tfn cua minh, dng

dugc mgi ngudi kfnh trgng va nl phuc. Ong dugc uu tidn Iam rdy trade, dugc

chia phdn thjt san, nhan qua trong cudi Id, hdi he... Tuy vay, chii lang vin tham

gia san xud't, vdn phai ddng gdp khi lang cd t l Id hdi he. Trong vai trd quan ly

ngudi chii Iang khdng cd quyln bao chid'm dd't dai hay la tai san chung ciia

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ndng. Nlu •vi pham chu lang se bj xic phat gid'ng nhu cac thanh vidn khac trong lang dya trdn mftc dd vi pham trong chftc nang chu lang, nd'u chu lang khdng hoan thanh trach nhidm, bd bd edng vide nhu: khdng cung bai, khdng hudmg din sin xudt, lang ban xay ra nhiiu xich mfch tranh chip, djch bdnh, vi pham nhiiu dilu cdm ky... chu lang se bj bai midn theo quy djnh ciia luat tyc. Tfnh chdt dan chu edn thi hidn qua sy bai miSn cung nhu bdu chu lang: thdng qua hdi nghj ddn chil, tmng cdu dan y trong toan Vel.[29,30]

Trong bd phan quan ly Vel, "Hdi ddng gia lang" ddng mdt vai trd rdt quan trgng. Day la mdt tap hgp nhumg ngudi gia trong lang bao gdm: Trudng Mu, chu da't, chu lang va ca chu Dung, thdy kidn, thdy cung... "Hdi ddng gia lang" cd nhidm vu tu vd'n cho chu lang. Trong eae md'i quan hd xa hdi, nhftng ngudi gia trong lang ludn dugc mgi ngudi tdn trgng va kfnh nl. Hg la mdng cdt trong gia dinh va xa hdi. Md'i quan he gifia chu Iang va Hdi ddng gia ldng la mdi quan hd hd trg, ddn chii: Chu lang la ngudi nim quyln quylt djnh cao nhdt nhung phai tham khao va tdn trgng y kiln ciia "Hdi ddng gia lang " cd quyln each chftc chii lang va cung ddn lang bdu ldn chu lang mdi nd'u thd'y chu lang khdng dam duong, hoan thanh dugc cdng vide.

Cd thi ndi, cung gid'ng nhu cac tdc ngudi khac, d Tmdng Son Tdy

nguydn, "Hdi ddng gia lang " ciia ngudi Bra Vdn Kilu la td chftc tugng trung

cho tinh thdn doan kd't, thuong ydu va tdn trgng lin nhau. Mgi cdng ddng lang

diu phai thdng qua "Hdi ddng gia lang " "Hdi ddng gia Iang " cd tiing ndi quan

trgng va quyd't djnh anh hudng din cac md'i quan he trong Vel (hdn nhan, ma

chay, xic kidn...) cung nhu sy phat triln cua Vel (trong quan hd dd'i ngoai). Khi

hai ldng xfch mfch, "Hdi ddng gia lang " la ngudi quyd't djnh danh hay hoa, tdn

cdng hay phdng thu.

Nd'u trong md'i quan he gifta chu lang va cac thanh vidn, sy IS phep kfnh

trgng dugc dl cao thi trong md'i quan bd gifta cac thanh vidn vdi nhau, tinh cdng

ddng, tinh doan kd't, tinh tuong than, tuong ai dugc coi nhu la chudn myc sd'ng.

Tuy khdng dugc quy djnh mdt each cu thi, nhung cft dd'n mua vy ngucri Bra

van Kilu lai cung giup nhau phat riy tria hat, thu hoach.... Khi nha nao cd tang

ma, cudi hdi ludn dugc mgi gia dinh trong lang tham hdi, chia se, giup dd vl

cdng sftc cung nhu tiin cua (thudng gdp gao, mgu, ga, Ign...). Gia dinh nao

dyng nha, chu lang se thdng bao cho cac thanh nidn trong Vel dd'n giup. Hem

thi, cac thanh •vidn diu coi dd nhu la cdng vide cua gia dinh minh Trong ban

khdng cd tinh trang nha ddi dut bua , nha qua thfta thai Tue kd't nghia "Calo"

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vdi nhau, hg xem nhau nhu anh em radt thjt, ban be than thid't, ddi no eiing chju, sudng vui cung hudng. Ddng thdi cdn cd nghia vu bao vd nhau tmdc sy xuc pham cua ngudi khac, lang khac.

Trong giao tid'p, do dac tfnh cdng ddng cao ndn mgi hanh vi ftng xft cua cac nhan diu chju sy ftc cbi cua tap thi. Neu vd IS vdi ngucri gia, ddi xft td vdi cha me, ngudi. ldm, khdng thuang ydu tre nhd se bj dan Iang ldn an khiln trach.

Nhu vay cd thi ndi, dilu kidn, co sd dl xac djnh vj tri vai trd cua cac thanh vidn trong cac md'i quan hd xa hdi cua ngudi Bm Van Kilu chu yiu dya vao tudi tac kinh nghidm, vao tai nang dftc do . Trong eae md'i quan he chftc danh , vj tri trong xa hdi chi tdn tai trdn danh nghia.

2. Quan he ddng hp:

O ngudi Bm Van Kilu ddng hg cd mdt vai trd rdt quan trgng khdng nhumg dd'i vdi xa hdi ma ca trong hdn nhan va gia dinh (trong cu tru, sinh boat, san xudt, ma chay, cudi hdi

Mu la td chftc ciia nhftng ngudi cung ddng hg va td tem. Dd la mdt tap hgp gdm nhumg thanh vidn cd quan hd mau, mu, tfnh theo ddng cha va nhumg con dau cua cac thanh vien trong ddng hg dd. Nhirng ngudi eon gai khi chua la'y chdng diu thudc Mu cua cha me, nhumg khi vl nha chdng, hg khdng cdn dugc xem Id thanh vidn cua mu nfia. Khi ehd't hg khdng dugc chdn vao nghia dja cua ddng hg minh. La'y chdng cd nghia la mang phdn linh hdn cua minh vl nha chdng, hdi tu vao 'con ma" nha chdng, chdm dut mgi quan hd noi xud't thdn.

Trudc day mu cua ngudi Van Kilu la mdt don vj ngoai hdn mydt dd'i. Ddng

bao xem hidn tugng ldy nhau trong cung mdt mu la trai vdi luat tuc. Ai vi pham

se bj dudi ra khdi lang. Khi dan sd tang ldn, mu phat triln tbi dilu nay khdng

cdn dugc ap dyng mdt each cumg nhic, chat che nhu tmdc nfia. Ngudi ciing mdt

mu trong dilu kidn dy da cd the la'y dugc nhau nhung phai each nhau nam ddi trd

Idn

NhChig gia dinh trong cung mdt Mu gin bd chat che vdi nhau trdn mgi linh

vyc cua dcri sd'ng. Hg cd nghia vu bao vd nhau khi Iam an, luc vui choi cung nhu

khi hoan nan. Ngucri dftng ddu Mu la xudt Mu. Xudt Mu la ngudi dai didn cho

cac thanh vidn cua Mu trong vide tilp xuc vdi Mu khac vdi vii. Tie'ng ndi cua

xud't Mu la tie'ng ndi ciia ddng hg. Xudt mu khdng nhd't thift la ngudi gia nhdt

hay thudc ddng chfnh ma la ngudi am bilu phong tuc, tdp quan, md ma cha dng.

Hing nam cac thanh vidn cua Mu phai djnh ky hgp lai mdt ldn dl xem xet cdng

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dftc, tai nang cua tmdng Mu. Neu tmdng Mu khdng lam dugc nhumg dilu nhu mgi ngudi mong mudn, td ra mdt phdm chdt se bj bai miSn dl bdu ngucri khac ldn thay.

Ngucri Van Kilu cd nhiiu ddng hg nhu Xdm, Ralu, Xartang, Ubldng, U" play, Tdmua, Xdmbia, Xereer, Klang, Ra bd, Tamoi... Mdi ddng hg thudng cd nhumg kidng ky khac nhau. Cd hg kidng an thjt chd, meo, bd... cd hg Iai kidng an la dong... Di liln vdi nhumg kidng ky dd la nhumg chuydn kl dan gian nhim giai thfch ngudn gd'c, nguydn nhan phdt sinh eua ddng hg. Vao thdi ky xa xua ngudi van Kilu chi ed mdt sd ft hg ldn, hg gd'c. Chang ban, nhu Xdm la mdt rong nhftng hg gd'c kha ldm. Tft hg Xdm nay da chia ra nhiiu hg nhd khac nhu Cd lang - ddng, Kalam, Ko, Tapul...Cac hg nhd tach ra tft mdt hg ldn, thanh vidn nam nfi trong dd dugc phep Idy nhau.

Nhumg ldn tid'n hanh chia hg d ngudi Van Kilu thudmg dugc td chftc rdt ldn, trdr thanh ngay hdi cua dan lang.

Hien tugng tft mdt hg gd'c chia ra cac hg khac khdng phai la mdt hidn tugng dac bidt b ngudi Van Kilu, nhung phai chang tft hidn tugng nay ma xudt hidn cac tft dl chi ddng hg nhu Tdng, Tdp, Xau...[29]

Mdi ddng hg cua ngudi Van Kilu bao gdm nhiiu gia dinh nhd cung huyd't tdc, cd kinh t l ddc lap, nha cfta, nuong riy, lua ma, hoa mau, edng cy san xudt, tai sin ridng... Nhumg cua cai dd diu do eae thanh vidn trong gia dinh thfta hudng chung hoac vdi sy phan phdi bd me.Ddng hg Mu trong quan hd cua ngucri Bru van Kilu chi gdm nhumg ngucri cung chung ddng mau (tfnh theo ddng cha), cd quan hd vl Td tem (vat td). Day la mdt td chftc tap hgp nhumg ngucri cd quan hd tryc hd hay bang hd . Ngoai ra, td chftc Mu cdn bao gdm nhumg ngudi con dau cua Mu: Vg, ba, chau dau... va cac ngudi con nudi khi dugc ddng hg thira nhdn (sau Id nhdp hg). Ngucri con gai khi cdn nhd thudc thanh vidn cua ddng hg nhung khi Id'y chdng se thudc vl Mu cua nha chdng.

Mu cua ngudi Bm - Vdn Kilu thudng gin liln vdi nhiing sy tfch khac nhau,

cd eae tdn ggi ridng (tdn cac loai ddng vat thyc vat, tdn dja danh rftng nui, sdng sudi...Mdi tdn ggi ciia Mu mang mdt y nghia tam linh. Dieu nay dugc phan anh

khd ro trong ndi dung cua luat tyc. Luat tuc quy djnh: nhumg ngucri cung Mu

khdng dugc sit hai hay chat pha nhumg loai vat td, cd nghia vu bao vd, thd cung

vat tmdc sy xdm pham cua ngudi khac. Theo ddng bao Bru Vdn Kilu, sy vi

pham vdt td se ddn dd'n sy nguy an cho ca ddng hg.

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Tmdc kia, trong mdi Vel cua ngucri Bra - Van Kieu cbi cd mdt Mu cu tni , khi dd mdi quan hd ddng hg chfnh la quan he Vel. VI sau, khi sd lugng cac Vel trong Mu tang ldn , quan hd trong hg dugc md rdng ra thanh quan hd lang gilng. Md'i quan he nay dugc bilu hidn qua cac yd'u td sau: edng eu (eu tni), cdng cam (ma chay, cudi xin, tdn giao) va cdng mdnh (san xudt). Dd'i vdi ngucri Bra - Van Kilu cac Dung cu tni thanh tftng ngdi nha san nhd. Trong md'i quan be nay yd'u td dja vyc la tiin dd tao ndn sy ed kit vun chic gifia cac ddng hg trong san xudt, ma chay, Id hdi... Tuy thi d ngudi Bm Van Kieu khi dja vyc cu tni dugc md rdng cung vdi md'i quan he lang gilng , yd'u td qudn ty vdn cd sy chi phd'i nhdt djnh bdn canh yeu td dja vyc . Dilu nay da trd thanh thdi quen, thanh tap quan trong cu tni. Day chinh la yiu td quylt djnh trong vide hinh thanh ndn nhumg quy djnh ciia ludt tuc vl md'i quan hd gifta cac thanh vidn trong Mu dd'i vdi khu vyc sinh cu. Nhftng thanh vidn trong Mu phai cd nghia vu bao vd Mu, chdng Iai sy Ifo at cua cac Mu khac cung nhu thid't lap md'i quan hd vdi cac Mu khac trong hdn nhan, san xua't...[29,30]

Trong ma chay luat tyc Bm Van Kilu quy djnh nd'u gia dinh nao trong ddng hg cd ngucri than ehd't, nhftng thanh vidn khac trong Mu cd nhidm vu thdng bdo cho Xudt Mu, Xudt Vel bid't bid't. Xudt Mu cd nhidm vu phan cdng, nhic nhd mgi gia dinh ddng gdp giup dd. Nhumg ngay diSn ra dam ma, trong hg khdng ai dugc ldn riy, di rftng hay lam cac vide khac... ma phai tap tmng d nha cftng gia dinh cd ngudi ehd't lo td chftc dam ma. Mgi ngudi cd nghia vu ddng gdp tiin cua, cho gia dinh cd ngudi than chft. Trong dam ma, anh em ba con trong ddng hg du xa mdy cung phai vl. Cd thi ndi, nd'u trong san xudt md'i quan hd ddng hg mang tfnh tuong trg, dftm bgc thi trong tang ma dd la luc cac thanh vidn thi hidn su tid'c thuang vdi ngucri than, ngudi ba con anh em da ha xa edi ddi.

Tinh doan kit cua ddng hg trong tang ma cdn thi hidn kha chat che 6 IS bd

ma cua ddng bg (IS lam nha md). Luat tyc Bra - Van Kilu quy djnh vao ngay cai

tang, bd ma, nhumg thanh vidn trong ddng hg du di ddu, cu tni d ncri nao cung

diu phai cd mat. Thcri gian td chftc IS bd ma, lam nha md cua ngudi Bra Vdn

Kilu khdng cd djnh ma tuy thudc vao kha nang kinh tl, ddng gdp cua tftng

Dung, hay tuy vao tinh hinh cua Mu trong nam dd (gap nhiiu xui xeo hay gap

nhiiu may min).

Md'i quan hd ciia ddng hg cdn dugc thi hidn b sy chju trach nhidm lidn ddi

vl nhumg vi pham, sai ldm cua cac thanh vidn trong Mu. Dilu nay cho thdy sy

gin chat quyln lgi va nghia vu cua cac thanh vidn trong ddng hg khdng chi trdn

167

khfa canh vat chdt ma cdn ca trdn khfa canh tinh thdn, danh dy. Vide bao vd danh du cho ddng hg la nghia vu cua mdi thanh vidn trong ddng hg. Cu thi: khi mdt ngucri trong Mu bj xuc pham, nhdt la xuc pham lidn quan den nhung dilu kidng eu. ca ddng hg cd trach nhidm giup ca nhan giai toa oan khudt, ldy lai danh dy. Tmdng hgp mdt thanh vidn bj nghi ngd pham tdi se dugc ca ddng hg hau thudn, bao vd, nefu bj phat se dugc giup do, chia se.

Vii, vel hay Vai la td chftc xa hdi da cd tft lau ddi b ngudi Bra Van Kilu. Dd la cdng ddng cua nhumg ngucri cd quan hd huyft thdng hay khac huyd't thd'ng cung sinh sdng, lam an trong mdt pham vi da't dai nhdt djnh. Trade kia md'i quan hd trong mdt Vii la mdi quan he huyd't thdng. Luc bdy gid mdi mdt don vj cu tni dd cua ngucri Bra Van Kilu chi bao gdm nhung ngudi cftng mdt ddng mau. Nhumg ngudi cung huyd't thd'ng nay vfta la thanh vidn cua Ya, Cabu, Mu(ddng hg) vfta la thanh vidn cua Vii (ban lang). Cd thi luc nay Vii cua ngudi Bra Vdn Kilu chi cd mdt ddng hg tu cu. Day cd thi la nhung cdng xa thj tdc. VI sau do nhiiu nguydn nhdn cdng xa thj tdc da tittig budc tan ra, thay thi vdo dd la cdng xa lang gilng. Mdt Vii bay gid ft nhdt cung cd hai ddng hg trd ldn cung cu tru. Trong mdt Vii bdn canh quan hd huyft thdng (cung mdt ddng hg) da xudt bidn quan hd lang gilng (khac ddng hg) cang vl sau nay sd lucmg ddng hg trong mdt Vii cang tang Idn. Cac ddng hg (Ya, Mu, Cabu) d ngftcri Van Kilu, cd thi bao gdm mdt sd dai gia dinh hay nhiiu tiiu gia dinh . Nhung "dung" dd (dai gia dinh hay tiiu gia dinh) cftng vdi nhumg Ya, Mu, Cabu (ddng hg) la nhumg tl bao cdu tao ndn cac Vii (ban lang).

Nhu vay cd thi khing djnh: Vii la td chftc xa hdi co ban, duy nhdt chic

chin hidn cdn tdn tai trong cac dan tdc d miin tay Quang Binh . Ddng bao Bra -

van Kilu cd bid't dd'n td chftc KRudng hay Kroang (mdt td chftc Idn hom Vii)

nhung rdt md nhat. Nhftng td chftc xa hdi nhd hon Vii thyc sy khdng tdn tai d

ngudi Vdn Kilu. Cdn td chftc Ya, Mu, Cabu la td chftc mang tfnh huyft thdng

cua ddng hg... Do dd khi ndi dd'n td chftc xa hdi cua cac dan tdc. Bra - Vdn Kilu

chung ta chi ndi nhiiu dd'n td chftc Vii vdi sy van hanh ciia bd may dd.

- Nhu da ndi d trdn dan vj xa hdi co ban, duy nha't cua cac dan tde Van Kilu

la lang (Vii hay Vel, Vai). Vii (lang) la mdt don vj ty quan vl mgi mat. Dilu

hanh dem vj ty quan dy cd mdt bd may quan ly theo ludt tyc da dugc hinh thanh

va tdn tai qua nhiiu thi hd. Dumg ddu cac Vii cua ngudi Bm - Vdn Kilu la nhung

Aryay Vii hay Tacg buol, xud't Vii (chu Iang). Ngudi chu lang cd thi la ngudi

cua ddng hg gdc cha truyin con nd'i qua nhiiu thi he Nhung cung cd thi la ngudi

168

dugc djnh ky bdu ldn Nhung du la cha trayin con nd'i hay djnh ky bdu ldn qua cac hdi nghj dan chu cua lang thi eae vj chu lang dd phai dam bao nhumg tidu ehudn nhdt djnh vl tai nang va dftc do. Ngucri chu lang la ngudi am bilu mgi phong tyc tap quan, tdn giao tfn nguomg... cua Iang. Ngudi chu lang la ngucri cd tai vl ngoai giao, quan sy va san xudt... dng la ngudi chju trach nhidm quan ly, dilu hanh mgi cdng vide cua lang. Ddng thdi dng cung la ngudi quan ly ddt dai, td chftc sip xd'p lang ban. Trong cac budi te IS, cung bai ngudi chu lang bao gid cung gift vj tri chu chdt. Nl u nhu gifia cac thanh vidn hay cac ddng bg cd cac xfch nuch kidn cao, ngudi chu lang phai thay mat ea lang giai quyd't. Chu lang la ngudi cd quyln tang thudng cho ai cd cdng trang vdi lang va cung cd quyln phat tdi dd'i vdi nhung ai vi pham luat tuc cua lang. Ong cdn la ngucri an ndi gidi, lim ly le... Vdi uy tfn va vai trd cua minh Aryay Vii la ngucri ludn dugc dan lang kfnh trgng vj ne. Dan lang coi dng nhu ngudi dugc cac vj thdn linh giao cho nhidm vu diing ra thay mat Yang (trdi) cai quan dan lang. Tuy vay dng cung la ngudi tryc tid'p tham gia san xudt, hon thd' dng cdn la ngudi sin xudt gidi. Ngucri chil lang va cac thanh vidn cua lang ludn binh ding vl quyln lgi va nghia vu. Ong cd dugc mdt sd uu dai (qua bilu trong dam cudi, dam ma, thjt ddu cac con thu sdn dugc, uu tidn Iam rdy tmdc...) nhung nhumg uu dai nay khdng ldm lim. Nhin chung dng la ngudi sd'ng dftc hanh cd tinh cam, ludn trdng dya vao sftc lao ddng cua ban thdn. [50,51]

Ngay trudc d ngudi Bm - Vdn Kilu giup vide cho chu Iang cd cac nhan vat

sau:

+ Thii Ilnh quan sy (tarleng). "TTiu linh quan sy" la ngudi muu tri, dung cam

dugc chgn ra trong nhfing dan binh thidn chid'n cua lang. Thu linh quan sy tryc

tid'p chi huy cac dan binh trong cac chid'n tran. Luc boa binh thu linh quan sy cd

nhidm vu ddn dd'c dan lang lam hang rao lang va cung cac chiln binh tham gia

bao vd trdt ty trj an cua lang.

-H Thdy cung, thdy mo (ngudi Van Kilu ggi la MoJao,). Thdy cung, thdy mo

ra't cd uy tfn trong xa hdi ciia ngucri Bra Van Kilu. Hg dugc ddn Iang kfnh

ygng, vj nS, thdm ca sg hai. Hg vfta la ngudi lam nhidm vy tdn giao, vira la la

chfta bdnh cho dan lang.

-(- Nhumg ngucri gia trong lang hay la "hdi ddng gia Iang", "Hdi ddng gia

lang" b ngudi Bra Vdn Kilu khdng ban che vl mat sd lugng va cd nhiem vu

Iam tu vdn cho cac chu lang. "Hdi ddng gia lang" bao gdm nhfing ngudi tradng

Ya, Trudng Mu, tmdng Cabu. Dd la tap hgp nfing ngudi cao tudi d trong lang.

169

Nhftng ngudi gia lang nay nhd vao kinh nghiem sdng ndn cd nhiiu bilu bid't vl nhumg luat tuc, IS nghi... "Hdi ddng gia lang" la mdt td chftc khdng thi thid'u dugc trong bd may ty quan eua lang ngucri Bm - Van Kilu... Hg "dugc coi trgng, dugc xem nhu mdng cdt trong gia dinh, trong lang cung nhu ngoai Iang. Chii Iang tmdc khi mudn quyft djnh mdt vide quan trgng nao ddy phai chd xem y kidn ddng gdp cua "Hdi ddng gia lang" Cd nhumg tradng hgp "Hdi ddng gia lang" cd thi each chftc chu lang nlu thdy chu lang khdng cdn du kha nang va tu each dam duong cdng vide

+ "Hdi ddng gia lang" ngoai cdc tmdng hg, tmdng "dung" cdn cd mdt nhdn vdt kha quan trgng khac tham dy la chu dd't (xudt eu te), d mdt sd lang, chu ddt cung ddng thdi la chu lang, nhung cung cd nhumg lang (xudt cu te). Khdng lam nhidm vu "xudt Vii". "Xud't cu te" la ngudi cd cdng tim ra vftng ddt mdi cho lang, la vj khai canh cua lang. Ong cd vj tri cao trong xa hdi cac dan tdc Bm Van Kilu, cd uy tfn ldm trong "Hdi ddng gia lang"

Nhiing chu'c vy vfta kl trdn la nhiing chftc vu trong bd may ty quan cua mdt lang Bra Van Kilu. Thyc td' hidn nay d ngudi Van Kilu, bd may ty quan ban lang vdn hanh theo nhiing luat tyc vdn cd tft xua da song song tdn tai vdi bd may chfnh quyln co sd van hanh theo hid'n phap, phap luat eua Nhd nudc ta. Hai bd may nay cd nhiing tiing ndi ridng, cd nhftng anh hudng tfch cyc khac nhau dd'n sinh boat cua ddng bdo cac dan tdc. Ydu cdu dat ra hidn nay la phai bid't kd't hgp tid'ng ndi cua hai bd may ndy thanh mdt tid'ng ndi chung trong xay dyng cudc sdng mdi. Trong khi ciing cd, kidn toan cac td chft'c chfnh quyln co sd, cac doan thi qudn chung phai bid't kd't hgp, su dung cac td chftc cd trayin, hudng cac td chftc nay di theo con dudng cua Dang.

3. Quan he xa hgi.

Do nin kinh t l mang tfnh chdt ty cung, ty cdp, ddng kfn, ft giao luu vdi bdn

ngoai, cho ndn quan hd xa hdi cua con ngudi Van Kilu tmdc day dudng nhu chi

bj chi phd'i bdi nhumg quan he cd tfnh chat ndi tai.

Xua kia trong mdt lang cua ngudi Van Kilu, thudng chi bao gdm nhumg ba

con rudt thjt vdi nhau. Ddn ddn md'i quan he huyd't thd'ng bj pha vo, nhudng chd

cho quan hd lang gilng. Trong mdt lang cua ngucri Van Kilu hidn nay cd nhiiu

ddng hg cftng cu tru. Dung (gia dinh) la t l bao co ban cua xa hdi Van Kilu. Td

chftc K'roong (mdt sd vung ggi la K'radng) nghia den ggi la xft, mdt vung ddt

gdm nhiiu lang da ed thdi ky tdn tai d ngudi Van Kilu. Mdi Kroang cd mdt

170

ngudi dftng ddu ggi la aria K'mdng Bam (K'roang Bam) gdm cac vilddc), cha ca'p... cac vii nay phai phu thudc vao K'mdng Bam vl nhiiu mat. Aria K'roang cd nhfing quyln lgi va nghia vu nhdt djnh ddi vdi mgi thanh vidn cua K'roang hay vii phy thudc. Khi mdt gia dinh nao dd trong K'roang cd td't IS, nhdt thid't phai mdi Aria K'roang din dy. Nhung quyln hanh thyc sy nim trong tay aria vii. Ngay nay bdng dang K'roang tdn tai d ngucri Van Kilu rdt md nhat, aria K'roang (cd noi khdng cdn) chi lam nhidm vu yong linh vyc tdn giao. Vii (ed noi ggi la vel hay vai) d ngudi Van Kilu la mdt tap hgp cua nhieu gia dinh, nhiiu ddng bg. Dd la mdt cdng xa ldng gilng, mdt tap hgp ngucri thdng nhdt va doan kit. Thanh vidn trong mdt vii co ban la bmh ding vdi nhau trong quyln lgi va nghia vu. Ho cd trach nhidm chung trong chid'n ddu, san xudt, tdn giao cung nhu xay dyng m sfta cac cdng trinh cdng cdng...

Tuong trg va giup dd nhau la nit chu dao trong cac md'i quan hd ciia xa hdi Vdn Kilu, tft xua hg da cd tuc kft nghia Gala, theo tdp tuc nay hai ngudi ban (cd thi khdng cung trang Ifta) qua giao tid'p nlu thd'y mdn nhau, tdm ddu y hgp, cd cftng sd thfch, chf hudmg va thdng cam nhau thi hdc thi lam IS dn thi dl kd't nghia Calo. Khi hai ngudi da kit Calo thi coi nhau nhu anh em rudt thit, ddi no cung chju, vui sudng cung hudmg...

6 ddng bao Van Kilu tinh doan kft, long trung thanh, tuong than, tuong ai

dugc dl cao. Nghia tmdc, nghia lang, tinh ba con ldi xdm sau sic man ndng.

Da't dai, rftng rft, sdng ngdi, san vat trdn rftng, con ca, con d'c dudi sud'i... la

eiia chung tdt ca mgi ngudi trong lang. Rudng vudn, nucmg riy, gia dinh nao

khai pha diu tidn thi toan quyln sft dung, cua ridng tftng ca nhdn dugc tuydt dd'i

coi trgng.

Dilu hanh cdng vide trong vii la do aria vii dam nhidm. Aria vii (chu lang) cd uy tfn va quyln hanh ldn dd'i vdi dan Iang. Ong la ngudi am bilu san xudt, phong tue tdp quan, tham gia quan Iy cac vide t l IS, quan ly ddt dai eua vii. Chu lang cdn la ngucri thay mat dan lang, giai quyd't nhung vy kidn cdo, xfch rm'ch gifta cac thanh vidn, ngudi dumg ra phat va nhftng tmdng hgp vi pham luat tuc...

Chftc vy aria vii cd tfnh chdt cha tmyln con nd'i. Ngudi Vdn Kilu khdng cd

tmdng hgp djnh ky bdu lai chftc chu lang theo chi dd ddn chu nhu mdt sd eu ddn

khac. Khi xay ra chid'n tranh hay xfch nuch gifta cac Iang, Aria vii phai thdn

hinh dumg ra chi huy va dilu ddng. Tuy nhidn dng ta cung cd quyln cft Tar-l'eng

(tam ggi la thu linh qudn sy) thay thi minh chi huy ddn binh. Giup vide cho aria

171

vii cdn cd sudt Cute (chu d£t), sudt Cute la ngudi tim ra va khai pha ddu tidn manh ddt ma lang din d, tron gtinh trang du cu eua ngudi Van Kilu chftc vy dy vin dugc ti^p tue cdng nhan, dng ta dugc dan lang kfnh nl, coi trgng. [29]

Mu la td chftc cua nhumg ngudi cung ddng hg va tdtem. Dd la mdt tap hgp gdm nhumg thanh vidn ed quan hd mau, mu, tfnh theo ddng cha va nhumg con dau cua cac thanh vidn trong ddng hg dd. Nhumg ngudi con gai khi chua la'y chdng diu thudc Mu ciia cha me, nhung khi vl nha chdng, hg khdng cdn dugc xem la thanh vidn eua Mu nfia. Khi chft hg khdng dugc chdn vao nghia dja cua ddng hg minh. Ldy chdng cd nghia la mang phdn linh hdn cua minh vl nha chdng, hdi tu vao "con ma" nha chdng, chdm dftt mgi quan he noi xud't than.

Trudc day Mu cua ngucri Van Kilu la mdt don vj ngoai hdn tuydt dd'i. Ddng bao xem hidn tugng ldy nhau trong cung mdt mu la trai vdi luat tuc. Ai vi pham se bj dudi ra khdi lang. Khi dan sd tang ldn, Mu phat triln thi dilu nay khdng cdn dugc ap dung mdt each cumg nhic, chat che nhu trade nfia. Ngucri cung mdt mu trong dilu kidn d'y da ed thi ldy dugc nhau nhung phai each nhau nam ddi yd ldn.

Nhfing gia dinh trong cung mdt Mu gin bd chat che vdi nhau trdn mgi linh vyc ciia ddi sd'ng. Hg cd nghia vy bao vd nhau khi lam an, luc vui choi cung nhu khi hoan nan. Ngudi dumg ddu Mu la xudt Mu. Xudt Mu la ngudi dai didn cho cac thanh vidn cua Mu trong vide tid'p xuc vdi Mu khac vdi vii. Tiing ndi eua xudt Mu la tid'ng ndi cua ddng hg. Xudt Mu khdng nhdt thid't la ngudi gia nhdt hay thudc ddng chfnh ma la ngudi am bilu phong tyc, tap quan, md ma cha dng. Hing nam cac thanh vidn cua mu phai djnh ky hgp lai mdt ldn dl xem xet cdng dftc, tai nang cua tmdng mu. Nd'u tmdmg mu khdng lam dugc nhumg dilu nhu mgi ngudi mong mudn, td ra mdt phdm chdt se bj bai miSn dl bdu ngudi khac ldn thay

Ngudi Vdn Kilu cd nhiiu ddng hg nhu Xdm, Ralu, Xartang, Ubldng, U"

pldy, Tdmua, Xdmbia, Xereer, Klang, Ra bd, Tamoi... Mdi ddng hg thudmg cd

nhumg kidng ky khac nhau. Cd hg kidng an thjt chd, meo, hd... cd hg Iai kidng an

la dong... Di liln vdi nhumg kidng ky dd la nhfing chuydn kl dan gian nhim giai

thfch ngudn gd'c, nguydn nhan phat sinh cua ddng hg. Vao thdi ky xa xua ngudi

van Kilu chi cd mdt sd ft hg ldn, hg gd'c. Ching ban, nhu Xdm la mdt rong

nhung hg gd'c kha Idn. Tft hg Xdm nay da chia ra nhiiu hg nho khac nhu Cd lang

- ddng, Kalam, Ko, Tapul...Cac hg nhd tach ra tft mdt hg ldn, thanh vidn nam nu

trong dd dugc phep ldy nhau.

172

Nhftng ldn til n hanh chia hg d ngudi Van Kilu thudng dugc td chftc rdt ldm, trd thanh ngay hdi cua dan lang.

Hidn tugng tit mdt hg gd'c chia ra cac hg khac khdng phai la mdt hidn tugng dac bidt d ngudri Van Kilu, nhung phai chang tft hidn tugng nay ma xudt hidn cac tft dl chi ddng hg nhu Tdng, Tdp, Xau...

Mdi ddng hg cua ngudi Van Kilu bao gdm nhiiu gia dinh nhd cung huyd't tdc, cd kinh t l ddc lap, nha cfta, nuong riy, lua ma, hoa mau, cdng cu san xudt, tai sin ridng... Nhiing cua cai dd deu do eae thanh vidn trong gia dinh thfta hudng chung hoac vdi sy phan phdi bd me.

Gia dinh cua ngudi Van Kilu la kilu gia dinh nhd phu quyln, trong dd

ngudi dan dng gia nha't thudmg la chu gia dinh. Gia tmdmg ed vj tri va vai trd ldm

trong cac md'i quan bd ndi bd cung nhu dd'i vdi xa hdi. Quyd't djnh mgi cdng •vile

trong gia dinh la ngudi dan dng. Hg dumg ra dam trach edng vide giao thidp dd'i

vdi lang ban, khach khfta, ban tfnh cdng vide phat riy, lam nha, ma chay, cudi

xin cho con cai. Khi ngudi chu gia dinh chit di, tai san, quyln hanh trong gia

dinh giao lai cho ngdi con trai ca. Thanh vidn nfi trong gia dinh hdu nhu khdng

dugc chia tai san va nd'u cd cung chi mdt phdn rdt nhd.

Dan dng la ngudi chu gia dinh, nhung mgi cdng vide ndi trg, kd' hoach chi

tidu diu do ngudi dan dng quan xuyen. Ngudi Van Kilu thudng thfch ddng con.

Hg cd tuc nudi con nudi (eon ban). Con nudi cung dugc bd me qui nhu con de,

khi con cdn nhd du trai hay diu dugc sy cham sdc nhu nhau.

Tdn con gai cua ngudi Van Kilu khdng bao gid dugc dat gdn hoac hmng vdi tdn cua nhumg ngudi trong Mu da khudt. Tdn hg cua con cai cua mdt ddi vg chdng thudng cd thdi quen dat yftng am ndn rdt dd nhan. Quy luat dat tdn dd cdn dugc md rdng ra ca gia dinh cua ngudi bac hay chu. Mdi ngudi Van Kilu thudng cd nhiiu tdn ggi khac nhau thay ddi theo tftng giai doan cua cudc ddi.

n3.9. NGHlfiN Ctru TRI THtTC BAN DIA CUA cAC D A N T O C

Tri thftc ban dja (hay kid'n thftc dja phuong, kiln thftc tmyln thdng: (local

Know Ledge Ledge) la hd thd'ng kid'n thftc cua cac ddn tdc ban dja, hoac cua mdt

cdng ddng tai mdt dja vuc cu hm cu thi xac djnh; nd dugc hinh thanh tft trong

thuc tidn qua trinh lao ddng san xudt va ftng xft vdi mdi tmdmg ty nhidn xa hdi

ciia cdc thanh vidn trong cdng ddng; nd dugc hoan thidn ddn va trayin thd'ng tft

ddi nay sang ddi khac, nd tdn tai va phat Uiln ttong nhumg hoan canh nhdt djnh

cua dja phftong.

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Tri thftc ban dja bao gdm nhiiu ndi dung dl cdp din mgi khfa canh cua ddi sdng san xu& va td chftc cdng ddng xa hdi cua ddng bao dan tdc thilu sd nhu, ld6n thftc vl quan ly bao vd tai nguydn thidn nhidn, cac ngudn lgi ty nhidn (ddt dai, sdng sudi, rftng nui, ddng, thyc vat), kid'n thftc vl khai thac sft dyng cac tai nguydn thidn nhidn (phuang phap trdng trgt,chan nudi, ky thuat danh bit, san bit va hai lugm)...

a. TRI THtrc B A N DIA CUA NGUClI B R U - V A N K I ^ U

Lich san xua't.

Tmdc ddy nam sin xud't cua ngucri Bra - Van Kilu tfnh theo nam am ljch. Mdt vu san xudt la mdt nam.Trong chu ky mdt nam, ddng bao chia lam 12 thang, mdi thang 30 ngay. Ndi dung cua ljch san xudt cho thdy ddng bao Bra -van Kilu chu yd'u dya vao chu ky canh tac nuong rdy dl hinh thanh ndn Ijch canh tac. Cac boat ddng kinh t l phy trg nhu san bin, hai lugm, danh ca... hay IS hdi cung dugc phdn bd theo chu ky san xudt nuong rdy. Cach tfnh ndng ljch cua ddng bao Bm - Vdn Kilu nay vfta dam bao cac giai doan cdn thift trong chu ky san xudt, phu hgp vdi sy bid'n ddi cua khf hau trong vung (theo tftng thang timg vu).

- Co sd hinh thanh ndng ljch ( 1 nam - 1 chu ky san xudt) cua ddng bdo Bru - van Kilu la kd't hgp xem xet sy biln ddi cua trang ( vl hinh giang, dd sang) va cdc hidn tugng xay ra trong ty nhidn ( sy lap di lap lai cua sy vat hidn tugng ) dl bid't ngay trong thang: Ngay td't, ngay xdu; ngay thfch hgp vdi cdng •vide gieo trdng, tft dd phdn bd cac khdu doan san xudt tuong umg.

Qua khao sat thyc t l cd thi tdm tit Ndng Ijch cua ngudi Vdn Kilu nhu sau:

Thang

1

2

3

Tieng Van Kieu

Caxay Mudi

Caxay Bah

Caxay Pay

Noi dung cdng viec trong mdt thang

Chudn bj tim, phat rdy, di san, trdng ngd, thudc

la..

Trdng ngd, sin, thud'c la., di san, bit ddu phat riy

Lam cd ngd, sin thudc la...phat rdy. Dd't tria lua

sdm

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4

5

6

7.

8

9

10

11

12

Caxay Pdh

Caxay Xong

Caxay Tpit

Caxay Tput

Caxay Tcual

Caxay Tkdl

Caxay Mudi Chut

Caxay Mudi chut la

Caxay Mudi chiit labah

Hoan thanh khau phat cd't,ddt, tria lua, ngd, kd,Thu hoach ngd sdm...

Tid'p tyc tria lua lam cd ngd mdi thu hoach xong ngd thang 2

Lam cd lua, sua nha, di rftng san bin danh ea.

Lam hang rao, cham sdc lua, thu hoach thud'c la, kd, di san, hai lugm...

Lam kho lua, dan giii ehudn bi thu hoach di rftng hai lugm danh bit cd...

Td chftc di san ldy cui... Bit ddu gat lua sdm.

Tdp trang thu hoach lua

Tid'p tyc tudt Ilia, td chftc sdn bin, danh ca va

chudn bj an td't.

Nghi ngoi an td't, td chftc bdi he..

Tri thftc ban dja cua ngudi Bra - Van Kilu vl sin xudt diu dya vao cac

hidn tugng ty nhidn nhu :Pa lang ( trdi) Man toa ( sao), X mui (may), Kuzul

(gid)... dl tim ra sy phu hgp va khdng phu hgp, vf du:

" Sao nhiiu cd thi mua, sao thua cd thi ning".

Hay: " Luc cu Ifta ta bay ta Podc

Luc cu Ifta ta budc ta mia "

(Dan ca Bm - Van Kilu)

(Nghia Id: Dom ddm bay cao thi ning bay tha'p thi mua)

- Chu kj san xuat nuong ray.

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Mdt chu ky san xudt nuong riy cua ddng bao Bm - Van Kilu thudng trai qua cac giai doan/ khau san xudt sau:

+ Khau chgn ddt cd tfnh quyft djnh den vu mua cung nhu nang sudt, san lyong hoa mau. Cdng vide chgn ddt lam nuong rdy dugc ddng bao tid'n hanh sau khi an tft. Theo kinh nghidm cua ddng bao sau khi dam ddt cd kha nang lam riy tdt la nhfing dam rdy d lung chftng nui ( khoang 30°), d nhftng khu rftng gia, nguydn sinh...Vidc khdng chgn ddt riy b nhumg noi qua dd'c, hay dinh nui cao dua lai tac dung gift nudc, giam dd chay cua ddng nudc. Ddng bao thudng quan sat, chgn rdy d nhftng noi khdng cd da to, ddt cd mau den, nhiiu td giun va d nhftng noi ed cdy ed'i um tiim, cd nhiiu cay giang, cay may. 6 nhumg noi nay nhd cd la muc tfch tu quanh nam khi ddt se cho nhiiu tro. Day chfnh la ngudn dinh dudng tdt cho cay trdng. Hon thi ddt d cac khu vyc nay thudng cd dd dm cao, kha nang gift nudc tdt, phu hgp vdi cac loai cdy trdng nhdt la lua can. Trdn cac loai ddt dd nd'u cd cdy lau, cdy chudi rftng mgc se thfch hgp cho vide trdng ngd, thom, chudi, khoai, thudc la...

Nhft the dd'i vdi ddng bao Bm- Van Kilu mud'n cd mdt dam da't tdt phai can cft vdo cac tidu ehudn ey thi : Dja thd', mau sic, tfnh chdt va hd thyc vat. Trong tftng loai ddt ddng bao lai cd each bd tri, phan bd cdc loai cay trdng phu hgp vdi tfnh chdt ddt ; Da't lin da trdng ngd rdt td't; ddt thjt set ydng lua cho nang suit cao; ddt ven sdng sudi do phu sa bdi dip phu hcrp trdng cac gidng cay hoa mau nhft: Ngd, dau khoai me, lac... nhung khdng phu hgp vdi cay lua nudc.

- Phat, cdt, dot, tria.

Sau khi da chgn dugc dam riy vfta y dya trdn quan sat va sy mach bao

cua Yang, vdi mdt didn tfch phu hgp sftc Iao ddng cua gia dinh ddng bao Bra -

van Kilu tid'n hanh phat cdt. Thdi gian phat riy vao khoang thang 2- 3 ( theo

ljch ddng bao). Theo kinh nghidm cua ddng bao, mua "td tai" (mua phat riy) rd

ldn la khi chim bim bjp kdu kit kft sudt ngay. Cdng cu phat cdt cua ngucri Bra -

van Kilu chil ydu gdm cd rya (pd ria) Piu (a chit) dao phat.. Trong each phat cdt

ddng bao Bra -Van Kilu thi hidn mdt ky thuat kha hgp ly: Phat cdt tft dudi chan

riy ldn, phat canh nhd, day leo, lau lach...yudc, sau dd mdi cdt than cay( vfta dl

dd cdng dgn, cay khdng de ldn nhau va ft gay ra tai nan).

Cdng vide tid'p theo yong khau phat cdt la dgn dep, phoi ning, tmdc khi

ddt, ddng bao dgn quang mdt khoang da't ydng gifia rdy vdi rimg, tranh lira chay

lan. Luat tuc quy djnh ngudi nao dd't tmdc gay chay riy cua ngudi khac se bj bit

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lam ndt nhiing cdng vide cdn lai ( dgn riy), nlu dl chay chdi lua phai din. Trong choi cd lua phai bit din gdp ddi. Du vd tinh hay cd tmh lam chay rftng ma, rftng thidng, rimg ddu ngudn deu bj phat nang. Trong thdi gian phat riy, ddng bao cd nhiing tap tuc kidng cu lidn quan din cac hinh thftc md tfn dj doan. Theo ddng bao khi phat riy ndu gap con chudt, cay da, cay dao, cay bj set danh.... Phai bd riy. Khi rdy phat gdn xong nhung gap nhumg hidn tugng trdn hoac xac thu chft cung bd rdy ludn. Nhftng tap tuc md tfn nay da anh hudng din chu ky san xudt nhu : Phat riy mudn, gieo trdng mudn. Id thdi vu, khdng kip phoi ning thi da mua. Tuy nhidn ddng bao cung da giai thfch hd qua dd bing sy thjnh nd cua thdn linh, ma khdng bilu dugc ban chdt, nguydn nhan, khdu chgn da't, phat cdt da la'y di nhiiu thdi gian, cdng sftc. Vi nhftng tap tue kidng cft, md tfn hg danh phai bd riy, bd thanh qua lao ddng khdng khai thac. Cbfnh nhumg tap tyc nay la nhan td tid'p tay cho nhumg hanh ddng pha hoai rftng, khai thac bfta bai din dd'n ngudn tai nguydn rftng can kidt, ddt dai xdi mdn, lu lyt anh hudmg dd'n chfnh cudc sd'ng cua ddng bao.

Sau khi phcri xong ddng bao tid'p tuc tid'n hanh dd't riy. Cdng vide dd't riy

Id cdng vide cua tftng hd gia dinh. Nhung dl tranh tinh trang Ifta chay ldy lan,

nhirng riy gdn nhau thudng dugc ddng bao hgp lai dd't mdt ldn (khoang 11 gid

tma hoac 2 gid chilu), lya theo chilu gid tranh hidn tugng Ifta cud'n lan.. Nlu riy

khd chay do dm, ddng bao tid'n hanh ddt tftng dam nhd, lugng tro sau khi ddt se

dugc ric diu ca rdy. Ddy la phuang phap tdn dung ngudn phi thai tai chd thay

cho phdn bdn, ddng thcri cd tdc dung duy tri dd dinh dudng cua dd't cho vu sau,

keo ddi thcri gian sft dung trdn mdt rdy. Sau khi dd't xong ddng bao td chftc cung

thdn, ca ldng gdp Ign, mdi gia dinh gdp 1 ga. Myc dfch Id cung la nhan sy thilu

sdt vdi Yang va cdu xin lua td't. Sau IS cung, ca Iang diu an ud'ng chudn bj budc

vao mua tria.

Tria la khau doan cudf cung yong chu Uinh " phat, cdt, dd't, tria" dl tranh

sai sdt do thid'u bilu bid't, vide giao due bay ve cho con cai ludn dugc cac gia

ldng quan tdm trong khau ydng yia:

" Ta pudi pi ta,

Ta dyng xa ray chdn o"

( Nghia la : Lam nuang riy phai lam cho tdt, hgc bd me ma lam)

Tria bao gid cung la cdng vide mang tfnh cdng ddng. Tdt ca nhumg ngudi

yong gia dinh, yong hg, trong Iang cung giup. Thdi gian yia bit diu tft thing 4 -

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5 (theo ljch ddng bao ). Tuy thi thdi gian tria thfch hgp nhdt la vao thang 4. Luc nay cay cdi vao mua dom boa kft trai ( cay nut, cay hoa gao...) trdn rftng con ve ve eon bun bjp kdu.. bao bidu mua " cho xoro".

Khoang tft mdng 6 den 12 trong thang la thdi gian tria td't nhdt. Ddng bao Bm -Van Kilu kidng tria lua, ngd vao nhftng ngay &ang sang. TTieo ddng bao, nlu tria vao nhumg ngay trang sang lua se lui, ngd bj chay. Tuy nhidn, do dilu kidn thdi tilt, khf bau mdi vung khac nhau, ndn vide tria lua d ngucri Bm

van Kilu khdng thdng nhdt vl thdi gian. Trong thcri gian ttia lua, ddng bao thuc hidn mdt sd kidng ky mang tfnh nguydn tic: Cdm ngudi ngoai vao Iang hay di qua rdy. Ngudri trong lang cung khdng dugc di ra ngoai, ai vi pham se bj phat nang. Ddu hidu cim cdy chfi thdp (+) cim d ldi trdn riy va ldi vao Iang. Day la nguydn tic bit budc mgi ngudi phai man theo. Vi theo ddng bao, cd nhu vay mdi dam bao cho mdt vy mua bdi thu. Khi tria, ngucri Bm - Van Kilu di theo hudmg vdng quanh sudn nui, khdng di thing tft ydn xud'ng. Cach yia nay ban chi dugc tdc dd ddng chiy, gift dugc hat lua khdng bj trdi khi cd mua. Lua gid'ng dugc chgn lgc ky tft mfta tmdc, dam bao cac yd'u td: Hat to chic. Ba chu lua (Ka Tro) la hidn than cua thdn lua (Yang tro), cd nghia cu gifi gin gid'ng lua, cai quan, phan phdt lua. Ngodi ra ddng bao Bm - Van Kilu cdn cd nhung quy djnh nghidm ngat dd'i vdi lua gid'ng : Dd la khdng dugc ndu an khi ddi, phai dugc dl noi sach se, nhfing ngudi bin thiu khdng dugc cham dd'n, nd'u vi pham se bj phat nang. day la nhiing dilu cdrn ky mang tfnh luat tue nhim bao vd hat lua gid'ng. Hon thd', lua khdng nhihig cd y nghia vl mat sinh tdn ma cdn mang ^ nghia tfn ngudng tdm linh trong ddi sd'ng cua ddng bao Bru Vdn Kilu. Trong khi tidn hanh canh tac nuong rdy, ddng bao Bm Van Kilu cdn tid'n hanh ky thudt trdng xen canh gdi vu, ydng xen lua vdi cac loai cay sin, khoai, ngd, (cung cdp tinh bdt), me, lac, ddu, ( cung cdp chdt beo, tinh ddu) va cac cdy an qua nhu thom, nu't, chudi, mfa, du du, thud'c la... nhim tan dung td'i da dd mau md cua ddt, dam bao nang sudt cao. Vide sft dung nhiiu gidng cay trdng se giai quyd't vdn dl thilu luong thyc khi mdt mua lua.

Cftng vdi xen canh la phuong phap ludn canh, thyc hidn che dd bd hoa

(giai doan da't nghi ) trong tac dung phuc hdi, cung cdp ngudn dinh duong cho

dd't. Tdc dd luan canh phu thudc vao thdi gian sit dung mdt dam rdy (tuy thudc

vdo dd tdt xa'u ciia da't). Mdt dam riy tdt thudng dugc ddng bao sft dung 3 vy,

nd'u khdng td't, ddng bao chi lam 2-3 •vu. Sau dd Id thdi ky bd hoa (khoang 5 -7

nam). Vide bd hoa ddt rdy thyc chdt la tao ra quy thdi gian nghi cho ddt, giup cay

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rftng mgc lai, dua lai kha nang phuc hdi chdt dinh duong cho ddt sau thdi gian canh tac lau dai ddn tdi ddt bj thoai hoa. Nhu the trong hai phuong phap xen canh, luan canh, nlu luan canh la each thftc thay ddi ddt trdng, tim ddt ydng mdi thi xen canh la bidn phap tham canh cd tac dung cai tao, chd'ng xdi mdn ddt ndn cdn dugc phat huy. Dilu nay lai cang cd y nghia nhdt djnh yong giai doan hidn nay khi ma dan sd tang nhanh, trong khi didn tfch trdng rimg ngay cang bj thu hep. Tuy nhidn mud'n lam dugc dilu nay, ddi hdi phai cd sy kd't hgp ddng bd gifia kid'n thftc khoa hgc va kinh nghidm ban dja. Kid'n thftc ban dja tuy la nhumg phuong phap ky thuat mang tfnh thd so, nguydn thuy va tham chf lac hau, nhung khdng thi nao phu nhan vai trd cua nd dd'i vdi san xudt nuong rdy trayin thd'ng.

Thyc t l chu trinh san xudt nuong riy cua ddng bao Bra - Van Kilu cho ta

thdy, vide cai tiin ky thuat khdng phai d khau phat, cdt hay la sy cai tiin cdng

cu sin xudt, ma d chd lua chgn cac loai cay trdng theo phuong phap tham canh

hay xen canh. Dd'i vdi mdi tmdng rimg nui, nhiing cdng cu san xudt cd tmyln

nhu dao, rya, gay chgc Id... rdt cd uu thd. Tfnh uu thi eua cdng cu thd so thi

hidn b chd: chi cho phep tac ddng td'i thilu trdn mat ddt, cdn nd'u dftng cudc bode

ciy, da't se bj Idt sdu, bj rfta trdi khi cd mua. Ddi vdi phuong phap xen canh, luan

canh khdng nhumg cd tac dung budc timg loai da't, tuy thdi gian cho nang sudt

cao tha'p, chic chin nhdt, ma edn gift dugc ldp mftn, tang ldp mun, tang dd che

phu ddi vdi ddt trdng. Nhu vay dd'i vdi vung rftng nui cdn phat huy phuong phap

ludn canh cdy trdng, phuang phap ludn canh rdy. 6 cac rdy cu, ddt khdng cdn

dinh dudng nhu luc mdi phat ldn diu, vi thi ddng bao thudmg dung dl tria ngd va

cac loai hao mau khac nhu sin, chudi, mfa, thud'c la, dfta... trdn rdy cu, ndu tria

lua ndng sudt thd'p hon so vdi cac vu yudc. Cho ndn, dl giai quyd't vd'n dl an toan

luong thyc ma ddc bidt la hat lua, ddng bao phai chu trgng vao vide tim riy mdi.

Tuy nhidn, vide tim rdy mdi ehi phu hgp vdi timg giai doan trong mdt khdng

gian cho phep, khi ma rfing cdn phong phu, mat dd dan sd cdn thua thdt (thdi ky

bd hod keo dai, dd't rftng se cd dilu kidn tai sinh, mdi tmdng ht nhidn khdng bj

anh hudng ldn). Nhung khi rftng bj thu hep, dan sd tang ldn, theo dd riy phai

quay vdng nhanh (rftng cd ft thcri gian cho qua trinh phuc hdi), luc dd kinh te

nuong riy yd thanh thu pham pha hoai mdi yudng. Chung ta bidt ring ndu rftng

bj chat pha bfta bai, da't dai bj khai thac can kidt se din dd'n hidn tugng xdi mdn,

suy thoai dd't. Rftng se khdng du sftc phuc hdi, tan rimg khdng che kfn mat ddt

din dd'n cd mgc nhiiu. Luc nay rftng se khdng bid'n thanh riy ma trd thanh

nhung yang cd, ddi nui ygc, ddt dai canh tac se trd ndn khan hid'm.

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Cham s6c ray:

Sau khi tria lua, ddng bao Bra Van Kilu tid'n hanh cham sdc va bao vd rdy nhu lam bang rao, cd lua... Ngoai ra ddng bao dat mdt sd biy xung quanh bdy vfta cd tac dung bao vd hoa mau vfta biy thu. Vdi tac dyng nhu vay ndn tdi pha hang rao hay pha biy diu bj phat va din bu theo quy djnh eua luat tue: din bu hoa mau, lam lai hang rao, va bj phat Ign hoac ga cung vdi ragu gao... Nhumg quy djnh nay nhim bao vd quyln lgi cho ngucri sft dyng mdng ddt, ban chi cac tac nhan gay anh hudng mua mang.

Cy thi: Trong thdi gian canh tac, trau, bd phai dugc quan ly va chan tha dung noi quy djnh. Nlu dl trau, bd pha hoai hoa mau, chu lang se phat chu gia sue: khilm trach hoac bj phat Ign ga va phai chju din bu. Chu riy khdng cd quyln tjch thu hay gid't yau bd. Trong yudng hgp yau bd di vao khu vyc riy va mic biy bj thuong hoac bj chdt, chu riy khdng phai bdi thudmg thidt hai. Dd'i vdi tdi cd tinh pha hoai hoa mau se bj phat nang, dac bidt la vi pham vao tfn ngudng (xuc pham Yang Tro), se bj phat yau, Ign... Cdch thftc bao vd rftng cung cac quy djnh nay ciia luat da phdn nao ban ehd dugc cac hanh vi pha hoai hoa mau, ddt dai cua ngudi Bra Van Kilu. Hon nfta cdn phan anh tdm quan trgng cua cay lucmg thyc (chu yd'u la cay lua) dd'i vdi ddi sd'ng cua ngudi dan.

Trong giai doan cham sdc, lam cd va lam hang rao, ddng bao khdng cd tuc

bdn phan cho lua, cho hoa mau. Day la quy djnh ma gia dinh nao cung phai tuan

thu.

Cdng viec thu hoach:

Thu hoach lua riy la cdng vide cudi cung cua chu ky san xudt, cd y nghia

hit sftc quan trgng dd'i vdi ddng bao. Lua vfta la thanh qua lao ddng vfta la qua

tang cua Yang. Trong thdi gian thu hoach, tdt ca mgi ngudi trong va ngoai lang

phai man theo nhirng kidng cft. Ddi vdi ngucri Bra Van Kilu nlu khi chudn bj

thu hoac md cd ngudi ehd't, ngudi sinh... thi khdng di thu hoach ma nghi 1-2

ngay dft thdi vu gdp rut. Trdn dudng di thu hoach nghe con mang kdu hoac con

gd rftng gay bdt thudmg phai quay vl, hdm sau mdi di tudt lua.

Tmdc khi tudt, chu Iang hd cac gia dinh va nhic Iai cac quy djnh cfoi cu

kidng eft dl tranh sy ndi gian cua thdn, dam bao cho vu mua thing lgi. Ba chu

Ilia (Kan Tro) cd vai yd dac bidt quan ygng, khi tudt mgi ngudi phai tudn theo

dilu khiln cua ba. Quy trinh tudt lua phai tudn theo thft ty nhd't djnh: Kan Tro la

ngudi tudt bdng lua diu tidn d trdn riy (khdng ai dugc phep xam pham quyln

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nay, nlu vi pham se ddng ngbia vdi sy xuc pham Yang Tro ). Khi Kan Tron mdt tugng trung xong, mgi ngudi mdi dugc md't lua. Khi tudt phai di tft phfa dudi riy ldn, mdi gia dinh trong thdi gian mdt lua, d Id'i vao riy phai cim cay ye lam ddu thdp (+) bao hidu cfoi cfi. Day la quy djnh chung budc mgi ngudi phai nghidm chinh thyc hidn.

Vide mdt mua hay dugc mua ddi vdi ngudi Bm - Van Kilu cdn phu thudc vao ySu td: sy phu hd cua nhiiu vj thdn (thdn ddt, thdn rimg, thdn ydi, ma rftng, ma nha...). Bdi vay trong mdt chu ky san xudt nuong riy, ddng bao cdn tid'n hanh nhiiu nghi IS cung td xin phep, ta on eae thdn linh ma quy. NhOng nghi IS nay la nguyen tic bit budc, nlu khdng cdc vj thdn linh se ndi gidn.

Qua chu trinh tft chgn dd't, phat, cdt, dd't, cham sdc dd'n thu hoach, vdi ky thuat luan canh, xen canh, da canh chumg td ddng bao Bru - Vdn Kilu cd trinh dd canh tac thuin thuc. Vdi nhftng tidu chudn trong chgn ddt, nhiing kinh nghidm trong phat, cdt, dd't, tria, nhumg nhdn bid't vl sy vdt hidn tugng trong ty nhidn da phan anh each nhin bidn chumg, cung nhu thdy dugc tfnh quy ludt trong sin xud't cua ddng bao. Dd la nhftng M lieu quy gia cho kho tang kinh nghidm kiln thftc ma khdng phai cu ddn nao cung cd dugc, phan anh sy umg xft sang tao yong mdi trudng da dang phftc tap cua vung nui rftng, noi tdc ngudi Bm Van Kilu sinh sd'ng. [21,50]

Trong qua trinh lao ddng sin xudt ddng bao Bra Van Kieu cd nhumg kinh nghidm (vira mang tfnh kidng cft, vfta mang tfnh quy djnh cua luat tue) nhu sau:

- Ddng bao khdng di ldy gd yong nhumg ngay trang sang, ma di vao ngay

khdng trang. Bdi vi theo ddng bao chat gd vao nhimg ngay khdng trang gd se

khdng bj mgt, sdu. Khi di rimg nd'u gap con mang, chim bim bjp, gap dan bd cd

chfia ...ddng bao tim each quay vl hoac ydn vao bui cay. Vi theo hg nhfing dilu

dd la da'u hidu bao diim riii ro. Khi tim dugc mdt cay gd tdt, vfta y, ddng bao Bm

van Kilu khdng chat ngay ma phai lam Id cung xin phep Yang tmdc. Ddm dd

vl ma (lam pao) nd'u gap diim dft (ga ydng, mai...), se khdng chat. Nd'u thdy bao

diim lanh (thd'y chim diu ying, ngucri con gai minh ua...) se chat. Khi mudn vao

rftng, nha't la di san nd'u ddm dd "lam pao" thdy ga chft, que chdn... ddng bao se

huy bd cudc di. Vi theo ddng bao Bm Vdn Kilu nd'u "lam pao"thdy dilu xdu

md vin di se bj tai nan, se khdng sdn dugc thii. Nhumg kinh nghidm mang tfnh

chat md tfn dd da dn sau vao y thftc, chi phdi manh me dd'n mgi hanh ddng ciia

ddng bio, dugc ddng bao man thu nghidm ngat.

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- Dya vao trang, vao tilt trdi, vao mfta... ddng bao Bra Van Kilu bid't dugc thdi gian sinh tmdmg tdt nhdt ciia cac loai cay. Theo ddng bao di la'y ddt td't nhdt la vao thang 2- 3 am ljch (vi luc nay ddt khdng qua gia cung khdng qua non). Ldy mat thucmg vao thang 3, 4,5,6, day la mua hoa rftng nd rd, cay cdi dam hoa kd't trai ndn ong thudng cho nhiiu mat. Hon nfia khoang thdi gian nay cd ning, mat se dl dugc lau. Thang 5 - 6 am ljch la nhumg thang td't nhdt dl hai hoa qua trong rftng nhu sim, mua, dau... Vide ldy mang thudng theo kinh nghidm: "thd'p ddo, cao be", ldy nhumg bup mang d phia ngoai, tranh dao sau vao trong bui ye. Khi tim cay dugc lidu, ddng bao thudng tim nhumg loai cay cii, rd cd mui thom hoac thdn cd mau dd (nhu cdy sdm cau, cay Poong Mua...). Ddng bao cd kinh nghidm phan bidt eae loai ndm: nSim ddc cd da xu xi, mu nfoi cd chdrn den va cd mau sic sac sd, cdn nfci khdng ddc thudng cd mudi bam vao. Theo ddng bao, hai ndm khdng ndn di vao budi sang:

"Rang sang ndm bit diu nhu

Mat ydi dumg ngay nSim dai xoe tan"

Vide sdn bin thu d ddng bao Bm - Van Kilu diSn ra quanh nam, nhung tap

tmng nhdt la vao mfta giap vy, mua ddng. Theo kinh nghidm cua ddng bao vao

thing 8, 9, 10 khi mfta mua bit ddu, trdn nuong riy hoa mau ndy hat la thdi gian

thfch hgp cho vide di san. Vdi thdi gian nay thu thudng tdp trang thanh tftng bdy

kid'm an (thu beo ban cac mua khac). Ddng bao Bm - Van Kilu cd 2 hinh thftc

san: ca nhan va tdp thi. Nhftng cudc san tap thi la nhiing cudc huy ddng dugc

mdt lye lugng ddng dao cac thanh vidn tham gia, ed vu khf cung nhu ky thuat

san cao, san tap tbi cd tfnh td chftc cao. Sy phdi hgp chat che gifta cac bd phan

va tac dung eua cdc loai vu khf vdi nhau. Tmdc khi di san cac thg san phai hgp

ban bac, tid'n hanh td chftc cung ( nd'u san d lang khde phii cd ddng tac thuang

lugng). Sau dd eft ngudi di tham thfnh tham dd. Vide tham thfnh ddu chan thu la

rdt quan tigng, bao dam mdt nfta thing lgi. Vi thi ngudi di tham thinh phai di

vao budi sang sdm, khi ydi cdn suong ddu chan thu in rd nhdt. Nhumg thdng tin

vl ddu chan thu se giup nhan djnh thu san: Mdt con hay mdt dan, loai thft gi, to

hay nhd, di vl hudmg nao... Khi thdy ddu chdn thu di vao khu rftng dd, ddng bao

se di vdng quanh xem cd ddu chan thu ra bay khdng, nd'u khdng tftc la thu dang d

yong khu rftng dd. Luc bdy gid ngucri tham thfnh vl bao vdi chu lang. Chu lang

se quylt djnh bd tii ngucri cdn thift cho cudc sdn, nhumg loai vu khf ndn dung,

cdch bd tit mai phuc... Trong san bin, ngudi Bm Van Kilu cd nhumg quylt

djnh nhu: Khdng dugc tranh gianh khu vyc san dudi thu, khdng dugc dudi thu

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vao noi cd hoa mau, khdng cd tu tidn vao riy ngudi khac san dudi thu khi chua xin phep, nlu lam gay cay cdi, hu hai hoa mau se bj phat ga, mgu..[52].

Hinh thftc san bin cd xua cua ngudi Bm Van Kilu la dung ehd san dudi thu, ngudi khoe manh chay theo phdng lao. Dd'i vdi nhumg loai thu san, ddng bao cd nhumg kinh nghidm va each thftc san ridng. Vf du nhu: San thd thudmg di vao nhfing luc trang sang; san Ign rftng phai chu y tdi hudng gid ( Ign rftng rdt gidi bat mui); san huou, nai ndn tim den nhiing gd'c cay cd nhiiu qua chin rung, qua rimg la mdi an cua nhfing con vat nay).. Trong tmdng hgp thu san bj thuong bd chay, ngudi cd kinh nghidm se Idn theo dd'u mau dgng dl phan doan tinh hmh. Nd'u nhin thd'y mau nhd lidn tue, cd mau dd tuoi la thu bj thuong rd't nang, nd'u mau dgng thanh tftng vung each quang hoac cd dd'u keo tiirgt nghia la thu bj thuong b chan khdng thi di xa, vlt mau ft hoac cd bgt tiing ( mau phdi) cho bid't thu bj thuang nhe. Can cft vao cac ddu vet hidn tmdng ma dudi theo hay dftng cudc san tim.

Ngoai hinh thftc san tap thi, ddng bao cdn td chftc san cd nhan vdi each thftc phd bie'n la dat bdy nhumg ncri thu thudng di qua hay d xung quanh riy. Biy dugc kilm tra thudmg xuydn. Nd'u biy lau ngay nhung khdng ed thu phai td chftc cung Yang. Trong khi dat biy, luat tuc quy djnh phii lam ddu bao hidu, dl ngucri khac bid't, ydnh tai nan, nd'u khdng lam ddu bao hidu, ngudi khac vd tinh dim phai, chil biy phai chiu phat va bdi thudng; gdy ehd't ngudi se bi quy vao tdi gift ngudi. Cu thi ludt tuc Bru - Vdn Kilu quy djnh: Khdng dat biy trdn duomg vao rftng, ldn nuong, biy dat xung quanh riy phai lam ddu be canh cay cup xud'ng...

Ngudi Bm Van Kilu khi di san, dat biy thudmg tudn theo nhumg quy djnh

cd tfnh ehd't c&n ky nhu: Khi san dugc thu khdng cdm lau d tay ma bd ngay vao

gfti hoac gdp nhau khdng dugc chao hdi. Nlu cd chao hdi din tdi xui xeo (khdng

san dugc hoac bj tai nan), phai giai xui bing each be mdt canh cay dua cho

ngudi di san. Nhfing kinh nghidm dd cho thdy: Khdng phai kinh nghidm nao

cung dung va giai thfch dugc. Cd kinh nghidm xudt phat tft quan nidm, cd kinh

nghidm nit ra tft thyc td (sy chidm nghidm dugc nit ra sau nhfimg ldn bj thd't bai,

hode thdnh cdng). Du thi cac kinh nghidm dd cd vai tid quan trgng trong phuang

phdp sdn bin ciia ddng bao:

" Di khdi nha vdp phai rS cdy, ndn quay lai

Vfta nhdm ddy nghe ga tuc tac ndn d nha

Ong ba ngay tmdc bao thd""

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(Dan ca Bm - Van Kilu)

Nhu vay, qua each thftc td chftc, sy phong phu vl kinh nghidm yong san bin the hidn trayin thdng va tai nghd san bin cua ngudi Bra Van Kieu edn cd nhumg kidng cft ddi vdi mdt sd loai thu Hdn quan tdi vat kidng (tan) cua mdt sd ddng hg. Vf nhu: Vide cdm an hoac Iam hai mdt loai thu nhu: Chd, hd, rua, chim .... Cua cac Mu Pai, Xdm, Ta beng...

Ddng thdi vdi nhiing phuong phap bao vd la each thftc khai thac cac ngudn lgi sdng, sudi. Dilu nay da dugc phan anh trong nhirng dyng cu danh bit ea. Theo kinh nghidm cua ddng bao, danh bit ea thudng vao mua ddng, nhdt la thdi ky giap vy. Vung nhiiu ca thudng d noi nudc dgng (khe), ddng chiy nhe, nhumg ncri tang da cd ddu vd't ca an rdu. Dung eu danh bit eua ddng bao Bra - Van Kilu hit su:c da dang. Ludi (dan bing vd cay) dftng d trong cac sdng ldm, dom dd dat cd djnh noi sud'i khe, hoac ngan tiing vftng nhd dl bit, dftng lao ngc dl dam. Thud'c ca cung la mdt phuong phap danh bit ca rdt nang sudt, nhung ddng bao ft dftng cung vi mftc dd nguy hilm Idm. Nhiing quy djnh yong khai thac va sft dung da tao cho ngudi ddn y thftc bao vd ngudn tai nguydn nudc. Dilu dd, da thyc sy phat huy thi manh cua ngudn tai nguydn sdng, sud'i.

Ngay nay, ngudn nudc dugc ddng bao Bra - Van Kilu khai thac, sft dyng

nhiiu hon trong chan nudi, trdng ygt hay phuc vu cho sinh boat ciia con ngudi

mdt each thudng xuydn.

Kinh nghiem bdt ca bang cay thudc ciia ngudi Ma Coong:

Thud'c ca la mdt trong nhumg phuong phap danh bdt ca cua ngudi dan

nhiiu vilng trong ca nudc. Song each danh bit ca bing cay thud'c cua ngudi Ma -

Coong lai cd nhiiu diim rdt dac bidt. Dd la chi khai thac nhung loai da lya chgn.

Trong ty nhidn, mdt sd cay rftng thudng cd nhumg boat chdt cd thi gay chft ddi

vdi nhiiu loai thuy sinh d mdt ndng dd nhdt djnh nao dd. Hat mat (hat cua cay

mat) la mdt loai thud'c cd thi tidu diet nhiiu loai ca nhung lai khdng lam anh

hudng dd'n kha nang sinh tmdmg va phat tiiln cua cac loai tdm. Dd la kinh

nghidm lau ddi ma ngudi Kinh chung ta da bid't va van dung trong vide danh bit

cd cung nhu tidu didt mdt sd loai thuy sinh khac trong cac ao hd dl nudi tdm

dem Iai hidu qua kinh t l va mdi tiirdmg rdt cao.

Ximu rangrut (cdy cd rua/ ddy dude ca) la mdt loai ddy leo thugc hg phu

ddu Papilionaceae cd tdn khoa hgc la Derris elliptica, Ximu tadudm, mdt loai

day leo thudc hg phu trinh nfi Mimosoideae, hay pa chac (vd cay cheo)...la

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nhfing loai cay thudc da dugc ngucri Ma - Coong su dung dl danh bit ea tft nhiiu ddi nay. Tuy nhidn theo ngudi dan cho bift khdng phai mdi loai cay ndi trdn diu cd thd danh bit dugc tdt ca cac loai ca d dudi sudi. Di danh bit cac loai ca sd'ng b tdng trdn nhu ca mat, ca cd, ca muong... cd the sft dyng la cua loai Ximu tadudm, ximu rung ryt, pa chac, hoac vd cay nhdi la cd thi bit dugc. Nhung dl ddnh bit dugc cac loai ca sdng d ting dudi nhu ca nghet, ca tid, ea hit mui, ca leo... thi chi cd sft dyng rS va vd cua loai ximu tadudm mdi cd thi bit dugc. Ridng ddi vdi loai chinh thi cac loai cay trdn khdng cd cay nao cd thi bit dugc. Ngudi Ma - Coong khdng dung cay thudc dl danh bit ca chinh va theo hg thi chi cd nng Aremmdi bidt sft dung mdt loai cay thud'c khac de danh bit ca chinh ma thdi.Thdng thudng khi thud'c ca mdt sd loai ca cd thi bj ehd't hoac bj bdt tinh hang loat do ndng dd ddc td tang cao ddt ngdt ciia thudc. Tuy nhidn chung cung cd thi sd'ng lai khi ndng dd nay dugc giam di nhanh chdng.

Lam thd nao dl ndng dd nay cd thi giam di nhanh chdng dugc ? Cach lam cua ngucri Ma - Coong nhu sau:

Nguydn tie: Chi sft dung phuang phap danh bit bing thud'c ca khi mua he

dd'n, nghia la ehi khi ma nudc d sudi gdn nhu da can, nudc chi chay rdt ltd cac

thac va tao thanh nhiiu vung can. Phai thao nude sau khi bit xong. Khdng nhd

nudc bgt, khdng nhung dao, rya xud'ng vung nudc dang thud'c.

Cach lam: Lya chgn cac vung nudc cd nhiiu ca, tid'n hanh ngan nudc dl cac

vung nudc tuong ddi cd lap vdi nhau. Vd, rd, la cay dugc dap nat va qudy diu

vao nudc. Khi thdy ca cd bilu hidn bj cay mit va lao ldn mat nudc thi dung tay

hoac vgt dl bit. Sau khi da bit hit sd ca cd thi bit dugc (chi diSn ra yong mdt

khoang thdi gian tuong ddi ngin), ti^n hanh md ke dl xa nudc vao, ddng thdi

ngam dao rya xudng vyc.[26,50]

Kinh nghiem bat ca cua ngudi Ma - Coong bang Chi rude

Chi rude la mdt tiong nhumg dung cy danh bit ca eua nhiiu tdc ngudi

thilu sd d Quang Binh nhu ngudi Khua, ngucri May, ngudi Ma liing, ngucri Ma -

Coong ... Song vide sft dung nd nhu the nao lai cd nhiing diim khac nhau ca ban.

Vl miie dd sit dyng, khdng sit dung phd bid'n cho nhiiu ngudi. Vl thdi gian, chi

su dung mdt ldn duy nhdt tiong nam (thudng la vao khoang thang 10 am ljch).

Vl khdng gian chi sft dung d mdt vai vj tri nhdt djnh trdn sudi, ncri cd dja hinh

phu hgp, cd yu lugng ca nhiiu. Vl sd hftu, sd hum tdp thi. vl dd'i tugng danh bit.

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ehi danh bit nhirng loai ea ldn. Lam the nao dl lya chgn dugc dd'i tugng danh bit?

Di lam Chi mdc, ngudri ta chgn nhiing thac nudc cd dja thd' phu hgp, sau dd ldy da kft thanh mdt doan ke cit xidn ddng chay mdt gdc khoang 30° Ke da dugc gia cd bing cac tfci phdn dan bing nftava cac cgc try bing gd lam cho ddng nudc tap trangtbanh ddng chay vl mdt phfa rdng khoang 2m. Tai day, mdt gia do bing cac cgc gd va mdt mat san bing cac nhanh cay dung dinh kit lai nhu mdt cai phSu ldn dl ddn ca tft cac vyc phfa trdn. Vide tao phdu bing cay dung dinh kd't thua cd hai tac dung, mdt la dl cac loai rac nhd khdng Iam tic phSu gay ft nudc va pha vd chi md'c do cay dung dinh cd than rdt tron, lai kd't thua. Hai la nhftng eon ea con cd thi Igt qua (ngucri Khua, ngucri May va ngucri Ma liing lam bing cay Id d dan thanh tain phdn mong dd'i kfn lam cho tdt ca cac loai thuy sinh diu bj nudc cudn hdt xud'ng phSu). Phfa cud'i dugc dat mdt dung cy nhd ban nhu mdt cai chai hd dugc lam tft mdt doan cay Id d ldm gdm khdng 4- 5 ddt dap vd va dan lai bing day may tao cac khe hd dl nude, cac loai ca nhd va cac xac la cay cd thi Igt qua khdng lam tic phdu. Nhu vay sau mdt con lu, nudc sud'i dang cao, ea tft noi nay thudmg di chuyin sang ncri khac lam cho phuang thftc ddnh bit nay vfta dam bao khai thac dugc nhiiu ea nhung khdng lam tdn hai ldn dd'n tft lugng ed d trdn sud'i bdi mdi nam ngucri ta chi tid'n hanh lam mdt Idn. Nhu vay xet vl mat thdi gian thi cung du dl nhiiu loai ea tmdng thanh va phat triln tid'p. Mat khac, xet vl mat khdng gian, chi mdc chi dat mdt chd cd djnh, hom nfta khdng phai noi nao ngudi ta cung lam chi rad'c dugc ndn noi d va trft lugng ca khdng bj de doa hoan toan. Cdn xet vl ky thuat lam, cbi md'c dugc Iam bing cay dftng dinh kd't thua lam kha nang sd'ng sdt cua mdt Iugng ldm ca con hoac tning ca dugc dam bao. [26]

b. TRI THLTC BAN D\A cCiA NGl/Ol CHOT

Rupng nudc va rupng vai.(Rogng ndc, rogng vai)

Rudng vai la nhumg mid'ng ddt gdn ban, canh sdng sud'i, tuong ddi bing

phing, ngudi ta tid'n hanh tham canh, cay cudc (chu yd'u la cudc) lam cd, bd

phan. Loai ddt nay dung dl tidng lua, ngd. Rudng vai tid'n hanh lam vao thang 11

thu hoach thing 5. Qua tiinh lam radng vai dugc tid'n hanh qua cac khau cay

cudc, dap toi da't, vai gid'ng, cham sdc va thu hoach.

Tmdc day ddng bao thudng gieo ma trdn dd't khd, cd thi mdt dam riy mdi

phdt hoac nhumg dai ddt bdi cd. Ngay nay ddng bao thudmg gieo ma trdn radng

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bun. Ky thuat gieo ma yen mdng bun cung gidng nhu ngucri Viet la dung bfta mdt hang rang va sftc keo trau bd san phing dam ddt, sau dd dftng cudc men thanh tftng ludng rdi mdi vai lua gidng ldn.

Cdng vide tilp theo la Iam ddt tmdc khi cdy. Ddng bao thudng dung chid'c cay bip dai va sftc keo trdu bd. Cay xong hg bfta ngay chft khdng chd ddt thoang va phan bdn thanh mun. Thdng thudng ddng bao bfta 3- 4 ldn rdi mdi cdy.

Sau khi lam xong ddt, ddng bao tid'n banh cdy lua, khac vdi cay bfta la edng vide cua dan dng, cdy la cdng vide chung cua ca nha khdng phdn bidt nam, nu.

Lua cdy dugc 15-20 ngay, ddng bao bit ddu lam cd dgt mdt, edn dgt hai (cung la dgt cud'i) dugc tiin hanh khi lua bit diu trd ddng.

Trong vide cham sdc cay lua, ddng bao da chu tigng dd'n vide bdn phan va dip dap, khcri muong nhd din nudc tft cac khe sud'i vl rudng. Tuy vay didn tfch mdng d day chu yiu la radng bac thang ndn hidn tugng xdi mdn bac mau xay ra thudmg xuydn. Bdn canh dd ky thuat canh tac cua ngudi Chftt cdn thdp kem, cdng cu san xudt lac hdu ndn nang sudt Iao ddng chua cao, chua dap umg diy du nhu ciu luong thyc cua ddng bao. Tuy vay, vdi hinh thai kinh t l nay, nhdm Sach ed dilu kidn thdm canh tang nang sudt, bdt Id thudc vao dilu kidn thidn nhidn ndn d mftc dd nha't dinh da ldm chii dugc ddi sd'ng cua minh. [4,9]

Nuong ray (roong)

Kinh td nuang riy da ra ddi va tdn tai lau dai d ngudi Chftt. Ngay nay my

cd nhdm Sach sir dyng da't bing d cac thung lung dl Iam mdng vai, mdng nudc,

nhung ndi chung cac nhdm ngudi Chut d mftc dd khac nhau diu tid'n hanh kinh

t l nuong rdy.

Cd thi phan thanh 4 loai nuong riy nhu sau:

Riy lua thudng la riy phat lin ddu tidn ndn ddt cd do mun cao. Tuy vay loai

riy cung chi lam mdt •vu (ggi la rogng) cung cd tmdng hgp lam tid'p vy hai nhung

thudmg trdng xen vdi ngd.

- Riy ngd la loai riy phat lai cua riy lua va thudmg dugc ddng bao trdng hai vu

ddu ggi la rogng pui, vu thft hai ggi la rogng pui Iai.

- Riy sin la loai riy da qua cac vu tidng lua trdng ngd. Loai riy nay vi the da't

bj xdi mdn, bac mau. Riy tidng sin dugc tid'n hanh canh tac lau dai, nam nay

qua nam khdc, vfta trdng gdi vfta thu hoach.

187

Riy nuong thudng la riy d thdp, bing phang va gin nha hon. Rdy nuong tuong ddi cd djnh, nd chi thay ddi khi cd sy di chuyin chd d vi nhumg nguydn nhdn khac nhau nhu chiln tranh, djch bdnh, diem gd...

Loai riy nay thudng trdng cac loai ngd, khoai, rau, bdu, bf, ca, dt, gftng, cdy an qua... Day la loai rdy cung cdp ngudn rau qua bang ngay cho ddng bao. Tuy nhidn, hidn nay loai rdy nay chi cd mat d nhdm ngudi Sach d vung thung lung thdp.

Qua trinh sin xudt nuong riy d cac nhdm ngudi Chftt cung gid'ng nhu d cac dan tdc khac d dgc Tmdmg Son va Tay Nguydn, la deu phai qua cac khau: chgn ddt, phat, ed't, dd't, tiia, vd cudi cung la thu hoach.

Vao cudi thang gidng (am Ijch), chii nha va con trai Idm di tim ddt rdy. Ddt chgn dl tria lua la ddt thjt, nhiiu mun, thudng la nhung khu rftng gia. Dd't nuong tidng ngd khoai, rau qua...thudng la nhung khu rftng non, loai da't thjt pha sdi, hay ddt xd'p ven ddi sudi. Khi chgn dugc dd't, chu nha phdt mdt dam nhd, cim cheo hai than cay hoac phat mdt vdng dl lam da'u. Nd'u nhu 2, 3 ddm sau dd, chu nha nim mdng td't (nhu thdy con gai, con yai, gap ngudi ehd't, lan xud'ng nude...) riy se dugc khai thdc. Ngugc lai, thdy mdng xdu (nhu thdy nudc dd, dye, cay roi, da Id, nui sap...) riy se bj bd.

Ddu thang ba bit ddu cdng vide phat riy, se rogng vd din cud'i thang thi kd't thuc dl kjp cdt, dd't, tria dung thcri vu. Dyng cy phat riy la rya (pra), dao (dao). Vd tdt ci lao ddng trong gia dinh diu tham gia, khdng phdn bidt nam nfi. Phdt rdy dugc tiin hdnh tft dudi ldn. Khi cac cay nhd, day rftng, ed...dugc phat sach, ddng bao bit ddu cdt. Day la cdng vide nang nhgc va ddi hdi ky thuat, sftc khde, vi vay nam gidi dam nhan toan bd khau nay. Dung cu cdt la cac loai riu, rya (td cd). Khi ed't nd'u gap cay to, ddng bao lam nhumg gian giao tam giac quanh than cay, each mat ddt chimg 0,8 m va dumg trdn dd dl ed't. Lam cdng vide nay phai chu y cac canh khd, ddy rftng, hudmg gid va dilu khiln cdy nga vl hudng da du tfnh.

Sau khi dl khd cac lgai cdy cd da phat, cdt, dd'n cud'i thang tu, ddng bao

bit ddu dd't riy. Ydu cdu cua edng vide la dd't chay hd't cac loai cdy da phat, cdt

vd dam bao khdng dl chay lan. Luc ddt phai chu y hftong gid va phai dgn nhumg

cdy khd vao yong riy, each bd riy khoang 2m.

Sau khi dd't ddng bao bit ddu dgn riy (ven rogng) dl nhat nhumg cay chua

chiy hd't, bd lai thanh dd'ng d gifta riy. Ddu thang nam la thdi gian tria lua. Tmdc

188

ngay djnh di tria lua, chu nha Iam Id xud'ng gid'ng (IS Kalcd'ng) vdi mdt mam com (com, canh, ca, banh, mgu) cung xin cac eu muych (ma) phft hd. Cdng vide tria lua dugc tien hanh nhu sau: nam di trade chgc Id bing gay vdt nhgn (kol kmoch), nfi tra hat va Idp Id bing tay. Thudmg ngudi ta tria ngang tft trai sang, mdi Id chftng 5 hat gid'ng. Id ng each Id kia chftng 20 dd'n 30 cm (yong tiordng hgp riy lam vu ddu) hoac 40cm (tmdng hgp riy Iam vu hai). Tria ngd cung gid'ng nhu tria lua, nhung chi tria 2 den 3 hat mdt Id va cac Id each nhau 40 dd'n 60cm.

Sau khi tria xong ngudi ta tid'n hanh rao, dat bdy dl bao vd riy. Xung

quanh rdy ddng bao dyng nhiiu hang rao va chi dl lai cfta vao riy. C5 cfta riy, hg

dat biy dl ddn thu.

Khi lua mgc dd 10cm, ddng bao Iam ed Idn thft nhd't va khi lua dd'n thi eon gai lam cd ldn hai. Cdng vide lam cd do phu nft dam nhan vdi dung cu cudc nhd, dao be cong.

Diu thang 10 la thdi gian thu hoach Ifta. Trudc khi thu hoach, ngucri me vao riy la'y mdt ft lua nd'p mang vl lam com cung dng ba (cung cha bdi-com mdi) vd xin cu muj cb cho thu hoach. Sau IS cftng cha bdi, ddng bao mdi dugc tid'n hanh thu hoach lua. Cdng vide thu hoach la cua ca nha, dan ba tre con tudt Ma bing tay vao kdang (mdt lilu gui nhd mang trade bung) ddy kdang thi dd vao gui (kpa) va dan dng chuyin lua vl nha.

San xudt nuong riy la mdt cdng vide bit sftc khdn tmong, ddi hdi phai tang cudng lao ddng tiong nhumg nam thang edn thid't mdi kjp thdi vu. Vi vdy, dl chu ddng tiong san xud't, ddng bao da djnh ra Ijch ndng nghidp.[9,10]

Thang

- gieng

- hang

-pa

- tu

- dam

- sau

Ljch san xudt

Chgn riy tria ngd.

Lam cd ngd, thud'c.

Phat cdt riy, trdng sin.

Cdt, dd't, thu hoach ngd.

Tria lua.

Lam cd lua.

Kinh nghidm

Cay mdi Idt la, la non.

cay ra hoa.

Hoa da rung.

Mua gidng.

Chim bit ed trdi cdt khdng kdu nfta.

cay san qua chin.

189

-pang

-tham

- ehfn

-muoi

-mudt

- chap

Lam cd lua, di san.

Lam cd, ldy cui.

Chudn bj thu hoach.

Thu hoach lua.

Thu hoach lua xong di san.

Chudn bj riy ngd, lua ddt

trdng thudc la.

Trai nam, tiai vy ehfn.

Mua lut.

Mua to.

Bat ddu lanh.

Lanh ret.

Hoa lau mgc, cay cdi rung

la, cd mdt tran ning.

Hai lugm

Ddi vdi ngudi Chiit, san vat tiJ nhidn d day rdt phong phu, dd la cac loai

cay cd cu, qua, hdt; cac loai mang, ndm, rau, d'ch, nhai, mat ong, trai cay rftng,

rau rftng...CO gia trj dinh duong cao. Dd la tham thyc vat vdi nhiiu loai cay ed

gid trj dugc lidu nhu: sam nam, sam tnic, duong quy, sa nhan, ngai trdi...dilu dd

cit nghia tai sao b ngudi Chftt cho ddn nay va cd le cdn lau dai, bai lugm vin la

mdt hinh thai kinh t l khdng thi thilu va tham chf cdn ddng vai trd quylt djnh

trong ddi sdng cua ddng bao. Hai lugm khdng chi cung cdp ngudn rau qua luong

thyc hang ngay cho tftng gia dinh, ma cdn cho ddng bao nhfing dac san quy hid'm

nhu mdt ong va cac loai cay dugc hdu dl chfia bdnh.

Trong cac ngudn tai nguydn rftng phuc vu cho ddi sd'ng hang ngay cua

ddng bao, cac loai cay cd bdt chilm vai trd quan trgng nhdt: dd la cdy nhuc. Ddi

sdng ciia da sd nhdm May, Rye, Arem, Ma Liing gin liln vdi cay nhuc. Ngoai

ra hg cdn tim cdy mdc, dao cu mai, hai rau riing dl giai quyd't ngudn luong thyc,

thyc phdm hing ngay hoac tiong thcri ky giap bat, mdt mua.

Cdng vide hai lugm chu yd'u do dan ba dim nhidm nhung vi ed nhiiu cdng

vide nang nhgc nhu dd'n nga cdy, bdc vd ldy ldi cay nhuc, cay mdc, dao cu mai,

dan dng phai dam duong cho ndn vide hai lugm d ngudi Chftt la cdng vide chung

cua mgi ngudi.

Hidn nay da sd cac nhdm ngudi Chut dang trdn con dudng xay dyng cudc

sd'ng djnh canh djnh cu ndn hinh thai kinh t l hai lugm bj thu hep. Hg chi hai rau

rftng, md cua, bit dc .d l tu cung cdp thyc phdm hang ngay. Cdn vide tim kilm

cdy nhiic, cay mdc thi chi tid'n hanh tiong thdi ky giap hat, thilu ddi. Tuy vay.

190

hidn van edn mdt bd phan ngudi Ma Liing, Arem, Rue khdng chju ra d hoac bd noi djnh canh, djnh cu, vin tilp mc cudc sd'ng yong hang ddng an bdt nhuc, an san qua ngay thang.Trong dilu kidn cac nganh kinh t l san xudt chua cung cdp ddy du luong thyc, thyc phdm cho ddng bao thi hdi lugm vdi tu each la mdt hinh thai kinh t l ddc lap vSn tdn tai va ddng vai trd quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng ngudi Chut.

san bdn.

Vdi dja ban rimg nui, dan cu thua thdt, miin tay Quang Binh rdt thuan lgi cho cac loai ddng vat sinh sdi, nay nd. 6 day cd rdt nhiiu loai thu nhu cgp, mang, hoang, nai, gdu, voi, nhfm, khi, chdn, cdng... Ndi chung thu rftng b miin tay Quang Binh khdng nhftng phong phu vl loai ma edn nhiiu vl sd lugng. Dd la nguydn nhan can ban din den nghi san bin kha phat triln d ngudi Chftt. Cdng vide san bin la cua dan dng cd sue khde, nhanh nhen va thudng dugc td chftc vao mua mua. Tuy nhidn trong nam ddng bao cung kd't hgp san bin va san xudt nuong riy.luc di sSn ngucri ta thudng td chftc mdt nhdm tft 5 dd'n 7 ngudi va di vdi thdi gian tuong dd'i dai, tft 3 dd'n 5 ngay. San tap thi thudmg dugc diSn ra dudi hai hinh thftc: san ddn va san vay. San ddn dugc tid'n hanh nhu sau: Mdt hai ngudi hd hd't dudi con thu, sd ngudi cdn lai ddn nd d hudmg da djnh. Khi eon thu chay dd'n, hg dung lao, cung tdn dl bin, chem chdt hoac dat biy bit sd'ng. San vay la khi con thu xudt hidn b mdt dja diim nao dd, ddng bao vay chat nd lai va ep ddn cho dd'n khi tid'p can nd, rdi dung lao, cung tdn bin chdt hoac bit sd'ng. Tuy vay hinh thftc san ca nhdn cua tftng gia dinh ngay cang chilm uu thi. hinh thftc nay chu yd'u la dung cung tdn, na dl bin hoac dat biy. Biy ed nhiiu loai: biy thdng Igng, biy don, kep, biy sap theo nguydn tac ddn bdy, biy chudng (dao hd cd cim chdng cho thu chay qua roi xud'ng) biy phdng lao dat d dudng thu hay di...[52]

Phuang thu'c phan thdi thjt san cdn dam net binh quan nguydn thuy. Thjt

san ca nhan, thi ngudi chu ldy mdt phdn la toan bd cai ddu, ft xuong, sd cdn lai

chia diu cho mgi ngudi. Tuy vdy cung da cd mim mdng eua sy phdn phdi theo

Iao ddng. ngudi bin trung thu dugc nhan phdn ddu va phdn thjt d mui tdn bin

tning vao, sd cdn lai chia diu.

Ngay nay, san bin la mdt nghi phu gdp phin vao vide tang thdm thyc

phim hang ngdy cho ddng bao va lam phuong tidn dl trao ddi kinh t l vdi nhumg

cu dan can cu. Ddi vdi phin ddng cu dan cac nhdm Rue, Arem, Ma Liing, san

191

ban cung vdi eae hinh thai kinh t l khac, cho ddn nay vin ddng vai yd rdt quan trgng trong vide bao tdn sy sdng hang ngay cua ddng bao.

Danh bat ca.

La mdt hinh thai kinh t l khai thac, danh bit ca d ngudi Chut chid'm mdt vai trd rdt quan trgng trong dcri sd'ng cua ddng bao. Vdi mdt nin kinh td cdn mang tfnh chat ty cung ty cdp, Wnh thai kinh t l gdp phdn cai thidn bfta an hang ngay, cung cdp ngudn luong thyc thyc phim dang kl cho tftng gia dmh.

Danh ca la edng vide thudmg xuydn cua tftng ca nhan, khdng phan bidt

nam, nu. Phy nu chu yd'u md cua, bit de, bit tdm cd nhd trong cac bd'c da d dgc

sdng sud'i. Cdn dan dng dung vd cay cd chdt ddc dl gift tdm ea ydn mdt doan

sud'i, hd da ngan. Ngoai ra ddng bao edn dung cac loai dom, dd tu dan dat d chd

khe nudc dl bit ca. 6 nhdm Sach ky thuat danh bit ca phdt triln ban cac nhdm

khac. d ddy, ngudi dan dng da dung ludi, rg, chai, lao cd bjt sit dl ddm ca. Cdn

bd phdn ddn cu ngucri Ma Liing, Arem, Rue sd'ng Iang thang trong rftng thi hdu

nhu vide bit ca chu yd'u la md, ngan ddng nudc de bit ca tdm, d'c bing tay.

Ngoai ra ddng bao cdn dung vd dd ho hoac cay cheo, gia nhd, tha xud'ng long

sud'i ldm cho ea cay mit ndi ldn. [51]

Vide bao quan va chi bid'n ca danh bit dugc cdn rdt thd so, phin nhiiu ca dugc nudng khd dl dy trft mdt vai ngay.

Nhu vay, vdi sy phong phu cua cac loai ca trong long sdng sudi, va do ydu cdu cua nin kinh t l tu cung, ty cdp, danh bit ca thyc sy la mdt boat ddng kinh t l rdt quan tigng trong vide cai thidn ddi sd'ng hang ngay cho ddng bao.

Chan nuoi va cac nghe phu gia dinh.

Trade day, tiong dilu kidn sd'ng du eu thudmg xuydn trong rftng sau ndn

chan nudi la mdt nghi khdng phat triln d ngucri Chftt. Hidn nay, ddi sdng cua da

sd dan cu ngudi Chut da tam dn djnh, ndn chan nudi ngay cang dugc ddy manh

hon.

6 •vftng cao, nhdm May chi nudi cac loai Ign, ga va diu tha rong, sd Iugng

gia cdm cung cdn ban chi. Cdn nhdm Sach, ngoai chan nudi Ign ga ddng bao edn

nudi trau bd va da cd xay dyng hd thdng chudng trai cho gia sue. Chan nudi gia

sue d ngudi Sach chu yd'u dl phuc vy cdng vide cay mdng va dung lam vat de

yao ddi, mua bin. Trong khi dd da sd cu dan nhdm Rue, Arem, Ma Liing chan

nudi kem phat triln, nhiiu gia dinh mdt di thdi quen chan nudi.

192

Dd la bau qua cua mdt ldi sdng nay day mai dd cua ddng bao.

O ngudi Chut, cho din nay vdn ving bdng nhfing nghi thu cdng quan trgng nhu ren, ddt. Hg hdu nhu chi ed hai nghi thu cdng la mdc va dan lat.

Tmdc day, do sdng tam bg trong nhumg lan Id so sai, hang ddng...ndn ngay ca nghi mdc, ddt cung khdng phat triln. Ddng bao chi dung ky thuat mdc, ddt dl chi tac cac cdng cu san bin nhu na, biy va lam cac loai quin, chan bing vd cay. Ngay nay, do ydu ciu cua cudc sdng mdi, nghe mdc va dan lat dugc phat triln. Nghi mdc dl dyng nha, giudng (nhdm Sach), dl che tac cdng eu Iao ddng (nhu td cd, can riu, rya, dao...) cdng cu san bin (na, biy) va cac dung cu chd bid'n khac (cdi, chay, ban mai...). Nghi dan lat de tao ra nhung cdng cu sinh boat (gui, Kuding...), dyng cy danh bit ca (nom, rg). Tuy vay, cho dd'n nay, d cac bd phan cu dan ngudi Chut dang sd'ng lang thang trong rftng bai nghi thu cdng trayin thd'ng ngay cang bi que quat, mdt din.

Ky thuat danh ong cua ngudi Rue

Danh ong la mdt nghi quan ygng trong ddi sd'ng cua ngudi Rue. Mdt ong Id ngudn lgi Idm cua ngudi Rue. Hg cd thi gift dugc lau va cd thi ddi cac nhu yd'u phdm khi cin thid't.

Thu tuc danh ong cd thi chia Iam hai loai: Loai ong phat hidn d gdn, trong bdn kfnh mdt ngay dudng va loai ong phat hidn d xa, khoang ban mdt ngay dudng. Nd'u ong d gdn, theo tuc Id ngucri Rue, nd'u ai phat hidn trade thi cd thi thyc hidn quyln sd bfim cua minh bing 2 each: Mdt la dung dao, rya chat mdt nhdt vao gd'c cay cd td ong rdi be mdt canh cay nhd nhet vao ehd bj chat dd. Hai Id, be mdt canh cay nhd, dung mdt sgi day rimg bude chat vao gdc cay ed td ong. Theo quy udc ai thdy tmdc thi lam ddu dl thdng bao cho ngudi khac bid't td ong dd da cd chu va khdng mdt ngudi nao dugc vi pham quy udc dd. Day la mdt tap tuc cua ngucri Rue ma mgi ngudi Rye diu ty nguydn thyc hidn, chft hoan toan khdng cd mdt thft phep thuat nao dl lam hai ngudi khac, nd'u cd ngudi Idy mdt cua td ong da cd chu. Quy udc nay cung chi ed gia trj dd'i vdi cdng ddng ngudi Rue, cdn vdi ngudi khac edng ddng thi khdng cd gia trj. Tuy vay, nhumg ldi ddn dai ring, nd'u ai dd vi pham (bdt ky cdng ddng nao) tftc la bid't td ong da cd chu, nhung vin ld'y mdt, rdi se bj hai. Dilu dd ft ra cung lam cho hg sg hai va quy udc ydn dugc thyc hidn mdt each nghidm tuc.

Cdn dd'i vdi cac td ong nd'u phat hidn d xa trong rftng thi khdng cdn lam

da'u, khdng thyc hidn quyln sd hiiu. Nlu thdy da cd mdt va ld'y dugc thi ld'y ngay,

193

n^u khdng ngucri khac se ldy, •vi ddy la cua rftng, mgi ngudi diu cd quyln dugc hudng. Cd tmdng hgp mat cdn non, bai ep nhung bg vin ldy. Nd'u td ong cdn non qua thi hg cd thi lam lan va d ngay dudi gdc cay dl thyc hidn quyen sd hiiu cua minh cho din ngay khai thac dugc mdi di chuyin di chd khac. Nhu vay la, dd'i vdi ngucri Rye chi ed mdt quy ude de thyc hidn quyln sd hiiu vdi cac td ong d gdn ban, chft khdng hi cd mdt phep thuat lam hai ai dl thyc hidn quyln sd hum dd.

Khi td ong da cd mat, hg bit ddu thyc hidn quyln sd hum cua minh. Ngudi Rye rdt cd kinh nghidm dl xac djnh dd tudi cua td ong va ndn ld'y mat vao luc nao dl cd nhiiu mat va td't nhdt. Hg cho bift, kl tft khi ong bit ddu lam td dd'n khi thu hoach khoing chi 12 ngay. Cdn nd'u phat bidn sau khi td ong da hinh thanh thi hg quan sat td ong dl xac djnh ngay Idy mdt.

Sau khi da xac djnh ngay ldy ong, hg bit diu ehudn bj cac cdng vide cdn thilt. Tmdc hd't la danh day (tiing mdng ggi la cha tic) tftc la thid't kl mdt cai thang bing ddy budc chat vao than cay theo tftng ndc tft gd'c dd'n nggn. Thang day nay ed thi dai 30 dd'n 40m nd'u cay cao. Nd'u cay cd gd'c to qua, khd lam day thi hg phai dyng gd quanh than cay gid'ng nhu mdt bd gian giao theo hinh chdp. Cai gian giao nay tid'ng Rue ggi la "qua". Ky thuat lam thang ddy dl leo ldn nggn cay ldy mat ngudi Rue thudng thyc hidn theo 2 cdch: hoac la lam mdt minh, hoac la lam 2 ngudi.

Mud'n lam mdt minh, trudc hd't phai chudn bj diy du cac sgi may song da che va vdt dung ky thuat. Cac scri day phai diu, khdng cd chd day, chd mdng, chd to, chd nhd. Ddu tidn hg budc mdt sgi day xung quanh than cay dudi gd'c cay (nd'u gd'c cay nhd ) hoac la d ngay dinh cua gian giao. Sgi day nay budc hoi long dl ed thi xoay vdng xung quanh than cay mdt each dd dang. Sau dd dung mdt sgi day khac, gai chat mdt ddu ddy vao mui ddy cua vdng trdn long da budc san rdi xoay vdng sgi ddy dd lam cho sgi may mdi ga vao cung quay theo xung quanh than cay. Khi ddu day quay dd'n gdn ngudi thi Id'y tay do ldy ddu ddy kia vd budc thdt chat, cd djnh vao gdc cdy. Khi bude phai dl chfta d hai ddu mui dl budc thdm mdt vdng trdn nhd nim ngoai than cay. Vdng trdn nhd nay cd 2 tac dung: Mdt la lam chd bd ban chan vao de leo nhu nhumg ndc thang. Hai la, khi da budc dugc nhiiu day lam ndc thang thi vdng trdn d ndc thang mdi budc se trd thanh vdng bao hilm rdt lgi hai. Trong khi hai ban chdn cho vao hai vdng b dudi thi thi vdng trdn vfta budc xong cho ehui qua ddu vao cd dl lam vdng bao hiem. Nd'u hai vdng dl chdn d dudi bj tudt thi thi vin cdn vdng trdn cd gift cho ngudi

194

khdng bj rcri xudng ddt. Bude xong vdng thft nhdt, hg cho chan vao vdng ydn nhd rdi dumg ldn ddy vdng day long ldn mdt khoang rdi tid'p tiic ludn day mdi vao dl bude ndc thang thft hai. Cac vdng day budc xung quanh than cay lam ndc thang each nhau chimg 40 din 50cm tuy theo cd chan dai ngin cua tftng ngucri. Bude xong hg cho chan vao ndc thft hai rdi dumg ldn lam cac ndc tid'p. Hg lam cho dd'n khi ldn dd'n nggn cay, gdn cac td ong.

Nlu danh day bai ngudi thi lam theo each khac. Mdt ngudi nem day qua, mdt ngudi la'y cai khoeo dd diu day va tum ldy dl dua cho ngudi kia budc. Ngudi nem day ldn trong mdt ndc, cdn ngudi dd day ldn sau. Cung cd ngudi vfta nem day vira bit day mdt minh nhung vdi dieu kidn day may song phai dugc vdt rdt diu va ky thuat nem, bit day eua ngucri dd d trinh do cao.

Sau khi danh thang day xong, edng vide tid'p theo la ehudn bj mdt bd dude that to dem Ien dd't lita dung khdi dl xua dudi ong di chd khac. Ngdai dude ra hg cdn mang thdm sau lung mdt cai gui dl dung td ong va mdt cai dao bing gd dl xen td ong rdi canh.

Trudc khi leo ldn cay dl danh ong ngudi Rye phai khSm vai va dgc mdt bai

chu cdu xin dng bd va bdn thd cho phep va phu hd minh danh ong thuan lgi va cd

nhiiu mat. Sau khi danh xong, dua td ong xud'ng ddt an toan, ngucri Rue lai dgc

bai chu cam on bdn thd, dng ba da giup minh va mdi cac ma bdn thd, dng ba den

hudng tmdc.

Danh xong, dem td ong vl nha hg bit ddu cit Idp cd ong con va nhdng ra, ong con chua gia ndn dem xao an dugc. Nhdng cd thi dn sd'ng hoac dem xao ndu diu la nhfimg thftc an bd. Sat ldp nhdng va ong la mdt ldp thftc an du trft cho ong eon va nhdng cung dugc cit bd. Phdn ydn diu cua td ong chfnh la chd dyng mat. Dftng dao gd cd diu nhgn ddm td ong cho thung dl mat chay ra rdi hftmg. Day la loai mat tdt nha't, khdng cd bgt, dl lau ngay ed thi thanh dudng. Sd mat chay chua hit cdn dgng lai trong td phai dung tay dl vit td ong ldy mat cho hit. Loai mat nay khdng ngon va thudng cd bgt. Sau khi vit hit mat, phin td ong nay dem an sdng rdt ngon vi yong dd cdn lai rdt nhiiu mat

Cach la'y lura cua ngudi Rue

Vide tao lua ddi vdi ngudi Rue la mdt cdng vide khdng mdy khd khan

ngudri Rue cd 2 each tao ra lira:

Cach tiift nha't.

195

Cd le day la each cd xua hon. Ngudi Rue dung sgi may song d trong rftng (tieng Rue ggi la chac chooing) va mdt dng cay dang (tiing Rye ggi la Kol dang). Sgi may song dugc qudn quanh d'ng dang. Hai ngudi ngdi hai bdn, cdm hai ddu sgi day may rdi keo qua, keo lai. Khi keo, pbii de phin eat eua sgi may song tilp xuc vdi dng dang. Cang keo thi ehd tid'p xuc cang ndng ldn. Keo ndng dd'n mdt dd nao dd, hg cho mdt thft bui nhuida dugc tinh chi sdn, tid'p xuc vdi dng dang va sgi may. Mdt lat sau bui nhui se bd'c khdi va bit diu ben lua. yd'u td quan trgng nhdt dl phat ra Ifta la bui nhui. Bui nhui tid'ng Rye ggi la Ddm. Bfti nhui dugc dung cho ca 2 each tao Ifta. Vide tinh chi bfti nhui la mdt vide vd cung khd khan. Dl ed bui nhui ngudi Rue phai Idy vd ngoai cua cay xd', lau ngy da bj khd va bong ra ngoai than cay (tieng Rue ggi la Puinh ) rdi xe thanh tftng sgi that nhd, that mjn. Ldy la cay cd diu (tieng Rye ggi la Tacul ) dem dd't chay thanh tro, sau dd Idy tro nay dem trdn vdi vd cay xl da xe nhd rdi tid'p tue nhao ydn (tiing Rue ggi la Paluc) thanh mdt hgp chdt rdt dS bin Ifta. Loai bui nhfti nay dugc ngudi Rue bao quan rdt chu dao. Di rftng hoac di dau hg cung mang theo bdn ngudi dl khi cdn la cd lira dung ngay. Bui nhui dugc gdi vao trong la chudi khd va bd vao trong d'ng tay vucm.

.Cach thft hai.

Dyng cy dl ldy Ifta theo each nay gdm cd ba thft: cue da, mid'ng sit (thep)

va bui nhui. Cue da dl tao ra Ifta (tidng Rye ggi la dc lata tonach). Milng sit

(thep) tid'ng Rue ggi la Cdlit. Mud'n cd Ifta thi mdt tay hg cim cue da ed kep mdt

mid'ng bui nhui, mdt tay hg cim mid'ng sit to va dai chftng bing ngdn tay trd.

Thanh sit dugc danh manh vao cue da Iam Ifta tde ra va ben vao bfti nhui ngay.

Kl tft khi bd cudc sd'ng d yong rftng vl djnh eu gin ngudi Sach, ngucri Rye bit diu bid't dung didm, dung bat Ifta bing da va ca bat Ifta ga nhung hg vin ludn gift bdn minh nhftng dyng cu ldy lua ed yuyin cua dan tdc, va thinh thoang khi bat Ifta bj hd't da hg vin ldy Ifta bing bui nhui.[18]

Thoi.

Phep thdi la mdt each chfta bdnh kha phd bid'n d ngudi Rue va mdt sd dan

tdc khac d Tmdng son. Ddi vdi benh nhe thi dung phep thdi. Phep thdi cd hai

kilu khdc nhau: Thdi tryc tid'p vao bdnh nhan hoac thdi gian tid'p vao chen nudc

rdi cho bdnh nhdn ud'ng. Khi cd ngudi hdp hoi rdi dau, ngudi Rue cung chfta

bing cich thdi. Ndu thdi tryc tid'p ed khi phai dungthan cay nhang hoac trdm ddt

ldn dl thdi. Ca hai each thdi ngudi thdi phai dung dd'n ndi lyc ciia minh va phai

196

cd mdt qua trinh luyd tap tfch luy kinh nghidm. Cung cd khi ngudi thdi phai dgc mdt bai ehu bing ti^ng Rue ed nhu thdi dl ciiu ngudi bj hdp hoi. Ngoai vide chfta cac bdnh thdng thudng, bj hdp hoi, ngudi Rue edn thdi de chfta cho ngudi bi rin can. Cd thi ndi phep thdi la mdt phuong phap chfia bdnh cua ngudi Rue cd hidu qua va ft tdn kem. Ngucri Rue cdn dung phep thdi de thyc hidn vide sinh de tiieo y mud'n. Phep thdi, nhiiu ngucri Rue ed thi sft dung dugc, nd'u cd hudmg din ky cang va Iuydn tap ehu dao.

Danh ong la'y mat ciia ngudi May

O vung rftng nui vao thang tu, thang nam, thang sau am ljch la chfnh mua ong mat vl lam td cung la luc da tria lua riy xong. Dd'n luc nay ddn dng ngudi May ngay ngay vao rimg tim ong danh Idy mat. Cd mua, cd nha Idy dugc hang chuc 1ft mat ong Ong d rftng thudng d cay cao, thudng mudi met tid ldn. Cho ndn mudn ldy mat thi phai day( ldy day rftng bin chic budc quanh than cay lam thang) bd bdi dd't Ifta ldy khdi, dan pai (sgt) Idt la that ky dl dyng mat, lam mdt cai lem (luoi dao bing gd) dl cat td ong. Day va chudn bj ddy du dung cu ndi trdn cho ngudi ldn danh; dem bdi cd khdi xua ong, ldy lem cit tach phdn con non vd phin diu cd mdt ra ridng, cho ddu cd mdt vao pai, phin con non vut xud'ng cdi, dung gidy chic budc vao quai pai tha ddn xud'ng cho ngudi dudi dd't dd ldy. Mdt la'y dugc chia diu cho tdt ca nhfing ngudi cung di, ngudi dugc td ong chi ld'y thdm toan bd sap ong. [16]

Nghe bdt en ciia ngudi A Rem

Ddng bao dan tdc Arem d xa Tan Trach- Bd Trach cdn cd mdt nghe dac bidt dd la nghi bit chim en d tiong hang ddng. Hang nam, vao thang 4, thang 5 duong ljch, tftng dan en sau mdt thdi gian kid'm an d cac ncri xa xdi heo lanh tid vl cac hang ddng d •vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang dl xay td de tning. Dd cung la thdi gian ddng bao Arem dua ca gia dinh minh dd'n eu tni tai cac hang ddng dl bit en. Trdn mdt quang dudng dai tft Tan Trach cho dd'n Ban Dodng, ngudi Arem phai dap nui rftng vugt qua cac len da cao dl dd'n hang en, mdt trong nhumg hang ddng cua vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang cd dd cao 40 dd'n 50m, dd sau thi khdng thi do dugc. b day hang nam cd mdt lugng chim en rd't ldn vl ddy dl xdy td. Di bit dugc In nhfing thanh nidn tiai trang va trang nidn cua ngudi Arem phai leo qua cac vdm da bing tay khdng, dudi anh Ifta cua nhumg bd dude hg yeo minh ydn vach da lin lugt thu lugm nhumg td en rdi bd vao bao dugc deo bdn minh. Cd thi ndi day la mdt ky nghd tuydt vdi cua ngudi Arem ma khdng cd mdt tdc

197

ngudi nao cd till lam dugc. Sd lugng chim en thu dugc cd khi ldn tdi hang ta, ngucri Arem cho vao cac bao tai dua vl lam thjt rdi sdy khd va cft an din, day khdng nhumg la mdt mdn an dac san cua ngudi Arem ma cdn la sin phdm ddc dao cho khach du ljch khi den tham quan vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang tiiudng thftc nhung mdn an trong dcri sdng dm thyc eua ddng bao cac dan tdc d day. [51]

Tdm lai tri thftc ban dja cua ddng bao cac tdc ngucri d vung Phong Nha -Ke Bang la mdt kho tang quy gia trong he thd'ng tri thftc dan gian, cd gia tri thyc tiSn sau sic, cd kha nang thfch umg cao vdi sy da dang cua dieu kidn ty nhidn mdi tmdng sdng khic nghidt. Trdn co sd due kit nhumg kinh nghidm quy bau tft kl thudt canh tac dd'n vide khai thac cac tai nguydn thidn nhidn, hg da nang ldn thanh nhumg quy ude chudn yong phong tuc tap quan, trong lao ddng san xudt, trong each umg xft vdi mdi yudng ty nhidn. Dieu dd phan anh ban sic van hod ridng cua cac tdc ngucri d ddy.

Tdm lai, tft nhung kit qua nghidn cum cac gia trj van hod vat thi va phi vat thi cua ddng bao dan tdc •vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang cho chung ta di dd'n nhiing nhan xet sau day:

Xet vl dai thi, day la noi tid'p xuc van boa gifia cu dan ndi tiing Mdn Kho - me va tiin Vidt - Mudng. Do cdng eu lau ddi, ed trinh dd phat triln kinh te xa hdi tuong dd'i ddng diu, lai giao luu van boa, tac ddng ldn nhau ndn cac tdc ngudi d ddy du khac nhau vl ngudn gdc, vl ngdn ngfi nhung lai cd nhfing yd'u td van hod gid'ng nhau.

Vl loai hinh kinh t l tdc ngucri nao cung trdng trgt nuong, riy, chat cay lam riy, dd't cay khd dl lam phan bdn, dung gay chgc Id hay cudc dl gieo hat, nghi tidng trgt tft thdp dd'n cao, lam rdy dao canh hda chiing hoac dao canh thuy nau, cd ft rudng nudc. Kinh t l nuong riy la chu yd'u, vide thu nhat lam, thd, san vin cdn gifi mdt vai yd quan ygng. Ve cdng cy san xudt cd du cac loai tft thd so nhu gay chgc Id ya hat, dd'n cay, bfta, cudc, rya... Dung cy de san bat thu rimg: tft cdc loai bdy trayin thdng, dd'n dung na, nd, vdng... vdi tdn thude ddc. Cac boat ddng ydn dugc tid'n hanh vdi nhiiu hinh thftc: ca nhan va tap thi, vdi vide chia thu san dugc theo kilu binh quan nguydn thuy. Danh bit ea dung tay cac loai dom, dd, cin lao, ngan sud'i dl rad'c ca, vdi cac loai vd cay, la cay, cac loai chai ludi dd'n cac phuong tidn khac.

Loai hinh nha d: tft nha mai da dd'n nha san, nha ddt va nha nua san nfta

da't, dugc bd tri theo ldi vanh dai hinh ni giac ven cac sdng sud'i, triln nui. VI td

198

chftc xa hdi dd la sy tdn tai eua cac lang, ban, mdt loai cdng xa lang gilng nguydn thuy va sinh hoat cdng ddng van hanh theo luat tuc.

VI y phyc va yang sftc: th chdt lieu vd cay, khd dan dng, vay dan ba, ao ehui qua ddu, cac loai thd cim dugc yao ddi mua ban d nudc ban Lao va mdt sd vung d phia Bic. Trang sftc su dung cac loai (vdng, tay, chdn, cd, tai) cac loai khan. Van hoa dm thyc ngd, sin, com (Pdi), rau, ca va thjt thu rftng, thftc ud'ng rii thidn nhidn, mgu Dooac.

Tfn ngudng thd thdn nui, eae loai ma rftng, ma xd, Giang.... Phong tuc tdp quan vdi nhiiu tdp tyc nang nl. Cd mc dam trau, Id' hdi dap ydng, cac IS nghi ndng nghidp, nuomg riy.

van hod ddn gian cd tmydn cd, tho ca, didu ra con, ve... Nhac khf cd bd go, bd day va bd thdi. Hdn nhan theo tinh ydu, hdn nhan mua ban. Nhin chung van boa cac tdc ngucri d day thudc loai hinh van boa nuong rdy hay dai sudn nui, van boa miu he cdn ddng mdt vai yd quan trgng.

Mac dft yong dilu kidn thid'u thd'n, lac hau nhung eae dan tdc vftng Phong Nha Ke Bang da dl Iai mdt kho tang van hoa hd't sftc phong phft va da dang, kl ca ndi dung lin loai hinh. Ben canh cac loai hinh van boa dang cdn hidn bfiu thi hidn ban sic cua tftng tdc ngucri cdn cd nhumg loai hinh van hda pha trdn gifia cac tdc ngudi vdi nhau, cd nhumg thi loai van boa khd cd thi phan bidt mdt cdch rach rdi.

Trong thyc td cho tha'y nhiiu gia trj van hoa eua ddng bao dan tdc d day bj mai mdt di rdt nhiiu, cd nhumg linh vyc chi cdn lai trong tam tri cua con ngudi, ed nhfing linh vyc dang tdn tai nhung khdng ed dilu kidn dl thyc thi va nd'u cd cung rdt ban chi.

Hidn nay nhiing gia trj van boa cua cac dan tdc d vftng Phong Nha Ke Bang da va dang cd nhung tac ddng sau sic vao ddi sd'ng kinh t l xa hdi cua cac cdng ddng tdc ngudi d day, cd nhinig gia tri mang tfnh tfch cyc nhung cung chfta dyng khdng ft nhumg yd'u td tidu cyc cdn loai bd.

199

PHANm

cAc GiAi PHAP BAO TON VA PHAT HUY NHUNG GIA TRI VAN HoA cAc DAN TOC

L NHAN XET T 6 N G Q U A T K £ T Q U A DE^U TRA XA il6l HOC

Dl tai khoa hgc nghidn ciiu bao tdn va phat huy nhumg gia trj van boa cac

dan tde vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang thudc chuang trinh nghien cum khoa hgc va

phat triln cdng nghd cua tinh tft nam 2005-2010. Nhidm vu cua dl tai la nghidn

ciiu bao tdn va phat huy cac gia tii van hoa cua cac tdc ngudi d khu vyc nay, ydn

CO sd dd dl xudt mdt sd giai phap phuc vu cho boat ddng du ljch va gdp phdn

phat triln kinh t l - xa hdi d vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang.

Dl thyc hidn nhumg ndi dung nghidn cum trdn, chung tdi da tid'n banh cudc

dilu tra xa hdi hgc vdi mdt sd cdu hdi dugc xac djnh d nhiiu tidu chf nhim nhdn

xet, danh gia cac gia trj van boa trayin thdng d cac bilu hidn ehu yd'u trong ddi

sd'ng sinh boat cdng ddng cua eae dan tdc •vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang hidn nay,

cung nhu xem xet mftc dd vide tid'p nhdn cac gia trj van boa eua ngudi Kinh ddi

vdi hg. Hay ndi each khac la xem xet xu hudng ddng nhdt boa (ddng nhd't dd'i vdi

ngudi Kinh) va ban dja boa (sy duy tri ban sic van boa cua cac dan tdc d vung

Phong Nha- Ke Bang didn ra d mftc dd nao). Dd'i tugng dilu tra bao gdm: ddng

bao cua dan tdc, hgc sinh, thanh nidn, gia Iang, trudng ban, bd ddi bidn phdng,

cac nha quan ly... tft dudi 18 tudi dd'n trdn 50 tudi.

Nhdm dilu tra tiin hanh trong 6 thang, tidn mdt dja ban kha rdng va phftc

tap. Tdng sd phid'u dilu tia la 500 phieu da dugc thyc hidn va da kilm tra dung

thi thftc dugc phan bd nhu sau:

l.Phan bd theo gidi tinh

Tdng sd phid'u

500

100%

Nam

315

63%

Nfi

185

37%

200

2. Phan bd' theo tudi ddi (dd tudi)

Tdng sd

500

100%

Dudi 18 tudi

137

27,4%

Tft 18-30 mdi

158

31,6%

Tft 31-50 mdi

142

28,4%

Trdn 50 tudi

63

12,6%

3. Phan bd theo thanh phan xa hdi

Tdng sd

500

100%

Hgc sinh

137

27,4%

LLvu

trang

127

25,4%

Ddng bao

dan tdc

145

29,0%

GV va cac nha

quanly

91

18,2%

Thanh phdn

khac

0

0

Todn bd kd't qua dilu tra dugc xft ly trdn may vi tfnh, cac thdng tin dugc

chi tid't hod cu thi chfnh xac nhim cung cdp ludn cft, sd lidu khdng nhumg cho dl

tai mi cdn cho cac dl tai va dy an khac nghidn cftm vl van boa ddn tde vung

Phong Nha - Ke Bang. Qua cac sd lidu thdng kd, budc ddu chung tdi rut ra mdt

sd nhdn xet khai quat sau ddy:

l.Nhdn xet, ddnh gid cdc gid tri vdn hod trong sinh hogt hien nay cua cdc

ddn tdc vung Phong Nha - Ke'Bdng.

a. VI tdng thi:

Tuydt dai da sd ngucri dugc hdi diu tra ldi cac gid trj van boa tiong sinh

boat cua cic ddn tdc d khu vyc nay. Hidn nay dang ddn bj mai mdt, tham chf cd

mdt sd linh vyc cd nguy eo mdt bin sic ddn tde. Trong sd 500 ngudi dugc hdi vl

linh vyc bai hat, nhac thi chi cd 85 ngucri tia ldi la cd bilt chilm ty Id (17%) va

bid't mdt chiit cd 140 ngudi chidm ty Id (28%); khdng bift cd 275 ngudi chilm ty

Id (55%). VI didu mua cd 90 ngudi ya ldi la cd bid't chid'm ty Id (18%) va bilt

mdt chut cd 155 ngudi tra Icri chid'm ty ld(31%); khdng bid't cd 245 ngucri tra ldi

chid'm ty Id (49%).

Cac hinh thftc sinh boat van hoa khac cung tuong ty nhu: Sft dung cdng

chidng, sir dyng dan sao.td chftc Id hdi, sd ngudi dugc tra ldi chilm ty Id tuong

201

ddi thdp. Trong sd 500 ngudi dugc bdi thi chi ed 115 ngucri tia ldi la cd bidt sft dung cdng chidng chilm ty Id (23%) va 145 ngudi tia ldi bilt mdt chut chid'm ty Id (29%), va cd 260 tia ldi khdng bilt chilm ty Id (52%). Vl sft dung dan sao tiii chi cd 105 ngudi tra ldi la ed bift chilm ty Id (21%) va 175 ngudi tia ldi bid't mdt chut chi^m ty Id ( 35%); cd 220 ngudi yd ldi khdng bid't chid'm ty Id (44%). Td chftc IS hdi ddi vdi cac dan tdc ddng mdt vai trd hit sftc quan trgng trong vide thit chat tinh cdng ddng va bilu hidn rd ban sic van boa ban dja thi sd ngudi dugc tra ldi chil m ty Id mong ddi cao so vdi eae hmh thftc sinh boat van hoa khac. Trong sd 500 ngudi dugc hdi da cd 265 ngudi tra ldi la cd bid't ehid'm ty Id (53%) va bid't mdt chut la 207 ngucri chilm ty Id (41,7%) va tra ldi khdng bid't la 135 ngudi chid'm ty Id (27%). Dilu nay cung phu hgp vdi nguydn vgng cua ddng bao cac dan tdc dugc td chftc tham gia IS hdi, va trong thyc t l bg da dugc chumg kid'n cac IS hdi da diSn ra d day (IS hdi Dap ydng, IS hdi dam trau cua ngudi Ma Coong b Thugng Trach, IS cung Giang ciia ngudi Van Kilu, Id com mdi cua ngudi Chut...).

VI tfn ngudng chung tdi dua ra hai tidu chf: Thd cftng td tidn va thd cung thin linh. Kd't qua sd ngudi tra ldi cung khdng cao cu thi trong tdng sd 500 ngucri dugc hdi thi da cd 185 ngucri tra ldi la ed bid't chid'm ty Id (37%) va 145 ngudi tra ldi bid't mdt chut chid'm ty Id (29%) va cd 105 ngudi tia ldi khdng bift chid'm ty Id (21%). VI thd cung cac thdn Unh thi da cd 250 ngucri tra ldi la cd bidt chid'm ty Id 50%; 140 ngudi tra ldi bilt mdt chut chid'm ty Id (28%) va 110 ngudi tri ldi khdng bid't chilm ty Id (22%).

Dl tim hiiu cac loai hinh sinh boat van boa dan gian ciia cac dan tdc d ddy

chung tdi dua ra tidu chf vl mftc dd bilu bid't traydn cd ddn gian thi da cd 110

ngudi tia Icri cd bid't chid'm ty Id (22%), cd 165 ngudi tra ldi bid't mdt chut chilm

ty Id (33%) va cd 225 ngudi tia ldi khdng bid't chid'm ty Id (45%). Kd't qua nay

cho thd'y hinh thftc sinh boat van boa dan gian cua cac dan tdc vung Phong Nha -

Ke Bdng dang bj mdt din. Cac loai hinh sinh boat khac nhu td't, IS... cung cd ft

ngudi quan tam. tiong sd 500 ngudi dugc hdi thi cd 115 ngudi tra ldi cd bilt

chid'm ty Id (25%); cd 185 ngudi ya ldi bid't mdt chut chid'm ty Id (37%) va

khdng bid't la 100 ngudi chid'm ty Id (20%). Dac bidt vide sft dung cac loai yang

sftc dd'i vdi cac ddng bao ddn tdc d day chid'm ty Id kha cao. Trong sd 500 ngudi

dugc dilu tia tiii cd 298 ngudi ya ldi cd bid't chid'm ty Id (59,6%) va 230 ngudi

ya ldi bid't mdt chut chid'm ty Id (46%) va cd 72 ngudi tra ldi khdng bilt chilm ty

(14,4%). Dilu nay hoan toan phu hgp vdi sd thfch va quan nidm cua ddng bao

202

cac dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang ndi ridng va ddng bao dan tdc thilu sd ndi chung nhdt Id ddi vdi ngudi Van Kilu, ngucri Ma Coong yong ddi sd'ng sinh boat ciia hg sft dyng rdt nhiiu loai yang sftc khac nhau.

Tuy nhidn cd 2 Ilnh vyc dd la chft vid't ddn tdc va sang tao nhac cu thi cd

thi ndi ddi vdri cac dan tde vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang (dan tdc Bru- Van Kilu

lin dan tdc Chut) chua cd va hoan toan khdng bift va nd'u cd bid't thi rdt ft. Trong

sd 500 ngucri dugc hdi thi khdng cd ngudi nao ya ldi la cd bid't, bid't mdt chiit va

khdng bift vl chfi vift dan tdc chilm ty Id la 0%. Dilu nay la mdt ban chi rdt ldn

trong viec bao tdn va phat trien cac gia trj van boa dan tdc d khu vyc nay. Bdi vi

dd la phuang tidn, cdng eu rdt quan ygng gdp phin luu gifi, bao tdn ban sic van

hoa tdc ngudi. Vl sang tao nhac cy thi sd ngudi bid't qua thdp ehi ed 55 ngudi

chilm ty Id (11%) va 70 ngudi tra Icri bilt mdt chut ehid'm ty Id (14%) tiong luc

dd cd 385 ngucri tra ldi khdng bift chilm ty Id (77%). Nhu vay rdt khd khan cho

vide bio tdn va phat tiiln cac loai nhac eu cua eae tdc ngucri d day.

b.Cu thi.-

Qua dilu tra d cdc ddi mgng (gidi tfnh, tudi ddi, thanh phdn xa hdi) cung cho thdy kft qua tuong ty trong sd 85 ngucri tia ldi cd bidt bai hat, nhac thi da cd 53 Nam chid'm ty Id (10,6%) va 32 Nfi chilm ty Id (6,4%). Va cd 106 Nam ya ldi bid't mdt chiit chidm ty Id (21,2%), cd 34 Nfi tii ldi bidt mdt chut chid'm ty Id (6,8%). Dilu nay khing djnh thdm tinh tiang mdt ddn loai hinh hat nhac trong dcri sd'ng sinh boat cua ddng bao cac dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang. Cac loai hinh van hod nhu didu mua, sft dung cdng chidng, td chftc Id hdi, thd cung td tidn dugc dilu tia theo tudi ddi, thanh phdn xa hdi cung cd kd't qui nhu trdn xem bang 1

Cac linh vyc van

hoa, tfn ngudng

Bdi hit, nhac

Mdc dg hieu bie't: Cd biet

Tdng sd

traidi

SL

85

%

17

Phdn theo tudi ddi (dd mdi)

Dudi 18

tudi

SL

0

%

0

Tft 18-30

tudi

SL

12

%

2,4

Tft 31-50

tudi

SL

32

%

6,4

Trdn 50

tudi

SL

41

%

8,2

203

Didu mua

Su dyng cdng chidng

Sii dyng dan, sao

Td chftc Id hdi

Thd cung td tidn

Thd cung cdc thdn

linh

Truydn cd ddn gian

Dftng cac loai tiang

sftc

Chft vid't dan tdc

Cdc loai hinh van

boa cdng ddng(Td't,

Id...)

Sang tao nhac cu

90

115

105

265

250

250

110

185

0

115

55

18,0

23,0

21

53,0

50,0

50,0

22,0

37,0

0

23,0

11,

28

12

12

25

30

32

25

25

0

23

0

5,6

2,4

2,4

5,0

6,0

6,4

5,0

5,0

0

4,6

0

23

47

28

85

79

79

52

68

0

28

5

4,6

9,4

5,6

17,0

15,8

15,8

10,4

13,6

0

5,6

1

21

34

34

102

78

76

19

58

0

34

27

4,2

6,8

6,8

20,4

15,6

15,2

3,8

11,6

0

6,8

5,4

18

22

31

53

63

63

14

34

0

30

23

3,6

4,4

6,2

10,6

12,6

12,6

2,8

6,8

0

6,0

4,6

204

Bang 2: Theo thanh phdn xa hdi

Cac linh vyc van boa, tfn nguomg

Bai hat, nhac

Didu mua

Sft dung cdng

chidng

Sft dung ddn sdo

Td chftc Id hdi

Thd cung td tidn

Thd cung cac thin

linh

Truydn cd dan gian

Dftng cdc loai trang

sftc

Chft vid't dan tdc

Cic loai hinh van

boa cdng ddng(

Td't,Id...)

Mdc dg hieu Met: C6 biet

rdng sd tra ldi

SL

85

90

115

105

265

250

250

110

185

0

115

%

17

18,0

23,0

21

53,0

50,0

50,0

22,0

37

0

23,0

Phan bd theo thanh phdn xa hdi

HSinh

SL

17

23

32

18

51

61

52

13

56

0

22

%

3,4

4,6

6,4

3,6

10,2

12,2

10,4

2,6

11,2

0

4,4

LLvu yang

SL

18

27

26

21

74

59

57

36

55

0

26

%

3,6

5,4

5,2

4,2

14,8

11,8

11,4

7,2

11,0

0

5,2

Ddng bao dan tdc

SL

39

21

35

47

89

75

77

21

23

0

32

%

7,8

4,2

7,0

9,4

17,8

15,0

15,4

4,2

4,6

0

6,4

GVva cac nha quanly

SL

11

19

22

19

51

55

64

40

51

0

35

%

2,2

3,8

4,4

3,8

10, 2

11, 0

12, 8

8,0

10, 2

0

7,0

205

Sang tao nhac cu 55 11 10 32 6,4 1,6

Dilu dang luu y trong cac ddi mgng dd bd phan ldp ngudi ye mdi hidn nay khdng bift hoac bift rdt ft cac hinh thftc van hoa nay, yong sd nhfing ngudi bift choi edng chidng, sft dung dan sao dan tdc, td chftc Id hdi thi phdn ldm la nhumg ngucri ldm tudi khoang 70%. Day la mdt thyc t l khid'n cho cac loai hinh van hod tmyln thd'ng cua ddng bao eae dan tde Phong Nha - Ke Bang khd cd thi phat triln va ngay cang bj mdt ddn di. qua dilu ya chung tdi nhdn thdy mdt trong nhfing nguydn nhan din dd'n tmh trang nay la bd phan ldp ngudi tie tudi thanh nidn hgc sinh, dan tdc khdng dugc bgc va khdng cd co hdi dl sft dung, ban nfia cung khdng cd ngudi tmyln thu, tham chf d mdt sd tdc ngudi khdng edn cdng chidng dl choi nfia, hat nhac ddi vdi hg da di vao dl vang va cung khdng cd nhu cdu sft dung. Mat khac cung do anh hudng cua qua trinh tilp nhan van boa cua cac cdng ddng dan tdc khac chii yiu la ngudi Kinh dd'i vdi hg. liiyc t l dd'i vdi thanh nidn, hgc sinh cac dan tdc d day bid't va sir dung cac bai hat tid'ng vidt nhiiu ban.

2. Xsm xet mdc do tie'p nhdn cdc gid tri vdn hod cua ngudi Kinh ciing nhu viec

luu giit, bdo tdn cdc gid tri vdn hod bdn dia cda cdc ddn tgc d khu vUc ndy. Vdi

cau hdi: Xin dng ba, anh chj cho bid't y kiln cua minh vl cac bilu hidn van hoa

trong sinh boat hing ngay cua ddng bao cac dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang

gid'ng, kit hgp hoac khac vdi ngudi Kinh theo eae ndi dung sau:

a. Trang phyc hang ngay: Trong sd 500 ngudi dugc hdi thi cd 275 tra ldi

tiang phuc gid'ng ngudi Kinh chilm ty Id (55%) va 190 ngucri tia ldi trang phuc

kd't hgp chid'm ty Id (38%), 105 ngudi tia ldi khac vdi ngudi Kinh chilm ty Id

(21%). Ndu phan chia theo gidi tfnh thi kit qua cho thdy cung tuong UX. Trong sd

275 ngudi tra ldi gid'ng ngudi Kinh da cd 177 Nam chilm ty Id (35,4%)va 98

chid'm ty Id (19,6%) Nfi. Vide yang phuc hang ngay eua ddng bao dan tdc gidng

vdi ngudi Kinh dugc dilu ya theo tudi ddi cho tha'y trong sd 275 ngudi thi cd 63

ngudi dudi 18 tudi ya ldi chid'm ty Id (12,6%), va cd 62 ngudi tft 18 tudi din ddn

30 tudi ya ldi chilm ty Id (12,4%), va cd 48 ngudi tra ldi chilm ty Id (9,6%). Sd

ngudi tidn 50 tudi cd 32 ngudi chilm ty Id (6,4%). Kit qua nay cho thdy gin nhu

da sd ddng bao cdc ddn tdc cac Ifta mdi, gidi tfnh trong trang phuc hang ngay

diu gidng ngudi Kinh bode cd kit hgp dac bidt la Nam gidi. Khi dugc hdi vi sao

hg lai mdc ao quin theo kilu ciia ngudi Kinh thi ly do diu tidn dugc da sd dl cap

dd'n li do tidn Icri, qudn ao cua ngudi Kinh ggn, thuan tidn cho vide di lai va sinh

206

boat, dep va dd mac, thoang mat va cung nhu dS mua hon qudn ao ddn tdc (56% ngudi dugc hdi tra ldi nhu vay). Ly do tiep theo dugc dua ra nhim dd'n cac dilu kidn khach quan khiln cho do quin dan tdc khdng thi luu hanh rdng rai. Dd la vi d day khdng cd quin ao dan tde, khdng cd vat hdu dl lam qudn do dan tdc, qudn ao dan tde nlu cd thi gia thanh dit vugt qua kha nang kinh te cua bg, lai phai di mua xa sang tan Lao hoac cac tinh phfa Bic mdi mua dugc (cd 47% tia ldi). Mdt ly do nfia la sy giao luu van hoa vdi dan tde Kinh, an mac theo thdi dai.

b. VI cac hinh thftc an, udng, hut (ddi sdng im thyc). Trong sd 500 ngudi dugc hdi thi cd 125 ngudi tra ldi gidng vdi ngudi Kinh ehid'm ty Id (25%) va 135 ngucri tra ldi la cd kdt hgp chilm ty Id (27%) va cd 147 ngudi tia ldi khac vdi ngudi Kinh chilm ty Id (28%). Dilu nay chftng td tiong ddi sd'ng dm thyc eua ddng bao cac dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang da cd sy kft hgp va tilp thu cac hinh thftc an udng cua ngudi Kinh. Nhin chung hg vin cdn luu gift ban sic trong ddi sd'ng dm thyc cua dan tdc mmh. Tun hiiu khao sat each ndu nudng, ehi bid'n cac mdn an, thu'c udng cua ddng bao dan tdc d day trong ddi sd'ng thudng nhat hidn nay cho thdy nhdn xet dd la hoan toan cd co sd.

c. Linh vuc ed xu hudmg gid'ng, kit hgp hoac khac vdi ngudi Kinh vl cac loai nha dang d, each bai tri tiong nha va tyc Iam nha dd'i vdi ddng bao ddn tdc d khu vuc nay cung dugc phan anh qua cdc didu tra sau. Trong sd 500 ngudi dugc hdi thi ed 65 ngudi tra ldi loai nha dang d gid'ng ngudi Kinh chilm ty Id (13%) va 90 ngudi tra ldi ed sy kd't hgp chilm ty Id (18%) va ed 205 ngudi tia ldi khac vdi ngudi Kinh chid'm ty Id (41%). Cach bai tri tiong nha va tuc lam nha cung tuong ty da cd 55 ngudi tra ldi gid'ng ngudi Kinh chilm ty le (11%) va 68 ngudi tia ldi kit hgp chid'm ty Id (26%) va 230 ngudi tra ldi khac nha ngucri Kinh chilm ty Id (46%). Nd'u dilu tia theo gidi tfnh, tudi ddi thi kd't qua cho thd'y cung tuong ty. Xem bang 3

Cac Ilnh vyc trong sinh boat

van hoa

Trang phuc hang ngay

Cdc bieu Men: Khdc ngudi Kinh (truyen

thd'ng)

Tdng sd y i ldi

S.lugng

105

%

21,0

Phan chia theo gidi tfnh

Nam

Slugng

73

%

14,6

Nu

Slugng

32

%

6,4

207

Hinh thftc an, udng, hut...

Loai nha dang d

Cach bai tri trong nha

Tue lam nha

Phong tuc cudi xin

Phong tyc ma chay

Phong tyc sinh de

Tuc chua bdnh

Ngdn ngft hang ngay

Ngdn ngft lam vide

Sft dung cdng cu san xudt

147

205

230

210

210

210

195

230

355

72

240

24,0

41,0

46,0

42,0

42,0

42,0

39,0

46,0

31,0

40,0

48,0

83

137

153

144

140

137

127

154

103

133

162

16,6

27,4

30,6

28,8

28,0

27,4

25,4

30,8

20,6

26,6

32,4

37

68

77

66

70

73

68

76

52

67

78

7,4

13,6

15,4

13,2

14,0

14,6

13,6

15,2

10,4

13,4

15,6

Bang 4: Theo tudi ddi

208

Cac linh vuc trong

sinh boat van boa

Trang phuc hang ngay

Hinh thftc an, udng,

hiit..

Loai nha dang b

Cach bai tri trong nha

Tue lam nha

Phong tuc cudi xin

Phong tue ma chay

Phong tuc sinh de

Tuc chfia bdnh

Cdc bieu hien: Gid'ng ngudi Kinh

Tdng sd tra ldi

SL

205

125

105

140

100

150

130

125

125

%

41,0

25,0

21,0

20,8

20,0

30,0

26,0

25,0

25,0

Phan theo mdi ddi (dd mdi)

Dudi 18 tudi

SL

63

20

29

22

33

27

19

30

20

%

12,6

4,0

5,8

4,4

6,6

5,4

3,8

6,0

4,0

Tft 1 8 -30 tudi

SL

62

43

32

48

29

53

45

46

43

%

12,4

8,6

6,4

9,6

5,8

10,6

9,0

9,2

8,6

Tft 3 1 -50 tudi

SL

48

36

35

41

31

41

39

26

36

%

9,6

7,2

7,0

8,2

6,2

8,2

7,8

5,2

7,2

Trdn 50 tudi

SL

32

26

9

29

7

29

27

23

26

%

6,4

5,2

1,8

5,8

1,4

5,8

5,4

4,6

5,2

209

Ngdn ngft hang ngay

Ngdn ngft lam vide

Sft dung edng eu san

xudt

90

130

140

18,0

26,0

28,0

30

19

22

6,0

3,8

4,4

27

45

48

5,4

9,0

9,6

28

39

41

5,6

7,9

8,2

5

27

29

1,0

5,4

5,8

Theo chung tdi kit qua trdn phan anh mdt thyc t l hidn nay nha b eua ddng bao cac dan tdc d phong Nha - Ke Bang ed nhiiu kilu khac nhau.

Mdt la, kilu nha xdy bing xi mang do eae chuang trinh, dy an thyc hidn

Hai la, nhd d tmyln thdng ciia ddng bao cac tdc ngudi.

Ba la, kilu nhd kit hgp gifia ngucri Kinh vd dan tdc. Khi dugc hdi thi da sd

ddng bao ddn tde ddu tra ldi la hg mudn b nhd tmyln thdng hon nhung khdng cd

dilu kidn dl lam, hon nfta vide khai thac gd da bj ban ehi, tham chi bj edm ndn

vide kid'm dugc gd lam nha trd ndn khd khdn, do vdy hg khdng thi xdy dyng

dugc nhfing can nha mdi theo kilu trayin thdng. Tuy nhidn cung cd mdt sd bd

phan mong mudn vfta dugc nha nudc xay nha bdn canh •vfta cd mdt ngdi nha

trayin thd'ng tdn tai.

d. Vl phong tuc tap quan (cudi xin, ma chay, sinh de). Qua dilu tra chung

tdi nhan tha'y ring tiong sd 500 ngudi dugc hdi thi chi cd 24 ngudi tra Icri phong

tuc cudi xin gid'ng ngucri Kinh chilm ty Id (4,8%) va ed 47 ngudi tra ldi cd kit

hgp chid'm ty Id (9,6%) va khac ngudi Kmh cd 210 ngudi chidm ty Id (42%). Vl

phong tyc ma chay ed 56 ngudi ya Icri gid'ng ngudi Kinh chidm ty Id (11,2%)

va 22 ngudi cho ring cd kd't hgp chilm ty Id (4,5%) va khac vdi ngudri Kinh cd

210 ngudi ya ldi chid'm ty Id (42%). Tuc sinh de cung tuomg ty ed 21 ngudi tra

ldi gidng chid'm ty Id (4,2%) va 25 ngucri ya ldi cd kdt hgp chilm ty Id (5%) va

cd 195 ngudi tia ldi khac vdi ngucri Kinh chid'm ty Id (39%). Dilu nay cho thdy

cac phong tuc tap quan d day ft cd sy thay ddi, tuydt dai da sd vdn gift phong tuc

tap quan cu nhu cudi hdi, ma chay vin cdn nang nl td'n kem, lang phf, mdt vd

sinh va anh hudmg dd'n mdi tiordng sdng.

210

e. Linh vyc trayin thdng dugc gift lai la ngdn ngft hang ngay, ngdn ngfi lam vide. Dai da sd ddng bao dan tdc yao ddi vdi nhau bing tid'ng dan tdc minh trong sinh boat hang ngay va trong khi lam vide. Day la linh vyc timyin thd'ng duy nhdt cdn gifi lai dugc trong sd cac Ilnh vyc van boa ma chung tdi da dilu ya khao sat. Trong sd 500 ngudi dugc hdi thi ed 55 ngudi tia ldi ngdn ngfi hang ngay gidng ngudi Kinh chilm ty Id (11%) va cd 79 ngudi ya ldi cd kd't hgp chid'm ty Id (16%) cdn khac vdi ngudi Kinh da cd tdi 355 ngudi y i ldi chid'm ty Id (71%). VI ngdn ngu lam vide kd't qua dilu tra cung tuong til da cd 372 ngudi tra ldi khac vdi ngudi Kinh chilm ty Id (76%) va 86 ngudi tia ldi cd kd't hgp chilm ty Id (17%) va gidng ngudi Kinh thi rdt it chi cd 38 ngudi tia ldi chid'm ty Id (7,6%). Dilu dang ndi d day la nhiiu ngdn ngft cua tdt ea ddng bao cac dan tdc b Phong Nha - Ke Bang chi cd tiing ndi ma khdng cd chfi vid't, chi ed mdt bd phan tudi hgc dudng chi bid't chfi vidt edn ngucri ldn tudi hiu nhu khdng bid't chfi vidt ca chfi dan tdc. Cd thi ndi dd la nhumg khd khan hidn bfiu dd'i vdi cac dan tdc ban dja d khu vyc nay trong vide duy yi va phat triln ngdn ngfi ciia minh la rdt ldm.

h. Vide sft dung cdng cu san xudt cua ddng bao dan tdc da sd ngudi dugc hdi tra ldi khac vdi ngudi Kinh cd 240 ngucri ehid'm ty Id gdn 50% va ed 59 ngudi tra Icri gid'ng ngudi Kinh chilm ty Id (12%) va cd 120 ngudi ya ldi kd't hgp sft dung cdng cu san xud't chid'm ty Id (24%). Dilu nay cung phan anh mdt thyc t l vdi mdt dja ban cu yu, lam vide d nui rftng trong qua tnnh san xud't phal cd nhiing cdng cu san xud't phu hgp, tuy nhidn ed mdt sd ddng bao Vdn Kilu, Sach da hgc each lam cdng ey gid'ng gid'ng ngucri Kinh nhu cay, bfta va mdt sd cdng cy khde dl cai tid'n ndng cao nang sudt lao ddng. Rd rang trong van boa san xudt cua ddng bao cac ddn tdc da cd nhumg anh hudmg dd'n van boa sin xudt cua ngudi Kinh.

NHAN XET CHUNG

Vdi kd't qua khao sat, dilu ya va phan tfch d ydn cd thi nit ra mdt sd nhdn

xet chung sau ddy:

Tuydt dai da sd ngudi dugc dieu tia thfta nhdn cac gia trj van hod trayin

thdng cua ddng bao cac dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang hidn nay da bj mai mdt

di rat nhidu. Trade hit la cac loai hinh van hod trayin thd'ng nhu cac bai hat,

didu mua, choi cdng chidng, sir dyng dan sao dan tdc chi dugc khoang trdn dudi

30% sd ngudi dugc hdi bid't dd'n. Day la linh vyc cd xu hudmg mai mdt nhiiu

nha't, dac bidt la d bd phan Idp ngucri tre tudi nhu hgc sinh, thanh nidn khdng bilt

211

va cd bift nhung rdt md nhat vl cac hinh thftc van boa nay. Trong sd nhumg ngudi bift su dung va bift mdt chut thi phdn ldn la ngudi ldn tudi khoang gin 70%. Cd thi ndi day la mdt nguy co bao ddng khiln cho cac loai hinh van hoa trayin thdng cua ddng bao cac dan tde d day khd ed thi bao tdn, phat tiiln dugc va se mdt ddn theo thdi gian.

Kit qua dilu tra cho thdy xu hudng ddng nhdt boa va ban dja boa cac loai hinh van boa yuyIn thdng nhu trang phuc, an udng, nha d, phong mc tap quan cua ddng bao cac dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang cung song hanh tdn tai. Tuy nhidn xu hudng nay dugc diSn ra khdng gidng nhau d cac khfa canh van hoa khac nhau. Trdn thyc t^ vdn cd mdt sd tde ngudi du tid'p nhan mdt sd gia trj van boa cua dan tdc Kinh hoac cua tdc ngudi lan can nhung vin luu gift dugc nhftng gia trj van boa trayin thdng dan tdc minh dac bidt la tiing ndi dan tdc, hdu nhu da sd cac ddn tde d ddy diu ndi theo tiing ndi ridng. Cac y kid'n cua ngucri dugc dilu tra khdng ddng nhdt, ty Id sd ngucri tra ldi Nam ludn cao ban NO. Nhin chung ddng bao cac dan tdc d day diu mong mud'n duy tri cac trayin thd'ng van hoa bin dja nhung trong thyc t l cac gia trj dd din bj mai mdt va khd cd thi phat triln mdt each cd hidu qui.

Nhumg kd't qua dilu tia xa hdi hgc dugc ndu trdn day chua thi coi la cft lidu diy du khi nhan xet danh gia vl thyc trang van boa dang diSn ra trong dcri sdng xa hdi cdc tdc ngudi d khu •vyc nay. Tuy nhidn day la nhumg co sd khoa hgc ddng tin cdy va vdi nhumg thdng tin da dugc lugng boa cho phep cac nha nghidn cum tianh dugc nhumg nhan djnh cam tfnh vl cac gia tii van boa dang hidn hiiu ciia cac dan tdc b Phong Nha - Ke Bang. Va lai kd't qua phan tfch sd lidu dilu tra xa hdi hgc kha phft hgp vdi nhiing nhan djnh khoa hgc dugc nit ra tft nhftng each tid'p can khac tiong qua trinh nghidn cum dl tai nay.

n. cAc GiAi PHAP BAO TON VA PHAT HUY NHUNG GIA TRI VAN

HOA cAc DAN TOC.

Qua khao sat, diin da va nghidn cum budc ddu chung tdi nhan thdy ring

cdc di san van boa cua cac dan tdc d day da bj mai mdt qua nhiiu, tham chf d

mdt sd tdc ngudi cd nguy co danh mdt ban sic. Vi thi dl tai se lya chgn mdt sd

gia trj van boa co ban cua cac dan tdc cin phai dugc bao tdn va phat triln trong

dilu kidn hidn nay:

1. Nhom giai phap bao ton cac gia tri van hoa trong ddi sd'ng duong dai.

212

1.1 Dilu tra co ban, danh gia, thu thap thdng tin vl eae gia trj van boa yuyIn thd'ng vat thi va phi vat thi cua cac dan tdc vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang dl rii dd CO nhfing giai phap bao tdn, phat triln phu hgp, cung nhu gdp rut xay dyng dl an khdi phuc cac di san van boa cac dan tde d day tir cac ngudn kinh phf ciia chuong trinh qudc gia vl van boa va cua tinh phuc vu cho vide tdn tao va luu giu eae di san van hoa: Nha cfta tmyln thdng, cac loai nhac eu, qudn do...

1.2 Tiep tuc ddu tu kinh phf dl dilu ya suu tdm, luu gifi tai lidu nghidn ciiu, vl cac loai binh van hoa dan tdc d day, ed chfnh sach khuyin khfch nhumg lang, ban, ddng hg, gia dinh, nhfing gia lang, yudng ban cd nhfing ddng gdp vao cdng tac gift gin va phat huy van hoa tmyln thdng.

1.3 Ddu m xay dyng co sd vat chdt cho cac boat ddng van boa thdng tin phuc vu ddng bao dan tdc. xay dyng nha van hoa thdn, xa, hd trg kinh phf cho vide td chftc cac Id hdi cung nhu cac boat ddng thdng tin luu ddng eua cac co quan van boa thdng tin trdn dja ban.

1.4 Cd kd hoach dao tao, bdi dudng can bd van hoa phuc vu miin nui va ddng

bao dan tdc nha't la can bd ngudi dan tdc d vilng Phong Nha - Ke Bang. Bao tdn

phat tiiln tid'ng ndi cua cac tdc ngudi cung nhu gdp nit nghidn ciiu ngdn ngft, chfi

vift dan tde tmdc mit la chft vid't ddi vdi ngudi Bra - Van Kilu.

1.5 Hd tig va khuyd'n khfch eae boat ddng in dh, xudt bin sach, lam phim,

chup anh vl dl tai van boa eae dan tde d khu vyc nay dl luu gifi cac gia trj van

boa vat thd va phi vat thi.

1.6 Tid'n hanh bidn tap cac tu lidu thanh van da dugc nghidn cum vl van hda

vat thi va phi vat thi dl xudt ban thanh sach, phat hanh bang dia gidi thidu vdi

cdng ddng vl gia trj van hda dan tde d vung Phong Nha- Ke Bang.

1.7 Tid'n hanh phuc chi va tdn tao mdt sd di sin van hda vat thi nhu: nha cira

trayin thd'ng; ao, khd bing vd cay cua cac tdc ngucri Ma Coong, Van Kilu, Rye,

Arem.Cung nhu td chftc cac ldp trayin day, hudng din mdt sd loai hinh smh

hoat van hda ddc dao da bj mai mdt nhu: cac didu mua, lan didu dan ca, cac ky

thuat sft dung nhac cu, cho dd'i tugng thanh, thid'u nidn cua eae dan tdc, do chinh

cdc nghd nhan, gia lang cua hg thuc hidn.

1.8 Tid'n hanh bao tdn va xay dyng lang van boa dan tdc va sinh thai bin viing

1.8.1 Mdt sd quan diim tid'p can

Van hoa lang, ban la mdt tiong nhung gia trj eo ban cua van boa Viet Nam, la

nhiing t l bao xay dyng ldn van hoa cac ddn tdc Vidt Nam, sy hinh thanh cac ban

ldng ludn gin bd mdt thid't vdi ljch su dyng nudc va gift nudc eua dan tdc ta..

Cung vdi sy phat triln ndn kinh tl, xa hdi, cac ban lang da din ddn bj biln ddi,

213

cac phong tuc bj mai mdt, hinh thanh nhumg mdi quan hd xa hdi mdi. Thyc td dd dang dat ra cho chung ta nhidm vu phai bao tdn nhiing gia tri van boa lang ban dan tdc. Mdt trong nhumg each lam cd bidu qua nhdt la bid'n nhumg gia trj van hoa lang ban nay thanh nhumg san phdm du ljch cd sftc hdp din cao. Khi dd, vide bao tdn va phat huy nhiing gia trj van boa lang ban se gin hdn vdi vide dam bao cudc sdng cua ngucri dan ban dja.

Cach thftc bao tdn. Bao tdn van boa san xudt: Luu gifi cac edng cu san xudt, tap hgp each thftc

sin xudt (kinh nghidm) thanh m hdu thanh van (md ta, ghi chip...) quay video mdt sd nhfing each thftc san xudt tidu bilu.

Bao tdn van hod dam bao ddi sdng: Ghi hinh nhumg dung cu, each thftc chi bid'n cac mdn an, tap hgp nhumg kinh nghidm ehi bid'n mdn an, lap hd so, djnh gia trj rdi tid'n hanh triing tu, luu gift nhumg kilu nha yuyIn thd'ng cua cac dan tdc.

- Bio tdn van boa quy pham: Ghi lai nhumg nghi thftc lidn quan dd'n cac boat ddng van hoa, luat tyc, tuc Id kit hgp vdi luat phap cua nha nudc dl hudng din mgi ngudi thyc hidn.

Bao tdn van boa tdm linh: Coi ygng nhfing tfn nguomg, tdn giao cd gia trj tfch eye,cac boat ddng van hoa tinh thdn tidu bilu cua lang ban..

Md hinh lang ban van boa dugc xay dung trdn co sd dam bao sy phat tiiln du ljch van boa, thu hut khach tham quan trong nudc, dac bidt la du khach nudc ngoai mud'n tham quan, tim bilu mdt khdng gian sd'ng tft bao ddi nay eiia cu dan Bm - van Kilu va Chiit. Chinh vi vay, dl md hinh lang ban van boa cd thi phat tiiln, chung tdi tam thdi dl xudt mdt sd y kiln nhu sau:

Ndng cao nhan thftc ciia ngudi dan trong vide bao tdn cac gia trj van hoa timyin tiid'ng cua dja phuong.va nhan thftc ciia hg trong phat triln kinh td gin vdi khai thdc kinh td cd hidu qua tft md hinh Iang, ban van hoa.

xay dyng, phat tiiln mdt co sd ha tdng thfch hgp, vfta mang tfnh hidn dai, ddng thdi phai luu gifi dugc hinh anh timyin thdng.Tiln hanh quang ba cac hmh anh cua cac ddn tdc thilu sd d ddy khdng chi tiong nudc va qud'c tl.

Khuyd'n khfch, ap dung chfnh sach uu dai ddu tu (thud, phi sft dung ddt, cho vay vd'n, bio lanh...) ddi vdi cac dy an phat triln du ljch sinh thai, du ljch lang ban, ddn tdc da dugc xac djnh trong quy hoach tdng thi phat triln du ljch

Quang Binh. - Hoat ddng phat triln du ljch va du ljch sinh thai ludn gin liln vdi he thd'ng

kd't cd'u ha ting, dac bidt la hd thd'ng giao thdng, hd thd'ng cung cdp didn, nudc,

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hd thdng buu chinh viSn thdng. Vi vay, cin cd cac chfnh sach uu tidn ddu tu vao hd thdng kit cau ha tdng, Trong ddu m cho kd't cdu ha tdng cin tranh tinh tiang chip va, manh mun.

Khuyin khfch mgi thanh phdn kinh t l tham gia ddu tu phat tiiln du ljch sinh thai, du ljch lang ban, dan tdc Tao dilu kidn cho cac nha ddu tu nude ngoai thuan lgi trong vide diu m va xin gidy phep ddu m tham gia phat triln du ljch lang, ban dan tdc.

Xay dyng CD, VCD, DV, sach, anh, td gdp, phim cap nhat cac thdng tin

mdi nhdt, cu thi nhdt vl cac diim du ljch chung va du ljch mao hilm theo cac

chuydn dl rftng, sinh thai, karst, hang ddng...

Tinh va Sd thuong mai -du ljch cdn cd kl hoach sdm xay dyng djnh hudng

phat triln du ljch trong tuong Iai gin cho Phong Nha - Ke Bang phai la du ljch

sinh thai va du ljch lang, ban dan tdc.

1.8.2 xay dyng md hinh lang van hoa dan tde va sinh thai bin vung

Ndi dung ldng ban ma chung tdi mudn dl xudt xay dyng la mdt ndi dung

mdi, mdt loai lang ban mdi - lang ban sinh thai ma trade day ta chua ed, hoac

cung ed le te b cic vilng miin khac nhau. Vdn dl mdu chdt la tao dung mdt loai

lang sinh thai Bra - Vdn Kilu, Chut phu hgp vdi mdi tradng sd'ng vd dilu kidn ty

nhidn eua khu vyc Phong Nha -Ke Bang.

Di xay dung lang van boa dan tdc va sinh thai chung tdi chgn mdt sd giai phap

sau:

xay dyng quy hoach gia dinh kft hgp vdi quy hoach ling ban theo mdy

ydu cdu: Giao thdng thudn lgi, ngudn nudc sach, hudng sin xudt lam an, ndng -

lam - thu cdng - djch vu, giao luu hang boa...

xay dyng ncri an, d, sinh boat edng ddng hgp ly khoa hgc, bao dam vd

sinh mdi tiirdng (mdi hd gia dmh nhdt thid't phai cd vudn, chudng, cdng trinh vd

sinh sach se va each bidt nhau, mdi lang ban phii cd nha van boa, tmdng hgc,

tiam y td').

xay dung phuong tiiftc canh tac phu hgp (radng nudc, nuong riy, •vudn

rftng, vudn ddi, yang yai, rftng- ddi chuydn canh, cay cdng nghidp, cay dugc

lidu, bao vd khai thac, tai tao rftng...)

Xdy dung co sd ha tdng, nha cfta, dudng sa, nha san, nha ddt trayin

thd'ng dugc xdy dyng kidn cd, dudng sa di lai thudn lgi, chu trgng phat triln thuy

didn nhd dd'i vdi cdc ban, Iang xa xdi heo lanh, gdp nit xdy dyng dua mang ludi

didn qudc gia dd'n cac xa vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang

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Xay dyng vd phat triln md hinh sin xudt rftng - vudn - ao - chudng (ldy hd gia dinh lam diim xudt phat yiln tittig cum gia dmh, din lang, ban). Day la giai phap gdp phdn xoa ddi giam ngheo bin vumg va cung la bidn phap tftng budc phu xanh ddt trdng ddi trgc, lam cho didn mao ndng thdn miin nui ddi mdi.

Dy kiln dja ban xay dyng lang van hod dan tdc va sinh thai cu thi d cac ban: Ban Ca Rodng 1,2, ban Aky, ban Cd Dd, ban 39, ban Rao Con, ban Dodng, ban 6 6, ban 51, ban Cdn Roang...

2. Nhom giai phap phat huy cac gia tri van hoa phuc vu cho boat ddng

du lich va gdp phan phuc vu phat trien kinh te - xa hgi.

2.1 Nhu da ndu vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang la dja ban eu titi eua nhidu tde

ngucri trong dd cd mdt sd tdc ngudi nhu tde Rye, Arem, Ma Coong... la nhumg

tdc ngudi lac hau nha't Vidt Nam. Mudn hiiu bid't cac tdc ngudi nay cdn phai Idn

tun vl cdi ngudn qua khft eua hg va nhfimg gia tii vl van boa vat chdt, tinh thin

ma tdc ngudi dd tao ndn trong qua trinh ljch sft. Dd cung chfnh la ngudn tai

nguydn du ljch quan tigng dl ddy manh boat ddng du ljch b khu vyc nay.

2.2 Sft dung cdng nghd phin mim GIS dl quy hoach phat triln cdc loai hinh

du ljch d Phong Nha - Ke Bang trade hit la du ljch van hoa Ldng, bin dan tdc

kit hgp du Ijch van hoa ddn tdc va du ljch cac di tfch ljch sft ;du ljch sinh thai kft

hgp vdi du ljch hang ddng bdng mdt hd thdng ban dd, so dd tranh anh cu thi la:

-Bin dd vl dja ban cu tru ciia cac tdc ngudi d vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang.

- Ban dd du ljch ljch sft van boa d khu vyc Phong Nha - Ke Bang.

- Ban dd du ljch sinh thai, hang ddng d vftng Phong Nha - Ke Bang

Ban dd tdng thi vl cdc loai hinh du ljch d day(du ljch Ijch sft van hoa, du

ljch sinh thai, hang ddng )

Ban dd vl mdi tmdng sinh thai va ban dd quy hoach cac ngudn tai nguydn

du ljch b day.

- Cac loai so dd, yanh anh khac.

2.3 Ddy manh vide tuydn trayin va quang ba tilm nang du ljch van hoa dan

tdc d vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang vdi nhiiu hinh thftc in dn va phat hanh td gdp,

sdch bdo, phim anh gidi thidu vl ljch sir van hoa, phong tuc tap quan cua cac dan

tdc d day trdn cac phuong tidn thdng tin dai chung va vdi du khach tham quan.

Ngoai vile tuydn tmyln, quang ba cdn phai thilt k l cac tour du ljch din cac ban

lang ddn tdc.

2.4 Tid'n hanh cd hidu qua cac boat ddng van hoi tidu bilu cua ddng bao cac

dan tdc cung nhu td chftc td't cac Id hdi ddc dao (Dap trd'ng. Dam trau cua ngucri

Ma Coong... ) tao dilu kidn cho du khach tham quan cac loai hinh du ljch Lang,

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ban dan tdc va du ljch Id hdi, du ljch gdi nhd (du ljch gia dinh). Loai hmh nay trong tuang lai ha'p din khach qudc t l va khach du ljch ndi dja va se la ngudn tiiu dang kl cua boat ddng Ifi banh.

2.5 Tiefp tuc nang cdp va xay dyng lai tuyd'n dudng 20 (Bing du an eua nha nude). Con dudng ljch sft huyIn thoai da lam ndn nhfing ki tfch vl dai trong cudc khang chiln chdng Mi cum nudc va ngay nay yd thanh con dudng phuc vu phat tndn kinh td - xa hdi eua tinh Quang Binh. Dilu quan trgng la tao dilu kidn cho khach du Ijch di tham quan cac di tfch ljch sft ndi tid'ng, cac bd thd'ng hang ddng chua tftng dugc khai thac, kft hgp du ljch sinh thai, du ljch van boa lang, ban dan tdc d day.

2.6 Cd kl hoach dao tao mdi, dao tao Iai can bd cdng chftc trong boat ddng du ljch, dac bidt la ddi ngu hudng din vidn van hod cac dan tdc. Hg phai la nhumg ngudi ma bilu va cd kiln thftc vl ljch sft van hoa cac tdc ngudi, dilu nay rdt quan trgng bdi vi khach du lich cd dugc sy thfch thu say md, sy bilu bid't vl gia tri van boa cua cac tdc ngudi chu yiu la tft cac hudmg din vidn du ljch.

2.7 Chu trgng khai thac tai nguydn du ljch van hoa dan tdc dl ddy manh boat ddng du ljch phft hgp vdi tilm nang ddi dao cua vftng Phong Nha - Ke Bang. Trade hdt tao ra nhiiu san phdm du ljch dl gidi thidu va chao ban phuc vy khach tham quan nhu cac sin phdm bing may tre dugc dan lat bdi ban tay tai nghd eua cac tdc ngudi Ma Coong, Khua, Van Kilu... (ling, tui, hdp, gid, bdn ghi,...)

2.8 Khao sat va tdn tao mdt sd hang ddng ma ddng bao dan tdc Rue trade day va hidn nay dang cu tni va sinh sd'ng nhu: Hang Na, Hang ca Tung, Hang Tidn... trd thanh di tfch tham quan hdp din cho du khach

2.9 Phuc hdi va phat tridn cac hinh thftc, cac diim trinh diSn cac chuang trinh ca mua nhac cua cac tdc ngudi d Phong Nha-Ke Bang gin liln vdi boat ddng du ljch Quang Binh

2.10 Khao sat, thdng kd, nghidn cum cac nghi thu cdng cd trayin eua cac dan tde ngudi vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang va sdm cd chuong trinh hd trg vl kinh phf cho vide khdi phuc va phat triln cac nghi truyin thd'ng: ddt vai, dan lat,. ..tao ra dugc sin phdm phuc •vu trong sinh boat ddi sd'ng va mang lai hidu qua kinh t l cho ddng bao dan tde d day.

2.11 Gift gin va phat triln tri thftc ban dja dan tdc kd't hgp cac boat ddng kinh td (theo kinh nghidm) vdi •vide bio tdn da dang sinh hgc, bao vd mdi tradng, phat tiiln chan nudi, tid'p tuc thyc hidn chii traong giao ddt, giao rftng cho cac ddng bao dan tdc quin If va bao vd mdt each cd hidu qua. Tuy nhidn, phai loai bd nhumg tap tuc va quan nidm da't, rftng la cua ridng ma td tidn hg dl lai.

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2.12 Tilp tuc thyc hidn chucmg trinh 135 xay dyng co sd ha tdng: Didn, (ludng, tmdng, tram, nha cfta... va xoa ddi giam ngheo dd'i vdi cac dan tdc vung nay. Tuy nhidn, trong khi tiin hanh cung phai ehu y tdi dae diim, ldi sdng va phong tyc cua tftng tdc ngudi nhu: Xay dyng nha cfta phai theo kilu dang dan tde, thyc hidn chucmg trinh xoa ddi giam ngheo khdng chi la cung cdp luong thyc ma dilu quan trgng la giup ddng bao dan tdc chuyin djch co cdu sin xudt va cay trdng.

2.13 Sdm hudng din cac ban lang xay dyng huong ude kd't hgp gifia luat tuc va ludt phap nhim nang cao y thftc phap luat va tang cudng quan ly xa hdi tidn tdi xay dyng lang, ban, gia dinh van boa mdi trong cdng ddng eae dan tdc tiiilu sd d day.

2.14 Tuydn truyin, gido dye dl ddng bao cac dan tdc loai bd cac hu tyc lac

hau, cac quan nidm cu vl ldi sdng, quan hd xa hdi dl xay dyng thift chi cdng

ddng dn djnh, doan kd't (ddng, hg, gia dmh...) va mdt ldi sdng boa nhap vdi cdng

ddng vuon tdi nhumg chudn myc cua xa hdi mdi.

2.15 Giao due eon em ddng bao dan tdc gift gin va phat huy nhihig gia trj van

boa timyin thd'ng tdt dep ciia dan tdc mmh vdi nhftng bidn phap cu thi, thid't thuc

nhu :dua nhiing ndi dung van hoa tde ngucri vao chuong trinh giing day d nha

tmdmg, tang cudng boat ddng van boa tap thi, giao luu van boa van nghd vdi

cdng ddng..

2.16 Tuydn trayin sau rdng tiong ddng bao cac dan tdc d day hiiu bid't va

cha'p hanh td't cac quy djnh phap luat cua Nha Nudc, thay cho vide ty xft theo luat

tuc, luat rftng:Phat va, cac quy djnh ldi thdi, khdng cd co sd khoa hgc,khdng cd

CO sd phap Iy,v.v... Giao due va van ddng ddng bao dan tdc tft bd quan nidm

,thdi quen an thjt thu rftng ,khdng san bin, budn ban, khdng sft dung ddng vat

hoang da.

2.17 Chii tigng ddy manh edng tac trayin thdng, thdng tin , trang bj kiln thftc

cho ddng bao cac dan tdc cac bidn phap sir dung vat tu, nguydn lidu mdi nhu

phan bdn,thud'c bio vd thuc vat.. .theo quy djnh khoa hgc cd hidu qua , an toan

va bin viing tiong sin xudt va phat triln cdy trdng.

2.18 Td chftc cac co sd dan lat nhd dd'i vdi tftng tdc ngucri dl sin xudt mdt sd

mat hang thu cdng mdy tie vdi miu ma dep cung cdp cho "Tmng tam du ljch van

hda sinh thai Phong Nha- Ke Bang" chao ban san phdm du ljch cho eae du khach

lam qua luu nidm, gdp phin tang thu nhap va giai quyd't vide lam cho ddng bao

cdc ddn tdc d ddy.

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2.19 Khdi phyc va phat triln cac mdn an, thftc ud'ng trayin thdng nhu com p6i, ragu dodae trd thanh dac san cua viing mang lai gia trj kinh td thid't thyc cho ddng bao cac dan tdc va lam sin phdm du ljch phuc vu du khach.

2.20 Td chftc mdt sd hdi thao gidi thidu, trao ddi cac tri thftc ban dja, luat tiic tidn bd nhim phd biln rdng rai cho tdt ca mgi ngucri tiong cdng ddng cac tdc ngudri, dl phyc vu cho vide phat triln san xudt, quan ly lang, ban, bao vd mdi tradng va xay dyng y thftc cdng ddng.

2.21 Kiln nghj vdi cac eo quan cd thdm quyln sdm ed kl hoach ddu tu xay dyng CO sd ha tdng vat chdt phuc vy ddng bao cac dan tde (xay dyng va phat triln hd thdng dudng giao thdng; xay dyng nha van hda thdn, xa; hd tig kinh phf cho vide td chftc cac IS hdi...).

2.22 Lap mdt trang Web vl nhumg tdc ngudi vftng Phong Nha- Ke Bang dl gidi thidu cdc kd't qua nghidn cum va kdu ggi sy giup dd ddu tu trong nudc va ngoai nude eua cac td chftc ea nhdn, doanh nghidp nhim ddy manh boat ddng du ljch cung nhu hd trg cho ddng bao dan tdc phdt triln kinh t l -xa hdi.

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K^TLUAN

Di tai nghidn cum bao tdn va phat huy nhung gia tii van hoa cua cac dan tdc dugc tien hanh trdn mdt dja ban kha dac bidt - Vudn qud'c gia Phong Nha -Ke Bang - Di san thidn nhidn thi gidi, mdt khu vyc Karst tre, rdng ldn khoang 200.000ha va diin hinh khdng chi d Viet Nam ma cdn cua ca nhan loai. Ngoai nhumg gia trj mang tfnh toan cdu nhu: Dja mao, dja chdt, danh thing, da dang smh hgc, d day edn chfta dyng nhiiu gia trj van boa hd't sftc dd sd va ddc dao trong dd van boa tde ngudri chid'm mdt vai tid quan tigng.

Vdn dl nghidn cum van boa cua cac dan tdc ft ngudi d Phong Nha - Ke Bang dugc dl cap din trong dl tai nay thudc nhfing linh vyc vl van boa san xudt, eae hoat ddng kinh t l muu sinh, tap quan trong vide dyng nha, an, d, mac dd'n nhfing tap tyc trong hdn nhan, sinh de, ma chay va nhung boat ddng tinh thdn nhu IS hdi, cung bai, vui choi, ca hat, xdy dyng ^ thftc cdng ddng.... Ta't ca dyoc xem xet, nghidn cum mdt each cu thi, hd thd'ng. Tuy nhidn dl cd mdt cai nhm tdng quat vl bftc tranh van boa tdc ngudi d day nhdm tac gia da tid'n hanh nghidn cdu dilu tra tdng hgp thyc trang kinh t l xa hdi, dilu kidn ty nhidn, sinh thdi nhan van d khu vyc nay.

Vdi mdt dja hinh nui non hilm tid, rftng chid'm phdn ldn didn tfch, sdng

sudi, mach ngim day dac, thdm vao dd la sy khic nghidt eua khf hau, gidng bao,

gid Lao, ning ndng, mua Iu cung vdi ddt dai thid'u mau md da gay ndn khdng ft

khd khan cho vide bao tdn va phat triln van hoa ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc vung

Phong Nha - Ke Bang. Mat khac tinh hinh kinh td thdp kem, lac hau, cudc sdng

ddi ngheo, trinh dd dan tri tha'p da ed tac ddng sau sic dd'n ddi sd'ng sinh hoat

van hoa cua cac dan tdc ncri day.

Song trdn nin canh dy, van boa tdc ngudi dugc thi hidn mdt each da dang

va phong phu. Qua tim bilu, khao sat va nghidn ciiu ddi sd'ng van hod cua cac

dan tdc Chut, Bm - Vdn Kilu, chung ta da cd mdt bftc tranh toan canh ddy sd'ng

ddng vl van boa vdt thi va van boa phi vat thi cua cac tdc ngudi Sach, Rue,

May, Arem, Van Kilu, Ma Coong, Khua, Tri, Mudng... cd nhumg gia trj bj chum

Idp, cd nhftng gia trj dang diSn ra timg ngay, tftng gid d cac bin lang, d mdi edng

ddng, gia dinh va d trong mdi con ngucri. Mac du da trai qua nhiiu biln thidn cua

ljch sir nhung bftc tranh vdn hoa a'y chua mdy phai md. Nd'u nhu phuong tidn cu

till cua hg la cac kilu nha san, nha ddt vdi nhumg tuc Id va tmyln thuylt vl xay

dung, bai tri dugc luu trayin tiong ddn gian thi trang phuc cua cac ddn tdc tiong

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nhfing ngay thudmg va cac djp hdi he, IS, tft, ma chay da thi hidn dc sang tao, khidu thdm my trong an mac. Tuc an udng cung bilu thj sy mdc mac va min khach trong ddi sdng dm thyc cua hg. Ve van boa xa hdi nhan thdy dugc nhfing net kha dac sic trong hdn nhan, tang ma va mdt sd phong tuc khac. Trong linh vyc van boa tinh thin da thi bidn ddi sdng tam linh cua ddng bao dan tdc rdt phong phu. Trong nhumg ngay IS bdi dap ydng, tid'ng trd'ng ngan vang nui rftng, khap cac ban lang dan tdc Ma Coong, tid'ng tu va, chidng, sao pi, dan Td ro bon... thuc due mgi ngudri hang hai san xudt, vui choi ca mua, chuc mftng ngay vui sau nhftng ngay lao ddng met nhgc, rdi trai gai dua nhau di tun hilu...Hg cdn kl cho nhau nghe nhumg cau chuyen ddn gian, chuydn cudi, timydn cd tfch, trayin thuylt, thdn thoai ndi ldn khat vgng cua con ngudi yong vide chinh phuc ty nhidn, cai tao cudc sd'ng, hudng con ngucri dd'n nhftng gia tii td't dep va cung ham chfta tfnh giao dye cao. Sy tdn tai cac thid't chi xa hdi, gia dinh, ddng hg, cac ludt tuc, nhumg quan nidm tin ngudng tfch cyc cang thit chat thdm sy cd kit cdng ddng trudc mdt mdi tmdmg sd'ng nghidt nga. Vide bao tdn phat huy nhumg kid'n thftc ban dja da giup cho ddng bao dan tdc da va dang ty duy tri, phat triln cudc sdng cua hg, giup hg chu ddng tiong vide xem xet va dua ra nhung quyft sach cho sy djnh hudmg phat triln cua chinh cdng ddng. Tdt ea da tao ndn mdt bftc tranh van hoa da sic, dam net tfnh dan tdc cua ddng bao cac tdc ngudi d mdt vftng xa xdi heo lanh nhd't cua rinh Quang Binh.

Bdn canh nhftng net van boa dep, chung ta cung edn canh bdo ring sic thai

van boa tde ngudi d ddy dang din bj lang qudn, do anh hudng eua nin kinh t l lac

hau, sy giao luu anh hudmg van hoa ngoai lai va cac tac ddng khac . Vi thi, ngay

nay tyc hat dan ca eua ngudi Sach, ngudi May, didu mfta eua ngucri Van Kieu,

Ma Coong khdng edn phd bid'n nfta, ngudri ta da ddn qudn lang nd va thay thi

bing cac hinh thftc ca nhac hidn dai, da sd thanh nidn thfch nhac xanh, nhac

rock, nhac vang ma qudn di nhumg cau hat "Ca tom, ta ldnh" cua dng cha dl lai.

Cdng thdm vao dd la cac hu tyc md tfn dj doan, cung ma, ylm bua, tue cudi hdi

nang nl td'n kem vin cdn phd bid'n. Dd la nhung mang td'i van boa cin phai dugc

khic phuc va loai bd tiong ddi sd'ng van boa cac dan tdc d day.

Tdm lai, tft nhirng kd't qua nghidn cum cac gia trj van hod vdt thd va phi vat

thi ciia ddng bao dan tdc vftng Phong Nha - Ke Bang cho chung ta di dd'n nhfing

nhdn xet sau day:

Mac du tiong dilu kidn thid'u thd'n, lac hau nhung cac dan tdc vung

Phong Nha - Ke Bang da dd lai mdt kho tang van boa hit sftc phong phu va da

dang, kl ca ndi dung lin loai hinh. Bdn canh cac loai hinh van hoa dang cdn hidn

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huu thi hidn ban sic cua tftng tdc ngudi edn ed nhung loai hinh van hda pha tidn gifta cac tdc ngucri vdi nhau, ed nhumg thi loai van hoa khd cd thi phan bidt mdt each rach rdi.

Trong thyc t l cho thdy nhiiu gia tii van boa cua ddng bao dan tdc d day bj mai mdt di rdt nhiiu, cd nhftng Ilnh vyc chi cdn lai yong tam tri eua con ngucri, cd nhumg linh •vyc dang tdn tai nhung khdng cd dilu kidn de thyc tiii va ndu ed cung rdt ban chi.

Vdi kft qua khao sat dilu tra xa hdi hgc da cho thdy cac gia tii van boa tmyln thdng cua cac ddng bao dan tdc d day da bj mai mdt di rdt nhiiu va cin phai diu tu nhiiu cdng sftc mdi cd thi bao tdn va phat tiiln dugc.

Tft su phan tfch thyc trang ddi sdng van boa ciia cdc dan tdc va cac luan cft khoa hgc, dl tai da dl xudt mdt nhdm giai phap cd tfnh kha thi nhim bao tdn va phat triln nhumg gia trj van boa cac dan tdc trong ddi sd'ng duomg dai, phuc vu cho hoat ddng du ljch va gdp phdn phat triln kinh td xa hdi d khu vyc Phong Nha - Ke Bang va nhdm giai phap xdy dyng Iang ban van boa sinh thai bdn viing d khu vyc nay.

Tuy nhidn thyc td chumg minh ring, trong dilu kidn giao luu kinh t l xa hdi nhu hidn nay, vide tilp tuc gin gift nhumg gia trj van hoa dd lai la dilu khdng dS. Cudc sd'ng hidn tai vdi cac md'i quan hd ngay cang md rdng hon trdn tdt ca cac linh vuc dang timg ngay tftng gid lam suy yd'u nin tang van boa tmyln thdng cua cac tdc ngudi 6 khu vyc nay d ca binh didn van hoa vat chdt va van hoa phi vat chat.

Se cdn nhiiu vdn dl cin dugc nghidn cum tid'p theo dl lam ro hon ban sic vdn hoa ciia cac ddn tdc d vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang nhu vd'n dl ngudn gd'c va qua tiinh phat triln tdc ngudi, nhumg dac trung van boa, ngdn ngft va chft vift dan tdc. Hy vgng ring dd la nhumg bai toan se tim dugc ldi giai trong nay mai.

222

PHAN PHU LUC

223

BANG TH6NG Kt DIA DrflM Dl£u TRA

STT

1

2

3

4

5

6

Dja diim dilu ya

Tmdng PTDT - Ndi tim tinh

UBND xa Thugng Trach

Tradng tiiu hgc Thucmg Trach

Trudng THCS xa Tan Trach

Ddn Bidn phdng 585 Thugng Hoa

Ban dan tdc miin nui tinh

Sd lugng phid'u

186

85

68

74

67

20

Tdngsd phidu: 500

224

BANG T6NG HOP K£T QUA Dif U TRA XA HOI Hpc

Tong sd ngudi dugc dieu tra: 500 ngudi

l.Phan bd theo gidi tinh

Tdng sd phidu

500

100%

Nam

315

63%

Nft

185

37%

2. Phan bd theo tudi ddi (dd tudi)

Tdng sd

500

100%

Dudi 18 tudi

137

27,4%

Tft 18-30 tudi

158

31,6%

Tft 31-50 tudi

142

28,4%

Trdn 50 mdi

63

12,6%

3. Phan bd theo thanh phan xa hdi

Tdng sd

500

100%

Hgc sinh

137

27,4%

LLvu trang

127

25,4%

Ddng bao dan tdc

145

29,0%

GV va cdc nha quan ly

91

18,2%

Thanh phdn khac

0

0

225

T 6 N G HOP Kf T QUA Difu TRA

^ ^ " ^^i- Xin Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bift y kiln cua minh vl mftc dd bilu bid't cac loai hinh sinh boat van boa, tfn nguong cua ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

(Xin danh da'u X vao d trdng)

Cac linh vyc van hod, tfn nguomg

Bai hat, nhac

Didu mua

Sft dung cdng chidng

Sft dung dan, sao

Td chftc IS hdi

Thd cung td tidn

Thd cftng cac thin linh

Traydn cd dan gian

Dftng cdc loai trang sftc

Chfi vid't dan tdc

Cac loai hinh van boa cdng ddng(Td't, IS...)

Sdng tao nhac cu

Mdc do hieu Met: Cd Met

Tdng sd tra ldi

S.lugng

85

90

115

105

265

185

250

110

298

0

115

55

%

17

1.8

23

21

53

37

50

22

59,6

0

23

11

Nam

Slugng

53

36

115

88

158

117

124

53

73

0

70

55

%

10,6

7,2

23

17,6

31,6

23,4

24,8

10,6

14,6

0

14,0

11

Nft

Slugng

32

54

0

17

107

133

126

57

112

0

45

0

%

6,4

10,8

0

3,4

21,4

26,6

25,4

11,4

22,4

0

9,0

3,6

226

T 6 N G HOP K^T QUA Dif U TRA

^ ^ " ' Oi- ^ n Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bilt y kid'n eua minh vl mftc dd bilu bid't cac loai hinh sinh boat van boa, tfn ngudng cua ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh ddu X vao d trdng)

Cac linh vyc van hod, tfn ngudng

Bai hat, nhac

Didu mua

Sft dung edng chidng

Sft dung dan, sao

Td chftc IS hdi

Thd cung td tidn

Thd cung cac thdn linh

Traydn cd dan gian

Dung cac loai tiang sftc

Chfi vid't dan tdc

Cdc loai hinh van boa cdng ddng(Td't, IS...)

Sang tao nhac cu

Mile do hieu biet: Bie't mgt chut

Tdng sd tra ldi

S.lucmg

140

155

145

175

207

145

140

165

230

0

185

70

%

28

31

29

35

41,4

29

28

33

46

0

37

14

Nam

Slugng

106

85

102

114

52

82

76

85

28

0

123

70

%

21,2

17

20,4

22,8

10,4

16,4

15,2

17

5,6

0

24,6

14

Nfi

Slugng

34

70

43

61

48

63

64

80

102

0

162

0

%

6,8

14

8,6

12,2

9,6

12,6

12,8

16

20,4

0

32,4

0

227

T 6 N G HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

- ^ " ^^- Xin Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bift y kiln cua minh vl mftc dd bilu bift loai hinh sinh boat van boa, tfn ngudng cua ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

(Xin danh ddu X vao d trdng)

cac

Cac linh vyc van boa, tfn

nguong

Bai hat, nhac

Didu miia

Sft dung cdng chidng

Sft dung dan, sao

Td chftc Id hdi

Thd cung td tidn

Thd cung cac thin linh

Traydn cd dan gian

Dftng cdc loai trang sftc

Chft vid't dan tdc

Cac loai hinh van hoa cdng ddng(Td't, IS...)

Sing tao nhac cu

Mdc do hieu Met: Khdng Met

Tdng sd tra ldi

S.lugng

295

245

260

220

135

105

110

225

72

0

100

385

%

55

49

52

44

27

21

22

45

14,4

0

20

77

Nam

Slugng

165

154

72

92

65

63

68

82

19

0

52

168

%

33

30,8

14,4

18,4

13,0

12,6

13,6

16,4

3,8

0

10,4

33,6

Nu

Slucmg

110

91

188

128

70

42

42

143

53

0

48

217

%

22

18,2

37,6

25,6

14

8,4

8,4

28,6

10,6

0

9,6

43,4

228

T 6 N G HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

£-^" hdj: Xin Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bilt y kidn cua minh vl mftc dd bilu bid't cac loai binh sinh boat van boa, tfn ngudng cua ddng bao cac dan tdc viing Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh ddu X vao d ydng)

Cac linh vyc van boa,

tfn ngudng

Bdi hat, nhac

Didu mfta

Sft dyng cdng chidng

Sft dung ddn, sao

Td chftc IS hdi

Thd cung td tidn

Thd cung cac thdn linh

Traydn cd dan gian

Dftng cac loai trang sftc

Chft vid't dan tdc

Cac loai hinh van boa

cdng ddng(Td't, Id...)

Sang tao nhac cu

Mdc do hieu Met: Cd Met

Tdng sd tri Icri

SL

85

90

115

105

265

250

250

110

185

0

115

55

%

17

18,0

23,0

21

53,0

50,0

50,0

22,0

37,0

0

23,0

11

Phan theo tudi ddi (dd tudi)

Dudi 18 mdi

SL

0

28

12

12

25

30

32

25

25

0

23

0

%

0

5,6

2,4

2,4

5,0

6,0

6,4

5,0

5,0

0

4,6

0

Tft 18-30 tudi

SL

12

23

47

28

85

79

79

52

68

0

28

5

%

34

4,6

9,4

5,6

17,0

15,8

15,8

10,4

13,6

0

5,6

1

Tft 31-50 tudi

SL

32

21

34

34

102

78

76

19

58

0

34

27

%

6,4

4,2

6,8

6,8

20,4

15,6

15,2

3,8

11,6

0

6,8

5,4

Trdn 50 tudi

SL

41

18

22

31

53

63

63

14

34

0

30

23

%

8,2

3,6

4,4

6,2

10,6

12,6

12,6

2,8

6,8

0

6,0

4,6

229

T 6 N G HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

Cau hdi: Xin Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bilt y kiln ciia minh vl mftc dd bilu bid't cac loai hinh sinh boat van boa, tfn ngudng cua ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh ddu X vao d trd'ng)

Cac linh vyc van boa,

tfn nguong

Bai hat, nhac

Didu mua

Sft dung cdng chidng

Sft dung dan, sao

Td chftc Id hdi

Thd cung td tidn

Thd cung cac thdn linh

Traydn cd dan gian

Dftng cdc loai trang sftc

Chu vid't dan tde

Cdc loai hinh van hoa cdng ddng(Td't, Id...)

Sing tao nhac cu

Mdc do hieu Met: Biet mgt chut

Tdng sd

traidi

SL

140

155

145

175

100

145

140

165

130

0

285

70

%

28

31

29,0

35,0

20,0

29,0

28,0

33,0

26,0

0

57,0

14

Phan theo tudi ddi (dd tudi)

Dudi 18

tudi

SL

18

35

51

58

33

51

47

63

53

0

92

2

%

16,2

7

10,2

11,6

6,6

10,2

9,4

12,6

10,6

0

18,4

0,4

Tft 18-30 tudi

SL

25

52

33

41

29

36

34

38

28

0

67

17

%

5

10,4

6,6

8,2

5,8

7,2

6,8

7,6

5,6

0

13,4

3,4

Tft 31-50

tudi

SL

63

47

38

45

31

42

43

43

35

0

76

2

%

12,6

9,4

7,6

9,0

6,2

8,4

8,6

8,6

7,0

0

15,2

4

Trdn 50 tudi

SL

34

21

23

31

7

16

16

21

14

0

50

31

%

6,8

4,2

4,6

6,2

1,4

3,2

3,2

4,2

2,8

0

10,0

6,2

230

T6NG HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

Cauhoi: Xin Ong, bd, anh, chj cho biet y kiln cua minh vl mftc dd bilu bid't cac loai hinh sinh boat van hoa, tfn nguomg eua ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo eae ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh da'u X vao d trd'ng)

Cac linh vyc van boa, tfn ngudng

Bii hat, nhac

Didu mua

Sft dyng cdng chidng

Sft dung dan, sao

Td chftc Id bdi

Thd cung td tidn

Thd cung cdc thdn linh

Tmydn cd ddn gian

Dftng cac loai yang sftc

Chfi vid't ddn tdc

Cac loai hinh van boa cdng ddng(Td't, IS...)

Sing tao nhac cu

Mdc do hieu Met: Khdng Met

Tdng sd traidi

SL

275

245

260

220

135

105

110

225

185

0

100

385

%

55

49

48.0

44

27,0

21,0

22,0

51,0

37,0

0

20,0

77

Phan theo tudi ddi (dd tudi)

Dudi 18 tudi

SL

150

105

120

54

20

23

28

81

57

0

23

101

%

30

21

14,2

10,8

4,0

4,6

5,6

16,2

11,4

0

4,6

20,2

Tft 18-30 tudi

SL

90

97

90

64

45

33

36

67

75

0

21

87

%

18

19,4

13,6

12,8

9,0

6,6

7,2

13,4

15,0

0

4,2

17,4

Tft 31-50 mdi

SL

22

23

23

55

41

29

27

40

31

0

19

50

%

4,4

4,6

4,6

11

8,2

5,8

5,4

8,0

6,2

0

3,8

10

Trdn 50 tudi

SL

13

20

27

47

29

20

19

37

22

0

17

47

%

2,6

4,0

15,6

9,4

5,8

4,0

3,8

7,4

4,4

0

3.4

9,4

231

T6NG HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

Cau hoi: Xin Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bid't y kid'n cua minh vl mftc dd bilu bid't cac loai binh sinh boat van hoa, tfn nguomg cua ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo eae ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh ddu X vao d trdng)

Cac linh vyc van boa, tfn ngudng

Bai hat, nhac

Didu mua

Sir dyng cdng chidng

Sft dung dan sao

Td chftc IS hdi

Thd cung td tidn

Thd cung cac thin linh

Traydn cd ddn gian

Dftng cac loai tiang sftc

Chfi vid't ddn tde

Cac loai hinh van hoa cdng ddng( Tft,lS...)

Sdng tao nhac cu

Mdc do hieu Met: Cd Met

5ng sd tra ldi

SL

85

90

115

105

265

250

250

110

185

0

115

55

%

17

18,0

23,0

21

53,0

50,0

50,0

22,0

37

0

23,0

11

Phan bd theo thanh phdn xa hdi

HSinh

SL

17

23

32

18

51

61

52

13

56

0

22

5

%

3,4

4,6

6,4

3,6

10,2

12,2

10,4

2,6

11,2

0

4,4

1,0

LLvu trang

SL

18

27

26

21

74

59

57

36

55

0

26

10

%

3,6

5,4

5,2

4,2

14,8

11,8

11,4

7,2

11,0

0

5,2

2,0

Ddng bao ddn tdc

SL

39

21

35

47

89

75

77

21

23

0

32

32

%

7,8

4,2

7,0

9,4

17,8

15,0

15,4

4,2

4,6

0

6,4

6,4

GVva cac nha quanly

SL

11

19

22

19

51

55

64

40

51

0

35

8

%

2,2

3,8

4,4

3,8

10,2

11,0

12,8

8,0

10,2

0

7,0

1,6

232

T 6 N G HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

Caujioi: Xin Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bift y kiln cua minh vl mftc dd bilu bid't cac loai hinh sinh boat van hod, tfn ngudng cua ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh ddu X vao d trdng)

Cac linh vyc van hoa, tfn ngudng

Bai hat, nhac

Didu mua

Sft dung cdng chidng

Sii dung dan sao

Td chuic Id hdi

Thd cung td tidn

Thd cung cac thin linh

Truydn cd dan gian

Dung cac loai tiang sftc

Chft vid't dan tdc

Cdc loai hinh van boa

cdng ddng( Tft,ld...)

Sdng tao nhac cu

Mdc do hieu Met: Bie't mgt chut

Tdng sd

traidi

SL

140

155

145

175

100

145

140

165

130

0

285

70

%

28,0

31,0

29,0

35,0

20,0

29,0

28,0

33,0

26,0

0

57,0

14,0

Phan bd theo thanh phin xa hdi

HSinh

SL

41

58

51

57

13

15

15

56

28

0

92

11

%

8,2

11,6

10,2

11,4

2,6

3,0

3,0

11,2

5,6

0

18,4

2,2

LLvu trang

SL

38

34

36

65

26

36

41

47

31

0

67

19

%

7,6

6,8

7,2

13,0

5,2

7,2

8,2

9,4

6,2

0

13,4

3,8

Ddng bao dan tdc

SL

43

49

42

31

21

42

34

39

47

0

76

31

%

8,6

9,8

8,4

6,2

4,2

8,4

6,8

7,4

9,4

0

15,2

6,2

GVva

cac nha

quan ly

SL

18

14

16

22

40

52

50

23

24

0

50

9

%

3,6

2,8

3,2

4,4

8,0

10,4

10,0

4,6

4,8

0

10

1,8

233

T6NG HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

CauJloi: Xin Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bilt y kien cua minh vl mftc dd bilu bid't cac loai hinh sinh hoat van hoa, tfn ngudng cua ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh ddu X vao d trd'ng)

Cac linh vyc van boa,

tin ngudng

Bdi hat, nhac

Didu mua

Sft dung cdng chidng

Sft dung ddn sao

Td chftc IS hdi

Thd cung td tidn

Thd cung cdc thdn linh

Truydn cd dan gian

Dung cac loai trang sftc

Chfi vid't dan tdc

Cac loai hinh van hoa cdng ddng( Td't,ld...)

Sdng tao nhac eu

Mdc do hieu Met: Khdng Met

Tdng sd traidi

SL

275

245

260

220

135

105

110

225

185

0

100

385

%

55

49

52

44

27,0

21,0

22,0

45,0

37,0

0

20,0

77

Phan bd theo thanh phin xa hdi

HSinh

SL

165

140

167

148

20

39

13

81

56

0

13

193

%

33

28

33,4

29,6

4,0

7,8

2,6

16,2

11,2

0

2,6

38,6

LLvu yang

SL

46

29

33

25

45

19

36

67

55

0

26

65

%

9,2

5,8

6,6

5

9,0

3,8

7,2

13,4

11,0

0

5,2

13

Ddng bao dan tdc

SL

34

44

28

20

41

15

21

40

23

0

21

67

%

6,8

8,8

5,6

4

8,2

3,0

4,2

8,0

4,6

0

4,2

13,4

GVva cac nha quan ly

SL

20

32

32

27

29

32

40

37

51

0

40

50

%

4

6,4

6,4

5,4

5,8

6,4

8,0

7,4

10,2

0

8,0

10

234

T6NG HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

^ ^ " * Qi- ^ n Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bift y kien cua minh vl cac bilu hidn van hoa yong sinh boat hang ngay cua ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh ddu X vao d ydng)

Cac linh vyc trong sinh boat

van hoa

Trang phuc hang ngay

Hinh thftc an, ud'ng, hut...

Loai nha dang d

Cach bai tri trong nha

Tyc Iam nha

Phong tyc cudi xin

Phong tuc ma chay

Phong tue sinh de

Tuc chfta bdnh

Ngdn ngft hang ngay

Ngdn ngfi lam vide

Sft dung cdng cu sin xudt

Cdc bieu Men: Gid'ng ngudi Kinh

Tdng sd tri ldi

S.lugng

275

125

65

55

37

24

56

21

58

55

38

89

%

55

25,0

13

11

7,4

4,8

11,2

4,2

11,6

11

7,6

28,0

Phan chia theo gidi tfnh

Nam

Slugng

177

83

4,7

40

25

11

37

5

37

27

24

93

%

35,4

16,6

9,4

8

5

2,2

7,4

1

7,4

5,4

4,8

18,6

Nft

Slugng

98

42

18

15

12

13

21

17

11

28

24

47

%

19,6

8,4

3,6

3

2,4

2,6

4,2

3,4

2,2

5,6

4,8

9,4

235

T 6 N G H O P Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

^ ^ " ^91- Xin Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bift y kiln cua minh vl cac bilu hidn van boa yong sinh boat hang ngay cua ddng bao cac ddn tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh ddu X vao d trdng)

Cac linh vyc trong sinh boat

van boa

Trang phuc hang ngay

Hinh thftc an, ud'ng, hut...

Loai nha dang d

Cach bai tri trong nha

Tuc lam nha

Phong tuc cudi xin

Phong tue ma chay

Phong tuc sinh de

Tuc chfia bdnh

Ngdn ngft hang ngay

Ngdn ngfi lam vide

Sft dyng cdng cu sin xudt

Cdc bieu Men: Ket hgp

Tdng sd tra ldi

S.lugng

190

135

90

68

39

47

22

25

75

79

86

120

%

38,0

27

180

26,0

38,0

28,0

32,0

36,0

29,0

51,0

34,0

24,0

Phdn chia theo gidi tfnh

Nam

Slugng

127

80

56

63

9

25

7

6

47

172

113

82

%

25,4

16

25,0

17,8

25,4

18,6

21,4

24,4

19,4

34,4

22,6

16,4

Nfi

Slugng

63

55

44

5

30

12

15

19

28

83

57

38

%

12,6

11

13,0

8,2

12,6

9,4

10,6

11,6

9,6

16,6

11,4

7,6

236

T 6 N G HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

^ ^ " ^Oi- Xin Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bift y kiln cua minh vl cac bilu hidn van boa trong sinh boat hang ngay eua ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh ddu X vao d trdng)

Cac linh vyc trong sinh boat

van boa

Trang phuc hang ngay

Hinh thft:c an, ud'ng, hut...

Loai nha dang d

Cach bai tri trong nha

Tuc lam nha

Phong tuc cudi xin

Phong tyc ma chay

Phong tyc sinh de

Tuc chfia bdnh

Ngdn ngfi bang ngay

Ngdn ngfi lam vide

Sir dung cdng cu san xudt

Cdc bieu Men: Khdc ngudi Kinh (truyen thdng)

Tdng sd tra ldi

S.lugng

105

147

205

230

210

210

210

195

230

355

72

240

%

21,0

24,0

41,0

46,0

42,0

42,0

42,0

39,0

46,0

31,0

40,0

48,0

Phan chia theo gidi tfnh

Nam

Slugng

73

83

137

153

144

140

137

127

154

103

133

162

%

14,6

16,6

27,4

30,6

28,8

28,0

27,4

25,4

30,8

20,6

26,6

32,4

NO

Slugng

32

37

68

77

66

70

73

68

76

52

67

78

%

6,4

7,4

13,6

15,4

13,2

14,0

14,6

13,6

15,2

10,4

13,4

15,6

237

T 6 N G HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

^ ^ " hgj: Xin Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bilt y kiln cua minh vl cac bilu hidn van hod trong sinh boat hang ngay ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh da'u X vao d trdng)

Cac linh "vyc trong

sinh hoat van boa

Trang phuc hang ngay

Hinh thftc an, ud'ng, hut..

Loai nhd dang d

Cach bai tri trong nha

Tyc lam nha

Phong tyc cudi xin

Phong tuc ma chay

Phong tuc sinh de

Tuc chfia bdnh

Ngdn ngft hang ngay

Ngdn ngft Iam vide

Sir dung cdng cy sin xudt

Cdc bieu Men: Gidng ngudi Kinh

Tdng sd

tia ldi

SL

205

125

105

140

100

150

130

125

125

90

130

140

%

41,0

25,0

21,0

20,8

20,0

30,0

26,0

25,0

25,0

18,0

26,0

28,0

Phan theo tudi ddi (dd tudi)

Dudi 18 tudi

SL

63

20

29

22

33

27

19

30

20

30

19

22

%

12,6

4,0

5,8

4,4

6,6

5,4

3,8

6,0

4,0

6,0

3,8

4,4

Tft 18-30 tudi

SL

62

43

32

48

29

53

45

46

43

27

45

48

%

12,4

8,6

6,4

9,6

5,8

10,6

9,0

9,2

8,6

5,4

9,0

9,6

Tft 31-50 tudi

SL

48

36

35

41

31

41

39

26

36

28

39

41

%

9,6

7,2

7,0

8,2

6,2

8,2

7,8

5,2

7,2

5,6

7,9

8,2

Trdn 50 tudi

SL

32

26

9

29

7

29

27

23

26

5

27

29

%

6,4

5,2

1,8

5,8

1,4

5,8

5,4

4,6

5,2

1,0

5,4

5,8

238

T 6 N G HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

^ ^ " ^21: Xin Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bilt y kiln eua minh vl cac bilu hidn van boa trong sinh boat hang ngay cua ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh ddu X vao d trdng)

Cac linh •vyc trong

sinh boat van hod

Trang phyc hang ngay

Hinh thftc an, ud'ng, hut..

Loai nha dang d

Cach bai tri trong nha

Tuc lam nha

Phong tuc cudi xin

Phong tyc ma chay

Phong tyc sinh de

Tuc chfia bdnh

Ngdn ngu hang ngay

Ngdn ngfi Iam vide

Su dung cdng cu san xudt

Cdc bieu Men: Ke't ho'p

Tdng sd

tra Icri

SL

190

255

190

130

190

140

160

180

145

255

170

120

%

38.0

51,0

38,0

26,0

38,0

28,0

32,0

36,0

29,0

51,0

34,0

24,0

Phan theo tudi ddi (dd tudi)

Dudi 18 tudi

SL

57

100

57

19

37

22

27

54

23

95

32

19

%

11,4

20,0

11,4

3,8

7,4

4,4

5,4

10,8

4,6

19,0

6,4

3,8

Tft 18-30 tudi

SL

75

52

75

45

75

48

58

73

51

57

61

40

%

15,0

10,4

15,0

9,0

15,0

9,6

11,6

14,6

10,2

11,4

12,2

8,0

Tft 31-50 tudi

SL

36

69

46

39

56

41

46

32

42

69

48

36

%

7,2

13,8

9,2

7,8

11,2

8,2

9,2

6,4

8,4

13,8

9,8

7,2

Trdn 50 tudi

SL

22

34

12

27

22

29

29

21

29

34

29

25

%

4,4

6,8

2,4

5,4

4,4

5,8

5,8

4,2

5,8

6,8

5,8

5,0

239

T 6 N G HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

- ^ " QJ- Xin 6ng, ba, anh, chj cho bift y kiln cua minh vl cac bieu hidn van hoa trong sinh boat hang ngay ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cdc ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh ddu X vao d trdng)

Cac linh vyc trong

sinh boat van boa

Trang phuc hang ngay

Hinh thftc an, ud'ng, hut...

Loai nha dang b

Cach bai tri trong nha

Tuc lam nha

Phong tuc cudi xin

Phong tyc ma chay

Phong tuc sinh de

Tuc chfta bdnh

Ngdn ngu hang ngay

Ngdn ngft lam vide

Su dung cdng cu san

xudt

Cdc bieu Men: Khdc ngudi kinh (truyen thdng)

Tdng sd

traidi

SL

105

120

205

230

210

210

210

195

230

155

200

240

%

21,0

24,0

41,0

46,0

42,0

42,0

42,0

39,0

46,0

31,0

40,0

48,0

Phan theo tudi ddi (dd tudi)

Dudi 18 tudi

SL

29

19

63

71

62

58

56

57

61

23

62

61

%

5,8

3,8

12,6

14,2

12,4

11,6

11,2

11,4

12,2

4,6

12,4

12,2

Tft 18-30 tudi

SL

32

40

62

68

51

65

67

75

68

56

75

78

%

6,4

8,0

12,4

13,6

10,2

13,0

13,4

15,0

13,6

11,2

15,0

15,6

Tft 31-50 tudi

SL

35

36

48

23

65

51

51

46

33

44

46

33

%

7,0

7,2

9,6

4,6

13,0

10,2

10,2

9,2

6,6

8,8

9,2

6,6

Trdn 50 tudi

SL

9

25

32

68

32

36

36

17

68

32

17

68

%

1,8

5,0

6,4

13,6

6,4

7,2

7,2

3,4

13,6

6,4

3,4

13,6

240

T 6 N G HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

£^" hdi: Xin Ong, ba, anh, chi cho bift y kiln cua minh vl cac bilu hidn van hoa trong sinh boat hang ngay cua ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh ddu X vao d trd'ng)

Cac Ilnh vyc trong

sinh boat van boa

Trang phyc hang ngay

Hinh thftc an, udng,

hut...

Loai nha dang b

Cach bai tri tiong nha

Tuc lam nha

Phong tuc cudi xin

Phong tyc ma chay

Phong tyc sinh de

Tue chfta bdnh

Ngdn ngfi hang ngay

Ngdn ngfi Iam vide

Sir dung cdng cy san xudt

Cdc bieu Men: Gidng ngudi kinh

Tdng sd

traidi

SL

205

125

105

140

100

150

130

125

125

90

130

140

%

41,0

25,0

21,0

28,0

20,0

30,0

26,0

25,0

25,0

18,0

26,0

28,0

Phan bd theo thanh phdn xa bdi

HSinh

SL

59

28

39

15

34

47

28

28

28

24

28

38

%

11,8

5,6

7,8

3,0

6,8

9,4

5,6

5,6

5,6

4,8

5,6

7,6

LLvu

trang

SL

64

31

19

41

19

44

31

22

34

19

21

31

%

12,8

6,2

3,8

8,2

3,8

8,8

6,2

4,4

6,8

3,8

4,2

6,2

Ddng bao

ddn tdc

SL

45

47

15

34

15

36

47

47

47

15

47

47

%

9,0

9,4

3,0

6,8

5,0

7,2

9,4

9,4

9,4

3,0

9,4

9,4

GV va cac

nha quan

ly

SL

37

19

32

50

32

23

24

28

26

32

34

24

%

7,4

3,8

6,4

10,0

6,4

4,6

4,8

5,6

5,2

6,4

6,8

4,8

241

T 6 N G HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

Cau hoi: Xin Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bilt y kiln ciia minh vl cac bilu hidn van hoa trong sinh boat hang ngay cua ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh ddu X vao d trdng)

Cac linh vyc trong

sinh boat van boa

Trang phuc hang ngdy

Hinh thftc an, ud'ng, hut...

Loai nha dang d

Cach bai tri trong nha

Tuc lam nha

Phong tuc cudi xin

Phong tyc ma chay

Phong tuc sinh de

Tyc chfia bdnh

Ngdn ngu hang ngay

Ngdn ngfi lam vide

Sft dung cdng cu sin xudt

Cdc bieu Men: Ke't hop

Tdng sd

traidi

SL

190

255

190

130

190

140

160

180

145

255

170

120

%

38,0

51,0

38,0

26,0

38,0

28,0

32,0

36,0

29,0

51,0

34,0

24,0

Phan bd theo thanh phdn xa hdi

HSinh

SL

56

98

56

28

56

38

47

47

38

98

47

28

%

11,2

19,6

11,2

5,6

11,2

7,6

9,4

9,4

7,6

19,6

9,4

5,6

LLvu trang

SL

58

54

60

31

60

31

49

54

36

54

54

36

%

11,6

10,8

12,0

6,2

12,0

6,2

9,8

10,8

7,2

10,8

10,8

7,2

Ddng bao dan tdc

SL

23

69

23

47

23

47

41

41

47

69

36

29

%

4,6

13,8

4,6

9,4

4,6

9,4

8,2

8,2

9,4

13,8

7,2

5,8

GV va cac nha quan

ly

SL

53

34

51

24

51

24

23

28

24

34

23

27

%

10,6

6,8

10,2

4,8

10,2

4,8

4,6

5,6

4,8

6,8

4,6

5,4

242

van

T 6 N G HOP Kf T QUA Dif U TRA

- ^ " '^"l- ^ n Ong, ba, anh, chj cho bift ^ kid'n eua minh vl cac bilu hidn hoa trong sinh boat hang ngay cua ddng bao cac dan tdc vung Phong nha- Ke bang theo cac ndi dung sau:

( Xin danh ddu X vao d trd'ng)

Cac ITnh vuc trong

sinh boat van hoa

Trang phuc hang ngay

Hmh thftc an, ud'ng, hut...

Loai nha dang d

Cdch bai tri trong nha

Tuc lam nha

Phong tyc cudi xin

Phong tuc ma chay

Phong tuc sinh de

Tyc chfia bdnh

Ngdn ngft hang ngay

Ngdn ngfi Iam vide

Sir dung cdng cu sin xudt

Cdc bieu hien: Khdc ngudi kinh (truyen thdng)

Tdng so

tra ldi

SL

105

120

205

230

210

210

210

195

230

155

200

240

%

21,0

24,0

41,0

46,0

42,0

42,0

42,0

39,0

46,0

31,0

40,0

48,0

Phan bd theo thanh phin xa hdi

HSinh

SL

39

28

59

66

64

59

59

59

66

38

59

66

%

7,8

5,6

11,8

13,2

12,8

11,8

11,8

11,8

13,2

7,6

11,8

13,2

LLvu

trang

SL

19

36

64

68

64

69

64

59

58

36

64

58

%

3,8

7,2

12,8

13,6

12,8

13,8

12,8

11,8

11,6

7,2

12,8

11,6

Ddng bao

dan too

SL

15

29

45

23

45

45

50

40

33

57

40

43

%

3,0

5,8

9,0

4,6

9,0

9,0

10,0

8,0

6,6

11,4

8,0

8,6

GVva

cac nha

quan ly

SL

32

27

37

73

37

37

37

37

73

24

37

73

%

6,4

5,4

7,4

14,6

7,4

7,4

7,4

7,4

14,6

4,8

7,4

14,6

243

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TAI LIEU NGHIEN CQu VA THAM KHAO

1. VlfiN DAN TOC HOC: Vg vSn Ai xic dinh thanh phin cac dan tdc thi^usd d mi6n Bac Vidt Nam, NXB, KHXH, H;1975.

2. NGUYiN BiNH: So luoc gidi thiSu cac din tdc it ngudi d miSn niii tinh Quang Binh, DT; sd 23, H; 1961.

S.NGUYfeN BlNH: Dan tdc Arem va dan tdc Rue, DT, sd A24, H; 1961. 4.KH6NG DifiN, NGO VINH BINH, PHAM QUANG HOAN: Su phan bd dan cU

d min mii Binh Tri Thien, DTH, sd 1. 1978.

5. TRAN CHf DOI, NGUYEN PHU PHONG: M.FERLUS : Lexique Vietnammien - Rue - Francais, Universite de Paris VII, 1988.

6. MAC DUONG: Tun hi u ngudi Rue d miin mii tinh Quang Binh, NCLS. Sd 48-1963.

7. NGUYfiN DlNH KHOA:Thanh ph^ nhan chiing mdt sd nhdm dan tdc d

miin mii tinh Quang Binh, NCLS, sd 121 - 1969.

8. NGUYfiN QUOC LOC (Chu bidn): Cac dan tdc it ngudi d Binh Tri Thifin.

NXB Thuan Hoi, Hue', 1984.

9. NGUYEN VAN MANH: Ngudi Chiit d viet nam, NXB Thuan boa - 1996

10. NGUYIN VAN MANH: Ngudi Chdt d Binh Tri Thien, TTDT, sd 2/1982.

11. NGUYSN HUU THAU: Cac dan tdc thi^u sd t^ Quang Binh trd vao, DT sd

2 va3-1958.

12. NGO DlJc TfflNH: vi md'i quan hd tdc ngudi cua cac nhdm d tinh Binh

Tri Thidn, DTH, sd 3 - 1991.

13. VO XUAN TRANG: Vd cay trong ddi sd'ng ciia ngudi Rue d Quang Binh,

DTH, sd 3-1991.

14. LAM BA NAM: Ddi net vi ngudi Arem b miin Tay huyen Bd Trach Tinh

Quang Binh, Tap chi Dan tdc hoe, sd 2-1996.

15. DINH THANH DU: Van hoa dan gian Bru - Van Kliu, Chut d Quang Binh

(Tap I -ban thao), 11/1999

16. DINH THANH DU: Truydn dan gian Chiit - Ngudn Quang Binh, Tap I -

giai 3 hdi van nghe dan gian Viet Nam nam 1996.

17. TRUNG TAM KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN QUOC GIA: Giao due

ngdn ngii va phat tri^n van hoa cac dan tdc thi^u sd phfa Nam.NXB

KHXH-1993.

244

18. VO XUAN TRANG: Ngudi Rue d Viet Nam. Nha xua't ban van hoa dSn tdc Ha Ndi Nam 1998.

19. LE QUANG T H I £ M (Chu bien): Dan tdc Bru - Van Kiiu, thuc Crang va gial phap phat tri^n va ben vung. Nha xua't ban ndng ngbifip Ha Ndi -1997.

20. c u e DIA CHAT VA KHOANG SAN VIET NAM: Di san thien nhien the' gidi vudn qudc gia Phong Nha - Ke Bang Quang Binh, Viet Nam. Ha Ndi 2003.

21. CAC DAN TOC THI^U SO 6 VIET NAM THfi' KY XX: Nha xua't ban chfnh tri Qud'c gia Ha Ndi -2001.

22. PHONG NHA - K 6 BANG TIT TONG QUAN TU LIEU: Sd khoa hpc cdng

nghe Va mdi trudng Quang Binh 2002.

23. UY BAN DAN TOC vA VU CHINH SACH DAN TOC: Mdt sd va'n de bao ve

mdi trudng vung dan tdc va miin mii. Nha xua't ban Ha ndi - 2005.

24. LifiN HigP cAc HOI KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT VI£T NAM (VUSTA): Xoa

ddi, giam ngheo vung dan tdc thilu sd: Phuong phip tie'p can.Nha xua't

banndng nghiep -2002

25. VlfiN NGHB6N CLIU CHINH sACH DAN TOC VA MI6N NUI: Vfo dl dan tdc

va dinh hudng xay dung chinh sach dan tde trong thdi ki edng nghiep

boa, hidn dai hoa. Nha xua't ban chfnh tri qud'c gia - 2002.

26. TRUNG TAM NGHlfiN CUU vA TAI NGUYfiN MOI TRUONG: Quan ky va

phat tri^n bin vCtng tai nguyen miin niii. Hdi thao khoa hoc- Dai hoc

Qud'c gia Ha Ndi - 9/2005.

27. D U A N GL^M N G H 6 O MI^N TRUNG: Mdt sd dac diim van hoa ciia eae

dan tdc thi^u sd ban dia trong du an. H u l - 2005.

28. N G U Y I N KHAC TIJNG: Tap quan cu tru va nha d cua cac dan tdc thieu

sd d Viet Nam. Tap chf DTH sd 8 nam 2000.

29. NGUYfiN VAN MANH (CHU BEN) - NGUYfiN VAN HONG- NGUYfiN HUU

THONG: Luat tue ciia ngudi Ta dl, Co Tu, Bru - Van Kilu d Quang Tri,

Thira Thien Hul. NXB Thuan Hoa Nam 2001.

30. NGHlfiN CUU LUAT TUC.Bao cao khoa hoc tai bdi thao qud'c tl: Luat tuc

va phat triln ndng thdn bidn nay d Vidt Nam Budn Me Thudt nam 1999.

31. HO CHU: Tfnh cha't hanh chfnh xa hdi cua ban lang Bru - Van Kilu. Tap

chf Cua Viet, sd 18 thang 3/1996.

32. LY LUAN vfi VAN HOA VA DU&NG LOI VAN HOA CUA DANG: Hpc vien

qud'c gia Hd Chf Minh nam 2005

245

33. PHAM DUG DLONG: vfi MOI QUAN Hfi NGUON GOC CUA CAC NGON

NGCrNH6M Viet - Mudng. Tap chf DTH 1979.

34. NGUYfiN PHU3C BAO DAN: Tii CU tni hang ddng sang nha d (khao sat

cac nhdm tde ngudi Chiit phfa Tay tinh Quang Bmh - Phan vien NC

VHNT Miin Trung. Hul nam 2003.

35. NGUYfiN KHAC THAI: San phim van hoa trong du lich sinh thai. Tap chf

NC&PTsd 3(56) nam 2006.

36. NGUYfiN KHAC THAI: Tilp bien van boa trong phat triln van boa nghe

thuat Miin Trung. Nghien ciiu van boa nghe thuat Hue nam 2004.

37. NGUYfiN BCHAC THAI: Van boa khu vuc Bdc Miin Trung. VSn dl va

dinh hudng nghien ciiu. VHNT Mien Trung - ky yiu bdi thao khoa hoc,

Hul nam 2004.

38. NGUYfiN HtJU THONG : Ban vl cac tdc ngudi thilu sd ndi ngdn ngu Viet

- Mudng b Bac Miin Trung Viet Nam - Phan vien NCVH Miin Trung

thang 3 nam 2003.

39. NGUYfiN HUU THONG: Vilng dSft Bic Miin Trung - nhung cam nhan

bude ddu- Phan vien NCVH Miin Trung thang 9 nam 2002.

40. NGUYfiN HUU THONG: Mdt sd suy nghi vl dac diim va hudng bao tdn

nhOng da'u tfch van boa vilng cue bac vuong qud'c Cham-Pa xua - Phan

vien NCVH Miin Trung. Thdng tm khoa hoc tbang3 nam 2001.

41. Lfi XUAN THONG: Tim hi^u thid't che' xa hOi van hoa tinh thdn

cua ngirdi Rue d Thugng Hoa, Minh Hoa Quang Binh. Dai

hoc khoa hoc Uu6. Ni6n luan td't nghiep nam 2003. 42. SO LifiU Difiu TRA vfi TINH HINH PHAT TRIEN KINH Tfi' XA HOI VUNG

DONG BAO DAN TOC THIEU SO 6 QUANG BINH - Ban dan tdc va miin mii

tinh Quang Binh nam 2003.

43. so LifiU Difiu TRA VE TINH HINH PHAT TRIEN KINH Tfi' XA HOI VUNG

DONG BAO DAN TOC THifiu SO 6 QUANG BINH - Ban dan tdc tinh Quang

Binh nam 2004.

44. so LIEU DIEU TRA VE ITNH HINH PHAT TRIEN KINH Tfi' XA HOI VUNG

DONG BAO DAN TOC THIEU SO 6 QUANG BINH - Ban dan tdc tinh Quang

Binh nam 2005

45. SO LifiU Difiu TRA VE TINH HINH PHAT TRIEN KINH TE' XA HOI VUNG

DONG BAO DAN TOC THIEU SO 6 QUANG BINH - Ban dan tdc tdn giao

tinh Quang binh nam 2(X)6.

246

46. so LifiU Difiu TRA vfi SO LUDNG TRU&NG L 6 P VA CONG TAC PHO CAP

G L \ 0 DUC cac trudng THCS, tiiu hoc d xa TTiugng Hoa, Minh Hoa nam hoe 2006-2007.

47. so LifiU Difiu TRA vfi SO LUDNG TRUONG L 6 P VA CONG TAC P H 6 CAP

GL\0 DIJC cac trudng THCS, tieu hoc d xa ThugngTrach- Bd Trach nam

hoc 2006-2007.

48. so LIEU Difiu TRA vfi SO LUDNG TRU&NG L 6 P VA CONG TAC P H 6 CAP

GlAo DUC trudng tiiu hoc d xa Tan Trach nam hoc 2006-2007.

49. SO LIEU Difiu TRA vfi SO LUDNG TRUONG L 6 P VA CONG TAC PHO CAP

GLAO DUC trudng tiiu hoc d xa Son Trach - Bd Trach nam hoc 2006-

2007.

50. TULlfiU DifiN DAVUNG DONG BAO DAN TOC THifiu SO 6 PHONG NHA

- Kfi BANG CUA N H 6 M TAC GL4 THUC HlfiN DE TAI NAM 2005.

51. TULlfiU DIEN DA VUNG EXDNG BAO DAN TOC THIEU SO 6 PHONG NHA

- Kfi BANG CUA N H 6 M TAC GL\ THUC HIEN ofi TAI NAM 2006.

52. TU LifiU DifiN DA VUNG DONG BAO DAN TOC THifiu SO 6 PHONG

NHA - Kfi BANG CUA NHOM TAC GLk THUC HlfiN ofi TAI NAM 2007.

53. BAO QUANG BiNH

54. TAP CHf NHAT LE

55. TAP SAN S6 VAN HOA THONG TIN QUANG BINH

247