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Aerospace Defense Symposium
Simulating angle-of-arrival for Electronic Warfare Receiver Test
Jeremy HaynesFebruary 12, 2016
PageAgenda
Direction-Finding Methods
Simulating AoA in the Lab
Calibration methods for simulating AoA
UXG
MESG
How Keysight can help you simulate AoA
2016 AD Symposium 2
Page
The EW System Test and Evaluation Cycle
3
Receiver & processor performance
Component compatibility
Jammer effectiveness Tactics Technique evaluation &
optimization Effectiveness in a high
density environment
Installed receiver, jammer & processor performance
Full EOB performance evaluation and algorithm verification
Jammer effectiveness & suitability
Tactics In-flight receiver &
processor effectiveness & suitability
Modeling and Simulation
Model the threat Create the
algorithms Model the
countermeasure
Keysight ConfidentialJuly 2014
Page
The threat environmentSorting threats based on Angle of Arrival (AoA)
2016 AD Symposium 4
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AoA based on Amplitude Comparison monopulse
2015 AD Symposium 5
antenna 1 boresight Antenna 2
boresight
P1
P2
P1
P2
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AoA based on Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)
2015 AD Symposium 6
antenna 1 boresight
Antenna 2 boresight
d
ᶲ 3e8 (m/s) x TDOA (s)
sin
Page
AoA based on Interferometry
2015 AD Symposium 7
d is the antenna aperture displacement
S is the difference in path length for the same pulse incident on channel 1 and 2.
antenna 1 boresight
Antenna 2 boresight
d
ᶲ sin
2 2sin
Measured by the EW receiver
sinφ2
Page
AoA based on Doppler Shift
2015 AD Symposium 8
Fr
eque
ncy
Time
Page
Creating AoA in the lab
2015 AD Symposium
Make EW system “think” that it is flying in a multi-emitter environment
9
This….
….must look like this:
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AoA simulation uncertainty depends on system calibration
2015 AD Symposium
Calibration of a synchronized 2-UXG system to test a 2-port Amplitude Comparison system
EW system under test
1. Calibration and verification2. Simulation
Calibration Plane
Master UXG Slave UXG
Rear Panel RF Sync
Page
AoA simulation uncertainty depends on system calibration
2015 AD Symposium
Calibration of a synchronized 2-UXG system to test a 2-port TDOA system
EW system under test
1. Calibration and verification2. Simulation
Calibration Plane
Master UXG Slave UXG
Rear Panel RF Sync
Page
How do you measure delta time?
2015 AD Symposium
Cross Correlation Measurement of Time Delay
12
Page
AoA simulation uncertainty depends on system calibration
2015 AD Symposium
Calibration of a synchronized 2-UXG system to test a 2-port interferometer
EW system under test
1. Calibration and verification2. Simulation
Calibration Plane
Master UXG Slave UXG
Rear Panel RF Sync
PNA
Page
System Calibration refresh using Cal Pods
March 11, 2016Confidentiality Label
14
≥ 2 meters from Controller to CalPods
Temperature controlled environment or rack
EW SUT
Page
How Keysight can help reduce AoA simulation uncertainty
φ
∆ , φ∆ , φ
∆ , φEW
system under test
Rx Tx
Rx
Rx
Rx
Tx
Tx
Tx
switch matrix
Synchronized, agile sources (UXGs) for RF threat (radar) simulation
Threat simulation computer
…
∆ , φ
Calibration equipment (like the PNA , Z-Rex, and Power Sensor) and software to correct time, amplitude, and phase errors between channels
Threat simulation software (like N7660B)
Page
What’s in N7660B MESG 1.5?
2015 AD Symposium 16
– Option EFP: Basic multi-emitter. Create multiple emitters out of 1 or more UXG agile signal generators.
• Emitter definitions include: PRI, PW, FMOP, PMOP, antenna scan, beam patterns.
• Emitters can be assigned to platforms.
– Option FFP: create angle-of-arrival and kinematics according to platform motion, long scenarios (minutes to hours), scenario animations
– Scenario PDW playback
– For the UXG only
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MESG Software
2015 AD Symposium
Complex Scenario Generation
17
Page
AoA Scenario
2015 AD Symposium
Threat moves from -15° to +15°
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Range = 10 kmScenario Time = 18 sRF Freq = 10 GHzN Pulses = 17,000
d =
Array Spacing
Page
20 and 40 GHz OptionsFor high-speed, low phase noise, multi-port applications
• 370 ns Latency – Fast CW mode (Freq. switching speed) • 180 ns List update rate- List Mode (Freq, Amplitude, Phase)• Phase repeatable or phase continuous frequency switching• Two Amplitude Ranges
•10 dBM LO •-120 to 0 dBm (80 db Agile)
• 10-25% Linear Chirp Widths•Arbitrary Chirp Profiles
• Pulse 3ns Rise/Fall time, 90 dB on/off ratio• -70 dbc spurious @18 GHz • Industry leading phase noise -126 dBc @10 kHz @10 GHz• Multiple Instrument CoherenceLower cost of ownership• Industry’s best reliability with a target MTBF of 75k hours.
UXG Agile Signal Generator
Page 19
Keysight ConfidentialJuly 2014
Frequency Range 0.01 to 20/40 GHz
Output Power + 10 dBm
Agile Amplitude Switching Range
80 dB < 0 dBM20 GHz Model Only
Agile Amplitude Switching Range 10 dB >0 dBM
Phase Noise (10 GHz @ 20 kHz offset (typical)
-126 dBc/Hz
Non-harmonic Spurious -55 dBc
Digital word control Frequency, FM/PM
Compatibility mode Comstron
Pulse On/Off 80 db
Minimum Pulse Width 5nS
Size 3U
PagePage 20
nanoFET MMICSwitches & Attenuators
Proprietary DAC
100 ns Update Rate
Phase Coherent Switching
UXG Agile Signal Generator
UXG - Enabling Technologies
Keysight ConfidentialJuly 2014
Page
Environmental Considerations in AoA simulation
– Relative Temperature of the sources
– Short term temperature stability
– Humidity
2015 AD Symposium
Calibration gives corrections at the beginning of measurement. What happens seconds, minutes, and hours into the simulation? There are many environmental effects on phase and amplitude such as…
21
Temperature-controlled environment or rack
Page
How Keysight can help reduce AoA simulation uncertainty
Measurement system overall uncertainty includes individual testequipment uncertainties, the match between them, cabling related losses,as well as time, temperature, and humidity related relative drifts inconnecting multiple signal generators to simulate the real-world multi-emitter scenario.
To ensure any out-of-tolerance drifts get corrected for in a timely manner,get your test equipment calibrated periodically.
For a more accurate estimate of system measurement uncertainty, usethe actual performance of your test equipment found in the calibrationreport.
Keysight can offer metrology consulting services to help you determineyour total measurement uncertainty and work with you to optimize andreduce it in installation and maintenance over the life of your EW program.
Keysight can offer technology consulting services on leading-edgetechnology shifts in EW and associated test challenges.
Keysight can offer training services on tips and precautions to retain yourmeasurement integrity over time (e.g. connector care, cable relatedimpact etc.)
2015 AD Symposium 22
Summary
Page
Back Up Slides
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Ideal simulated phase difference at RF
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Phase difference assumes baseline equal to lambda
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Interferometry with varying Antenna distance
2015 AD Symposium 25
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Measurement of time skew of RF pulses
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Time skew SD of 17 ps of pulses with 1 ns rise time measured with a scope running at 80 Gsa/s
Factors affecting uncertainty:• Voltage noise of scope• Phase noise of scope • Rise time affecting
slew rate of RF pulses• Voltage envelope
affecting slew rate• Delta time to be
measured
Page
Scope measurement uncertainty calculator
Customizable in Footer 27
Page
Uncertainty
2015 AD Symposium 28
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Levels of Keysight Calibration
2015 AD Symposium 29
