102239725 Pakistan Affairs Notes by Shakeel Babar

8/12/2019 102239725 Pakistan Affairs Notes by Shakeel Babar

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Prepared by Ahmed Shakeel Babar ([email protected])3

I. Bagti Movement Started in 14thcentury Objective to check the popularity of Islam No difference between Ram and Raheem, Parn and Quran, Kasshi and Kahba Bagt Kabir, Ramananda, Guru Nanak and Dadu were prominent leaders

II. Din-E-Ilahi (1582) Akbar introduced in desire to win the collaboration of Rajput chiefs Marriages with Hindu girls Elevation of Hindu to imp positions Under Din e Elahi

o Worship of suno Jizya and pilgrimage tax abolishedo Akbar as shadow of god on eartho Cow slaughter and Azan prohibitedo No child named as Muhammad

Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani opposed Din e Elahi Muslims lost their hegemony


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MUSLIM REFORMERSHAZRAT MUJADID ALAF SANI (June 1564 Dec 1626)

Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi Father name Sheikh Abdul Ahad Went to Delhi at age of 36 Disciple of Khawaja Baqi Billah

Social Conditions during his time

Populace belief in Karamat Ulema refer to Jurisprudence rather than Quran Akbars anti Islamic look Hindu cultural domination Bakhti Movement Wahdat al Wajood theory

Mujadids efforts

1. Jehad against Din-i-Ilahi2. Theory of Wahdat-ul-Sahood

a. Countering Wahdat-ul-Wajood3. Refusal to prostate society purification

a. Jehangir imprisoned him in Gawaliar for three years4. Preaching in fort of Gawaliar5. Preparation of Disciples6. Maktaba-e-Imam-e-Rabbani

a. Letters to important nobles and leadersb. Abdur Rahim, Khan e Azam Mirza Aziz, Mufti Sardar Jehan

7. Booksa. Isbat ul Nabuwwatb. Risla e Nabuwwat

i. Need & importance of Prophethoodc. Maktubat e Imam e Rabbaid. Toheed e Shaheedi

i. Islamic philosophy8. Two nation theory

a. First stone of two nation theory first founder of Pakistan9. Influence over Jehangir Khutba; Cow Slaughter;

Shaikh imprisoned

Asaf Jah, Jehangeers PM Shaikh summoned No prostration jailed After 3 years of imprisonment, Jehangeer released him giving him 10000 rupees He stayed 3 years in Jehangeer courts

When seen in the perspective of history, whether accepted by Sufis or not, it is in the

rejection of monism that Sheikhs claim for being the Mujadad of his age. IH Qureshi

Sheikh Ahmad, an individual from Sirhind, rich in knowledge and vigorous in action. I

associated him for few days and found marvelous things in his spiritual life. He will turn

into a light which will illuminate the world. Khawaja Bakhtiar Kaki quoted by S M Ikram


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HAZRAT SHAH WALI ULLAH MOHADITH DELVI (1703 DELHI - 1762)

Father of Modern Muslim India Real name Qutabuddin Born at Delhison of Shah Abdur Rahim (Fatwa e Alamgeeri) scholar of Fiqa and Islamic

jurisprudence

Got knowledge of Fiqah, Ahadith, Tafsir and Hikmat completed study in 15 year of age Went to Arabia for higher education and came back in July 1732 He taught at Madrasa Rahimia for 12 years AimRevive the past glory of Muslims and purify the society inwardly

Conditions

Incapable successor of Aurangzeb Un-Islamic trends, Muslim life honour property not secured, Shia-Suni conflicts, Marhats and Sikhs challengers

SHAHS EFFORTS

1. Religious worka. Translation of Holy Quran in Persian 1738b. Commentary on Hadithcollection of Imam Muttah in Arabic and persianc. Urged Muslims to follow Holy prophet& abandon un-Islamic trendsd. Trainedstudents in different Islamic knowledgee. Recommended application of Ijtehadf. Initiated Tatbiq liberal elementg. Balance b/w four schools h. Removed misunderstanding b/w Shai & Sunni Khilafat-al-Khulafa

2. Political worka. Marathas were threatening the Muslim empireb. Wrote letters to seek help from Muslim nobles against Sikhs won over Najib ud

Dola, Shuja ud Daula

c. Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated Sikhs at the Third battle of Panipat in 17613. Social work

a. Strongly opposed integration of Islamic culture insubcontinent

b. Concept of reorientation of Muslim societyi. Basic social justiceii. Removing social inequalitiesiii.

c. Concept of economyi. Production of wealthii. Consumption of wealthiii. Distribution of wealthiv. Exchange of wealth

4. Literary worka. Izalat-al-Akifab. Khalifa-al-Khulafac. Al-Insaf-fi-Bayan-Sababa-al-Ikhtilafd. Master piece of literature 1738e. Commentary on Hadith Imam Muttah

Sons efforts

Quranic translation in

Urdu by Rafiuddin and

Abdul Qadir

Shah Abdul Aziz waged

J ehad


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f. Quranic translation in Persiang. Alfauz-ul-Qabir Fi-Usool-e-Tafseerh. Hujjat-ul-Balagha about decay, Ijtehad, Mujjad and Ruler

I was informed through Ilham that I would have to undertake this responsibility. The time

has come when every injunction of the Sharia and instruction of Islam should be presented

to the world in a rational manner. Quoted by SM Ikram


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SYED AHMAD SHAHEED BARELVI (1786 1831)

Inheretor of mantle of Shah Abdul Aziz Birth at Rai Barally in 1786 Father Shah Illam Ullah Inspired by Shah Abdul Aziz 1810 joined Nawab Ameer Khan as Sawar 1818 wrote Seerat-e-Mustaqeem

Condition

Punjab ruled by Ranjit Singh who mutilated Muslims NWFP by Sikhs

Objective

Purification of Muslim society and destruction of British power through armed struggle Establishment of a state based on Islamic principles

Jehad Movement

HQ at Nowshehra in Dec 1826 Battles

1. OKARA 18262. HAZRO 18273. Yar Muhammad Conspiracy

He joined Mujahideen in Pesh, force arouse to 80,000 Tried to poision Syed Ahmad Killed by Mujahideen in 1829

4. BATTLE FOR PESHAWAR Ranjit Singh saved Peshawar and gave to Sultan Muhammad

5. HAZARA II 1830 Sikh were attacked, Sultan M arrested

Declaration of Khilafat (1830)1. Sultan M pardoned & withdrew from Pesh

BALAKOT BATTLE 18311. Sikh attacked, Syed Ahmad killed

Causes of Failure

1. Western generals Vantura and Elite in Ranjits army training & modern war strategy2. Outdated weapons of Mujahideen3. Financial sources of Ranjit Singh4. Misudnderstaning created by Ranjit Singh5. Ranjit attracted Pathans by bribing who did spy, revolt & slaughtered Mujahideen6. No support for poors Zakat collection7. Islamic laws during war compulsory girls & widow marriage8. Severe punishment9. Pathans were against Wahabisim

The movement led by Brelvi was a precursor for later Muslim national movements of the

subcontinent. Dr. Sachin Sen


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EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENTSALIGARH MOVEMENT

The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims. The British chose to believe thatthe Muslims were responsible for the anti-British uprising; therefore they made them the subject ofruthless punishments and merciless vengeance. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as

their adversaries because they had ousted them from power. With the rebellion of 1857, this feelingwas intensified and every attempt was made to ruin and suppress the Muslims forever. Their effortsresulted in the liquidation of the Mughal rule and the Sub-continent came directly under the Britishcrown.

After dislodging the Muslim rulers from the throne, the new rulers, the British, implemented a neweducational policy with drastic changes. The policy banned Arabic, Persian and religious educationin schools and made English not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in1835. This spawned a negative attitude amongst the Muslims towards everything modern andwestern, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities available under the new regime. Thistendency, had it continued for long, would have proven disastrous for the Muslim community.

Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to revive thespirit of progress within the Muslim community of India. He was convinced that the Muslims in their

attempt to regenerate themselves, had failed to realize the fact that mankind had entered a veryimportant phase of its existence, i.e., an era of science and learning. He knew that the realization ofthe very fact was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore, modern educationbecame the pivot of his movement for regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform theMuslim outlook from a medieval one to a modern one.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (17 Oct, 1817 27 Mar 1898)

Got knowledge from Farid ud Din (maternal-grandfather Ex Mughal PM) Got knowledge of Quran, Arabic, Persian, History, Maths and Medicine

Joined govt in 1839 after fathers death in a clerical job

1841 promoted as Sub-Judge

1846 transferred to Delhi Chief judge in 1846 was offered an estate for services rendered to

British during war 1857 but he rejected 1877 member of imperial council 1886 University

of Edinburgh LL.D degree 1888 Knighthood

Educational Aspect of Aligarh Movement

Objective:

1. Modern education for Muslims to compete Hindus2. Cooperation with the British government

1. Schools Muradabad (1859) Ghazipur (1863)

2. Scientific society at Gahazipur(1864) (to translate modern work from English to urdu and Persian) 1866 Society published Aligarh Gazette(to arouse sentiments of goodwill &

friendship)

Muhammadan Educational Conference


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Established in 1866 held public meetings, discussed modern education techniques Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali as members

3. Muhammadan Educational Conference Established in 1866 held public meetings, discussed modern education techniques

Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali as members

1869 went to England, studied education system of Oxford & Cambridge

4. Anjuman-i-Taraqi-i-Musalmanan-i-Hind(1870) to impart modern knowledge to Muslims

5. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental CollegeOn pattern of Oxford Fund raising committee formed 24thMay, 1874, MAO High school

established1877 got status of college western, eastern and Islamic education

1920 status of University

Political Aspects of Aligarh Movement

1. Muslims should avoid active politics2. Sir Syed wrote Risala-i-Asbab-Baghawqat-i-HindCauses of WOI 1857

1. Non representation of Indian in legislative councils2. Conversion of Indian into Christianity3. Mismanagement of Indian army4. Ill advised measure of govt

Consequence: Indian membership in Act 18613. 1866 Sir Syed formed British India Association at Aligarh to express grievances of

Indians to govt

4. wrote Loyal Muhammadans of India5. Indian Patriotic Association 1888 forum for those who did not join Congress6. Muhammadan Political Association 1903 Against Hindu Revivalist movements

a. Arya Smaj Hindustan 1977b. B G Tilak Cow Slaughterc. Shudhi -d. Shangtahn -

Religious Services of Aligarh Movement

1. Wrote Essay on the Life of Muhammad & Rebattle in response to William Muiresobjectionable remarks in Life of Muhammad

2. Philosophical commentary Tabaeen-al-Kalam on bible point out similarities3. Influenced by MBA Wahab and Shah Ismail Shaheed having positive attitudetowards

religion

Social services of Aligarh Movement

1.

Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq

criticized conservative way of life and advised to adopt new trend2. Established Orphanage houses3. Founded Anjuman-i-Tariki-i-Urduprotecting Urdu4. Ahkam-i-Taham-i-Ahle-KitabMuslims can eat with Christians

Pioneer of two nation theory

Advocate of Hindu Muslim unity Urdu Hindi controversy 1867 in Banaras, changed his views Shakespeare dialogue


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Features of Aligarh

Western & Eastern Education Islamic Education Residential College European and Indian staff Non-Muslim students Loyalist Disposition

Aligarh Movement after Sir Syeds death

1. 1889 Sir Syed proposed a trustee bill Sir Syed as Sec. of the trust & Syed Mahmud (son)as joint sec.

2. After Sir Syeds death (1898), Syed Mahmud as Sec. was a weak manager resigned3. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk as new sec devoted deposited six lac Rs to govt handled the

conflict b/t two groups Sahibzada Aftab Khan (in favor of European staff) & Muhammad

Ali Johar Died in 1907

4. Nwab Vaqar ul Malik took over tussle on European staff arouse Nawab resigned in 1912 health5. Nwab Muhammad Ishaq Khan deposited 20 lac for status of University 1919- college

student played role in Tehrik e Khilafat


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TEHRIK-I-DEOBAND (Apr 1866)

Aligarh movement was cooperating with British Christians working to convert Muslims into Christianity Apr 1866 Madrasah established at Deoband 2ndto Al Azhar Cairo Founder Haji M. Abid floated the idea Collection of fund Managing committee

Maulana M Qasim, Maulana Fazl ur Rehman, Maulana Zulfiqar, Maulana M Yaqoob

Maulana Shabir A Usmani taught

Maulana M Qasimfirst principal worked devotedly Madrasah came to known asQasim al Uloom I Deoband

Madrasah followed Madrasah I Rahimia (Shah wali Ullahs father) and British educationsystem

ProducedShah Abdur Rahim, Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Rashid Ahmad Ganghoi, MaulanaMehmood ul Hassan

Political Services of Deoband

Jamiat Ulama I IslamThanvi grouplead by Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Shabir Ahmad UsmaniMuslim league

Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-HindMadni grouplead by Maulana Hussain Madani, Mufti KafayatUllah influenced by Abu-ul-Kalam Azad Congress

Educational Services of Deoband

A great religious Madrasah 2ndto Al Azhar Principals Maulana M Qasim (1880) Rashid Ahmad Ganghoi Sheikh ul Hind M.

Mehmood Ul Hassan.

Deoband and Aligarh

Policy towards British Political role of Muslims Emphasizing area of education

Rapprochement with Aligarh

Jamiat-ul-Ansar(1906) at Deoband Sahibzada Aftab A Khan attended the meeting Swap of education religious and western

Jamiat-i-Milia(1920)


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NADVA-TUL-ULEMA OF LUCKNOW (1894)

Aligarh acquisition of western education Deoband religious education Need for balanced school Committee was formed in 1892 Nadva-tul-Ulema established in 1894 functioned in

1898

FounderMaulana Abdul Ghafoor Shibli Naumani and Mau. Abdul Haq chalked out aliberal program

Objective

Promoting religious knowledge, moral uplift and social regeneration of Muslims, Work toremove secretarial differences

British govt opposed the idea (Anthony MacDonal expressed it as a political institute)Nadva-tul-Ulema & Shibli Nohmani

Shibli influenced by Maulana M Farooq opposing Sir Syed while his father influenced bySir Syed

Joined Aligarh as A Prof of Arabic in 1883 Impressed Sir Syed Asset to Aligarh someserious differences Man of arrogance and sensitive resigned in 1904

Associated with Nadva used his expreince to bring reform gave training in writing (SyedSuleman Nadvi, Abu-al-Kalam Aza)

Established academyDar-ul-Musanifin Differences arouse resigned


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ANJUMAN-I-HIMAYAT-I-ISLAM LAHORE (Sep 1884)

Sikh raj in Punjab Muslims backwardness 250 Muslims established for educational guidance influenced by Aligarh FounderKhalifa Hameed-ud-Din first president Dr. M Nazir & Munshi Abdur Rehim Muthi bar attascheme for funding

Objective

politically Establishing educational institute Counter Christian missionaries Orphanage houses Stable Muslim society Preserve Muslim culture Organize Muslims

Educational Services

Established several primary schools on Aligarh pattern 15 schools by 1894 Madrasa tul Muslimin (Islamia High School Sheranwala Gate) in 1889 Islamia College for women Lahore in 1938 Islamia College Railway road, Islamia College civil lines, Islamia College cant, Hamayat I

Islam Law College & Center for adult education Lahore

Political Services

Students of Islamia College Railqway road body guard of the Quaid role in 1940 resolution

MSF led by Hamid Nizami


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THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: TWO-NATION THEORYThe ideology of Pakistan stems from the instinct of the Muslim community of South Asia to maintaintheir individuality by resisting all attempts by the Hindu society to absorb it. Muslims of South Asiabelieve that Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but also two social orders that have givenbirth to two distinct cultures with no similarities.

The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experienceprovided the base; with Sir Syed Ahmad Khan began the period of Muslim self-awakening;Allama Iqbal provided the philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a

political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolutionin March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization of Muslims of South Asiathat they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. When theyrealized that their future in a 'Democratic India' dominated by Hindu majority was not safe;they put forward their demand for a separate state.

As early as in the beginning of the 11th century, Al-Biruniobserved that Hindus differed from theMuslims in all matters and habits. He further elaborated his argument by writing that the Hindusconsidered Muslims "Mlachha", or impure. And they forbid having any connection with them, be it

intermarriage or any other bond of relationship. They even avoid sitting, eating and drinking withthem, because they feel "polluted".

The Ideology of Pakistan has its roots deep in history. The history of South Asia is largely ahistory of rivalry and conflict between the Hindus and Muslims of the region.Bothcommunities have been living together in the same area since the early 8th century, since the adventof Islam in India. Yet, the two have failed to develop harmonious relations. In the beginning, onecould find the Muslims and Hindus struggling for supremacy in the battlefield. Starting with the warbetween Muhammad bin Qasim and Raja Dahirin 712, armed conflicts between Hindus andMuslims run in thousands. Clashes between Mahmud of Ghazni and Jaypal, Muhammad Ghuriand Prithvi Raj, Babur and Rana Sangaand Aurangzeb and Shivajiare cases in point.

When the Hindus of South Asia failed to establish Hindu Padshahi through force, they optedfor back door conspiracies.Bhakti Movement, Akbars diversion.

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

WHAT IS AN IDEOLOGY?

A political ideology is a system of beliefs that explains and justifies a preferred politicalorder, either existing or proposed and offers a strategy (Institution, processes, program) for

its attainment. An ideology offers an interpretation of the past, explanation of the present and a vision of the

future

Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It is deeply ingrained inthe social consciousness of the people.

It is a set of principles, a framework of action and guidance system that gives order andmeaning to life and human action.


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HOW IDEOLOGY EMERGES

When thinking of a nation or a social group is rejected. An ideology emerges when people feel strongly that they are being mistreated under an

existing order, when their status is threatened by fundamental changes occurring in the

society, and when the prevailing ideology no longer satisfies them

STEPS OF IDEOLOGY EVOLUTIONo Consciousnesso Analysis of current situationo Creating new thinkingo Legitimate De-legitimateo Role of Leadership

IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY

It is a motivating force It provides a common plate form.

BASIS OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

Based on ideals of Islam Historical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation;

Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan,

by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction.

It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from theHindus that they demanded separate electorates. However when they realized that their

future in a Democratic India dominated by Hindu majority was not safe, they changed their

demand to a separate state.

Hindu British were exploiting Muslims in India. So Muslims adopted this ideology to savetheir identity and culture from total elimination.

TWO NATION THOERY

Two-nation concept was based on Nationhood which was there long before Pak Ideology.Muslim Traders Attackers Rulers (Qutb Ud Din Abik, Ghaznavi) Sufis (Al Hajveri,Sheikh Ahmad Serhandi)

Based on fact that Muslims were separate nation having their own culture, civilization,customs, literature, religion and way of life.

Despite living together for more than one thousand years, they continue to develop differentcultures and traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and script, all are polesapart.

The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnicrather they were a nation because they belonged to the same faith, Islam. They demandedthat the areas where they were in majority should be constituted into a sovereign state,


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wherein they could order their lives in accordance with the teachings of Holy Quran andSunnah of Holy Prophet (PBUH).

The Muslims were put into the backwardness with the help of Hindus. This was one of theoutstanding motivations that paved the way to declare the separate identity of nationalism,the Muslim nationalism

Due to British and Hindu exploitation they were forced to safe guard their national andrelational identity.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan is pioneer of two nation theory. The Ali-Garh movement producededucated leadership who could protect the Muslims rights on the Western political lines.

Two Nation Theory means that Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should havean opportunity to live according to their faith and creed established on the Islamicprincipals. They should have all the resources at their disposal to enhance Islamic cultureand civilization.

There are two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a community but a nationwith a distinctive history, heritage, culture, civilization, and future aspirations. (All IndiaMuslim League)

The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct identity and advance theirinterests in India. They wanted to order their lives in accordance with their ideals andphilosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.

Initially, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal system ofgovernment with powers to the provinces for protection and advancement of their heritage,

identity and interests. Later, they demanded a separate state when neither the British northe Hindu majority community was willing to offer those guarantees and safeguards

EVOLUTION OF PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY

British expansion had more deepening impact on Muslims as The people who wereimportant in history are no longer important KK Aziz

Urdu Hindi controversy under Congress leadership in 1867 in Banars Revivalist movements against Muslims Bakhti, Deen e Elahi, Shuddi and Shanghtan

movement

Hindu attitude Partition of Bangal and its repeal Political experience of Muslims under congress ministries in 1937-39

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PAKISTAN

1. Enforcement of sovereignty of Allah Almightya. Quaid said We do not demand Pakistan to acquire a piece of land, but we wanted a

homeland where we could introduce Islamic principals

2. Establishment of Islamic democracya. Quaidat Sibbi in 1948 It is my firm belief that our salvation lied in following the

golden rules of conduct as given by our great law giver, the prophet of Islam. Let us

lay the foundation our democratic system on Islamic ideals and practices

3. Revival of Muslim image and Identity4. Protection of Muslim culture and civilization

a. Urdu Hindi controversyb. Shuddi and Sanghtan Movements

5. Two Nation Theory


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6. Establishment of a balanced economic systema. All highly courts and military positions were reserved for Hindus.b. Agriculture and Industry was dominated by Hindusc. Islamic system has the benefit for poor as well as rich Zakat, Ushar

PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY AND QUAID E AZAM

He changed the course of history. He was a real charismatic leader possessing a visionaryleadership.

Gave practical shape to the ideology given by Sir Syed and Allama Iqbal He started his political career in 1906 by joining the Indian National Congress. He was

elected to the Legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he also joined the All India Muslim

League (AIML). Now he was member of both the political parties.

Having disagreement with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self-rule), complete freedom fromthe British and on using extra-constitutional means, Jinnah resigned from the Congress in

1920.

His early efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized when THE LUCKNOW

PACT (1916) was signed. The Hindus accepted the Muslim demands:

o Separate Electorateo One-third Seats in Central Legislatureo protection of minority rights

In the Nehru Report, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah retaliated forcefullyby presenting 14 Points in 1929.

1935 onwardsQuaid started emphasizing on separate identity of Muslim and a separatenation. Started mobilizing masses.

1937there are only two parties in India said Nehro on performance of ML in elctions.Quaid said Muslims are third party in India

1939Muslim and Hindu are two nations. We are going to live as a nation and play a roleas a nation.

March 9, 1940Quaid wrote his only article published in British media namely Timeand Tide. He discussed 1.How Hindu and Muslims are separate nations? 2. What should

be future of India and how Muslims can be accommodated well?

He emphasized on Islam as well as modern democracy, Social economic justice and rights ofminorities.

Pakistan was to be a modern democratic state that derived its ethical foundation from Islamwhere the source of guidance and inspiration for constitution making and governance is going

to be Islam

It has been taken for granted mistakenly that Muslims are a minority, and of course we gotused to it for such a long time that these settled notions sometimes difficult to remove. The


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Muslims are not a minority; the Muslims are a nationby every definition. By all canons of

international law we are a nation. 23rdMarch 1940

India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a sub continent of nationalities, Hindus andMuslims belong the two major nations. The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different

religion, philosophies. Social customs and literature. They belong to two different civilizations

which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life

are different. It is quite clear that both derive their inspirations from different sources of

history 23rdMarch 1940

We are a nation with our distinct culture and civilization, language and literature, art andarchitecture, sense of values and proportions, legal laws and moral codes, customs and

calendars, history and traditions. In short we have our distinct outlook on life and of life By all

canons of International law we are a separate nation. 1942

The Muslims are nationby every right to establish their homeland 1942 We should base our democracy on the principals and concepts ofIslam Feb 1942

Pakistan does not mean freedom and independence only, but the Islamic ideologyas wellwhich has to be preserved. June 1945

I cannot understand a section of people who deliberately want to create a mischief and makepropaganda that the constitution of Pakistanwill not be made on the basis of Shariat.

Islamic principals today are as applicable to life as they were 1300 years ago. Jan 25, 1948

Eid Milad Un Nabbi Karachi Bar Association

PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY AND ALLAMA IQBAL

Men like Allama Iqbal are born but in centuries His first public appearance was in 1899 at the annual session of Anjuman Himayat-i-Islam

in Lahore when he presented the poem, Nala-i-Yatim.

At initial stages Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his poetry contained verses likeTarana-i- Hind.

He wet Europe for higher education in 1905-08. Lived in England and got Phd from MunichUniversity. He stayed in Hindenburg where he wrote poem Daraye Nekar key kenare.

Represented Muslims in second and third round table conferences in 1931 and 1932. Gave the famous Allah Abad Address which late on provided base for Lahore resolution. I am fully convinced that Muslims of India will ultimately have to establish a separate

homelandas they cannot live with Hindu in the United India.

Religion and politics are not distinct from each other India is a continent of Human beings belonging to different religions. To base a constitution on

the conception of homogenous India is to prepare her for civil war. I, therefore, demand the

formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best interest of the Muslims of India and Islam.

The formation of consolidated North west Indian state appears to be the final destiny of the

Muslims Allaha Abad Address


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I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan amalgamated into a single state asa self government within the British empire or without. This is the final destiny of the

Muslims of N.W. India. Allaha abad Address

I have been a staunch advocate of putting an end to the religious distinction from the country.But now I believe that the protection of separate national identity is in the best interest of

Muslims and Hindus. Since the Muslims are a separate nationwith their separate cultural

values and religious trends, and they want to have a system of their own linking, they should

be allowed to live under such system Allaha Abad Address


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PART 2 PRE PARTITION HISTORY

DECLINE OF MUGHAL RULEThe death of Alamgir in 1707 is generally regarded as the beginning of the gradual decline, andultimately fall, of the once extensive, prosperous and powerful Mughal Empire. Although it tooknearly 150 years before the House of Babur finally disappeared from the scene, the cracks that hadappeared at Alamgir's death widened.

His son Muazzam, who ruled from 1707 to 1712, succeeded Aurangzeb Alamgir. He took for himselfthe title of Bahadur Shah. He ruled for five years and momentarily revived the Mughal Empire. Butthe Marhatta's power increased and they became the unchallenged rulers of Deccan. In the provinceof Punjab, the Sikhs under Guru Govind Singh became a force to reckon with. One of the reasonsthat power centers kept springing up outside Delhi was the frequent change in the succession ofEmpires. Nearly 17 kings were crowned during the period spanning from 1707 to 1857.

The weakened Mughal Empire invited havoc in the form of the Persian king Nadir Shah, in 1738-39.

On his orders a general massacre of the citizens of Delhi was carried out, resulting in the death of30,000 people. Another threat to the Mughal Empire came from the Afghans of Rohilkhand, lyingnortheast of Delhi. By the middle of 18th century, the Rohillas became independent of the Mughalrule. At the same time the Jats also raised their heads against the central rule.

Taking advantage of this chaotic situation, the East India Company began strengthening its militarycapabilities. They conspired with Hindu traders and moneylenders against Nawab Sirajuddullah ofBengal to take over his principality. The Battle of Plassey of 1757 is considered a majorbreakthrough for the British in the Sub-continent. It paved the way for the company's rule in Bengal,and hence the whole of India ultimately came under the company's rule.

In the 19th century, Muslims like Syed Ahmad Brailvi and Shah Ismail carried out Jihad against theSikhs, as did Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan in Deccan against the British. However, they failed in theirefforts to stop the downfall of the Muslim rule. The final crunch came after the war of 1857 when the

Mughal rule officially came to an end and India came under the direct rule of the British crown.

The Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent in the time of Aurangzeb Alamgir, but it collapsedwith dramatic suddenness within a few decades after his death. The Mughal Empire owes its declineand ultimate downfall to a combination of factors; firstly Aurangzeb's religious policy is regarded as acause for the decline of the Mughal Empire as it led to disunity among the people. Although thepolicy did lead to weakening of the empire but the major cause of decline was the lack of worthy andcompetent successors after him. The character of Mughal kings had deteriorated over a period oftime. The successive rulers after Aurangzeb were weak and lacked the character, motivation andcommitment to rule the empire strongly. They had become ease loving and cowardly. They totallydisregarded their state duties and were unable to detain the declining empire from its fall.

The absence of any definite law of accession was another important factor. The war of successionsnot only led to bitterness, bloodshed, and loss of money and prestige of the empire over a period oftime, but to its eventual fall. The degeneration of the rulers had also led to the moral degeneration ofthe nobility. Under the early Mughals, the nobles performed useful functions and distinguishedthemselves both in war and peace. But the elite under the later Mughals was more interested inworldly pursuit and self-enhancement. The nobles who had once been talented men with integrity,honesty, and loyalty, turned selfish and deceitful. Growth of hostile and rival clique in the court alsoundermined the strength of the government. Widespread corruption in the administration startedand taking bribes became common.


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One of the most potent causes of the fall of the Mughal Empire was the deterioration and

demoralization of the army. The military had not only become inefficient but also lacked in training,

discipline and cohesion. The army was out-dated in regard to equipment. It consisted of contingents

maintained by various nobles, which was the main source of Army's weakness. As the weakening of

the nobles occurred, so did the army. This was because of the soldiers, instead of identifying and

uniting as Mughal Indians, identified themselves with different ethnic groups like Persian, Afghans

and Central Asians. The Mughals had no navy and only maintained small ships that were no matchfor the well-equipped ships of the foreign traders. It was this weakness that the French and the

British used to their advantage, and were eventually able to establish their control over India.

Another factor contributing to the decline was the financial position of the Mughals, which had

become deplorable. The war of successions, rebellions and luxurious style of living had depleted the

once enormous treasury and had led to financial bankruptcy. During the time of Aurangzeb, the

Mughal Empire had expanded to reach its maximum size. This vast area had become impossible for

one ruler to control and govern from one center. It was during the later Mughals that Deccan,

Bengal, Bihar and Orrisa declared their independence. The raids by Nadir Shah, and repeated

invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali, resulted in further weakening of the empire. The already weakened

empire faced further encroachment by the British and the French, which proved to be the last nail in

the already drowning empire's coffin. The British and French, who had initially come as traders, took

full advantage of the weakening empire and soon became masters of the whole of India.

CAUSES OF THE FALL OF MUGHAL EMPIRE

1. Weak Successors of Aurangzeba. All merry making and unable, except Bahadar Shahb. Left work to their Wazirs

2. Vastness of the Empirea. Aurangzeb empire practically impossibleb.

Afghanistan to Asaam, Kashmir to Maysorc. Lack of effective means of communication

3. Absence of a Definite Law of Successiona. Akbar was only unopposed among 20 rulersb. "The sword was the grand arbiter of right and every son was prepared to try his

fortune against his brothers." Erskine

4. Deterioration of Morality of Mughal Emperorsa. Fond of wine and women

5. Degeneration of Nobilitya. Degeneration into sects and costs Iranian, Toranian and Indian

6. Deterioration of Armya. Abundance of wealth and comfortb. Loss of confidencec. Demoralization

7. Corrupt Administrationa. Ministers, nobels and officers accepted bribes

8. Stoppage of Adventures from Persia, Afghanistan and Turkistana. This provided a change for Army to be lazy

9. Invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdalia. Nadir Shah 1739 (looted for 57 days)b. Ahmad Shah Abdali 1754 67 (5 times)

10.Aurangzeb's Policy in Deccan


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a. Golkonda and Bijapur served as a check to Maraths before conquest11.Absence of Naval Power

a. British and Portuguese had strong naval power12.Intellectual Bankruptcy

a. 17th& 18thcentury European saw industrial revolutionb. Mughals did not pay attention

13.Plight of the Common People and Peasantsa. Bad economic conditions led to discontentment14.Rise of Marathas

a. Emergence of Maraths in 17thcenturyb. 18thcentury they extended their influence to Delhi

15.Rise of Sikhsa. During the reign of Jahandar Shah (1712 13) and Farrukhsiyar (1713 19)

16.Rise of Hindus of Rajputanaa. Rajput of Mewar and Marwar distressed by Aurangzeb

17.Outdated war equipment and tacticsa. Failed to keep pace with modern developmentsb. Lack of modern weapons led the failure of battle of Plassy and Buxer

18. Advent of English East India Companya. Got trade access in Aurangzebs reign

i. Portuguese - suppressed by Aurangzebii. British

WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

By 1845, the British Empire had expanded from Bengal to Sindh, and all that remained free wasPunjab. The Sikhs were ruling over Punjab and after the Second Sikh War in 1848, the Britishgained control over the Indus. The Koh-i-Noor diamond that Ranjit Singh had worn in his headdressnow became a part of the crown jewels at Westminster.

The War of Independence broke out in January and March 1857. The British army had recruitedlocal Indians in their forces. These soldiers were issued cartridges greased with fat from tabooedanimals. The soldiers refused to use these cartridges. In 1857, starting with an uprising in Meerut,soldiers in the British Army in Bengal launched a full-scale mutiny against the British. This mutinyspread swiftly across the Sub-continent. Initially, the Indian soldiers were able to push back theBritish forces. The British army was driven out of Delhi and the Indian soldiers took control of thecity. Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal King, was compelled to lead the freedom fighters. InBahadur Shah Zafar, the rebels found a symbol of freedom, but a mere symbol was all he was.Wanting to spend his days writing poetry, the man was in no way even a remnant of the glory of hisforefathers. He proclaimed himself the Emperor of the whole of India. The civilians, citizens andother dignitaries took oath of allegiance to the Emperor. The Emperor issued his own coin andappointed his sons to key posts.

The initial success of the freedom fighters gave a boost to the War of Independence. The Indian armycaptured the important towns of Haryana, Bihar and Mahdya Pardesh. However, the British forces atMeerut and Ambala put up a resolute resistance to the royal army and held them back for severalmonths. The British proved to be a formidable foe with their superior weapons and better strategy.The freedom fighters badly lacked in adequate resources and their planning proved to be extremelybrittle. The royal forces were finally defeated. The British army entered Delhi and the Mughalemperor Bahadur Shah Zafar went into hiding.

The British quickly regained control of Delhi. They ransacked and destroyed the city. They tookrevenge in the most gruesome manner by killing innocent people indiscriminately. A wide scalemassacre of the inhabitants of Delhi was carried out to avenge the killings of the British soldiers. The


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Mughal emperor was captured from his sanctuary, the tomb of Emperor Humayun. The emperor'ssons were slaughtered in cold blood. Their bodies were beheaded and their heads were presented tothe aging emperor in prison. Bahadur Shah was imprisoned in Rangoon, Myanmar, where hebreathed his last.

After the War of Independence in 1857, the British government assumed sovereignty over the landsof the British East India Company. The British control over the Sub-continent grew in the next 50

years and culminated in the British Raj. Queen Victoria's Indian realm continued to expand, untilHunza, the remote kingdom bordering China, fell into British hands in 1891, bringing the expansionto its zenith.

The British delineated the frontier separating British India from Afghanistan in 1893. The resultingDurand Line cut straight through the tribal area of the Pathans. The British left the tribal areas togovern themselves under the supervision of British political agents.

The British thus became masters of India, where for nearly 800 years Muslims had ruled. However,their attitude towards the Muslims was that of antipathy. According to Hunter, a prominenthistorian, "The Muslims of India are, and have been for many years, a source of chronic danger tothe British power in India". The British attributed the war of 1857 to the Muslims alone. As a result,property belonging to Muslims was confiscated and they were denied employment opportunitieseverywhere in the army, revenue department, and judiciary.

The British administrators deliberately followed a discriminatory policy against the Muslims, even infilling minor jobs. Advertisements inviting applications for government jobs specifically mentionedthat Muslims would not be appointed. Hunter admits that the exclusion of the Muslims was socomplete that in the government offices of Calcutta they could not accept a post higher than that of aporter, messenger, filler of inkpots and mender of pens.

By a series of revenue and financial measures, the British smashed the political and social positionof the Muslims. In the province of Bombay, the government appointed "Inam Commission" to inquireinto the land grants of the Muslim times. The Commission took away 20,000 estates from theMuslims and thus ruined many families and institutions of the community.

The Company's commercial policy eliminated the Muslims from internal and foreign trade. When the

Europeans came to the Sub-continent, the Muslim merchants lost much of their commerce withforeign countries. But they maintained their hold on internal trade and their commercial activitiesextended to the Persian Gulf and the coastal territories of the Arabian Sea. During the Company'srule, the Muslim traders were pushed out of this area as well by the competition of the Company'straders who enjoyed many special concessions.

The newly introduced English system of education had many drawbacks for the Muslims, mainlybecause it made no provisions for religious education. As a result, they stayed away from it. Thus,within a few years of loss of political power, the Muslims lost all avenues of employment, weredispossessed of their estates and deprived of the benefits of education. A highly cultured communityturned into a backward and poor people. In their place British-educated Hindus began to occupypositions in governments offices formerly held by the Muslims.


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SHIMLA DEPUTATION


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MUSLIM LEAGUE


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Goal of ML

To protect religious and cultural identity of the Muslims of India The founding session chaired byNawab Waqar ul Malik Seconded byMaulana Zaffar Ali Khan and Hakeem Ajmal Khan

Change in Strategy 1913

Causes

1. Annulment of Bengal partition


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2. Balkan war (Italy-Turkey)3. Libya Italy war4. Demolition of a Mosque at Khanpur5. Realization by both parties to achieve their same goal6. Role of Quaid

Updated Strategy

1. Self-government under the crown2. Good relations and cooperation with any organization working for same cause


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THE LUCKNOW PACT


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4. Central and provincial government would be bound by the resolutions passed by

their respective legislative councils unless there were vetoed by the GG. In the event

of such a veto if the resolutions again passed after an interval of not less than one

year, they would be put into effect notwithstanding the veto.


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WEAK POINTS:


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KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

*** Background:

The Lucknow pact showed that it was possible for middle-class, English-educated Muslims and Hindus to

arrive at an amicable settlement on Hindu-Muslim constitutional and political problems. This unityreached its climax during the Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation Movements.

1. Rowlett Act April 1919a. Report by Sydney Rowlatt to counter terroristsb. Features

i. Accused have to prove himself not guiltyii. No legal assistance to accusediii. No right to appealiv. Prosecution can produce witness of a dead person

c. Quaid resigned from Central Legislative Assembly

2. Jallianwala Bagh Tragedya. Gandhi entrance in Punjab bannedb. Protest on April 13, 1919 in Amritsarc. Gen. Dyre ordered fire killed 379, injured 1200 in 10 minutesd. Britian imposed Martial Law in Amritsar, Lahore, Gujrate. Hunter committee recommended forcibly retirement of Gen. Dyr

Introduction:

Religio-political movement Extra territorial attachments based on Islam First movement which involved common man Showed Islam is mobilization force

Goals:

1. Ottuman empire should be kept intact2. Territorial solidarity3. Control of holy places

Muslim Media:

1. Zamindar Zafar Ali Khan2. Comrade & Hamdard Maulana M Ali Johar3. Al-Hilal Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Urging Force

1. Concept of Muslim Ummah2. Emotional attachments with institution of Khilafat

Why Cooperation

1. To be one force against British


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2. Rowlett Act 19193. Jawalianwala Garden Tragedy Apr 1919

Events:

1. Khilafat Day Oct 27, 19192. Khilafat Committee formed by Hakim Ajmal Khan & Dr. M A Ansari July 1919

a. I. Khilafat Conference Delhi Gandi & Nehru participated Nov 1919i. No participation in victory celebrationsii. Boycott of British goodsiii. Non cooperation (on later stage)

b. II. Khilafat Conference Amritsar Dec 1919i. Ali brothers came directly after being released.ii. M A Ansari delegation to Viceroy Jan 1920iii. Maulana M Ali Johar delegation to Lord George

1. Non-Cooperation Movement May 1920 (Dec 1920 by Congress)by Mahatama Gandi

a. 3 Hindu groupsi. Cooperation on condition of No Cow Slaughterii. Muslims would seek help from Afghanistaniii. Unconditional help to Muslims

b. Program of Movement announced 4 stagesi. Titles awarded given up &Educational institutes

boycotted

ii. Resignations of civil governments servantsiii. Police and military to be quitted (later on )iv. Refusal to pay taxes &Civil disobedience

2. Treaty of Sevres Aug 19203. III. Khilafat Conference Karachi July 1920

a. Loyality to Turksih Sultanb. Welcomed Attaturks efforts for expulsion of foreign forces

4. Nagpur Session of Congress Dec 1920a. Working Committee approved Non-Cooperation movementb. Jinnah opposed and left the congress

5. Hijrat Movement 1920 1921a. Abul Kalam Azad and other Ulema declared India Darul Herbb. 18,000 Muslims migratedc. Initially Afghan welcomed but later on closed the bordersd. Huge casualties of migrants occurred, some went to Russia

6. End of Movementa. Moplah revolt Aug 1921

i. Muslim tribe revolted against Hindu landlordsb. Chora Chori (UP) Feb 1922

i. 21 constables and 1 sub inspector were set on fireii.

Gandhi called of the movement on Feb 05, 1922c. Developments in Turkey

i. Mustafa Kamal appointed as Chief of the state by Grand National Assemblyii. Kamal Pasha won back Symarna from Greeksiii. Goarge govt collapsediv. Treaty of Laussane singedv. Khilafat Abolished Mar 1924


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First visit of the commission Feb Mar 1928

Second visit of the commission Oct 1928 mar 1929

Report published May 1930


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NEHRU REPORT & QAIDS POINTS


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QUAIDS 14 POINTS


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Nehru Report

Political background

Simon commission appointed inNovember 1927. No Indians in

it.

Resentment in India Constitutional suggestions in

air

Congress committee

Moti Lal Nehru as head,Jawahar Lal Nehru as

Secretary, 2 Muslims

Nehru Report

1. Parliamentary form ofgovernment (dominion)

2. Residuary powers vested incentre

3. No separate electorate4. No weightage to minorities5. Reservation of seats in low

Muslim population provinces

only

6. 1/4 Muslims in centrallegislature

7. Hindi as lingua franca officiallanguage

Muslim reaction

This is the parting of ways. Jinnah Muslim Press in India

Quaids 14 Points

Province: (5)

1. Residuary powers vested in centre2. Provincial autonomy3. Sind to be separated from Bombay4. Reforms in NWFP and Baluchistan5. No change in central constitution

without consent of provinces

Muslims: (6)

6. Separate electorate7. 1/3 Muslims in central legislature8. Muslims share in services and local

bodies

9. Safeguard to Muslim culture andreligion

10. 1/3 members in each cabinet11. No territorial redistribution in

Punjab, Bengal and NWFP to effect

Muslims

Minorities: (3)

12. Effective representation of minorities13. Religious liberty14. 3/4 of a communitys votes to

change laws effecting them

Importance of 14 points

The importance of these points canbe judged by the fact that these

points were presented in the Round

Table Conference of 1930.

As a result, these points becamethe demands of the Muslims and

greatly influenced the Muslims

thinking for the next two decades

till the establishment of Pakistan in

1947.


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ALLAMA IQBALS PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS AT ALLAHABAD

Important points:

1. Decline of MuslimUmmah in general and Muslims of India in particular2. Islam is a complete code of life. And Muslims are a nation.3. There is no harmonybetween Muslims and Hindus in India.4. A separate homeland for the Muslims of India comprising of Punjab, sindh, Balochistan

and NWFP.

a. He Said I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Provinces, Sindh andBalochistan into a single State. Self-Government within theBritish Empireor without

theBritish Empire. The formation of the consolidatedNorth-West Indian Muslim State

appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of the North-West India.

b. Two Nation Theory4. Suggestions for the constitution. (He was against the central legislative assembly and wanted

assembly of representative of federal States).

5. Muslim Representation in the British Indian Assembly shall be 1/3rd.Hindu Reaction:

An editorial in daily Partab, Lahore wrote about Allama Muhammad Iqbal that he is adangerous Muslim of North Western India.

In Daily Inqalab, Lahore a Hindu Columnist wrote Iqbal Wanted to snatch thecountry of Hindus from themand to give it to the Muslims.

Muslims supported his ideas.News papers like Daily Hinduand Daily hamdam supported him

and propagated his message and ideas through the Subcontinent.

Iqbal earned the title of Dreamer ofPakistan for Himself.


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ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES [1930-33]

*** Introduction:

Lord Irwin invited the leaders of political parties of India.

Objective:To formulate future constitution of India in the light of suggestions given by the IndianLeaders.

Civil Disobedience Movement (April 1930):

It was launched by Gandhi because at that point he demanded implementation of Nehrureport in Toto.

The civil disobedience movement was declared illegal and Gandhi was arrested.

First Round Table Conference:

(12 November 1930 to19thJanuary 1931)

Muslim Leaders:following Muslim leaders participated.

Quaid-e-Azam. Sir Agha Khan Muhammad Ali Jauhur. Maulvi Fazl Haq. Sir Muhammad Shafi

Important decision made in conference:

1. Approval of federal system for India (Executive will be responsible to legislature).2. Fully representative government, responsible to provincial and federal legislature will be

made. (Note: In Nehru report Hindu Wanted Strong Central Govt. while Muslims demandedfor loose federation in Jinnahs 14 Points).

3. The princely states will also be supported.4. Saprus proposal of dominion status and abolition of diarchy in the provinces.

Deadlock: Deadlock occurred on the distribution of subjects in the federal system

Gandhi Irwin Pact:

From 17-19 February 1931 talks were held between Gandhi and Irwin. An agreement was signed on 5thMarch 1931 between Gandhi and Irwin.

Why these Talks were held and Agreement was signed?

Because of the failure of civil disobedience movement. Governments desire for congress participation in round table as congress was absent in first

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Salient features of Gandhi Irwin Pact:

1. The congress will call of civil disobedience.2. The congress will attend second round table conference.3. The government will withdraw all cases against congress and release prisoners.

The pact shows that the British government was anxious to bring the congress to round tableconference. It was triumph of the congress and Indian Nationalism.

Second Round Table Conference

(7 September 1931to1stDecember 1931)

Gandhi was the sole representative of All India National Congress Allama Iqbal participated in 2ndround table conference because of the death of Maulana

Muhammad Ali Jauhur.

Allama Iqbal in his speech said in 2ndround table conference. Two committees were formed i.e.

1. Conference on federal structure.2. Conference on Minorities.

Gandhis showed stubborn attitude to secure India as one nation. Gandhi claimed that herepresented all India and dismissed all other Indian delegates as non-representatives.

Hindu Muslim relations embittered. Communal problems Remained Unsolved

Quaid-e-Azam did not participate in second Round table conference and decided to remain alooffrom the Indian politics and to practice as a professional lawyer inEngland.

Communal Awards, August16, 1932.

Because of the deadlock over communal issues British government announced communalawards.

Communal representation of Muslims:

o Jinnahs demand for 1/3rdof the British seats in central legislature was accepted.o Sindh was awarded the status of separate province.o Principle of Wieghtage was applied (Muslim lost majority in Punjab, Sikh got advantage

in Punjab, Europeans got advantage in Bengal because of principle of Wieghtage).

Communal Scheme for Non Muslim:

o Award declared untouchables as a minority and thus the Hindus depressed classeswere given a number of special seats. And as result

o Separate electorates for scheduled class Hindus were approved.Hindu Reaction:


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Gandhi took fast until death on account of accepting scheduled class Hindus as separatenation and giving them right of separate electorate. Dr. Ambedkar, leader of untouchable made anagreement to withdraw from the right of separate electorate under Poona Pact. Gandhi ended hisfast.

Third Round Table Conference/ Joint Select committee

(17th November to25thDecember 1932)

Quaid-e-Azam did not participate. Sir Agha khan participated. In third round table conference reports of various communities were scrutinized. It was decided to setup a federal legislature in India consisting of elected representatives of

the British India and of the representatives of the state to be nominated by respective ruler.

The report of three round table conferences was published in a white paperin 1933 and later on itwas discussed in the British parliament. As a resulted a bill was drafted which was approved andbecame Indian Act of 1935.


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CONGRESS RULE IN THE PROVINCESElections 1937

Muslim League manifesto(i) 1935 Act is unworkable; (ii) ML would get maximum benefit out of it.

The manifesto was same but two things; Urdu Language and separate electorates.

The manifestos show that there was not unbridgeable gape. Yet, there was no such a will.

The League manifesto was clearly an offer for cooperation. Had the congress accepted the

offer, the whole constitutional scene would have been different. IH Qureshi

Provincial elections:

Congress706 out of 1771 seats (26/58 Muslim seats, so only 5% of Muslims) Muslim League102 out of 482 Muslim seats (26% Muslim votes)

CONGRESS RULE

Congress refused to formed ministries till July 1937 on the basis of GGs discretionary powers in

Muslims favor.

The period of less than two and a half years, from July 1939 to October 1939, when congress

ministries ruled eight of the eleven Indian provinces was extremely crucial in the history of Hindu

Muslim relations.

A. Refusal to Form Coalition GovernmentThe Election results had strengthened this hope, for congress had not bothered to contest more than

a small number fraction of Muslim seats and not won even a majority of that. Therefore, everyone

looked forward to the formation of congress league coalition in all Hindu Majority provinces. The

refusal of the Congress to cooperate belied all such hopes.

In July 1937, Congress formed governments in 6 provinces. In NWFP, Khudai Khidmatgar and

Congress formed a coalition government. In the Muslim majority provinces, the Muslim League

could not form the governments. The Muslim League desired to be in government in the U.P. but

the Congress consented to a conditional support:

1. Dissolve AIML ParliamentaryBoard2. AIML members not to function as a separate group3. AIML members to express allegiance to the Congress

Definitelythe above-mentioned terms were a device to subvert the existence of the Muslim League.

Therefore, no agreement was possible on this issue.

Nehru told Chaudhary Khaliq uz Zaman in May 1937, The Hindu Muslim question is confinedto a few Muslim intellectuals, landlords and capitalists who were cooking up a problem

which did not in fact exist in the mind of the masses.

Nehrus mistake lay in his attempt at killing Muslim nationalism with ridicule. Later

events were to show the folly of his attitude, for it created nothing but bitterness and bad

blood. IH Qureshi

B. The Muslim Mass Contact Movement:


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Along with its refusal to share power with the Muslim League the Congress pursued anti-Muslim

League policy in another direction as well. Its power among masses should be weakened and

finally broken. Thus began the ambitious but short lived campaign.

This philosophy was followed by Nehrus statement that, power was now crystallized in only

two opposing ranks Congress for Indian nationalism and British for imperialism. Other

parties do not count.

Comment:

Maulvi Abdul Hakeem, Punjab Moderate Muslims Association, warned Muslims against this and

called it conversion of Muslims.

C. Dictatorship of the CongressThe outstanding constitutional feature of the congress provincial government of the 1937-39 was

that they did not conform to the kind of parliamentary govt envisaged in the Act. The congress

provinces were not autonomous.

Congress ministers were not allowed to act independently

Sir Banirjee says, Gandhi was a dictator by proxy, he did not rule directly but he was

accepted as religious obligation.

D. Policies o f the Congress Governments: (July 1937-Nov. 1939)First a l Congress governments in the provinces launched anti-Muslim drive basicaly to exclude

the ML and other Muslim organizations from the government makingprocess. The Congress leaders

had come to know that the ML had got roots in the masses. Theystarted Muslim Mass Contact

movement to defame the ML in their favour. Theywere makingcultural and educational policies

that promoted the Hindu culture and symbols in the name of Indian culture. They introduced

Banda-Mataramanthem from Annandmath in the institutions and offices etc. The Hindi language

was given top most importance in their policies. Wardha Educational Scheme was to convert

Muslims into Hindus through primary educational literature. Projection of Hindu heroes like

Gandhi and distortion of Muslim history became their moral creed. They folowed the policy of

discrimination in servicesor new recruitment for jobs.

In the UP, the provincial government had directed the local administration to consult the local

congress leaders.

The Congress ministries adopted overal negative and cruel atitude, especialy towards the Muslim

activists. This unjust treatment compeled the Muslims to be disciplined in everysphere of life.

Muslim Response:

The Muslims were w e l l aware of the theocratic inclination of the Hindu people. Theyarranged a

close monitoring of the government. They publicized their policies and raised the issues. The

mobilization of Muslims on these matters required keen probe to colect the original facts of the

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1. The Pirpur Report:On March 28, 1938, the Council of ML appointed an eight-member commitee under the

presidentship of Raja Syed Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur that presented its report on, November 15,

1938. It tried to dig out the cruelties of the Congress ministries in seven provinces. The report took

up the Congress support to the rival Muslim organizations, intimidation and threats to the pro-

Muslim League people.

2. The Sharif Report, March 1939The ML deputed Mr. Shareef with members to investigate the injustices under the dictatorial rule of

the Hindus. This report mainlycolected the facts, concentratingon i l treatment of the government

with the Muslims in Bihar.

3. The Fazl-ul- Haq Report: (December 1939)A. K. Fazl-ul-Haqpublished a pamphlet entitled Muslim Sufferings Under the Rule of Congress and

made manyalarmingrevelations e.g. forbiddingof Azan, atacks in mosques, noisyprocessions of theHindu scoundrels, forbiddingof the cow-slaughter etc. This pamphlet responded the indictments

by the Congress on the Muslims.

A l l the reports described the Congress government as an atempt to create Hindu Ra j that

wanted to overwhelm the Muslim culture and their identity. It was a rigorous threat to the Muslims

interests.

Muslim League Activism:

The Muslim League highlighted the issues and mobilized the Muslims to counter them adequately.

I t reorganized the Muslim community to cope with the situation. The ML arranged its session at

Lucknow in October 1937. Manyprominent leaders like Fazlul Haq participated in the session whileSikander Hayat and Saadulah announced their support to the ML.

The Muslim leaders shed a sharp criticism on the Congress policies. They protested against the

reduction of status of Urdu and other Muslim related issues. Theycreated realization, amongst the

Muslims, of what can happen under the Congress rule and urged for serious thinkingabout the

future political and constitutional arrangements. Theyunearthed the real objectives of the Congress

and urged the need of unityamongthe Muslims under the banner of Muslim League.

The Second World War (September 1939) proved blessing for the Muslims in a sense that the

Congress Ministries resigned in November 1939. The Muslims observed Day of Deliverance on

December 22, 1939.

Reorganization of Muslim League:

The ML redefined its position during the World War II. Theyexpressed their enthusiasm that no

constitution to be enforced without the consent of the Muslims. They eradicated their

organizational weaknesses and refined their objectives keeping the experiences of the Congress

ministries.

Intellectual Commentary on Congress Rule and its impact


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PAKISTAN RESOLUTION


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CRIPPS MISSION


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CABINET MISSION


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PART 3 POST PARTITION PERIOD

INITIAL PROBLEMS FACED AFTER THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN

INTRODUCTION:

Nehru told General Sir Frank Messervy in 1945, his deliberate plan would be to allow

Jinnah to have his Pakistan, end gradually makes things so impossible economically and otherwise

for Pakistan that they have to come on their banded knees and asked to be allowed back to India.

1. RADCLIFF AWARD (AUGUST 16, 1947):

Background

Representatives of Punjab Boundary Commission

Pakistan India

Justice Din Muhammad Justice Maher Chand Muhajan

Justice Muhammad Munir Justice Tej Singh

Representatives Bengal Boundary Commission

Pakistan India

Justice Abu Saleh Justice C. C. Biswas

Muhammad Ikram Justice B.K Mukarjee

Justice S.A Rehman

Sir Cyril Radcliff was appointed as the chairman of both the boundary commissions. Both India and

Pakistan were agreed to accept the decision of Radcliff in case of deadlock. As expected the

representatives of India and Pakistan were unable to reach on an agreement and Radcliff announced

his own decisions on 16th August 1947.

Analysis of the Boundary Award

The award was partial, unjust and unfair to Pakistan

Radcliff Award Handed over Some of the Muslim Majority Areas that were Contiguous to the

Boundary of Pakistan to India:These areas included.

o Sub-district of Ajnala in Amritsar districto Sub-district of Nakadar and Jullundur in Jullundur districto Sub-district of Ferozepur and Zira in Ferozepur districto Sub-district of Batala and Gurdaspur in Gurdaspur district


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Radcliff award, allotted sixty-two percent of the area of undivided Punjab to India, with fifty-five

percent of the population.

Radcliff Award Paved the Way for the Accession of Kashmir with India:Gurdaspur was adistrict contiguous to Pakistan. Out of its four Sub-District Gurdaspur, Batala and shakergarh

were the Muslim majority and Pathankot was a non-Muslim majority sub-district. At the time of

partition the only rail and road communication between India and Kashmir was possible through

the district of Gurdaspur, if Radcliff had only awarded the Hindu majority sub-district of

Pathankot to India still it would not have had access to the state of Kashmir; by assigning two

Muslim majority sub-district of Baal and Gurdaspur Radcliff provided India a link with Kashmir.

In 1948 India entered its forces in Kashmir through Gurdaspur and annexed the state to

India.

The Decision of the Punjab Boundary Commission Caused the Canal Water Disputebetween India and Pakistan:Three rivers namely Indus, Jhelum and Chenab enter in Punjab

from Kashmir whereas two rivers Ravi and Sutlej enter from Indian held Punjab. Radcliff drew

the boundary line in such a way that it cut across the river and canals; making India and

Pakistan upper and lower beneficiaries. Radcliff also handed over the Ferozepur (Sutlij) and

Madupur (Ravi) head works to India.By giving the control over the river Ravi and Sutlej to India,

Radcliff put the economical life of Pakistan in danger. It was not merely a theoretical possibility;

it was proved by Indic by cutting off the water supply on 31st March 1948.

City of Calcutta Handed Over to India: Firstly large population of Calcutta consisted ofschedule east Hindus that were with Muslim League. SecondlyEast Pakistan was separatefrom West Pakistanby more than one thousand miles and for the communication point of

view the port of Calcutta was very important for Pakistan. Thirdly East Bengal produced the

bulk of raw jutebut mostly the jute factories were situated in Calcutta.

Boundary Award and Mountbatten'sinfluence?On August 8, Mountbatten's private secretarysent a letter with a preliminary description of the Punjab boundary to Evan Jenkins, the

governor of Punjab. This draft showed the Ferozepur area and its headworks going to Pakistan.

When the final award was released, Ferozepur was assigned to India. Infuriated Pakistanis were

sure that Nehru and Mountbatten had pressured Radcliff to change his line

Announcement of the Award was Delayed: The Award was to be announced on August 12,1947 but it was mysteriously delayed till August 16, 1947.

Repercussion!

India and Pakistan had no boundaries for the first two daysof their existence. In some places both -Indian and Pakistani flags were raised.


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In some border regions whose destiny was uncertain Indian and Pakistani citizens were inthe dilemmaof not knowing which countrythey were in even on August 15.

In some cases officials sent to work in territories that later became port of India orPakistani. Many administrators joined the last-minute flow of refugees themselves,

disrupting administrative system by leaving their posts empty.

Why?

To avoid spoiling the joyous celebration of independence by announcing news that wouldundoubtedly distress' both India and Pakistan.

To overlook the British responsibility for the disorder that inevitably would follow theannouncement.

2. ACCESSION OF THE PRINCELY STATES:

Kashmir:

Area of 84,471 square miles, 77% muslims, 4 million population in 1944. The most

important state was Kashmir naturally connected with Pakistan. Its ruler was Hindu while

population was Muslim. The population inclined towards Pakistan but the Hindu ruler declared to

join India. The Kashmiri people revolt against the ruler in Poonch area and soon it became

widespread. The ruler sought Indian support. India demanded accession. On October 27, 1947

Indian troops landed in Srinagar. The people continued their struggle for independence and India

promised to finally settle the matter with reference to the people under the UN Resolutions.

Hyderabad:

Hyderabad was one of the richest Hindu Majority state covering 82000 sq miles of area, 260million Revenue. Surrounded by Indian Territory. The state was situated in the south of India. Their

rulers were Muslim who were called Nizam. Nizam wanted to maintain independentstatus for his

state but as being Muslim he had desire to accede with Pakistan if ever need arose. Due to the

important position of the state, Mountbatten the first governor general of India put pressure on

Nizamto accede with India but Nizam refused to do so. On September 13, 1948 just two days after

the death of Quaid-e-Azam Indian forces entered in Hyderabad and occupied it forcibly. Pakistan

submitted a complaint in UNO against the illegal action of India which is still pending.

Junagadh:

Junagadh was a small Hindu majority state covering 3337 sq miles of the area. It situated

300 miles down to the coast of Karachi Indian coast of Kathiawar. The Muslim rulers ruled the state.

After independence the request for the accession with Pakistan by its rulers was acceptedby the

Quaid-e-Azam. Indian government reacted sharply and an economic blockade of the state of

Junagardh was imposed that resulted in food shortage. By the end of October 1947 the rulers of the

state of Junagadh were forcedto leave the state. On 9th November 1947the Indian army occupied

the state. Pakistan took that matter in UNO where it is still pending.


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3. REFUGEES AND ACCOMMODATION PROBLEM:

Hindus were angry over the division of the Subcontinent whereas Sikhs were unhappy over

the loss of their religious places. Sikhs and Hindu armed with deadly weapons slaughter the man

woman and even the small children. Condition in East Punjab was worsethan anywhere else where

rulers of the states of Alwar, Kapurthala, Patiala and Bharatpure played the most inhuman role in

that human tragedy.

Due to the communal violence millions of Indian Muslims leaving there property started

migrating towards Pakistan. Apart from communal violence another reason for the migration of

Muslims was their desire to live in a newly established Islamic state.

The arrival of refugees created problem for both the countries but the issue was more

serious in the nascent state of Pakistan that was already facing no of problems. It was estimated that

only West Pakistani received 5.5 million refugeesand one sixth of the entire population of West

Pakistan consisted of refugees. It caused economic and administrative problems, as Pakistan did

not have sufficient resources to provide food, shelter and medical aid to the growing no of refugees.

Quaid-e-Azam moved his headquarter to Lahoreto give special attention to this problem.

Quaid-e-Azam relief fundwas also created in which rich people were asked to donate. Temporary

relief camps were also established.

4. CANAL WATER DISPUTE:

It had its origin in Radcliff Award which drew the boundary India and Pakistan in way that it cut

across the rivers and canal making India the upper beneficiary and Pakistan the lower beneficiary, It

also handed over the control over two important head works over river Ravi (Madhupure Head

works) and Sutlej (Ferozpure Head works) to India. India proved it by stopping the flow of water inMarch 1948.

Dispute was finally settled when an agreement called Indus Basin treaty. The treaty was

signed between Ayub Khan the president of Pakistan and Nehru the Indian Prime Minister on

September 19, 1962. According to that agreement India was allocated the use of two Eastern Rivers

namely Ravi and Sutlej whereas three western Rivers Indus, Jehlum and Canab were given to

Pakistan. To overcome the shortage of water World Bank, India and other friendly countries provided

Pakistan financial assistance to construct two dams, five barrages and seven link canals.

5. DIVISION OF ASSETS:

Military Assets:

It was announced on July I, 1947 that Indian army assets would also be divided in ratio 65

to 35in India's favour it was with reference of the communal balance present in the British Indian

Army. Field Martial Auchinleckwas appointed as incharge of the distribution of military assets.

Whatever Pakistan received was nothing but scrap and out of order machines,broken weapons,

unserviceable artillery and aircraft. There were 16 ordnance factories and all were located in

India. Pakistan was given 60 million rupeestowards its share in the ordnance factories. Later an

ordnance factory was established in Wah. Pakistan received six Armour divisions to India's


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THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE QUAID-E-AZAM

Jinnah played an important role in establishing the new country in the world

Documents

102239725 Pakistan Affairs Notes by Shakeel Babar