Sir Shakeel

8/6/2019 Sir Shakeel

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Presenter: Prof Shakeel Amjad



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� Two types of languages

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Defining Suprasegmental Features� Learning to distinguish syllable

� Exploring word stress

� Giving sentence stress

� Defining and analyzing patterns of intonation



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Two types of language:

� Syllable timed

� Stress timed



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� Don¶t have contrast between stressed & unstressed syllable.

� Equality of stress in bothwords and sentences.� Little variation in stress.

� Most syllable are given roughly equal prominence.

� Basic regularity of pace in speech.

� Speaker may choose to speak quickly or slowly.

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The delivery depend on their own sense of urgency.� Rather than the demand of the language itself.

Syllable timing (syllable timed language):



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� A noticeable variation of pace within the sentence related to

language itself.

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Position of stressed and unstressed syllable.� Stress syllable occur close to each other.

� In case of intervening unstressed syllable in a sequence the

speaker tends to quicken the pace to the next syllable.

It was a beautiful sunny day .

He moves across to the door .

� The regularity of English based on the roughly equal time

between stressed syllables.

Stress timing (stress timed language):



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Only one group of birds can manage to hover for any

length of timew

ithout the help of the headw

ind the hummingbirds. Their wingswork in a way quiet unlike that used by any

other birds they beat routinely 25 times a second so fast that

they make the humming noise that gives them their name. It¶s

impossible to see how they operate unless the camera slows

them down. The wings have become in effect twirling blades

that create down drafts rather like those that man produceswith his hovering machines.



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Only one group of birds can manage to hover for any

length of time without the help of the headwind the humming

birds. Their wingswork in a way quiet unlike that used by anyother birds they beat routinely 25 times a second so fast that

they make the humming noise that gives them their name. It¶s

impossible to see how they operate unless the camera slows

them down. The wings have become in effect twirling blades

that create down drafts rather like those that man produces

with his hovering machines.



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Defining Suprasegmentals

Vowels and Consonants are Segments speech iscomposed of.

Together vowels and consonants form syllables.

Superimposed on the syllables are those featuresknown as Suprasegmentals.

Stress variations: increase in the activity of therespiratory muscles and in the activity of the laryngealmuscles

Change in pitch affects both words and sentence



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Defining Suprasegmentals

Speakers produce a particular pitch pattern duringtheir utterances: ready(») Are you ready?

ready(\) I am ready.

All speakers produce a characteristic voice quality

during their utterances. All of these aspects, i.e. stress, length ,pitch, voice

quality constitute the suprasegmental or prosodicproperties of speech

They affect the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

The pitch pattern in a sentence is known as theIntonation.

All the Suprasegmentals feature must be explain withrelation to each other



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Importance of prosodic aspects of

speech

Stress location has a disambiguating role.

Tone languages such as Chinese in which pitch shape of asyllable performs a phonemic function

[ma] high level pitch µmother¶ [ma] high rising pitch µ hemp¶ [ma] low, or falling then rising pitch µhorse¶ [ma] falling pitch µcold¶



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Segments of English Sounds

Consonants:

Short Vowels:



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Diphthongs:

Long Vowels:



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If a word has more than one syllabic, you give stress to one of the

syllables. To give it stress, you do one or more of these to the

syllable:

y Make it longer.

y Make it louder.

y Make it higher.

Exploring word stress:



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Distinguishing Stress Syllable:We can show stress with circles:

OO oO ooo OOOO

each circle is a syllable and the bigger circle shows which syllable is

stressed. The word Saturday

Sat ur day

O o oThe biggest circle in stress syllable.



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The stress patterns of the words in bold

type:

A: When do you begin your holiday?

B: On the thirtieth of August.

A: That's next Saturday!

B: we're leaving in the afternoon.

A: And when are you coming back?

B: Saturday September the thirteenth.

A: Thirtieth?

B: No, thirteenth!



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A: When do you begin your holiday?

o O O o o

B: On the thirtieth of August.O o o O o

A: That's next Saturday!

O o o

B: we're leaving in the afternoon.

o o O

A: And when are you coming back?

B: Saturday September the thirteenth.

o O o o O

A: Thirtieth?

O o o

B: No, thirteenth!

o O



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Stress Pattern:

Different words have different stress patterns (patterns of stressed and

unstressed syllables).

Oo April, thir ty, mor ning. Sunday

oO July, midday, thir teen, today, thir teenth

Ooo Saturday, thir tieth, yesterday, holiday; seventy

oOo September, tomorr ow, eleventh

ooO after noon, seventeen, twenty-oneThe stress pattern of

Nineteen Nineteen peopleoO Oo

Similarly:

January February

O o o O o o o



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Stress patterns can help you hear the difference between similar words, for

example, numbers ending in -teen or -ty.

o O O o

thir teen thir ty

four teen for ty

sixteen sixty

eigh

teen eighty

nineteen ninety



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REcord, reCORDStress in -two-syllable words

Many two-syllablewords come from a one-syllable word.

artist = Oo (stress on the first syllable)

remove = oO (stress on the second syllable)

Here are some more examples.

nouns and adjectives Oo verbs oO

art - artist

drive - driver friend - friendly

fame ± famous

move - remove

like - dislikebuild ± rebuild

come ± become



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Most two-syllable nouns and adjectives have stress on the first

syllable, even if they don't come from an original one-syllable word For

example, `brother' doesn't come from the original word broth but it still

has the stress pattern Oo.Listen to this sentence: the nouns and adjectives all have the pattern

Oo.

The artist¶s most famous picture shows some women and children in a

lovely forest with a purple mountain behind.

Note: H owever there are a number of exceptions, asleep, mistake,

machine, al one, which have stress on the second syllable.



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Most two-syllable verbs have stress on the second syllable, even if they

don¶t come from an original one-syllable word. For example, `repeat'

doesn't (oO).

Listen to this sentence: the verbs all have the pattern oO.

Escape to Scotland, for get about work, just relax and en joy the

scenery!

Note: Exceptions stress on the first syllable, cancel, copy and two

syllable verbs ending in -er and -en, e.g. answer, enter, off er, listen,

happen, open.



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Word Class Pair:

Oo / oO

record contrast desert export object present produce protest rebel

Note: No change of stress in words that are both nouns and verbs.For example answer, picture, promise, reply, travel, visit always have

stress on the same syllable.

Note: The stress stays in the same place whenwe make longer words

from these two-syllable nouns, adjectives and verbs. For example, in

both happy (Oo) and unhappy (oOo), the stress is on the syllable happ,and in both depart (oO) and departure (OOO), the stress is on the

syllable part.



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Weak syllables

³S chwa´ Two-syllable words with weak first syllable and stress on the second

syllable

Listen and repeat:

Weak syllable spelt µa¶about ahead again

Spelt µo¶

obtuse

oppose

offend

Spelt µu¶suppose support suggest



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Spelt µor¶forget forsake forbid

Spelt µer¶perhaps percent perceive

Spelt µur¶survive surprise

survey (verb)



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Two-syllable words with weak second syllable and stress on the first

syllable

Listen and repeat:

Weak syllable spelt µa¶ballad Alan necklace

Spelt µo¶melon paddock purpose

Spelt µe¶hundred sullen open

Spelt µu¶circus autumn album

Spelt µar¶tankard custard standard



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Spelt µor¶ juror major manor

Spelt µer¶longer eastern

mother

Spelt µure¶nature posture creature

Spelt µous¶ferrous vicious gracious

Spelt µough¶thorough borough

Spelt µour¶saviour succour colour



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Three-syllable words with weak second syllable and stress on the

first syllable

Listen and repeat:

Weak syllable spelt µa¶workaday roundabout

Spelt µo¶

customer pantomime

Spelt µu¶perjury venturer

Spelt µar¶

standardise jeopardy

Spelt µer¶wonderland yesterday



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Stress in compound words:

book + shop = bookshop In most compound words, the stress is on the

first part.

Oo bookshop, bus stop, footpath, air port, shoe shop,

road sign, car park, bedroom

Ooo traffic light, bus station, sunglasses, hoarding card,

window scat, check-in desk

Oooo travel agent, art gallery, super market, tape recorder,

photocopy

Note: If the first part of the compound word is an adjective, there may be

stress on the second part too, for example 00 double room.



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Stress on the second part of a compound nounw

hen:� the object in the second part is made out of the material in the

first, for example OO glass jar,

� the first part tells us where the second part is, for example OO car

door.

If the compound word is not a noun, we often put stress on the second part

too.

OO first class, half price, hand made

OOo bad-tempered, old-fashioned, short-sighted

OoO overnight, second hand



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Sometimes a compound word looks the same as

y a normal adjective and noun,

y a normal noun and verb.

But the pronunciation is different. Compare:

Oo compound word OO adjective andnounWe keep these plants in agreenhouse during the wintermonths.

Mr Olsen lives in a small,green house next to the river.

OO Compound word OO noun and verb

I saw her bus pass. I saw her bus pass.



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Introducing sentence stress:The word having strong and weak syllables. Sentences also have a stress

pattern. Sometimes a word and a sentence have the same stress pattern.

Ooo

word sentence

oOo

word sentence

ooO

word sentence

Photograph Answer me!Canada Doesn't he?cabbages Copy it!

September Excuse me.tomorrow I think so.remember He told her.

Afternoon Do you smoke?Japanese One of these?Portuguese He's arrived.



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Short sentences and phrases in English have some typical

stress patterns.

OoO What's the time? Yes, of course!

Thanks a lot!

OoOo See you later! Pleased to meet you!

Can't you hear me?

oOoO A piece of cake. The shop was closed.

It's time to go.

OooO What do you do? Where do you live?

Give me a call.

ooOo Are you coming? Do you like it?

Is he happy?



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The space between stress and unstressed syllable stays more or less the

same length whether one or more unstressed syllables are pushed into it.

So for example, these three sentences take about the same length of time to

say.

OOO Don't tell Mike.

OoOoOo Go and speak to Mary.

OooOooOoo Hur ry and give it to Jonathan.



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Sentences with all the words stressed:

We put stress on one syllable of all the most important words. In somesituations, emergencies for example, all of the words are important. In

this case, there is stress on one syllable of all of the words (in some

cases, the sentence may have only one word).

O Help! Quick! Smile'.

Oo Quiet! Sorry!

OO Look out! Take care! Wake tip! Don't move!

Come back! Stand still! Sit down!

OoO Don't forget! Hurry up! Go away! Stay awake!

Don't be late!

OOo Keep quiet! Don't worry!

OOO Don't look now! Go straight on! Don't turn round!

oOoo Emergency



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In English sentence stress, the following kinds of words are usually

stressed. The examples given are from the sentences.

verbs (help)

two-part verbs (look out)

adjectives (quick)

nouns (emergency)

negative auxiliary verbs (don't)

Positive auxiliary verbs such as be in Don't be late! are not usuallystressed.

Which words are stressed in sentence:



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Unstressed words:

All of the sentences below have three syllables with this stress

pattern: OoO. The middle word in each sentence is unstressed

because it is not as important as the other two words.O o O

What's your name?

Tom was right.

Dogs can swim.

Close the door!

Wait and see.Go to bed!



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These are the kinds of words which are not normally stressed, with

example words from the sentences.

pronouns (your)

the verb he (was)

auxiliary verbs (can)

articles (the)

conjunctions (and, or)

prepositions (to)

Negative auxiliary verbs (can't, don't, hasn't, etc.) are usually stressed.

Unstressed

words:



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There may be more than one of these unstressed words between two

stressed words. In the sentences below, each sentence has the same two

stressed wordswith an increasing number of unstressed words

between. Listen. Notice that the length of time between the two stressed

words is about the same, however many unstressed words are fitted

between.

OO That man.

OoO That's the man.

OooO That was the man.

OoooO That could be the man.

Unstressed

words:



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I'll ASK her (Alaska)Pronouns and contractions

Pronouns in sentences are usually unstressed. hook at this sentence: I

met him. The first and third words are pronouns. So this sentence has

the stress pattern oO

o.Listen to these sentences. You will hear each one twice: first in careful

speech and then in fast speech-. Notice that in fast speech:

� the speaker doesn't pronounce the letter H in he, her, him, his

unless it is at the beginning of the sentence.

� the vowel sound in the pronouns and his, her, their, our is veryshort



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oOo oOoO

I met him. I met his wife.

You know her. They read my brook.

They saw you. He knows their son.

She phoned me. We called their friends.

He likes them. She hates her job.

We found it. You need our help.

You don't need to copy the fast speech pronunciation. People will

understand you if you use careful speech. But you need to be able tounderstand fast speech.



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Pronouns are often joined to auxiliary verbs (is, have, will, etc.) in

contractions. For example, when we speak, we join the 1 and will together

to form I'll. In the sentence I'll ask her there are four words but only three

syllables. This is because the pronoun and contraction are pronounced

as one syllable. This sentence therefore has the stress pattern oOo (the

pronouns and contractions I¶ll and her are unstressed)

In fast speech, it may be pronounced the same as Alaska. Listen to these

examples.

oOoI'll ask her. (like Alaska)

I'm coming. (like am coming)

He's finished (like his finished

They're hungry. (like the hungry)

We've seen him. (like wiv seen him)

She's angry. (like shiz angry)

Note: You do not join the pronoun to an auxiliary verb at the end of a

sentence. For example: say Yes, 1 will, don't say Yes, I'll



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Intonation ( H ow the speaker sound):Introducing tones

But normally we can choose to make our voice go up or down at the

end. For example, in the conversation below, A says 'bear with his

voice going down. B repeats the word with his voice going for listening

up. Listen and notice the way their voices go up or down at the end.

A: Shh!

B: What?

A: Bear!

B: Bear?

A: Bear!

B: Where?

A: There!

B: Far?

A: No!B: Near?

A: Yeah!

B: Run?

A: Run!



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Asking and checking tones:Questions can be pronounced with the voice going up at the end or

going down at the end. You can hear the difference in this

conversation. Two people are fixing a place to meet. Listen to the way

A pronounces his three questions.

A: Where? (A's voice goes down at the end.)

B: Here

A: Where? (A's voice goes up at the end.)

B: Here.A: Here? (A's voice goes up at the end.)

B: Yes, here.



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Asking and checking tones:

Read these short conversations and tick the questions.

Then listen and check.

1 A: When?

B: Tomorrow.

A: When?B: Tomorrow.

A: Tomorrow?

B: Yes, tomorrow.

2 A: Which way?

B: Left.A: What?

B: Left.

A: In front of the shop?

B: Yes.



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Tones in asking for information

We pronounce an 'open' question differently from a 'check' question.

An 'open' question is wherewe ask for information we didn't have

before, and the voice usually goes down at the end. A 'check'

question is where we make sure that the information we have is

correct. The voice usually goes up at the end. Listen to the examples

in this conversation.



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A. What's your name?

B: Sonia.

A: And wherewere you born?

B: Surinam:

A: Is that in South America?

B: Yes, that's right.

A: And how long have you lived here?





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Listen to the questions below. Are they open or check? Draw a

down or an up line in the boxes.

EXAMPLE

Are you a student?

1 Have you been to America?

2 What do you study?

3 What time is it?

4 Are you over eighteen?

5 Can you drive?

6 Where's he going?

7 Do you like it?



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Tones in new and old information:

In conversation, we often refer back to something we said before. This is

'old' information, and the voice normally goes up at the end. We also tell the

listener things we haven't mentioned before. This is 'new' information, and

the voice normally goes down at the' end.

Listen. In conversation 1 below, the voice goes up at the end, because the

last word 'tomorrow' has already been mentioned. In conversation 2, thevoice goes down, because the last word 'tomorrow' has not been mentioned.

1 A: I'll come in tomorrow.

B: We're closet) tomorrow.

2 A: When are you closed?B: We're closed tomorrow.



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Continuing or finishing tones:

When we are telling someone a piece of news, we often check that they

know the background to the story first. When we do this, the voice goes

up at the end: Then, whenwe finally tell the news, the voice goes down

at the end. This shows that we have finished the story.

Listen and compare A's first question in these two conversations. In 1,

he is checking that B knows about Max's grandfather's death, so thevoice goes up. In 2, he is telling B the news that Max's grandfather died,

so the voice goes down.

1 A: You know Max's grandfather died?

B: Yes.

A: Well, he's left all his money to charity

2 A: YOU know Max's grandfather dial?

B: Oh.

A: Yeah, terrible, isn't it?



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Agreeing and disagreeing tones:When we agree with the other person, our voice often goes down at the

end. We tell the other person our opinion, confidant they will not be

upset.

Listen to this conversation. Notice that the voices qo down at the end

of each line.

A: Football's so boring, isn't it?

B: Yeah, I know. I hate it.

A: I mean, it's just 22 people running after a hall.

B: Yell', how ran that be interesting?

A: No, golf's much more fun, isn't it?

Note: The expression isn't it? is called a question tag. When we use

question tags to tell someone our opinion, the voice goes clown at the

end.



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High tones:

Listen to these three people saying thank you. Notice that the woman

who forgot her bag makes her voice go very high. This shows that she

really means what she is saying. The other two people do not really

mean it, and so their voices do not go high.

Note: Sometimes the ticket collector's voice goes up at the end when

he says thank you, which makes it sound like a routine habit: he

doesn't really mean it. And of course the woman in picture 3 doesn't

really mean thank you. She means the opposite!



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When we give an opinion about something with e very strong

adjective like excellent, our voice usually goes high to show our

strong feeling. If we use weaker adjectives like nice, our voice does

not usually go high. Listen and compare the voices of the man and

woman telling their friend about their holiday.

Liz: So, how was your trip?

Claire: Oh, it was quite nice

Paul: What do you mean, nice? It was brilliant!

Liz: Good hotel?

Claire: Quite pleasant, yes.

Paul: Pleasant? It was excellent! Superb!

Liz: How about the food?

Claire: It was OK.

Paul: OK? It was absolutely delicious!Liz: And the scenery?

Claire: Quite pretty.

Paul: It was amazing! Beautiful!

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