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Lecture On
Signal Flow Graph
Submitted By:
Ms. Anupam MittalA.P., EE Deptt
SBSSTC, Ferozepur
Flow of PPT
• What is Signal Flow Graph (SFG)?• Definitions of terms used in SFG• Rules for drawing of SFG• Mason’s Gain formula• SFG from simultaneous eqns• SFG from differential eqns• Examples• Solution of a problem by Block diagram reduction technique
and SFG• SFG from a given Transfer function• Examples
What is Signal Flow Graph? SFG is a diagram which represents a set of simultaneous equations. This method was developed by S.J.Mason. This method does n’t require any reduction technique. It consists of nodes and these nodes are connected by a directed line called branches. Every branch has an arrow which represents the flow of signal. For complicated systems, when Block Diagram (BD) reduction method becomes tedious and time consuming then SFG is a good choice.
Comparison of BD and SFG
)(sR)(sG
)(sC )(sG
)(sR )(sC
block diagram: signal flow graph:
In this case at each step block diagram is to be redrawn. That’s why it is tedious method.So wastage of time and space.
Only one time SFG is to be drawn and then Mason’s gain formula is to be evaluated.So time and space is saved.
SFG
Node: It is a point representing a variable. x2 = t 12 x1 +t32 x3
X2
X1 X2
X3
t12
t32
X1
Branch : A line joining two nodes.
Input Node : Node which has only outgoing branches.
X1 is input node.
In this SFG there are 3 nodes.
Definition of terms required in SFG
Output node/ sink node: Only incoming branches.
Mixed nodes: Has both incoming and outgoing branches.
Transmittance : It is the gain between two nodes. It is generally written on the branch near the arrow.
t12
X1
t23
X3
X4
X2
t34
t43
• Path : It is the traversal of connected branches in the direction of branch arrows, such that no node is traversed more than once.• Forward path : A path which originates from the input node and terminates at the output node and along which no node is traversed more than once.• Forward Path gain : It is the product of branch transmittances of a forward path.
P 1 = G1 G2 G3 G4, P 2 = G5 G6 G7 G8
Loop : Path that originates and terminates at the same node and along which no other node is traversed more than once.
Self loop: Path that originates and terminates at the same node.
Loop gain: it is the product of branch transmittances of a loop. Non-touching loops: Loops that don’t have any common node
or branch.
L 1 = G2 H2 L 2 = H3
L3= G7 H7
Non-touching loops are L1 & L2, L1 & L3,
L2 &L3
SFG terms representation
input node (source)
b1x a
2x c
4x
d
1
3x
3x
mixed node mixed node
forward path
path
loop
branch
node
transmittanceinput node (source)
Rules for drawing of SFG from Block diagram
• All variables, summing points and take off points are represented by nodes.
• If a summing point is placed before a take off point in the direction of signal flow, in such a case the summing point and take off point shall be represented by a single node.
• If a summing point is placed after a take off point in the direction of signal flow, in such a case the summing point and take off point shall be represented by separate nodes connected by a branch having transmittance unity.
• A technique to reduce a signal-flow graph to a single transfer function requires the application of one formula.
• The transfer function, C(s)/R(s), of a system represented by a signal-flow graph is
k = number of forward path Pk = the kth forward path gain
∆ = 1 – (Σ loop gains) + (Σ non-touching loop gains taken two at a time) – (Σ non-touching loop gains taken three at a time)+ so on .
∆ k = 1 – (loop-gain which does not touch the forward path)
Mason’s Gain Formula
Ex: SFG from BD
EX: To find T/F of the given block diagram
Identification of Forward Paths
P 1 = 1.1.G1 .G 2 . G3. 1= G1 G2 G3
P 2 = 1.1.G 2 . G 3 . 1= G 2 G3
Individual Loops
L 1 = G 1G 2 H 1 L 2 = - G 2G 3 H 2
L 3 = - G 4 H 2
L 4 = - G 1 G 4
L 5 = - G 1 G 2 G 3
Construction of SFG from simultaneous equations
t21 t 23
t31
t32 t33
After joining all SFG
SFG from Differential equations
xyyyy 253Consider the differential equation
Step 2: Consider the left hand terms (highest derivative) as dependant variable and all other terms on right hand side as independent variables.Construct the branches of signal flow graph as shown below:-
1
-5-2
-3
y
y
y y
x
(a)
Step 1: Solve the above eqn for highest order
yyyxy 253
y
x
y
y
y
1-2
-5
-31/s
1/s
1/s
Step 3: Connect the nodes of highest order derivatives to the lowest order der.node and so on. The flow of signal will be from higher node to lower node and transmittance will be 1/s as shown in fig (b)
(b)
Step 4: Reverse the sign of a branch connecting y’’’ to y’’, with condition no change in T/F fn.
Step5: Redraw the SFG as shown.
Problem: to find out loops from the given SFG
Ex: Signal-Flow Graph Models
P 1 =
P 2 =
Individual loops
L 1 = G2 H2
L 4 = G7 H7
L 3 = G6 H6
L 2= G3 H3
Pair of Non-touching loops L 1L 3 L 1L 4
L2 L3 L 2L 4
..)21(1( LiLjLkiLjLLL
P
R
Y kk
Y s( )
R s( )
G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 1 L 3 L 4 G 5 G 6 G 7 G 8 1 L 1 L 2
1 L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4 L 1 L 3 L 1 L 4 L 2 L 3 L 2 L 4
Ex:
Forward Paths
L5 = -G 4 H 4
L1= -G 5 G 6 H 1
L 3 = -G 8 H 1
L 2 = -G2 G 3G 4G 5 H2
L 4 = - G2 G 7 H2
Loops
Loops
L 7 = - G 1G2 G 7G 6 H3
L 6 = - G 1G2 G 3G 4G 8 H3
L 8= - G 1G2 G 3G 4G 5 G 6 H3
Pair of Non-touching loops
L 4
L 5
L 3L 7
L 4
L 5L 7
L 4L 5
L 3L 4
Non-touching loops for paths
∆ 1 = 1∆ 2= -G 4 H4
∆ 3= 1
Signal-Flow Graph Models
Y s( )
R s( )
P1 P2 2 P3
P1 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 P2 G1 G2 G7 G6 P3 G1 G2 G3 G4 G8
1 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L5 L7 L5 L4 L3 L4
1 3 1 2 1 L5 1 G4 H4
Block Diagram Reduction Example
R_+
_+
1G 2G 3G
1H
2H
+ +
C
R
R
R
R_+
232121
321
1 HGGHGG
GGG
C
R
321232121
321
1 GGGHGGHGG
GGG
C
Solution for same problem by using SFG
Forward Path
P 1 = G 1 G 2 G3
Loops
L 1 = G 1 G 2 H1 L 2 = - G 2 G3 H2
L 3 = - G 1 G 2 G3
P 1 = G 1 G 2 G3
L 1 = G 1 G 2 H1
L 2 = - G 2 G3 H2
L 3 = - G 1 G 2 G3
∆1 = 1
∆ = 1- (L1 + L 2 +L 3 )
T.F= (G 1 G 2 G3 )/ [1 -G 1 G 2 H1 + G 1 G 2 G3 + G 2 G3 H2 ]
SFG from given T/F
( ) 24
( ) ( 2)( 3)( 4)
C s
R s s s s
)21()2(
11
1
s
s
s
Ex:
Thanks
Example of block diagram
Step 1: Shift take off point from position before a block G4 to position after block G4
Step2 : Solve Yellow block.
Step3: Solve pink block.
Step4: Solve pink block.