2018 Senior External Examination

BiologyPaper Two — Question and response book

Friday 19 October 20181 pm to 3:10 pm

Time allowed• Perusal time: 10 minutes• Working time: 2 hours

Examination materials provided• Paper Two — Question and response book• Planning paper

Equipment allowed• QCAA-approved equipment• non-programmable calculator• one A4 sheet of Evaluating biological issues (EBI)

question topic research notes

DirectionsDo not write during perusal time.Paper Two has two parts:

• Part A — Continuity of life• Part B — Evolution and diversity

Attempt all questions.

Suggested time allocation• Part A — 45 minutes• Part B — 75 minutes

AssessmentPaper Two assesses the following assessment criteria:

• Understanding biology (UB)• Investigating biology (IB)• Evaluating biological issues (EBI)

Assessment standards are at the end of this book.

After the examination sessionThe supervisor will collect this book and your research notes when you leave.

Candidate usePrint your candidate number here

Attach barcode here

Number of books used

Supervisor use only

Supervisor’s initials

QCAA use only

Marker number

1 8 – –

Planning space

1

Part A — Continuity of lifeQuestions 1– 7 assess Understanding biology (UB) and/or Investigating biology (IB).

Attempt all questions. Write your responses in the space provided.

Suggested time allocation: 45 minutes.

Question 1 (UB)a. Explain the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction.

b. State one advantage and one disadvantage of sexual reproduction.

c. Describe a reproductive strategy of an animal that reproduces by external fertilisation.

2

Question 2 (UB)a. On the diagram below, clearly identify one nucleotide by drawing a box around it.

b. Use an annotated diagram to outline the main steps of DNA replication.

Senior Biology, RJ King and FM Sullivan, Longman Australia/Pearson Education Australia.

3

Question 3 (UB)The diagram below is a representation of one pair of homologous chromosomes in a cell during meiosis.

a. Identify one characteristic of the cells labelled D.

b. Identify where crossing over would occur. Explain how crossing over affects the inheritance of genes.

4

Question 4 (UB)The following diagram outlines the hormonal control of the testes.

If a tumour develops in the anterior pituitary of a male, normal production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) is inhibited.

a. What effect would this have on the fertility of the male?

b. Explain the effect the presence of the tumour in the anterior pituitary would have on the production of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus.

5

Question 5 (UB)Individuals 8 and 9 have a daughter, individual 12, with a genetically inherited disease. A pedigree is below.

a. Based on this pedigree, explain why it is not possible for this condition to be inherited through a sex-linked allele.

b. State the genotypes of:

i. individual 8

ii. individual 9

iii. individual 12

iv. individual 10

c. What is the chance that individuals 8 and 9 have another child with the condition?

6

Question 6 (IB)Himalayan rabbits are white except on their extremities. Hair colour was thought to be determined by genes that control the synthesis of a black pigment, melanin. An experiment was set up with four rabbits. Results are shown in the last row of the table.

Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Experiment 4

Ice pack

Skin shaved Skin shaved Skin shaved Skin shaved

Cool sponge Warm sponge Hot sponge

Draw a conclusion from the results. Explain the conclusion referring to the results above.

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Question 7 (UB)One type of eye colour in Drosophila is prune. Homozygous individuals have dark reddish-purple (prune) eyes. The dominant characteristic is red eyes.

A second gene was discovered that had no observable phenotype on its own. However, when a mutant allele is in a prune fly the combination is lethal. This second gene is called ʻkiller of pruneʼ and it is dominant.

Several flies heterozygous for both colour and killer of prune were interbred.

What proportion of prune-eyed flies do you predict in the offspring? Show all your working.

End of Part A

8

Part B — Evolution and diversityQuestions 1–4 assess Understanding biology (UB) and/or Investigating biology (IB).

Question 5 assesses Evaluating biological issues (EBI).

Attempt all questions. Write your responses in the space provided.

Suggested time allocation: 75 minutes.

Question 1 (UB)The table below shows the classification of some Australian plants.

Common name Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Grey gum Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Myrtales Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Eucalyptus propinqua

Wallum bottlebrush Callistemon Callistemon

pachyphyllus

Wallum banksia Proteales Proteaceae Banksia Banksia

robur

Silky oak Grevillea Grevillea robusta

Grey mangrove Lamiales Verbenaceae Avicennia Avicennia

marina

Mitchell grass Liliopsida Cyperales Poaceae Astrebla Astrebla

pectinata

a. Identify the plant that is most different from the others. Explain.

b. Explain two advantages of classification schemes like the one above.

9

Question 2 (UB/IB)Scientists studying the fossils in an ancient lake bed have found two forms of a fish called a stickleback. The table below contains a summary of some of the structural features of the fossils found in different sediment layers in the ancient lake bed.

Sediment layer Pelvis Dorsal spines(on the back of the fish)

Top Small Small or absent

Middle Large Large

Lower Small Small or absent

Modern-day stickleback fish with large dorsal spines are common in the ocean, while the stickleback fish with small dorsal spines are more common in fresh water.

a. Propose a hypothesis that could explain the change in the structural features seen in the different sediment layers.

b. Justify your hypothesis using the information provided.

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Question 3 (UB/IB)The relatively abundant green-eyed tree frog ‘Litoria genimaculata’ inhabits tropical rainforest in Far North Queensland. There are two main populations, a north and a south population. The critically endangered Kuranda tree frog, Litoria myola, is found in very small populations in isolated fragments of wet tropical rainforest. L. myola and L. genimaculata are very similar in appearance, although the male L. genimaculata is larger than the male L. myola. Biologists have also found that their mating calls differ markedly. There is some overlap between the distribution of these three frog groups. The following diagrams show the distribution of the frogs and the characteristics of their calls.

a. Examine the data in the graphs and describe two differences between the mating calls of L. myola and L. genimaculata.

b. Scientists believe that L. myola evolved from L. genimaculata about 8 000 years ago. It is proposed that a population of green-eyed tree frogs became isolated due to changing climate conditions.

Suggest how a changing climate condition could have isolated small populations of rainforest frogs.

c. Define divergence.

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d. What is one type of evidence that could be used to estimate an approximate date of divergence of these two species?

e. Explain how L. myola could have evolved from L. genimaculata. (Use the terms ‘allele frequency’ and ‘gene flow’ in your explanation.)

f. Where the distributions of the two species overlap, a few hybrid offspring (1.4% of the population) have been observed, resulting from matings between the two species. Biologists wish to establish whether the green-eyed and Kuranda tree frogs are, in fact, distinct species.

How could biologists determine this?

12

Question 4 (IB)Latitude is a measure of distance north and south of the Earth’s equator.

Scientists investigated the effect of latitude on:• the time taken for new species to evolve• the proportion of living species.

The table below shows the scientists’ results.

Latitude (degrees north of the equator)

Time taken for new species to evolve (millions of years)

Relative proportion of living species

0 (at the equator) 3–4 10

25 2 8

50 1 3

75 (in the Arctic) 0.5 2

As latitude increases, environmental conditions become more severe.

Interpret and analyse the data to draw a conclusion about the effects of latitude on the time taken for new species to evolve and on the proportion of living species.

13

Question 5 assesses Evaluating biological issues (EBI). Write an extended response below.

Your response MUST refer to biological principles, concepts and ideas.

Question 5 (EBI)Dinosaurs ruled the Earth for 175 million years until an extinction event 65.5 million years ago wiped them all out except for the avian dinosaurs.

As new cloning techniques are developed, there is debate about whether to use these techniques for dinosaurs.

a. Should dinosaurs be ʻclonedʼ from ancient DNA? Justify your decision by referring to the biological arguments both for and against.

b. Outline future consequences if dinosaurs were cloned. In your response, refer to the theory of evolution, past extinctions and consequences for the future.

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End of Part BEnd of Paper Two

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Part Question

Additional page for responses (if required)

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Part Question

Additional page for responses (if required)

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Part Question

Additional page for responses (if required)

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Planning space

19

Planning space

20 20

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Acknowledgment

King, RJ & Sullivan, FM (n.d.), Senior Biology, Longman Australia/Pearson Education Australia.

Every reasonable effort has been made to contact owners of copyright material. We would be pleased to hear from any copyright owner who

has been omitted or incorrectly acknowledged.

© The State of Queensland (Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority) 2018

Copyright enquiries should be made to:

ManagerPublishing UnitEmail: publishing@qcaa@qld.edu.au

Queensland Curriculum& Assessment AuthorityPO Box 307, Spring Hill QLD 4004 AustraliaLevel 7, 154 Melbourne Street, South BrisbaneT +61 7 3864 0299

www.qcaa.qld.edu.au