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SLPWA Presentation - 3/15/2012 1
Seneca Lake is Changing Seneca Lake Pure Waters Association
An Update on Chemicals, Algae, and Weeds in the Lake
Seneca Watershed CharacterizationJohn D Halfman
Chair, Environmental Studies ProgramDepartment of Geoscience
Finger Lakes Institute Endowed Chair in Environmental Studies
• Survey 4 Lake Sites & Buoy– Weekly– CTD Profiles– Secchi Depths– Water Samples
• Chlorophyll• Nutrients (NO3, TP, SRP)• Turbidity, Major Ions
– Occasionally 9 Sites • 5-6 Stream Sites
– Weekly– Discharge– Water Samples
• Nutrients (NO3, TP, SRP)• Turbidity, Major Ions
– Occasionally 20 Sites
Limnology & Stream Hydrogeochemistry
See Movie
SLPWA Presentation - 3/15/2012 2
Lake CTD DataTe
mpe
ratu
re
Spec
ific
Cond
ucta
nce,
Sal
inity
Dis
solv
ed O
xyge
n
PAR,
Ava
ilabl
e Li
ght
Phot
osyn
thes
is
Fluo
resc
ence
, Alg
al
Conc
entr
atio
ns
Turb
idity
Seasonal & Shorter Changes:Seneca Lake Buoy Data
http://fli-data.hws.edu/clarkpt/
2007
2008
2009
2010
SLPWA Presentation - 3/15/2012 3
Buoy Data – Lakes ChangeResponse to Weather
2011 2010 2009
2008 2007 2006
Seneca Lake Salinity
Cathy Caiazza (WS’05)
Sodium Finger Lakes
0
20
40
60
80
100
Finger Lakes
Sod
ium
(pp
m) Canandaigua
Cayuga
Conesus
Hemlock
Honeoye
Keuka
Otisco
Owasco
Skeneateles
SenecaSene
ca L
ake
SLPWA Presentation - 3/15/2012 4
Extra Source: Sodium Ions: Mass balance data
Seneca Lake80 ppm
(~1.2 million tons)
Streams 20 ppm15,000 mt/yr
Road Salt
Outlet 80 ppm60,000 mt/yr
Evaporation ~0 ppmConcentrates Ions
Rain ~0 ppmDilutes Ions in Lake
Industry?Groundwater / Rock Salt Bedrock?
40 to 45,000 mt/yr Sodium (~450 railroad cars)plus 60 to 70,000 mt/yr Chloride (~680 railroad cars)
Century Scale ChangesSeneca Lake
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
19
00
19
10
19
20
19
30
19
40
19
50
19
60
19
70
19
80
19
90
20
00
20
10
Year
Ch
lori
de
, p
pm
Jolly
Halfman
Others
Cayuga, Skaneateles & Hemlock
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
19
00
19
10
19
20
19
30
19
40
19
50
19
60
19
70
19
80
19
90
20
00
20
10
Year
Ch
lori
de
(pp
m)
Cayuga
Skaneateles
Hemlock
Glen Jolly, USGS
Glen Jolly, USGS
SLPWA Presentation - 3/15/2012 5
Algae & Water ClaritySecchi Depths
Annual Average
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Sec
chi D
epth
(m
)
Secchi Disc Depth (m)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
50 80 110 140 170 200 230 260 290 320 350
D ay o f the Year (A ll Years)
M A M Ju Jul A Se O No De
Chlorophyll-aAnnual Average
0.00.51.0
1.52.02.53.03.5
4.04.55.0
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Ch
loro
ph
yll
-a (
ug
/L)
Surface
Bottom
Zebras Nutrient Loading
Early Spring Late Fall
Zebra / Quagga Mussels Nutrient Loading
SLPWA Presentation - 3/15/2012 6
Declining Zebra & Quagga Mussels?
Zebra & Quagga Mussels
1422
2
1205
7
1608
8
6421
878
00
1354
2287
0
1703
0
1293
7
8228
.3
100
90
41
27
6 0
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2007 2011
Mu
ss
el D
en
sit
y (
Ind
/m2 )
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ze
bra
Mu
ss
el P
erc
en
tag
e (
%)
Zebras Quaggas % Zerbas
Zebra Quagga Density
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000
Density (Individuals/m2)
Wat
er D
epth
(m
)
2011 Zebras
2011 Quaggas
2007 Zebras
2007 Quaggas
2002 Zebras
2002 Quagga
2001 Zebras
2001 Quaggas
Zebra & Quaggas 30 - 130 m
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2001 2011
Mu
ssel
den
sity
(#/
m^
2)
Quagga
Zebras
Unpublished data from Halfman (‘00, ‘01, ‘03), Dittman (‘01, ’11),
Shelley (‘02), Zhu (‘07)
Dissolved PhosphateAverage Annual Concentration
0
20
40
60
80
100
Sen
eca
Lake
Cas
tle
Wils
on
Kas
hong
Keu
kaO
utle
t
Plu
m P
t.
Big
Str
eam
Cat
harin
e
Ree
der
Ken
dig
SR
P (
ug
/L, P
)
1999
2000
2001
20022003
2004
2005
2006
2007
20082009
2010
2011
118, 197, 145, 102, 120, 116, 298
Seneca Streams: Nutrient Loading
Agric
ultu
re
Agric
ultu
re
Was
tew
ater
Tr
eatm
ent CA
FO/D
epot
Urb
an/A
gric
ultu
re
SLPWA Presentation - 3/15/2012 7
Phosphorus Budget - 2011
Seneca Surplus 45 mt/yr
SourcesStreams – 40 mtons/yr
Atmosphere – 1 mtons/yrMunicipal WWTF – 2.5 mtons/yr
Septic Systems – 5 mtons/yrLawn Care?
SinksOutlet – 8 mtons/yr
Sediment – 1.5 mtons/yr
Nutrient Delivery Owasco
Total Suspended SolidsAutosampler (8 hr samples)
0102030405060708090
100
6/6
6/1
6
6/2
6
7/6
7/1
6
7/2
6
8/5
8/1
5
8/2
5
9/4
9/1
4
9/2
4
10
/4
10
/14
10
/24
Date (2011)
TS
S (
mg
/L)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Sta
ge
(c
m)
TSS (mg/L) Stage (cm) Precipitation (mm)
Total PhosphatesAutosampler (8 hr samples)
020
4060
80100
120140
160
6/6
6/2
6
7/1
6
8/5
8/2
5
9/1
4
10
/4
10
/24
Date (2011)
TP
(u
g/L
, P)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Sta
ge
(c
m)
Total Phosphate (µg/L, TP) Stage (cm) Precipitation (mm)
Dutch HollowHourly ReadingsStage, Cond., Temperature
Dutch Hollow Autosampler3 Water Samples/Day
SLPWA Presentation - 3/15/2012 8
Finger Lakes Water Quality
Mean Rank vs. Agricultural Land Use
R2 = 0.900
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10 20 30 40 50 60
Agricultural Land Use (%)
Me
an
Wa
ter
Qu
alit
y R
an
k
HoneoyeExcluded
Skaneateles
Canandiagua
Keuka
Seneca
Owasco
Cayuga
2005-2011 Average Ranking
0
5
10
15
20
25
30H
onoeye
Canandia
gua
Keuka
Seneca
Cayu
ga
Ow
asc
o
Ska
neate
les
Otis
co
Wate
r Q
ualit
y R
ank
Oligotrophic
Mesotrophic
Eutrophic
Top Down Ecological StressMeghan Brown, HWS
Fishhook Water Flea
Cercopagis pengoiCarnivorous Zooplankton
Herbaceous Zooplankton
Hemimysis anomalabloody red shrimp
SLPWA Presentation - 3/15/2012 9
Other Benthic OrganismsDawn Dittman, USGS
Benthic Organisms
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
30 55 65 75 95 130
Water Depth (m)
Den
sitie
s (In
d/m
2 ) 2001 Diporeia
2011 Diporeia
2001 Clams
2011 Clams
2001 Midges
2011 Midges
2001 Worms
2011 Worms
D. Dittman, unpublished Data
“Bottom Up”, Zebra/Quagga Mussel and “Top Down” Stressors
SLPWA Presentation - 3/15/2012 10
Stream Macroinvertebrates Susan Cushman, HWS
Percent Modal AffinityWater Quality Index
Values > 65No Impact
Values 35 to 65Slight Impact
Values < 35 Severe Impact
Biotic Index Values < 4.5
No Impact
Values > 5.5 Moderate Impact
In
crea
sed
Impa
irmen
t
Increased Im
pairment
Preliminary Fish in StreamsSusan Cushman, HWS
Fish Abundance
Fish Species Richness
SLPWA Presentation - 3/15/2012 11
Preliminary Mercury in FishLisa Cleckner, HWS
Analyses on Blacknose dace (Lisa Cleckner).Action Level by FDA 1,000 ng/g, EPA screening value 300 ng/g (methyl Hg)
No more than one meal of fish from Finger Lakes per week
Historical DataOlder (6yr) L Trout
Avg: 400 ng/gMax: 578 ng/g
Historical Data & Box CoresMeghan Brown & Tara Curtin, HWS
Box Core Record
Historical Secchi & Chlorophyll Data
Historical Limnological Data
0
2
4
6
8
10
19
00
19
10
19
20
19
30
19
40
19
50
19
60
19
70
19
80
19
90
20
00
20
10
Year
Sec
chi
Dep
th (
m)
Ch
loro
ph
yll-
a (u
g/L
)
Secchi Depth Chlorophyll-a
SLPWA Presentation - 3/15/2012 12
Total Mercury in Box CoresTara Curtin, HWS
Seneca Lake
Total Mercury in Box CoresTara Curtin, HWS
SLPWA Presentation - 3/15/2012 13
Local Pollution Sources1999 State of the Lake Report
• Agriculture• Chemical Bulk Storage• Forestry & Forestry
Practices• Landfills, Dumps &
Hazardous Waste Sites• Mined Lands• Petroleum Bulk Storage
• Roadbank Erosion• Salt Storage & Deicing
Materials• Shore Residences
Environmental Health• SPDES Permits• Spills• Streambank Erosion
Not duplicated in the 2012 Characterization
What Else is Missing? Data Gaps?• Lets list every gap in scientific database
– Heavy metals – Hormones, Estrogen– Prescription Drugs & Pharmaceuticals – Caffeine
SLPWA Presentation - 3/15/2012 14
Watershed Plan What should it contain? • Inter-municipal Agreement• ???
Questions?John Halfman, HWSemail: [email protected]
2011 Research Team
