Sinh khối ở Việt Nam

Sinh khi Vit Nam a) Tim nng nng lng sinh khi Vit Nam - Vit Nam l mt nc nhit i nhiu nng v ma nn sinh khi pht trin nhanh. Ba phn t lnh th l t rng nn tim nng pht trin g ln, l mt nc nng nghip nn ngun ph phm nng nghip phong ph. Ngun ny ngy cng tng trng cng vi vic pht trin nng nghip v lm nghip. Sinh khi: Ngun sinh khi ch yu gm g v cy trng, tim nng cc ngun ny theo nh gi ca vin nng lng c trnh by bng sau:

Kh sinh hc:

Nhin liu sinh hc:

a) Hin trng nng lng sinh khi Vit Nam - Trong tng tiu th nng lng ton quc nng lng sinh khi vn chim t l ln ti trn mt na. Mc d gi tr tuyt i vn khng ngng tng nhng t l gim dn do nng lng thng mi tng nhanh hn.

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Qua cho thy trn 3/4 sinh khi hin c s dng phc v un nu gia nh vi cc bp un c truyn hiu sut thp. Bp ci tin tuy c nghin cu

thnh cng nhng cha c ng dng rng ri m ch c mt vi d n nh, l t vi a phng. 1/4 sinh khi cn li c s dng trong sn xut. Sn xut vt liu xy dng, gm s hu ht dng cc l t thit k theo kinh nghim, t bng ci hoc tru ch yu pha nam. Sn xut ng, tn dng b ma ng pht nhit v in tt c 43 nh my ng trong c nc vi trang thit b nhp t nc ngoi. Mi y vin c in nng nghip ngin cu thnh cng dy chuyn s dng ph phm sinh khi ng pht nhit v in sy. Vin lp t v hin ang trin khai ng dng cc tnh. Sy la v sy nng sn: my sy ny do nhiu c s trong nc sn xut v c th dng tru lm nhin liu. Cng ngh cacbon ha sinh khi sn xut than ci: theo cng ngh truyn thng, hiu sut thp. Mt s cng ngh khc nh ng bnh sinh khi, kh ha tru hin ang giai on nghin cu, th nghim. Nhin liu sinh hc: Vic s dng etanol v du ng thc vt lm nhin liu cha c p dng rng ri Vit Nam. X nghip ch bin thc phm An Giang sn xut m c basa thnh biodiezen thay th du diezen truyn thng gip x nghip tit kim hng trm triu ng mi nm. i hc bch khoa ng dng thnh cng chng ct du n ph thi thnh biodiezen. Phng cng ngh t bo thc vt-vin sinh hc nhit i th nghim thnh cng du diezen t ht cy du m ( y l loi cy c th trng trn cc vng t kh cn ). Kh sinh hc: Ch yu pht trin quy m gia nh. Cng ngh ph bin nht hin nay l thit b kh sinh hc np c nh vm cu xy gch:

Hnh 1 Thit b kh sinh hc np c nh kiu KT1

Hnh 2 Thit b kh sinh hc np c nh xy bng gch S dng cui cng ch yu l dng kh sinh hc un nu, thp sng v pht in cng c ng dng nhng khng ph bin. Nhu cu ng dng qui m trang tri v cng nghip ang tr nn cp bch nhng cha c p ng. a) C hi v thch thc i vi vic pht trin nng lng sinh khi ca Vit Nam C hi: - Vit Nam l mt nc nhit i nhiu nng v ma nn sinh khi pht trin nhanh. Ba phn t lnh th l t rng nn tim nng pht trin g ln, l mt nc nng nghip nn ngun ph phm nng nghip phong ph. Ngun ny ngy cng tng trng cng vi vic pht trin nng nghip v lm nghip. Thch thc - S cnh tranh v nhu cu nguyn liu sinh khi. V d: Rm r cn lm thc n cho tru b Giy ph liu c th ti ch G ph liu v mn ca c th lm g p Ng, khoai sn sn xut etanol, u tng,lc vng da sn xut biodiezen. Cn dung lm lng thc, thc phm cho con ngi v gia sc. - S cnh tranh v chi ph cc cng ngh Hin nay nhiu cng ngh sinh khi cn t hn cng ngh truyn thng s dng nhin liu ha thch c v trang thit b ln nhin liu.

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Vit Nam cn l mt nc ngho nn thiu kinh ph u t pht trin cng ngh mi: Th d: bp un c truyn hiu sut thp nhng u t khng ng k, i khi bng khng, trong khi u t mt ci bp ci tin phi tn vi chc nghn ng. Tr ngi v mi trng Kh t, cc ngun sinh khi pht thi vo khng kh bi v kh Sunfur (SO 2). Vic pht trin quy m ln cc cy nng lng sn xut nhin liu sinh hc (biofuel) c th dn ti gia tng s dng thuc tr su v phn bn, gy tc hi i vi ng vt hoang d v mi trng sng. Sn xut nng lng t g c th gy thm p lc cho rng. Thiu nhn thc ca x hi v nng lng sinh khi Ni ti nng lng thng ngi ta ngh n in, than, du kh. Cc nh hoch nh chnh sch thng khng quan tm n nhin liu sinh khi. V d: ngnh in c d n nng lng nng thn nhng thc ra y ch l d n in kh ha nng thn. Rt t cc doanh nhn kinh doanh trong lnh vc nhin liu sinh khi. Ngi ng dng cc cng ngh mi gp rt nhiu kh khn trong vic mua sm trang thit b, tm kim dch v hu mi. Thiu cc chnh sch v th ch.

KT LUN: Nhin liu sinh khi hin chim mt t l ln trong tiu th nhin liu ton quc nhng lu nay khng c quan tm. Vic khai thc dng cn t pht theo li c truyn nn hiu sut thp v cn gy nhim mi trng. Cn c chin lc pht trin, nhng chnh sch, th ch v quy hoch c th ca nh nc. Trn c s c bin php huy ng vn u t cho ngin cu v trin khai ng dng. Trong cc cng ngh nhin liu sinh khi hin nay cn tp trung vo mt s cng ngh: bp ci tin, sy v pht in dng sinh khi, kh sinh hc. Kh ha tru( bi v tru l nguyn nhn chnh gy nn nhim cc dng sng, knh rch nhng li nhng li l mt ngun nng lng tim nng v di do nc ta.)........TRANG CH BIOMASS KH HA TRU PHN LOI TH GIN NG DNG MUA-BN-QUNG CO c ng bi L XUN THNH vo lc 10:26 0 nhn xt Gi email bi ng nyBlogThis!Chia s ln TwitterChia s ln Facebook Nhn: biomass

Th su, ngy 23 thng mi hai nm 2011

Nghin Cu NHIN LIU VIT NAM (K 8)PHN I: CC LOI NHIN LIU VIT NAM Tnh hnh nng lng Vit Nam S dng kh LPG Xu hng s dng kh CNG Kh nng thay th nhin liu ha thch trong tng lai Vn : kh ha nhin liu rn (tru, g...) Cc thit b s dng kh. So snh ch tiu kinh t ca kh CNG, Kh ha vi du FO khi s dng cho l hi 2tn/h PHN II: THC NGHIM KH HA Tnh ton xy dng h thng kh ha vi cng sut 15kw u ra.

Nng lng sinh khi (biomass) "Sinh khi l tng trng lng ca sinh vt sng trong sinh quyn hoc s lng sinh vt sng trn mt n v din tch, th tch vng". Khi lng sinh khi trong sinh quyn c tnh l n.1014 - 2.1016 tn. Trong , ring cc i dng hin c 1,1. 109 tn sinh khi thc vt v 2,89. 1010 tn sinh khi ng vt. Phn ch yu ca sinh khi tp trung trn lc a vi u th nghing v pha sinh khi thc vt. Sinh khi ca tri t hin chim mt t l nh so vi trng lng ca ton b tri t v rt b so vi thch quyn, thu quyn. Tuy nhin, trong thi gian a cht lu di, t khi xut hin vo khong 3 t nm trc y, sinh khi tri t thc hin mt chu trnh bin i mnh m mt khi lng ln vt cht trn tri t. Sinh khi c mt trn hu ht cc loi t trm tch, bin cht v cc khong sn trm tch ca tri t di dng vt cht hu c. Theo tnh ton ca ca cc nh khoa hc, tng khi lng vt cht hu c trong ton b cc trm tch l 3,8. 1015 tn. Gii thiu Biomass Sinh khi trong cng nghip nng lng c hiu l vt cht sinh hc sng hoc mi cht, nhin liu sinh hc dng ch g, rm, sn phm cht thi sinh hc nh phn bn, vt liu thin nhin khc c cha nng lng. Nng lng lu tr trong sinh khi c th c to ra bi t chy vt liu trc tip, hoc bng cch cho vo n vi sinh vt s dng n lm ra kh sinh hc, mt dng ca kh t nhin. Ph bin nht l nhng vt cht thuc thc vt c trng s dng vo mc ch nng lng, nhng cng bao gm c nhng cht thuc thc vt v ng vt dng sn xut cc loi si, ho cht hoc nhit. C 5 loi vt liu sinh khi c bn: * G mi, ly t rng, cc hot ng trng rng hoc t cc qu trnh lm g. * V ma nng lng: nhiu v ma vi nng sut cao c trng c bit phc cho nhng ng dng v nng lng.

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* Cht thi nng nghip: cht thi sinh ra t qu trnh thu hoch hoc x l nng nghip (b ma, v tru, rm...) * Thc n tha: t cc hat ng sn xut, chun b v x l thc n v thc ung hoc t rc thi sinh hat. * Cht thi cng nghip v ph sn phm: t qu trnh sn xut v cc quy trnh cng nghip.

Nguyn liu sinh khi N khng bao gm cc cht hu c c chuyn ho bi cc qu trnh a cht thnh cc cht nh than hoc du m (nhin liu ho thch).

1) Thnh phn ha hc - Nng lng sinh khi c ngun gc t carbon v c to thnh t cc phn t hp cht c cha hidro, thng c c nguyn t oxi, nit v c 1 lng nh kim, t kim v kim loi nng. Nhng kim loi ny thng c tm thy trong phn t hot ng nh nhng porphyrin c bao gm cht dip lc cha magi. - Chu k carbon l nguyn tc ng ng sau cng ngh biomass. Khi thc vt sinh trng, chng hp th CO2 trong mi trng v d tr n thng qua qu trnh quang hp. Thc vt sau c th b dng lm thc n cho cc loi ng vt v do c bin i thnh sinh khi ng vt. Tuy nhin s hp th c bn c to thnh t thc vt. Nu thc vt khng b dng lm thc n th thng s b phn hy thnh vi sinh vt hoc b t chy: * Nu b phn hy, n s thi mt lng carbon tng ng tr li trong khng kh, ch yu l di dng kh cacbonic (CO2) hoc metan (CH4) ty thuc vo cc iu kin v qu trnh phn hy. * Nu b t chy carbon c thi ra mi trng di dng kh cacbonic CO2 tng ng vi lng CO2 hp th. iu c ngha l biomass khng ng

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gp vo qu trnh pht thi kh nh knh. Nhng qu trnh ny xy ra cho n khi no cn c thc vt trn tri t v n l mt phn ca chu trnh tun hon ca carbon. Qu trnh ny xy ra trong mt khong thi gian tng i ngn v cc cy dng lm nhin liu lun lun c thay th bng nhng cy mi sinh trng. V vy cacbon kh quyn c gi mc tng i n nh. Mc d nhin liu ho thch c ngun gc sinh khi trong thi c xa nhng chng khng c xem l sinh khi v chng cha cacbon nm ngoi chu trnh cacbon t rt lu ri. V l nhin liu chng to ra mt nng lng cao, nhng s dng cc nng lng ta phi thng qua qu trnh t chy nhin liu, vi qu trnh oxy ha ca cacbon thnh kh cacbonic v hidro thnh nc (hi nc). Tr khi chng c gi li, nhng sn phm chy ny thng c thi ra khng kh, tr li thnh cacbon hnh thnh hng triu nm trc v do gp phn vo vic lm tng nng khng kh.Vic t chy chng lm hm lng CO2 trong kh quyn mt n nh. Khc vi cc cng ngh nng lng ti to khc, cng ngh nhin liu sinh khi khng ch thay th nhin liu ha thch m nhiu khi cn gp phn x l cht thi. Hin sinh khi l ngun nng lng ln th t, chim ti 14-15% tng nng lng tiu th ca th gii. cc nc ang pht trin, sinh khi thng l ngun nng lng ln nht, trung bnh ng gp khong 35% trong tng cung cp nng lng. Nhin liu sinh khi gi mt vai tr quan trng trong cc kch bn nng lng v c kh nng s gi vai tr sng cn trong vic p ng nhu cu nng lng ca th gii trong tng lai. Cch dng thut ng ph bin hin nay: sinh khi (biomas) l nhin liu rn trn c s sinh khi, cn nhin liu sinh hc (biofuel) l nhng nhin liu lng c ly t sinh khi v kh sinh hc (biogas) l sn phm ca qu trnh phn gii ym kh ca cc cht hu c. K thut chuyn ha: V s a dng trong tnh cht v c tnh ca nhiu loi vt liu v cc phn nhm khc nhau ca chng, hin ti c rt nhiu k thut chuyn ha c th s dng nhng vt liu 1 cch ti u, bao gm c k thut chuyn ha nhit v ha cht.

1) ng dng ca sinh khi Nhin liu sinh hc. Khng ging nh cc ngun nng lng ti sinh khc, biomass c th c bin trc tip thnh cc loi nhin liu lng - nhin liu sinh hc - cho cc phng tin vn ti (-t con, xe ti, xe but, my bay, tu ho). C hai dng nhin liu sinh hc ph bin nht l ethanol v diesel sinh hc. Ethanol l mt loi cn, tng t nh cn trong bia v ru. N c sn xut bng cch ln men bt k loi biomass no c hm lng carbohydrate cao (tinh bt, ng hoc celluloses) thng qua mt qu trnh tng t nh ln men bia. Ethanol ch yu c s dng lm ph gia nhin liu gim lng carbon monoxide v cc loi kh thi gy sng khi khc t xe c. Hin c cc loi xe s dng nhin liu linh hot gm xng v 85% ethanol. Diesel sinh hc c sn xut bng cch kt hp cn (thng l methanol) vi du thc vt, m ng vt hoc cc loi m nu n c ti ch. N c th c s dng lm cht ph gia nhin liu gim lng kh thi cho xe c (20%). dng thun khit, diesel sinh hc c s dng lm nhin liu cho cc ng c diesel.

Cc loi nhin liu sinh hc khc bao gm methanol v cc thnh phn bin tnh khc ca xng. Methanol, thng c gi l cn g, hin c sn xut t kh t nhin. Tuy nhin, cng c th sn xut n t biomass. C mt s cch bin biomass thnh methanol song bin php ph thng nht l kh ho. Kh ho lin quan ti vic lm bc hi biomass nhit cao, ri loi b cc tp cht t kh nng v cho n i qua mt cht xung tc. Cht xc tc bin kh thnh methanol.

Phn ln cc thnh phn bin tnh ca xng c sn xut t biomass l nhng ph gia nhin liu gim nhim, chng hn nh methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) v ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE). - in sinh hc. in sinh hc l vic s dng bimomass sn xut in nng. C su h thng in sinh hc ln trn th gii bao gm t biomass trc tip, ng t chy, kh ho, tiu ho k kh, nhit phn v h thng in sinh hc nh, module. Phn ln cc nh my in sinh hc trn th gii s dng h thng t trc tip. H t nguyn liu sinh hc trc tip to hi nc. Hi nc b tua-bin bt gi v my pht in sau bin n thnh in. Trong mt s ngnh cng nghip, hi nc t nh my in cng c s dng cho sn xut hoc si m cho cc to nh. Nhng nh my in ny c gi l nh my nhit - in kt hp. Chng hn nh ph phm ca g (mn ca) thng c s dng sn xut c in v to nhit cc nh my giy. Nhiu nh my in t than c th s dng cc h thng ng t chy gim ng k lng kh thi c bit l sulfur dioxide. ng t chy lin quan ti vic s dng biomass nh mt ngun nng lng b sung trong cc ni hi hiu qu cao. Ch cn vi thay i nh l cc nh my in t than c th s dng h thng ng t chy. Do vy, tim nng pht trin ca n trong tng lai l rt ln. - H thng kh ho s dng nhit cao v mi trng him oxy bin biomass thnh mt loi kh - kh biogas hay kh sinh hc (hn hp gm hydrro, CO v methane). Loi kh ny cung cp nhin liu cho turbine kh sn xut in nng. Cng c mt s nh my in s dng chu trnh hi khc mt cht. Nhin liu biomass c bin thnh cc loi kh t iu p, nng, trong bung kh ho. Chng c lm sch (loi b tp cht) trnh lm bo mn h thng sn xut nhit, in. Tip n, cc loi kh sch c t cng vi khng kh trong bung t trc khi i vo mt turbine sn xut in. Nhit i ra t tua-bin kh c dn vo bung trao i nhit lm nng nc lnh, cung cp cho cc h gia nh. Biomass phn hu to ra kh methane m c th c s dng lm nng lng. Ti cc bi chn lp (ni cc vt liu hu c nh phn, rau xanh, rm...), cc ging c khoan ht kh methane t cht hu c ang phn hu. Sau , cc ng t mi ging s vn chuyn kh ti mt ni trung tm lc v lm sch trc khi t. Methane cng c th c sn xut t biomass thng qua mt quy trnh c gi l tiu ho k kh. Tiu ho k kh lin quan ti vic s dng vi khun phn hu cht hu c trong iu kin thiu oxy. Methane c th c s dng lm nhin liu theo nhiu cch. Phn ln cc c s t n trong mt ni hi, to hi nc sn xut in hoc s dng cho mc ch cng nghip. Methane cng c th c s -

dng lm nhin liu trong t bo nhin liu. T bo nhin liu hot ng ging nh pin song khng cn ti np. N to in chng no c nhin liu. Ngoi kh, nhin liu lng cng c sn xut t biomass thng qua mt quy trnh gi l nhit phn. Nhit phn xy ra khi biomass c nung nng trong iu kin thiu oxy. Sau , biomass bin thnh mt cht lng gi l du nhit phn. C th t du nhit phn ging nh xng sn xut in nng. Mt h thng in sinh hc s dng nhit phn hin ang c thng mi ho ti M. M l nc sn xut in biomass ln nht th gii, c hn 350 nh my in sinh hc, sn xut trn 7.500MW in mi nm, cung cp cho hng triu h gia nh, ng thi to ra 66.000 vic lm. Nhng nh my ny s dng cht thi t nh my giy, nh my ca, sn phm ph nng nghip, cnh l t cc vn cy n qu. c tnh ti nm 2020, sn lng in sinh hc ca th gii l hn 30.000 megawatt (MW). Cc ch phm sinh hc. Con ngi c th s dng biomass sn xut mi sn phm nh h lm t nhin liu ho thch. Nhng sn phm sinh hc khng ch c lm t cc ngun ti sinh m cn cn t nng lng hn trong qu trnh sn xut. Cc nh nghin cu pht hin ra rng tin trnh sn xut nhin liu sinh hc cng c th c s dng sn xut cht chng ng, cht do, keo, cht lm ngt v gel cho thuc nh rng. Khi biomass c nung nng vi mt lng oxy nh, mt lng ln carbon monoxide v hydro c to ra. Cc nh khoa hc gi hn hp ny l kh sinh tng hp. Kh sinh tng hp c s dng to cht do v a-xt. Khi biomass c nung nng trong iu kin khng c oxy, n hnh thnh du nhit phn. Mt ho cht c tn l phenol c th c chit xut t du nhit phn. Phenol c s dng ch to cht dn g, cht do khun v nhiu cht khc. - Khi nim mi: Nh my lc sinh hc: Nh my lc sinh hc l mt c s kt hp thit b v cc tin trnh chuyn bin biomass sn xut nhin liu, in nng v cc ho cht t biomass. Khi nim nh my lc sinh hc tng t nh cc nh my lc du ngy nay m sn xut nhiu nhin liu cng nh sn phm t du. Cc nh my lc sinh hc cng nghip c coi l con ng ha hn nht dn ti vic to lp mt ngnh mi, da trn sinh hc M. Bng cch sn xut nhiu sn phm, mt nh my lc sinh hc c th tn dng c cc thnh phn khc nhau ca biomass, ng thi ti a ho gi tr thu c t biomass. Mt nh my nh vy c th sn xut mt hoc nhiu ho cht gi tr cao, khi lng t v mt loi nhin liu lng cho vn ti vi gi tr thp, khi

lng ln. ng thi, nh my cng sn xut in, nhit s dng trong ni b v c l l tha in bn ra ngoi. Sn phm gi tr cao tng cng li nhun, nhin liu khi lng nhiu p ng nhu cu nng lng quc gia v sn xut in trnh pht thi kh nh knh cng nh gim chi ph. Phng Th nghim Nng lng ti sinh quc gia ca M ang thc hin Chng trnh Biomass, lin quan ti su d n nh my lc sinh hc ln. Nhng d n ny tp trung vo cc cng ngh mi nhm kt hp vic sn xut nhin liu t biomass v cc sn phm khc trong cng mt c s. Cc quy trnh ng dng nng lng sinh khi

K TI: SINH KHI VIT NAM

KHI NIM KH HA TRU nng dn, nng nghip, nng thn; khai thc hiu qu ngun nng lng ti to, mt khc khng nhim mi trng m cn hng li t tro t th Ph bin bp t khng khi v hng dn s dng k thut kh ha v tru s rt c ch. Ngy nay, t tru cc l gch v c s cng nghip nhiu a phng b cm, D vy khng phi l gi tr nng lng ca v tru b ph nhn. N cho nhit lng n 15 MJ mi kg, li c sn quanh nm v l ph phm quan trng ca nn nng nghip la go. Khng t, tru s cht y ng rung hoc tri theo sng. Tc hi ca vic t tru th cng l: to ra khi, bi v tro lm hi n t, nc, khng kh v hoa mu ca nhiu vng dn c nh Sa c (ng Thp) hay Chu Thnh (An Giang). cc nc ngoi ngi ta khng cm m cn khuyn khch s dng tru bng cch ch dn nng dn lm bp khng khi v xy dng cc c s kh ha tru t l thay cho in, gas hay than, ci. Kiu t tru th cng to ra khi mang theo n 55% nhit lng. Hn hp khi gm 3 cht khng chy l hi nc (H2O), kh nit (N2), kh carbonic (CO2) v 8 cht chy l methanol (CH3OH), nha than (CxHyO), aceton CH3COCH3), acid acetic (CH3COOH), carbon monoxid (CO), kh hydro (H2), kh mtan (CH4) v bi than (C). Cha ht, hiu sut s dng nhit ca kiu t c ny t khi vt qu 9 - 10% - y tht l mt s ph phm ln. K thut t tru khng khi l mc ch dng ht nng lng thot ra t khi v nh hn ch nhim. Cc thnh phn chy s phn ng ngay trong l t hp li thnh hi nc v kh carbonic trong khi gii phng ra mt lng nhit rt ln. Hin nay nc ta c kh nhiu kiu bp khng khi. Nhng ngnh ngn hng vn cha vo cuc ti tr thc y qu trnh sn xut nhm gip cho mi nh c mt bp l va hp v sinh, va tit kim cht t. Nhiu bp t tru khng khi gi l bp hi tru t n hiu sut gn 30%. min Nam, nhiu l sy la dng b kh ha v tru hai bung do cc c s c kh a phng sn xut. Tnh ton s b cho thy hiu sut kh ha l khong 55 - 60%. Tuy vy cng sut s dng sy li khng cao, ch khong 4,5 kW cho m 6 tn la trong khi nng lng pht sinh ln ti 11 - 17 kW. iu ny cho thy: cn thit k li l sy dng cho ht nhit lng. Kiu t cng nghip hay cn gi l kh ha v tru (gasifier rice husk) c kh nng thay th kh ha lng LPG vn rt t. Mt b kh ha lin tc vi mt bung gn nh s dng 8,3 kg tru/gi c th to ra cng sut 19 kW v t n hiu sut 63% m ch cn mt ngi vn hnh. Tru c cho chy xung t trn, gi cng c bm t trn v tin trnh kh ha din ra trong bung phn ng nhit khong 117 - 2050C, to ra dng khi dy c trc khi chuyn ht thnh gas u m t. Tro sinh ra trong bung phn ng l loi tro en xp gi l biochar, c y ra b tro nh lung gi vn gi ba chc nng l iu lm mt bung phn ng, khin qu trnh

kh ha, v vn chuyn tro ra khng tt l. Mun c loi tro trng khng kt tinh hot tnh cao lm nguyn liu cng nghip ngi ta iu chnh tc gi sao cho nhit trong bung phn ng ln n 480 - 5300C (khng t n nhit kt tinh silic trn mc 6500C).

TRANG CH BIOMASS KH HA TRU PHN LOI TH GIN NG DNG MUA-BN-QUNG CO

c ng bi L XUN THNH vo lc 11:56 0 nhn xt Gi email bi ng nyBlogThis!Chia s ln TwitterChia s ln Facebook Nhn: kh ha tru

Th t, ngy 14 thng mi hai nm 2011NG DNG CNG NGH KH HA TRU KHC PHC NHIM MI TRNGPhn 1 Gii thiu Cng Ngh Kh ha A.Nng lng sinh khi: Nhng nm gn y cng ngh nng lng ti to ni chung c bit l cng ngh nng lng sinh khi (Biomass: ci, tru, ci bp, v u phng, mn ca, dm bo) v ang pht trin rt mnh.

Cng ngh nng lng sinh khi khng ch thay th phn no cho nng lng ha thch m cn gp phn ng k trong vic x l rc thi. Ngun ph thi - ph phm nng nghip (c sau thu hoch ln sau ch bin) nh rm r, tru, v c ph, s da, b ma trong c nc c tnh trn 30 triu tn/nm. Do , khai thc tim nng v nng lng ti to t ngun ph phm nng nghip ( trong c tru ) l hng i v vic lm mang tnh chin lc, c ngha pht trin kinh t - x hi v bo v mi trng. Tru ti BSCL cng nh c nc ang c s dng un nu v t l nung gch ,gm , sy nng sn v.v. ch yu bng phng php t trc tip trn ghi l. Kiu

t ny km theo khi bi , gy nhim nng n cho mi trng. y thc s l vn nn vi hu ht cc a phng v cc khu cng nghip tp trung . Thay i quy trnh t l phng n gii quyt tn gc ngun pht sinh nhim . Ph hp vi xu hng cng nghip ha v hin i ha ca nc ta v ph hp vi xu hng ca th gii ni chung . Mt trong cc gii php thay i quy trnh t l kh ha tru ( hoc cc sn phm Biomas khc ) . S dng lng kh to ra t nh s dng LPG thng thng. B. Kh ha sinh khi (gasifier). 1/ Khi nim: Kh ha l vic chuyn i nguyn liu rn hoc lng thnh nhin liu kh hu ch v thun tin cho vic t chy gii phng nng lng. Trong qu trnh kh ha , vt liu c gia nhit n mt nhit cao dn n thay i tnh cht vt l v ha hc to ra cc sn phm chy d bay hi (Co, H2 v CH4) v cc cht thi nh tro, hc n

2/ Qu trnh kh ha: Qu trnh kh ha sinh khi xy ra trong bn giai on quan h vi nhau: + min chy + min phn ng. + min nhit phn. + min sy kh. bao gm: 2.1 updraft

h thng kh ha kiu updraft Khng kh c a t pha di y l v kh to ra pha trn nh l trong khi nhin liu li tip tc i xung ngc li vi dng kh to ra khong khng trong l -u im : + n gin, + hiu sut cao + Thch hp vi nhiu loi vt liu. - Nhc im: - Trong qu trnh nhit phn ha cht, hc n, cc loi du c sinh ra v tr thnh mt phn ca kh gas. - Hn ch ny nh hng rt ln n vic ng dng ca kh ha updraft. 2.2 downdraft

h thng kh ha kiu downdraft Khng kh c a vo t vng oxi ha ( t chy) kh gas c ly t pha di, do nhin liu v khng kh i cng chiu. Trn ng i xung axt v nhng thnh phn nha phi xuyn qua lp than nng v th c chuyn thnh CO, CO 2, H2, CH4. - u im : ca kh ha ny l rt sch. - Nhc im: ca downdraft l hn ch trn 1 s loi nhin liu v so vi updraft th hiu sut gas thp hn 2.3 crossdraft

h thng kh ha kiu Crossdraft - c thit k nh downdraft thay v O2, khng kh i vo song song nhin liu th crossdraft l bn cnh. -u im: hiu sut cao, gn nh -Nhc im: khng ph hp vi nhin liu c nhiu tro. 2.4 Kh ha tng si

c pht trin sau ny. Kh nng ha trn v tnh ng nht v nhit cao. Kh ha tng si c bit thun li cho kh ha sinh khi .

PHN 2

ng dng cng ngh kh ha ti Vit nam Rt nhiu cc Nh khoa hc , cc Vin , Trng quan tm n vic nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh kh ha vo thc t ti Vit nam trong khong 5 nm tr li y. Nhng hu ht u dng li mc nghin cu v th nghim . Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy vi i ng lm cng tc k thut cng ngh v nng lc ch to trong nc hon ton c th lm ch v ng dng rng ri cng ngh ny trong cng nghip v i sng . C 2 hng m cc doanh nghip c gng ng dng cng ngh kh ha :

Cng ty TNHH Tn mai Sa c nhp t n 1 h thng to gas t tru c cng xut t 80 n 100 kg tru /gi t gia nm 2010 . H thng hot ng kh n nh v p ng tt cho kiu l 4 bung lin hon . Khc phc hon ton khi bi gy nhim mi trng . Tuy nhin vi gi thnh khong 1,8 t ng / h thng l qu cao , cng xut t cn thp .Cha th ng dng rng ri cho cc l gch th cng hin nay . Trong 3 nm qua nhm k s SCT nghin cu su v lnh vc Gasifier t tru . T nm 2010 nhm th nghim thnh cng h thng gasifier vi cng xut t 8 kg tru /gi . Sau khi nghin cu k nhu cu ca th trng . Kho st v rt kinh nghim t H thng gasifier ca n ang vn hnh ti nh my Tn mai- Sa c ( cng xut t 80 n 100 kg tru /gi ). Chng ti thit k h thng gasifier SCT150D1 v h thng gasifier SCT200U1. PHN 3

H THNG GASIFIER SCT150D1 A/ c tnh k thut : H thng Gasifier SCT150D1 nhm k s chng ti thit k v ch to theo nguyn l Downdraft gasifier . S dng nhin liu l tru hoc tru vin. ang ch chuyn giao thi cng. y l mu thit k mi nht , c nghin cu rt kinh nghim t h thng Gasifier 80 kg tru /gi do n sn xut , c Cng ty Tn mai Sa c s dng t 2010. H thng Gasifier SCT150D1 c cc c tnh k thut sau y : C cu iu chnh : Auto/Man ng knh l phn ng chnh : 1200mm Chiu cao ton b l phn ng : 2050mm Lng tru tiu th : 150 kg/gi Nng xut cp Gas : 330 n 375m3/gi Nng xut cp nhit : 1320 n 2.250 MJ /gi Nhit Gas s dng : 60 oC Nhit tr gas s dng : 4 n 6 MJ / m3 Lng in tiu th : 15KW/h p sut kh Gas u ra: ~20mmH20 Phng thc cp liu : Tru c cp vo bung phn ng bng vt ti. Sau t ng iu ha trong h thng . Phng thc thi tro : T ng H thng lc : H thng lc kp bng nc v tru. V khng cn ha lng gas p xut ln m a vo t ngay , nn nguy c chy n hu nh khng ng k . Rt an ton .

h thng kh ha SCT150D1 do nhm SCT thit k B/ Kh nng ng dng : H thng Gasifier SCT150D1 Cung cp 1 lng gas/gi c nhit lng tng ng nhit lng khi t 30 n 35 kg gas LPG /gi . Gas to ra bng phng php Gasifier downdraft c kh nng hn ch ti a hc n . Gas cn c lc qua 3 cp lc nn rt sch . Do la gas c th tip xc trc tip

vi cc sn phm m khng s b mu do b hc n bm vo . iu ny ht sc cn thit khi nung gm hoc sy trc tip nng sn . Cng ging nh Gas LPG , Gas tru khi t khng c khi , bi gy nhim mi trng . Trong thnh phn ca tru ,thnh phn lu hunh rt thp .Do kh thi khi t gas tru khng hnh thnh kh SO2 nh khi t than . y l loi kh c v c th to thnh Axt sulfuric ph hy nhanh chng cc kt cu kim loi . C/ Hiu qu kinh t Ly 1 c s trc y s dng Gas LPG . Nay thay bng s dng gas sn xut t tru : Mi nm s dng 10 thng . Mi thng s dng bnh qun 25 ngy . Mi ngy s dng 20 gi . Mi nm s dng 5.000 gi . Khu hao mi gi 44.000 Chi ph sn xut 1 gi to ra 375m3 gas hn hp t tru : 150 kg tru X 300 /kg = 45.000 15 kwh in X 1.800 / kwh = 27.000 Cng vn hnh 1 gi 30.000 Khu hao thit b 44.000 Cng : 146.000 Lng Gas sn xut trong 1 gi tng ng vi 30 kg Gas LPG Chi ph mua 30kg Gas LPG = 30kg X 26.000 / kg = 780.000 Chi ph tng cng cho vic s dng Gas tru thay cho 30 kg gas LPG s tit kim c: 780.000 146.000 = 634.000 Nu mi nm s dng t 5.000 gi s tit kim : 634.000 X 5.000 gi = 3.170.000.000 S dng Gas t tru so vi s dng gas LPG gim n 81% chi ph nhin liu . TRANG CH BIOMASS KH HA TRU PHN LOI TH GIN NG DNG KH HA c ng bi L XUN THNH vo lc 18:48 11 nhn xt Gi email bi ng nyBlogThis!Chia s ln TwitterChia s ln Facebook Nhn: biomass, kh ha tru, ng dng kh ha

Th hai, ngy 12 thng mi hai nm 2011NG DNG CNG NGH KH HA TRU KHC PHC NHIM MI TRNGPhn 1 Gii thiu Cng Ngh Kh ha A.Nng lng sinh khi: Nhng nm gn y cng ngh nng lng ti to ni chung c bit l cng ngh nng lng sinh khi (Biomass: ci, tru, ci bp, v u phng, mn ca, dm bo) v ang pht trin rt mnh.

Cng ngh nng lng sinh khi khng ch thay th phn no cho nng lng ha thch m cn gp phn ng k trong vic x l rc thi. Ngun ph thi - ph phm nng nghip (c sau thu hoch ln sau ch bin) nh rm r, tru, v c ph, s da, b ma trong c nc c tnh trn 30 triu tn/nm. Do , khai thc tim nng v nng lng ti to t ngun ph phm nng nghip ( trong c tru ) l hng i v vic lm mang tnh chin lc, c ngha pht trin kinh t - x hi v bo v mi trng. Tru ti BSCL cng nh c nc ang c s dng un nu v t l nung gch ,gm , sy nng sn v.v. ch yu bng phng php t trc tip trn ghi l. Kiu t ny km theo khi bi , gy nhim nng n cho mi trng. y thc s l vn nn vi hu ht cc a phng v cc khu cng nghip tp trung . Thay i quy trnh t l phng n gii quyt tn gc ngun pht sinh nhim . Ph hp vi xu hng cng nghip ha v hin i ha ca nc ta v ph hp vi xu hng ca th gii ni chung . Mt trong cc gii php thay i quy trnh t l kh ha tru ( hoc cc sn phm Biomas khc ) . S dng lng kh to ra t nh s dng LPG thng thng. B. Kh ha sinh khi (gasifier). 1/ Khi nim: Kh ha l vic chuyn i nguyn liu rn hoc lng thnh nhin liu kh hu ch v thun tin cho vic t chy gii phng nng lng. Trong qu trnh kh ha , vt liu c gia nhit n mt nhit cao dn n thay i tnh cht vt l v ha hc to ra cc sn phm chy d bay hi (Co, H2 v CH4) v cc cht thi nh tro, hc n

2/ Qu trnh kh ha: Qu trnh kh ha sinh khi xy ra trong bn giai on quan h vi nhau: + min chy + min phn ng.

+ min nhit phn. + min sy kh. bao gm: 2.1 updraft


h thng kh ha kiu downdraft Khng kh c a vo t vng oxi ha ( t chy) kh gas c ly t pha di, do nhin liu v khng kh i cng chiu. Trn ng i xung axt v nhng thnh phn nha phi xuyn qua lp than nng v th c chuyn thnh CO, CO 2, H2, CH4. - u im : ca kh ha ny l rt sch. - Nhc im: ca downdraft l hn ch trn 1 s loi nhin liu v so vi updraft th hiu sut gas thp hn 2.3 crossdraft



PHN 2





vi cc sn phm m khng s b mu do b hc n bm vo . iu ny ht sc cn thit khi nung gm hoc sy trc tip nng sn . Cng ging nh Gas LPG , Gas tru khi t khng c khi , bi gy nhim mi trng . Trong thnh phn ca tru ,thnh phn lu hunh rt thp .Do kh thi khi t gas tru khng hnh thnh kh SO2 nh khi t than . y l loi kh c v c th to thnh Axt sulfuric ph hy nhanh chng cc kt cu kim loi . C/ Hiu qu kinh t Ly 1 c s trc y s dng Gas LPG . Nay thay bng s dng gas sn xut t tru : Mi nm s dng 10 thng . Mi thng s dng bnh qun 25 ngy . Mi ngy s dng 20 gi . Mi nm s dng 5.000 gi . Khu hao mi gi 44.000 Chi ph sn xut 1 gi to ra 375m3 gas hn hp t tru : 150 kg tru X 300 /kg = 45.000 15 kwh in X 1.800 / kwh = 27.000 Cng vn hnh 1 gi 30.000 Khu hao thit b 44.000 Cng : 146.000 Lng Gas sn xut trong 1 gi tng ng vi 30 kg Gas LPG Chi ph mua 30kg Gas LPG = 30kg X 26.000 / kg = 780.000 Chi ph tng cng cho vic s dng Gas tru thay cho 30 kg gas LPG s tit kim c: 780.000 146.000 = 634.000 Nu mi nm s dng t 5.000 gi s tit kim : 634.000 X 5.000 gi = 3.170.000.000 S dng Gas t tru so vi s dng gas LPG gim n 81% chi ph nhin liu .

Bng chy - mt ngun nng lng ca tng laiTrong khi ngun nng lng truyn thng nh than, du kh ngy cng cn kit, nhng nhu cu nng lng pht trin kinh t trn th gii ni chung v Vit Nam ni ring ngy cng tr nn cp bch hn. V vy, vi tr lng ln gp 3 ln tr lng nng lng ha thch bit, nn bng chy (gas hydrate-GH, methane hydrate, clathrate hydrate...) hin c xem l ngun nng lng tng lai ca nhn loi.

Khi Hydrat c bit nh l dng bng chy, c th cung cp ngun nng lung n nh v sch trong tng lai. Theo tin s V Trng Sn, Tng cc Bin v Hi o Vit Nam, kh hydrate thng tn ti n nh trong iu kin thm bin su v cc vng bng vnh cu. su 500m, p sut khong 50atm, nhit 4-5 C l iu kin l tng hnh thnh kh hydrate. Do , cc khu vc tch t bng chy (GH) thng su di nc bin t 500-3.000m. GH c hnh thnh v tn ti trong trm tch gn y bin, y sn lc a v cc o ngm i dng. Trong t nhin, 1m3 GH c t trng 913kg, khi b ph hy s gii phng 164m3 kh methane v 0,87m3 nc. y l ngun nng lng kh ln nht trn th gii nu c khai thc hp l. c bit, kh t GH l sn phm thn thin vi mi trng v l gii php hiu qu cho vn an ninh nng lng. Do , GH ang c hn 90 quc gia v vng lnh th c bin u t nghin cu, trong dn u l Canada, Hoa K, Lin bang Nga, Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Trung Quc, i Loan... Qua kt qu nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc thuc Tng cc Bin v Hi o v Tng hi a cht Vit Nam, vng bin Vit Nam c trin vng rt ln v GH. K t nm 2007, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng t chc mt s hi ngh, hi tho khoa hc v GH. Ngy 24/9/2007, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh 1270 v vic b sung Chng trnh nghin cu, iu tra c bn v tim nng GH cc vng bin v thm lc a Vit Nam vo nhim v ca n tng th v iu tra c bn v qun l ti nguyn-mi trng bin n nm 2010, tm nhn n nm 2020.

Theo , B Ti nguyn v Mi trng thnh lp Ban xy dng d n tin hnh xy dng Thuyt minh Chng trnh nghin cu, iu tra c bn v tim nng kh hydrate cc vng bin v thm lc a Vit Nam v hon thnh vo nm 2009, nh du mt ct mc quan trng trong tin trnh nghin cu, iu tra GH Vit Nam. Trn c s , ngy 3/6/2010, Th tng Chnh ph c Quyt nh 796 ph duyt Chng trnh nghin cu, iu tra c bn v tim nng kh hydrate cc vng bin v thm lc a Vit Nam. Ngay sau khi c Quyt nh 796, cc n v c giao trin khai cc nhim v, d n thuc Chng trnh. C th nh thu thp, phn tch tng hp cc ti liu v GH xc lp cc du hiu, tin v tim nng GH cc vng bin v thm lc a ca Vit Nam; nghin cu, iu tra nh gi khoanh nh cc cu trc a cht c tim nng v trin vng GH; khoan bin su, thu thp mu kh hydrate; bi dng i ng cn b lm cng tc nghin cu, iu tra kh hydrate... Ring B Ti nguyn v Mi trng giao Tng cc Bin v Hi o ch tr thc hin 2 d n, trong c d n Nghin cu, iu tra nh gi khoanh nh cc cu trc a cht c tim nng v trin vng kh hydrate cc vng bin Vit Nam. Nhn thc r y l d n hon ton mi m, rt cn i ng cn b c chuyn mn v kinh nghim v a cht-khong sn, nn Tng cc Bin v Hi o giao nhim v thc hin d n cho Trung tm a cht v Khong sn bin tin hnh thnh 2 giai on. Kt qu ca d n s khoanh nh c cc cu trc c tim nng GH, s lm c s cho d n khoan v cc d n tm kim, thm d chi tit cc bc tip theo trong nhng nm ti. Theo TTXVN/Vietnam TRANG CH BIOMASS KH HA TRU PHN LOI TH GIN NG DNG c ng bi L XUN THNH vo lc 11:23 1 nhn xt Gi email bi ng nyBlogThis!Chia s ln TwitterChia s ln Facebook Nhn: the kind of energy

Th t, ngy 07 thng mi hai nm 2011PHN LOI NNG LNGV c bn, nng lng c chia lm hai loi, nng lng chuyn ha ton phn (khng ti to) v nng lng ti to da trn c tnh ca ngun nhin liu sinh ra n. 1 Nng lng vt cht chuyn ha ton phn

y l mt dng nng lng m nhin liu sinh sn ra n khng c kh nng ti sinh v vnh vin mt i. i din cho nhm ny bao gm cc dng nng lng n t nhin liu ha thch v nng lng nguyn t. 1.1 Nng lng t nhin liu ha thch (Fossil Fuels) Cc ngun nhin liu chnh cho nhm ny gm c than, du v kh t. Cc lai nhin liu ny hnh thnh thng qua s ha thch ca ng thc vt di mt thi gian rt di tnh trn hng triu nm. Chnh v vy vic b sung cho loi nhin liu ny gn nh l khng c, v mt ngy no chng s vnh vin khng cn phc v i sng con ngi. Ngoi ra, nng lng n t nhin liu ha thch cn l tc nhn chnh trong vic tc hi n mi trng nh lm tng m ca tri t thng qua cht thi CO2 pht sinh t vic t than, du v kh. Cng nh SO2 l nhn t chnh ca nhng cn ma axit c hnh thnh t vic t than. Nu khng c quan tm ng mc t c quan qun l v chnh quyn, mi trng cc b a phng cng nh trn ton b mt ca qu t s b tn ph mt cch nghim trng v i sng ca con ngi s b nh hng rt ln.

Tuy nhin cho n thi im hin ti, nng lng n t loi nhin liu ha thch vn ng gp trn 90% nng lng tiu th trn ton th gii thng qua nhng ng dng si m, sinh hot, vn chuyn v pht in. Do nhng c tnh nh d khai thc, d s dng, tng i r cng nh t nguy him v d dng vn chuyn, xy dng m hnh tiu th nn lai nhin liu ny vn c s dng nhiu nht phc v i sng con ngi. 1.2 Nng lng t nhin liu nguyn t(Nuclear Power) Nng lng nguyn t c sn sinh t Uranium thng qua nhng qu trnh phn ng chui lin kt. Mt lng nhit khng l c sinh ra trong qu trnh phn hch ca phn t Uranium-235 c dng un si nc. Hi nc sinh ra nhit cao to thnh lung hi di chuyn, tc ng vo nhng cnh qut ca turbines quay my pht in. Dng in c sn sinh ra v truyn ti n ngi tiu dng phc v cc nhu cu ca i sng.

Nng lung nguyn t c nhng u im nh nhin liu s dng tng i r, khng sn sinh ra khi v kh CO2, gp phn lm gim hiu ng nh knh. Ngoi ra vi kh nng sn sinh ra mt lng nhit khng l nhng ch to nn mt lng cht thi rt nh nn nng lng nguyn t cng c nhiu khoa hc gia v chnh ph trn th gii ch n. Trn ht l kh nng sinh nhit ca nhin liu nguyn t rt n nh, gn nh l 100%. Tuy nhin nhng u im ca nng lng n t nhin liu nguyn t vn cha n c chp nhn ng dng rng ri trong cuc sng hng ngy. Lng kh thi nh nhoi m n sinh ra trong v sau qu trnh chuyn ha sang nng lng hu ch nh in rt nguy him v c th tn ti hng trm nm thm ch hng ngn nm. Sau bin c Three Miles Island ti M v Chernobyl ti Lin X c, chnh ph v nhn dn ca nhiu nc cng lo ngi v an ton x hi trong vic ng dng in nguyn t. X l cht thi ht nhn v an ton vn hnh nh my in l hai vn khin hn 30 nm qua gn nh khng mt nh my in nguyn t no c cp php hat ng cc nc tin tin. Liu s cp bch ca vn thiu ht nng lng trn tan th gii v nhng k thut hin i trong vic ng dng an ton nhin liu ht nhn c nghin cu hn ba thp k qua c a c ngun nng lng ny tr li phc v i sng con ngui hay khng vn cn l mt du hi ln.

2 Nng lng ti to (Renewable Energy) y l dng nng lng m ngun nhin liu ca n lin tc c ti sinh t nhng qu trnh t nhin. Mt tri l mt ngun cung cp sc nng, nh sng, gign nh v tn cho tri t chng ta. Hi m t lng t, nc chy trn b mt qu a cu.tt c l mt ngun nhin liu v cng tn ang ch con ngi s dng thch hp phc v cho i sng v lu di. 2.1 Nng lng Mt Tri (Solar-Power)

y l mt dng nng lng m mt tri cung cp cho chng ta t ngn xa. Nh nh sng ca mt tri m chng ta c th nhn thy vn vt cng nh nh sc nng m con ngi bao i qua c th phi kh qun o, phi la, trng cy.Cho n gn y, sc nng mt tri c ch trng trong vic ng dng vo vic chuyn ha sang nhit nng, in nng phc v nhu cu ca cuc sng. Sc nng ca nh nng mt tri c tp trung li bng nhng thit b c bit un nng nc s dng trong gia nh hay to ra hi nc sn xut in.

y l ngun nng lng v cng tn v gn nh hon ton min ph cng nh khng sn sinh ra cht thi hy hai mi trng. Tuy nhin nng lng mt tri vn cn ang trong thi k u ca nhng ng dng v n i hi nhng u t rt ln cho thit b nhng li ch chuyn ha c mt lng rt nh nng lng t mt tri sang dng hu ch. Hn na, nng lng mt tri l thuc vo iu kin t nhin, khng n nh nhng thit b in v in t c th s dng mt cch an ton v hiu qu. 2.2 Nng lng Gi (Wind-Power) S chuyn ng ca khng kh di s chnh lch p sut kh quyn to ra gi; nn y cng l mt ngun nng lng v cng tn so vi i sng con ngi. Nng lng gi c dng bm nc v chy thuyn bum t hng ngn nng trc. Tuy nhin gn y sc gi ang c dng y cnh qut chy my pht in phc v i sng con ngi.

Vi u im l ngun nng lng gi khng bao gi cn v hon ton min ph, nhng my quay gi cng nh nhng cnh ng my quay gi ra i. Loi hnh ny cng khng to ra cht thi nhim mi trng v gn nh rt thch hp cho nhng khu vc xa th, ni m li in quc gia kh c th vn ti. Tuy nhin, ging nh nng lng mt tri, loi hnh nng lng ny cng i hi vn u t kh cao v l thuc vo t nhin. Vi s tin b ca khoa hc k thut, lai hnh nng lng ny xut hin nhiu nhng nc cng nghip cao v ha hn mt tim nng kinh doanh y trin vng. Hin ti nhng nghin cu ng dng tng hp c p dng vi ngun nng lng ny nhm hn ch kh nng bt n nh ca n a vo li in chnh cng nh d tr nng lng gi di mt dng khc ang c tin hnh nhiu ni, k c Vit Nam. 2.3 Nng Lng Thy Triu (Tidal-Power) Nng lng thy triu ng dng dng thy triu ln xung quay cnh qut chy my pht in. y cng l mt dng nng lng c ngun nhin liu v tn v min ph. Loi m hnh ny khng sn sinh ra cht thi gy hi mi trng v khng i hi s bo tr cao. Khc vi m hnh nng lng mt tri v nng lng gi, nng lng thy triu kh n nh v thy triu trong ngy c th c d bo chnh xc. Nhc im ca lai nng lng ny l i hi mt lng u t ln cho thit b v xy dng v ng thi lm thay i iu kin t nhin ca mt din tch rt rng.Ngoi ra m hnh ny ch

hot ng c trong thi gian ngn trong ngy khi c thy triu ln xung v cng rt t ni trn th gii c a hnh thun li xy dng ngun nng lng ny mt cch hiu qu.

2.4 Nng Lng Sc Nc (Hydro-Power) Nhiu ngi vn cho rng y l mt dng nng lng c in v n xut hin cng vi con ngi hng ngn nm qua v c ng dng rng ri cho vic cung cp in tiu dng bn cnh cc loi hnh nng lng nhin liu chuyn ha hon ton. Nc c lu tr li trong h bi nhng p ngn nc khng l. Khi nc c ri t do t cao s to mt khi nng lng nht nh tng ng vi khi lng ca nc v t l vi lc ht tri t v cao. Khi nng lng s quay cnh qut ca my pht in (th nng ca nc lc ny chuyn ha thnh ng nng) v to ra in nng s dng. u t cho loi hnh nng lng ny cng kh tn km nhng nhin liu ca n s dng gn nh v tn v t i hi bo tr. Loi hnh ny cng khng to ra cht thi hy hai mi trng. in nng c sinh ra t m hnh ny c tnh n nh cao ng thi c kh nng tng v gim lng in tc th nn c ng dng rng ri trn th gii cng nh chim mt phn quan trng nht trong li in Vit Nam thi im hin ti.

Tuy nhin nh ni trn, nhc im ca lai m hnh nng lng ny l u t ban u kh cao. ng thi vic xy p ngn nc thay i rt ln n mi trng sinh thi ca thng ngun v h ngun. Loi m hnh ny thng mang theo mt s tc dng ph nh iu tit nc v chng l nhng chnh bn thn n cng tim n nhng nh hng tiu cc n vic iu tit nc v gy l khng cn thit nu khng c thit k hp l. Ngoi ra, s thiu ht in nng trn ton cu y mnh vic xy dng nh my thy in trong nhng nm qua khin ngun nc c th s dng bt u tr nn khan him. Nu khng c nhng bin php thch hp ci thin th nhng u im ca m hnh ny s tr thnh nhng tc nhn gy nh hng xu n x hi. 2.5 Nng Lng t Sng Bin (Wave-Power) Gi thi trn mt bin to ra nhng cn sng khng ngng. y l mt ngun nng lng di do nhng li tri rng nn kh gom tu chng li chuyn i sang nng lng hu ch.

y cng l mt dng nng lng v cng tn, khng to cht thi, khng i hi bo tr cao v

hon ton min ph. Tuy nhin sng bin gn nh khng th d on nn s l thuc ca loi m hnh ny vo t nhin qu ln. Ngoi ra khng phi ni no cng thch hp xy dng m hnh nng lng ny cng nh ting n ca n s rt cao ch khng nh ting n m du ca sng bin m cc nh th vn thng v von. 2.6 Nng Lng t Lng t (Geothermal-Power) Nng lng n t lng t xut hin lu i qua cc trng thi nh ni la, h nc nng, sui nc nngTrn l thuyt c vo su trong lng t 36 mt th s tng thm 1 C v nhit ti tm tri t c th ln n 6000 C. Nc c bm xung khu vc c nhit cao v lung hi nc i ln t lng t s ng gp vo qu trnh chuyn ha nng lng t nhit sang in nng s dng hoc c s dng trc tip ngun nhit .

y l dng ti nguyn hi phc c nhng chm, do qu trnh t nhin ti to chng cn thi gian di. V th, nu khai thc qu mc c th dn n khng phc hi c na. Loi m hnh ny khng chim din tch rng nn t nh hng n sinh thi. Tuy nhin, vic tm a im thch hp cho m hnh ny khng d, i hi k thut thm d v cng ngh cao do cc dng nhit phn b khng u, nhng vng dng nhit cao thng tr v a cht, ang c hot ng kin to v ni la. Thnh phn trung bnh ca s pht x a nhit gm 95% hi nc, 5% cacbonic, Hydrosulfur, Mtan, vi loi kh him, Hg, As... v th s ha tan cc nguyn t khong trong nc a nhit c th to nn kt ta trong h thng thit b, lm gim hiu sut s dng nhanh chng v tng chi ph. Bn cnh , ting n pht sinh v s st ln vng t xung quanh do khai thc a nhit cng l hai vn ng ch . 2.7 Nng Lng t Sinh Khi (Biomass Energy) Sinh khi l cc ph phm t nng nghip (rm r, b ma, v, x bp v..v..), ph phm lm nghip (l kh, vn g v.v...), giy vn, mtan t cc bi chn lp, trm x l nc thi, phn t cc tri chn nui gia sc v gia cm. Nhin liu sinh khi c th dng rn, lng, kh... c t phng thch nng lng. Sinh khi, c bit l g, than g (charcoal) cung cp phn nng lng ng k trn th gii. t nht mt na dn s th gii da trn ngun nng lng chnh t

sinh khi. Con ngi s dng chng si m v nu n cch y hng ngn nm. Hin nay, g vn c s dng lm nhin liu ph bin cc nc ang pht trin. Sinh khi cng c th chuyn thnh dng nhin liu lng nh mtanol, tanol dng trong cc ng c t trong; hay thnh dng kh sinh hc (biogas) ng dng cho nhu cu nng lng quy m gia nh.

y l mt ngun nng lng kh hp dn vi nhiu ch li to ln cho mi trng v kinh t x hi, nht l v mt pht trin nng thn. Nng lng sinh khi khng nhng ti sinh c m n cn tn dng cht thi lm nhin liu. Do n va lm gim lng rc va bin cht thi thnh sn phm hu ch. t sinh khi cng thi ra CO2 nhng mc lu hunh v tro thp hn ng k so vi vic t than . Ta cng c th cn bng lng CO 2 thi vo kh quyn nh trng cy xanh hp th chng. V vy, sinh khi li c ti to thay th cho sinh khi s dng nn cui cng khng lm tng CO2 trong kh quyn. Nh vy, pht trin nng lng sinh khi lm gim s thay i kh hu bt li, gim hin tng ma axit, gim sc p v bi chn lp v.v Tuy nhin, ta cn lu rng, nu tng cng s dng g nh mt ngun nhin liu sinh khi th s gy nhng tc ng tiu cc n mi trng. Khai thc g dn n ph rng, xi mn t, sa mc ha v nhng hu qu nghim trng khc. Nng lng sinh khi c nhiu dng, v nhng ch li k trn ch yu tp trung vo nhng dng sinh khi mang tnh ti sinh, tn dng t ph thi nng lm nghip. 3 Cc dng nng lng khc Ngoi hai loi nng lng c sinh ra t nhin liu trong qu trnh chuyn i nng lng th cn c nhng dng nng lng khc cng ang xut hin trong cuc sng hng ngy thng qua nhng qu trnh lu tr nng lng

di cc hnh thi khc nhau nh thy in tch nng (Pumped Storage Reservervoirs), kh Hydro (Hydrogen), Pin Nhin Liu (Fuel Cell). 3.1Thy in Tch Nng (Pumped Storage Reservoirs)

Do c tnh ca qui trnh sn xut v tiu th in thng khng ng nht nn lng in sn xut vo gi cao im thng khng cho nhu cu s dng, nhng lng in sn xut trong gi thp im li d tha. Nu c th mang in nng gi thp im b p cho gi cao im th khng nhng trnh c s lng ph m cn gip nhu cu s dng trong gi cao im c y hn. Thy nng tch in l mt lai m hnh k thut khng trc tip sn sinh ra in nng t nhin liu m tch t nng lng khi d tha s dng khi cn thit.y l mt trong nhng phng php san ti m cc cng ty in hay s dng. Thng thng th nc c bm ln mt h cao vo gi thp im, khi nng lng d tha. in nng c tch t v tr v di dng trng lc quay my pht in khi cn thit.

Li im ca m hnh ny l khng gy nhim mi trng v khng sinh cht thi hay kh thi. xy dng m hnh ny khng i hi din tch qu ln nhng li c kh nng tng tc vo li in rt n v mau chng. Tuy nhin u t cho m hnh ny kh tn km v theo nh lut c bn ca nng lng, s tn hao trong vic tch t v chuyn i y l khng th trnh khi. Tuy nhin li dng c tnh cn thit ca li in v s chnh lnh gi in gia cc thi im trong ngy, xy dng lai m hnh ny l mt diu cn tht cng nh hiu qu kinh t v k thut cao. Ngoi ra m hnh nng lng ny d dng kt

hp vi nhng m hnh khc cng nh d ng dng cng ngh nng cao hiu qu kinh t v k thut.

3.2 Nng Lng t Kh Hydro v Pin Nhin Liu (Hydrogen and Fuel Cell) Nguyn t Hydro gn nh c mt khp mi ni xung quanh cuc sng chng ta.Bn thn con ngi v c cy cng cha mt lng ln nguyn t ny in hnh dng nc. Kh hydro (hydrogen) l mt nhin liu sch, n chy to ra nc v nhit, khng c SO2, CO hay CO2 v sinh ra mt s nit oxit nhng vi lng rt nh. Hydrogen c th cung cp nng lng cho vn chuyn (di dng cc t chy in dng Hydrogen) cng nh si m nh v pht in. Tng thng M G. Bush ngay trong nhim k u ng h mnh m nhng nghin cu v ng dng hydrogen v pin nhin liu. i u trong lnh vc ny l cc nh sn xut xe nh Ford, GM v Toyota ca Nht. Nhng thnh cng ban u khch l nhng nh nghin cu cng nh mi ngi tin rng mt ngy no nc s tr thnh lai nhin liu chnh s dng cho vic to ra nng lng. hin trng khoa hc k thut hin ti, nhng chic xe s dng hydrogen v pin nhin liu ra i nhng gi thnh cn kh cao, phi ni l qu cao. Tuy nhin vi nhng tin b ca khoa hc k thut chng ta c th tin tng mt ngy khng xa ng dng ca hydrogen v pin nhin liu s uc a vo i sng vi gi hp l.

ng thi vi nghin cu ca nhng nh sn xut xe hi, IEEE cng dn u trong nghin cu ng dng nhng k thut tng hp nhm mc ch a

hydrogen v pin nhin liu vo trong i sng. Nhng m hnh s dng in nng in phn nc cng nh to ra kh hydro nhiu trng thi c th tch tr v s dng khi cn thit cng ang c y mnh. S kt hp gia nng lng ti to vo vic sn xut v lu tr kh hydro ang ha hn nhng thnh cng ln

NG DNG TRO TRU (K 1)TNG QUAN V V TRU Ngun gc ca v tru La (Oryza spp.) l mt trong nm loi cy lng thc chnh ca th gii, cng vi ng (Zea Mays L.), la m (Triticum sp. tn khc: tiu mch), sn (Manihot esculenta Crantz, tn khc khoai m) v khoai ty (Solanum tuberosum L.). Sn phm thu c t cy la l thc. Sau khi xt b lp v ngoi thu c sn phm chnh l go v cc ph phm l cm v tru. Tru l lp v ngoi cng ca ht la v c tch ra trong qu trnh xay xt. Trong v tru cha khong 75% cht hu c d bay hi s chy trong qu trnh t v khong 25% cn li chuyn thnh tro. Cht hu c cha ch yu cellulose, lignin v Hemi - cellulose (90%), ngoi ra c thm thnh phn khc nh hp cht nit v v c. Lignin chim khong 25-30% v cellulose chim khong 35-40%. Hin trng v tru ti Vit Nam V tru c rt nhiu ti ng bng sng Cu Long v ng bng sng Hng, 2 vng trng la ln nht c nc. Chng thng khng c s dng ht nn phi em t hoc xung sng sui tiu hy. Theo kho st, lng v tru thi ra ti ng bng sng Cu Long khong hn 3 triu tn/nm, nhng ch khong 10% trong s c s dng.

Cc ng dng ca v tru hin nay 1-S dng v tru lm cht t T lu, v tru l mt loi cht t rt quen thuc vi b cn nng dn, c bit l b con nng dn vng ng bng sng Cu Long. Cht t t v tru c s dng rt nhiu trong c sinh hot (nu n, nu thc n gia sc) v sn xut (lm gch, sy la). Tru l ngun nguyn liu rt di do v li r tin: Sn lng la nm 2007 c nc t 37 triu tn, trong , la ng xun 17,7 triu tn, la h thu 10,6 triu tn, la ma 8,7 triu tn (Ngun B Nng Nghip v pht trin Nng Thn). Nh vy lng v tru thu c sau xay xt tng ng 7,4 triu tn. Thnh phn l cht x cao phn t rt kh cho vi sinh vt s dng nn vic bo qun, tn tr rt n gin, chi ph u t t.

i vi sn xut tiu th cng nghip v chn nui, tru cng c s dng rt thng xuyn. Thng thng tru l cht t dng cho vic nu thc n nui c hoc ln, nu ru v mt lng ln tru c dng nung gch trong ngh sn xut gch ti khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long.

2-Dng v tru lc nc Ti thnh ph Hi Dng c ngi pht minh ra cch ch to thit b lc nc t v tru, c kh nng lc thng nc ao, h thnh nc ung sch. Ct li ca thit b l mt cm s xp trng, hnh tr nm trong chic bnh lc. iu c bit l loi s ny c to ra bng cch tch xit silic t tru, c c tnh lc cc tt, vi l lc siu nh, nh hn l lc ca thit b ca M ti 10 ln, ca Nht 4 ln, ngoi ra n cng c bn cao (c th s dng 10 n 20 nm). Thit b cn c kh nng kh c mi ngun nc nhim, kh cht dioxin khi mc ni tip mt bnh lc c ng lc bng than hot tnh. kim tra tnh hiu qu, an ton ca thit b lc nc, Trung tm y t d phng tnh Hi Dng ly mu nc h Bch ng, ni b nhim nng trong thnh ph Hi

Dng em x l qua thit b lc t v tru. Kt qu cho thy: nc h sau x l t tiu chun v sinh nc n ung v cc ch tiu vi sinh. Mt khc vic bo dng li lc kh n gin, ch cn dng gi lau hoc khn mt lau sch l li lc trng, tc lc nh ban u. 3-S dng v tru to thnh ci tru My p ci tru c sn xut ti G Cng (Tin Giang) c cng sut 70 - 80 kg ci/gi, tiu th in 6 - 7 KW/h. C 1,05 kg tru th cho ra 1 kg ci tru. Ch cn cho tru vo hng my, qua b phn p th my cho ra nhng thanh ci tru. Ci tru c ng knh 73 mm, di t 0,5 - 1 m. C 1 kg ci tru th nu c ba n cho 4 ngi.

Huyn Gia Vin, Ninh Bnh ngi ta to ra cc sn phm m ngh ni tht t v ht thc. V ht thc (tru) c nghin nh to thnh bt di dng mn v bt si. Sau khi kt hp vi keo, tru c cho vo my p nh hnh sn phm v sy kh, hon thin... tr thnh mt sn phm m 5-ng dng v tru sn xut gas sinh hc (kh ha tru) 6-V tru cn c th lm nguyn liu xy dng sch

Tp on Torftech ca Anh cho bit, sau khi t mi tn v tru s to ra 180 kg tro, c gi tr l 100 USD, c th s dng lm ph gia cho xi mng v c th thay th trc tip SiO2 trong xi mng. ng nhin, cc nh khoa hc t lu pht hin ra v tru c gi tr khi s dng lm nguyn liu xy dng. Trong tru c cha hm lng SiO 2 rt nhiu, m y li l thnh phn chnh trong xi mng, nhng con ngi mun tn dng tro thu c sau khi t v tru lm nguyn liu thay th xi mng, th phng php ny s to ra hm lng Carbon trong tro v tru rt cao, khng th thay th thnh phn xi mng. Mi y, theo tin t Discovery, di s h tr ca cc qu khoa hc x hi, cc nh khoa hc M pht hin mt phng php gia cng v tru mi, c th ng thi s dng tro v tru lm thnh phn trong xi mng, thc y s pht trin nguyn liu xy dng sch. Tp on CHK bang Texas M cho bit, hin ti h hp tc vi mt nhm nghin cu v tm ra mt phng php gn nh khng cn Carbon trong thnh phn tro v tru. Phng php mi ny l cho v tru vo l t, t nhit 800 0C, cui cng ch cn li nhng ht SiO2 c tinh khit cao. Ti hi ngh ha cht sch v cng trnh c t chc ti phn hiu trng i hc Maryland Park, nhm nghin cu ca trng gii thiu v kt qu nghin cu ca h. Cho d trong qu trnh t cng s to ra CO2, nhng nhn chung vn l Carbon trung ha, bi lng Carbon s b trit tiu bi sn phm la mi hng nm s hp thu chng. Trn thc t, vic s dng b tng v tiu hao t ra vn kh khn khi gy ra s bin i kh hu. Mi tn xi mng dng sn xut b tng, th phi x ra khng trung mt tn CO2. M trong phm vi ton th gii, vic sn xut xi mng chim 5% lng thi kh Carbon trong tt c nhng hot ng ca con ngi. S d tro v tru cha th lm thnh phn chnh trong xi mng l bi v hm lng Carbon qu cao. Nu c th gii quyt vn ny th tro v tru s tr thnh nguyn liu tt ca b tng, t c th gim bt i lng Carbon thi ra t ngnh b tng. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, trong b tng nu thm tro v tru s cng chc hn v c kh nng chng xm thc cao hn. Nhm nghin cu d on, vic sa cha cc ngi nh cao tng, tr cu hay bt k cng trnh no gn bin hay trn nc, nu

nh s dng tro v tru thay th 20% xi mng, th s mang li hiu qu rt cao cho b tng. Nu vic sn xut tro v tru i vo n nh, tn dng tt c ngun v tru M th c th thu c lng tro v tru l 2.1 triu tn/ nm. Trn thc t, i vi nhng quc gia ang pht trin tiu th la go v b tng rt ln nh Trung Quc, n ... tim nng pht trin ca tro v tru l rt ln. Ngoi ra cc nh nghin cu thuc Trng i hc Bath v Dundee, cng vi cc cng s n cng ang pht trin loi xi mng thn thin vi mi trng t vic s dng cc vt liu thi nh v tru. Xi mng Portland, thnh phn chnh ca btng c sn xut bng quy trnh nung vi vi t st nhit cao, mi tn xi mng c sn xut thi ra khong 1 tn CO2. Cc nh nghin cu ang nghin cu cc cch lm gim pht thi ccbon bng cch thay th mt phn xi mng portland bng cc vt liu thi nh tro bay t qu trnh t than, x trong luyn thp v thm ch l v tru. B tng l vt liu c s dng nhiu th 2 trn th gii sau nc, v vy vic pht thi CO2 t b tng c th gy ra tc ng ln i vi bin i kh hu. Hin nay, c s h tng n ang pht trin nhanh chng v n l nc sn xut xi mng ln th 2 trn th gii sau Trung Quc. V vy, D n hp tc vi cc vin nghin cu n ny ang trin khai cc cng ngh mi ti nhng nc c nhu cu xi mng ln nht. thay th mt phn xi mng Portland, cn phi nghin cu mt s loi xi mng xanh s dng cc vt liu thi khc nhau c sn a phng. V d, n , c th sn xut silic ixt t qu trnh t v tru trn vo xi mng; nc Anh, c th dng tro bay c to ra t qu trnh t than. Chnh v th nu bit cch khc phc lm gim ht lng cacbon trong v tru th c th c mt lng ln ht SiO2 nc ta v nc ta l nc xut khu go ng th 2 trn th gii v t c th nghin cu ng dng vo vic thay th xi mng lm gim nhim mi trng.

7- Cc ng dng khc ca v tru Mt s ng dng khc ca v tru: Khng dng cc ng dng trn, v tru cn c th dng lm thit b cch nhit, lm cht n, gi th trong cng sn xut

meo ging trng nm, dng nh bng cc vt th bng kim loi, tro tru c th dng lm phn bn. Tru c th c ng dng rt a dng trong i sng ca con ngi Vit Nam. Tru c u th rt ln v ngun nguyn liu v gi thnh nn vic nghin cu s dng tru vo sn xut lun mang li hiu qu kinh t cao v tit kim chi ph. Thc t hin nay mt s tnh nht l ng bng sng Cu Long lng tru vn cn rt di do nn cn lu tng cng vic nghin cu ng dng ngun nguyn liu ny nhm m rng kh nng s dng tru va tit kim chi ph sn xut, va c li cho mi trng.K TI : TNG QUAN V CNG NGH XI MNG V TH BCHTRANG CH BIOMASS KH HA TRU PHN LOI TH GIN NG DNG

c ng bi L XUN THNH vo lc 18:01 0 nhn xt Gi email bi ng nyBlogThis!Chia s ln TwitterChia s ln Facebook Nhn: ng dng kh ha

Th t, ngy 14 thng mi hai nm 2011NG DNG CNG NGH KH HA TRU KHC PHC NHIM MI TRNGPhn 1 Gii thiu Cng Ngh Kh ha A.Nng lng sinh khi: Nhng nm gn y cng ngh nng lng ti to ni chung c bit l cng ngh nng lng sinh khi (Biomass: ci, tru, ci bp, v u phng, mn ca, dm bo) v ang pht trin rt mnh.

Cng ngh nng lng sinh khi khng ch thay th phn no cho nng lng ha thch m cn gp phn ng k trong vic x l rc thi. Ngun ph thi - ph phm nng nghip (c sau thu hoch ln sau ch bin) nh rm r, tru, v c ph, s da, b ma trong c nc c tnh trn 30 triu tn/nm. Do , khai thc tim nng v nng lng ti to t ngun ph phm nng nghip ( trong c tru ) l hng i v vic lm mang tnh chin lc, c ngha pht trin kinh t - x hi v bo v mi trng. Tru ti BSCL cng nh c nc ang c s dng un nu v t l nung gch ,gm , sy nng sn v.v. ch yu bng phng php t trc tip trn ghi l. Kiu t ny km theo khi bi , gy nhim nng n cho mi trng. y thc s l vn nn vi hu ht cc a phng v cc khu cng nghip tp trung . Thay i quy trnh t l phng n gii quyt tn gc ngun pht sinh nhim . Ph hp vi xu hng cng nghip ha v hin i ha ca nc ta v ph hp vi xu hng ca th gii ni chung . Mt trong cc gii php thay i quy trnh t l kh ha tru ( hoc cc sn phm Biomas khc ) . S dng lng kh to ra t nh s dng LPG thng thng. B. Kh ha sinh khi (gasifier). 1/ Khi nim: Kh ha l vic chuyn i nguyn liu rn hoc lng thnh nhin liu kh hu ch v thun tin cho vic t chy gii phng nng lng. Trong qu trnh kh ha , vt liu c gia nhit n mt nhit cao dn n thay i tnh cht vt l v ha hc to ra cc sn phm chy d bay hi (Co, H2 v CH4) v cc cht thi nh tro, hc n

2/ Qu trnh kh ha: Qu trnh kh ha sinh khi xy ra trong bn giai on quan h vi nhau: + min chy + min phn ng. + min nhit phn. + min sy kh. bao gm: 2.1 updraft


h thng kh ha kiu downdraft Khng kh c a vo t vng oxi ha ( t chy) kh gas c ly t pha di, do nhin liu v khng kh i cng chiu. Trn ng i xung axt v nhng thnh phn nha phi xuyn qua lp than nng v th c chuyn thnh CO, CO2, H2, CH4. - u im : ca kh ha ny l rt sch. - Nhc im: ca downdraft l hn ch trn 1 s loi nhin liu v so vi updraft th hiu sut gas thp hn 2.3 crossdraft



PHN 2





vi cc sn phm m khng s b mu do b hc n bm vo . iu ny ht sc cn thit khi nung gm hoc sy trc tip nng sn . Cng ging nh Gas LPG , Gas tru khi t khng c khi , bi gy nhim mi trng . Trong thnh phn ca tru ,thnh phn lu hunh rt thp .Do kh thi khi t gas tru khng hnh thnh kh SO2 nh khi t than . y l loi kh c v c th to thnh Axt sulfuric ph hy nhanh chng cc kt cu kim loi . C/ Hiu qu kinh t Ly 1 c s trc y s dng Gas LPG . Nay thay bng s dng gas sn xut t tru : Mi nm s dng 10 thng . Mi thng s dng bnh qun 25 ngy . Mi ngy s dng 20 gi . Mi nm s dng 5.000 gi . Khu hao mi gi 44.000 Chi ph sn xut 1 gi to ra 375m3 gas hn hp t tru : 150 kg tru X 300 /kg = 45.000 15 kwh in X 1.800 / kwh = 27.000 Cng vn hnh 1 gi 30.000 Khu hao thit b 44.000 Cng : 146.000 Lng Gas sn xut trong 1 gi tng ng vi 30 kg Gas LPG Chi ph mua 30kg Gas LPG = 30kg X 26.000 / kg = 780.000 Chi ph tng cng cho vic s dng Gas tru thay cho 30 kg gas LPG s tit kim c: 780.000 146.000 = 634.000 Nu mi nm s dng t 5.000 gi s tit kim : 634.000 X 5.000 gi = 3.170.000.000 S dng Gas t tru so vi s dng gas LPG gim n 81% chi ph nhin liu .

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