Komunikasi Data

Konsep jaringan Selular dan Jaringan Komputer

SAP Komunikasi Data

Pendahuluan Protokol dan

Arsitektur

Transmisi Data dan Media

Transmisi

Pengkodean Data Komunikasi Data Digital

Data Link Control

Switching Multiplexing Jaringan selular dan Komputer

Spread Spectrum

Start

Finish

UTS

UU/UAS

Tugas 1

Tugas 2

Bagaimana apakah anda mengalami hal ini ?

Saat ini

• Seperi apa teknologi selular?

• Apakah identik Selalu berkaitan dengan HP?

Prinsip dan konsep jaringan selular

prinsip dasar adalah teknologi komunikasi radio

Jaringan selular berkembang dengan teknologi Semikondukor dan digital serta radio frekuensi

Penyebab lainya adalah perubahan gaya hidup dengan kebutuhan komunikasi bergerak.

Dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan kapasitas yang tersedia untuk layanan telepon radio seluler

Radio selular support 25 kanal dan efektif dengan radius sekitar 80 km

Cellular Network Organization

• Teknologi untuk perangkat mobile

• Menggunakan low power transmitters

• Area dibagi kedalam sel-sel – Pada pattern memberikan full coverage

– Masing-masing sel memilki antena sendiri

– Masing-masing dialokasikan rentang frekuensi sendiri

– Dilayani oleh base station • Berupa transmitter, receiver, dan control unit

– Sel-sel yang berdekatan diberikan frekuensi yang berbeda untuk menghindari gangguan atau crosstalk • Sel yang cukup jauh satu sama lain dapat menggunakan pita

frekuensi yang sama

Konsep Hexagon?

Manakah yang implementasinya terbaik?

Mengapa Pattern yang digunakan Hexagon?

Prinsip Sarang lebah

Maka Konsep Hexagon?

√ X X X

Best implementation

Tidak overlap area Cakupan area 83%

overlap area Tidak overlap area Cakupan area 17.7 %

Tidak overlap area Cakupan area 63.7 %

d

Rdd

d

dd

d

d

d

d

1.414 d 1.41

4 d

1.41

4 d 1.414 d

(a) Square pattern (b) Hexagonal pattern

Figure 10.1 Cellular Geometries

Bagaimana Komunikasi Data Jaringan selular dengan Patter Hexaon?

Prinsip Frequency Reuse

• Mengizinkan beberapa percakapan simultan

• 10 hingga 50 frekuensi per sel

Objeknya adalah untuk membagikan

frekuensi sel terdekat tanpa mengganggu

satu sama lain

• Izinkan komunikasi di dalam sel pada frekuensi yang diberikan

• Batasi melarikan diri daya ke sel yang berdekatan

Power of base transceiver

dikendalikan

(c) Black cells indicate a frequency reuse for N = 19

Figure 10.2 Frequency Reuse Patterns

546

371

2

546

371

2

546

371

2546

371

25

46

37

1

2

546

371

2

546

371

2

(b) Frequency reuse pattern for N = 7

1

123

42

4

3

31

42

31

42

31

42

31

42

31

42

(a) Frequency reuse pattern for N = 4

circle with

radius D

Bagaimana Meningkatkan Kapasitas?

Menambahkan channel Tidak semua saluran digunakan untuk memulai

Pinjaman frekuensi (Frequency borrowing) Diambil dari sel yang berdekatan dengan sel yang

padat

Tetapkan frekuensi secara dinamis

Membelah cell (Cell splitting) Non-uniform topography and traffic distribution

Use smaller cells in high use areas

Figure 10.3 Cell Splitting with Cell Reduction Factor of F = 2

RR/2R/4

(b) Cell radius = 0.8 km(a) Cell radius = 1.6 km

Figure 10.4 Frequency Reuse Example

width = 21 0.8 = 16.8 km

hei

gh

t =

10 ¥

3

¥ 0

.8 =

13.9

km

width = 11 1.6 = 17.6 km

hei

gh

t =

5 ¥

3

¥ 1

.6 =

13.9

km

Base

station

controller

Mobile

telecommun-

ications

switching

office

Public

telecommunications

switching

network

Figure 10.5 Overview of Cellular System

Base

transceiver

station

Base

transceiver

station

Cellular System Channels

ua jenis saluran tersedia antara unit bergerak

(Mobile) dan base station (BS)

• Control Channels

• Mempetahankan komunikasi telepon tetap berjalan

• menjalin hubungan antar mobile unit dan base station terdekat.

• Traffic Channels

• Membawa suara dan data

(a) Monitor for strongest signal

(c) Paging (d) Call accepted

Figure 10.6 Example of Mobile Cellular Call

(b) Request for connection

MTSO

MTSO

MTSO

MTSO

(e) Ongoing call

MTSO

(f) Handoff

MTSO

Generasi Jaringan Nirkabel

Technology 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G

Design began 1970 1980 1985 1990 2000

Implementation 1984 1991 1999 2002 2012

Services Analog

voice

Digital

voice

Higher

capacity

packetized

data

Higher

capacity,

broadband

Completely

IP based

Data rate 1.9. kbps 14.4 kbps 384 kbps 2 Mbps 200 Mbps

Multiplexing FDMA TDMA, CDMA TDMA, CDMA CDMA OFDMA,

SC-FDMA

Core network PSTN PSTN PSTN,

packet

network

Packet

network

IP backbone

First Generation (1G)

Disebut sebagai awal jaringan telepon

Analog traffic channels

Dirancang untuk menjadi perpanjangan dari jaringan telepon umum yang diaktifkan

Sistem yang paling banyak digunakan Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

Umumnya di Amerika Selatan, Australia, dan Cina

Second Generation (2G)

• Dikembangkan untuk memberikan sinyal kualitas yang lebih tinggi, kecepatan data yang lebih tinggi untuk mendukung layanan digital, dan kapasitas yang lebih besar

• Perbedaan 1G and 2G :

– Trafik kanal digital

– enkripsi

– Error detection dan correction

– Akses kanal • Time division multiple access (TDMA)

• Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Third Generation (3G)

• Objective is to provide high-speed wireless communications to support multimedia, data, and video in addition to voice

CDMA

Teknologi yang dominan pada 3G

Chip rate

Bandwidth yang diberikan, kecepatan chip tergantung pada kecepatan data yang diinginkan, kebutuhan untuk kontrol kesalahan, dan batasan bandwidth

CDMA schemes:

• Bandwidth (terbatas channel to 5 MHz)

• 5 MHz Upper limit

• 5 MHz is mendukung data rate 144 dan 384 kHz

Fourth Generation (4G)

enyediakan akses Internet ultra-broadband untuk berbagai perangkat seluler termasuk laptop, smartphone, dan PC

tablet

Mendukung akses Web Seluler dan aplikasi

bandwidth tinggi seperti TV seluler definisi tinggi,

konferensi video seluler, dan layanan game

Dirancang untuk memaksimalkan bandwidth

dan throughput sekaligus memaksimalkan efisiensi

spektral

Kebutuhan Minimum:

• Berdasarka all-IP packet switched network

• Mendukung kecepatan data hingga 100 Mbps untuk perangkat mobile dan sekiitar 1 Gbps untuk perangkat low-mobility seperti wireless access

• Share dinamis dan mendukung penggunaan simulata tiap cell l

• Mendukung jaringan heterogen

• Mendukung layanan multimedia

LTE - Advanced

Berdasarkan penggunaan orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)

Dua kandidat telah muncul untuk

standardisasi 4G:

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Dikembangkan oleh the Third Generation

Partnership Project (3GPP), sebuah

konsorsium organisasi standar telekomunikasi

Amerika Utara, Asia, dan Eropa

WiMax

(from the IEEE 802.16 committee)

System Performance LTE LTE-Advanced

Downlink 100 Mbps @20 MHz 1 Gbps @100 MHz Peak rate

Uplink 50 Mbps @20 MHz 500 Mbps @100 MHz

Idle to connected <100 ms < 50 ms Control plane delay

Dormant to active <50 ms < 10 ms

User plane delay < 5ms Lower than LTE

Downlink 5 bps/Hz @2´2 30 bps/Hz @8´8 Spectral efficiency

(peak) Uplink 2.5 bps/Hz @1´2 15 bps/Hz @4´4

Mobility Up to 350 km/h Up to 350—500 km/h

Table 10.2

Comparison of Performance Requirements for LTE and

LTE-Advanced

Figure 10.10 LTE-Advanced Configuration Elements

Donor

eNodeB

Evolved

Packet

Core MME

HSSSGW

PGW

UE

eNodeB = evolved NodeB

HSS = Home subscriber server

MME = Mobility Management Entity

PGW = Packet data network (PDN) gateway

RN = relay node

SGW = serving gateway

UE = user equipmentcontrol traffic

data traffic

RNUE

Internet

Femtocells

• BTS berdaya rendah, jarak pendek, dan lengkap

• Term telah berkembang untuk mencakup unit berkapasitas lebih tinggi untuk area perusahaan, pedesaan dan metropolitan

• Sejauh ini jenis sel kecil yang paling banyak

• Sekarang melebihi jumlah sel-sel makro

• Atribut utama meliputi:

– IP backhaul

– Self-optimization

– Low power consumption

– Ease of deployment

Figure 10.11 The Role of Femtocells

DSL/FTTH line

Base station

(radius: several km)

Femtocell

gateway

Femtocell

access point

(radius: several m)

Operator

macrocell

system

Internet

LTE-Advanced

• Relies on two key technologies to achieve high data rates and spectral efficiency:

– Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)

• Signals have a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), requiring a linear power amplifier with overall low efficiency

• This is a poor quality for battery-operated handsets

– Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas

Table 10. 3

Characteristics of TDD and FDD

for LTE-Advanced

PARAMETER LTE-TDD LTE-FDD

Paired spectrum Does not require paired spectrum as

both transmit and receive occur on the

same channel.

Requires paired spectrum with

sufficient frequency separation to

allow simultaneous transmission

and reception.

Hardware cost Lower cost as no diplexer is needed to

isolate the transmitter and receiver. As

cost of the UEs is of major importance

because of the vast numbers that are

produced, this is a key aspect.

Diplexer is needed and cost is

higher.

Channel

reciprocity

Channel propagation is the same in

both directions which enables transmit

and receive to use one set of

parameters.

Channel characteristics are

different in the two directions as a

result of the use of different

frequencies.

UL / DL

asymmetry

It is possible to dynamically change the

UL and DL capacity ratio to match

demand.

UL / DL capacity is determined by

frequency allocation set out by the

regulatory authorities. It is

therefore not possible to make dynamic changes to match

capacity. Regulatory changes

would normally be required and

capacity is normally allocated so

that it is the same in either

direction.

Guard period /

guard band

Guard period required to ensure uplink

and downlink transmissions do not

clash. Large guard period will limit

capacity. Larger guard period normally

required if distances are increased to accommodate larger propagation times.

Guard band required to provide

sufficient isolation between uplink

and downlink. Large guard band

does not impact capacity.

Discontinuous

transmission

Discontinuous transmission is required

to allow both uplink and downlink transmissions. This can degrade the

performance of the RF power amplifier

in the transmitter.

Continuous transmission is

required.

Cross slot interference

Base stations need to be synchronized with respect to the uplink and downlink

transmission times. If neighboring base

stations use different uplink and

downlink assignments and share the

same channel, then interference may

occur between cells.

Not applicable

(Table can be found on page 349 in textbook)

Figure 10.12 Spectrum Allocation for FDD and TDD

(a) FDD

(b) TDD

U1

WU

D1 D2 D3 D4U2 U3 U4

Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4

WU + WD

Guard band WGUplink band Downlink band

WD

Figure 10.13 Carrier Aggregation

Carrier

component

frequency

3G station

Carrier

component

Carrier

component

Carrier

component

Carrier

component

3G station

(a) Logical view of carrier aggregation

(b) Types of carrier aggregation

Band A

4G station

3G station

Carrier

component

Carrier

component

Band A

Intra-band

contiguous

Intra-band

non-contiguous

Inter-band

non-contiguousBand A Band B

Carrier

component

Carrier

component

Jaringan Cellular Berikutnya

THANKS! Any questions?

You can find me at:

pakrobbyug@gmail.com

37