SEMESTER I

PAPER I: BIOMOLECULES AND CELL BIOLOGY Total hours: 56

PART A: BIOMOLECULES

MAIN TOPICS SUB – TOPICS DETAILS HOURS

UNIT 1:

BIOTECHNOLOGY:

AN OVERVIEW

Historical Perspectives, Public Perception; Global market; Biotechnology in India and Global

Trends

01

UNIT 2:

INTRODUCTION

Water Physical properties and structure

Role in biological systems

01

pH and Buffers Acids and Bases

pH

Buffers

Henderson – Hasselbalch equation

02

UNIT 3:

CARBOHYDRATES

Classification, Structure and functions of:

• Monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose)

• Oligosaccharides (lactose, sucrose, maltose)

• Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose)

02

UNIT 4:

AMINOACIDS AND

PROTEINS

Amino acids Biological importance and Structure

Classification based on polarity of ‘R’ group

Acid-base properties, titration curve (alanine)

03

Proteins Biological functions

Structure and organization (Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

structures)

Forces stabilizing protein structure (Ionic, Van-der-waals, and Hydrogen

bonds, Hydrophobic interactions)

Classification based on structure – Fibrous (eg., α-keratin) and Globular (eg.,

myoglobin) proteins

Denaturation of proteins

07

PART B: CELL BIOLOGY

UNIT 5:

ENZYMES

Classification and nomenclature

Enzyme specificity, co-factors and co-enzymes (Role of vitamins)

Enzyme catalysis, Mechanism of enzyme action

Enzyme kinetics: Michaelis – Menton equation (not derivation), LB plot, Factors affecting enzyme

activity

Enzyme inhibition- Reversible inhibition – Competitive, Non-competitive, Uncompetitive,

Feedback, Irreversible inhibition

06

UNIT 6:

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Biological importance of nucleic acids

Composition of nucleic acids

Structure of a polynucleotide

Structure of DNA- Watson and Crick model

Forces stabilizing DNA structure (Van-der-waals and Hydrogen bonds, Hydrophobic interactions)

Different forms of DNA (A, B, Z)

RNA – Classes (m-RNA, t-RNA and r-RNA), structure and functions

05

UNIT 7:

LIPIDS

Classification and structure of simple, compound and derived lipids

Biological importance 02

Total Hours 29

MAIN TOPICS SUB – TOPICS DETAILS HOURS

UNIT 8:

CELL AS THE

BASIC UNIT OF

LIFE

Historical

background

Historical background and cell theory, Ultra structure of eukaryotic cell (plant and

animal cell)

02

Surface

architecture of

eukaryotic cell

Structural organization and functions of plasma membrane and cell wall 04

Internal

organization of

cell

Cytosol, Structure and functions of organelles: - Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi

complex, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Nucleus, Ribosome, lysosome, Peroxisome,

Vacuoles, Cytoskeletal structures (Microtubules, Microfilaments and intermediate

filaments), Extracellular Matrix

12

UNIT 9:

CHROMOSOMES

Structural

organization

Historical background, Morphology, Chemical composition and Structural

Organization- centromere, secondary constriction, telomere, chromonema,

euchromatin and heterochromatin, Karyotype

PRACTICAL I: BIOMOLECULES AND CYTOLOGY

Total Units: 10

1. Introduction to practical biochemistry:

Preparation of solutions, Preparation of buffers: Acetate and phosphate. (1)

2. Quantitative estimation of reducing sugars by DNS method. (1)

3. Quantitative estimation of Proteins by Biuret method. (1)

4. Quantitative estimation of proteins by FC method. (1)

5. Measurement of specific activity of salivary amylase (1)

6. Micrometry: (a) Calibration of micrometer (10x & 40x) (2)

(b) Measurement of onion epidermal cells

(c) Measurement of yeast

7. Isolation of cellular organelle: Chloroplast isolation (1)

8. Study of Cell Division: (a) Mitotic studies in Onion root tips

(b) Meiotic studies in Onion flower buds (2)

ESSENTIAL BOOKS:

1. U. Satyanarayana and U. Chakrapani, Fundamentals of Biochemistry, Books and Allied (P) Ltd

2. C.B. Powar, Cell Biology, Himalaya Publications

3. P. S. Verma and V. K. Agarwal, Cell biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology, S. Chand & Company Ltd.

REFERENCES

Biomolecules:

1. A. Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publishers & distributers

2. J.L Jain, Fundamentals of biochemistry, Chand & Company Stryer, Biochemistry, Freeman International Edition

3. Voet & Voet, Biochemistry

4. Zubay, Biochemistry

Chromosome

model

Nucleosome model

04

UNIT 10:

CELL DIVISION

Cell Cycle and its regulation, Cell division - Mitosis, Meiosis

Cell Senescence and Programmed Cell Death

05

Total Hours 27

5. S.C. Rastogi, Biochemistry, Tata McGraw Hill Publications

6. John T Knowler et al, Biochemistry of nucleic acids, Chapman & Hall Publications

7. Sullia S.B and Reshma Ashok, Biotechnology 3, United Publishers

Cytology:

1. Ajoy Paul, Text book of Cell and molecular Biology, Books and Allied (P) Ltd

2. Aminul Islam, Textbook of Cell Biology, Books and Allied (P) Ltd

3. Bruce Alberts et al, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Publications

4. Daniel, Molecular Cell Biology, Scientific American Books

5. Ambrose & Dorouthy M.Easty, Cell Biology, ELBS Publications

6. EDP Roberties & EMF Roberties, Cell Biology & Molecular Biology, Saunder College

7. Sheelar & Bianchi, Cell and Molecular Biology

Learning objectives: To learn structure and interactions of biomolecules in living world.

Learning outcomes: Students will be able to explain the functioning of life at cellular level.

SEMESTER II

PAPER II: GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY AND GENETICS Total hours: 56

PART A: GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

MAIN TOPICS SUB – TOPICS DETAILS HOURS

UNIT 1:

INTRODUCTION

Introduction Definition and History of Microbiology, Contributions of Leeuwenhoek,

Pasteur, Koch, Lister, and Fleming, Importance, branches and scope of

Microbiology as a modern science

03

Microscopy Construction and working principles of compound, dark field,

fluorescent, phase contrast and electron (scanning and transmission)

microscope

05

Stains and staining

techniques

Principles of staining, Types of stains – Simple stains, structural stains

and differential stains.

02

Culture media and

growth

Growth requirements, Types of media, Growth curve of Bacteria 02

UNIT 2:

CONCEPTS OF

STERILIZATION

Physical methods Autoclave, Hot air oven, laminar airflow, Seitz filter, membrane filter,

Radiations (UV rays & -rays).

02

Chemical methods Alcohol, Aldehydes, Phenols, Halogens and Gaseous agents 02

UNIT 3:

PROKARYOTIC

MICROORGANISMS

Bacteria Ultra structure of bacterial cell (Gram positive and Gram negative),

endospore, capsule and flagella

Outline classification based on morphology (shape and flagella),

nutrition and extreme environment

04

Actinomycetes Salient features of Actinomycetes – eg., Streptomyces 01

Cyanobacteria General account of Cyanobacteria- egs. Spirulina, Anabeana 01

Viruses General Account of Viruses : Structure and classification, Plant viruses

(CaMV), Animal viruses (HIV), Bacterial Viruses (-phage & T4)

02

UNIT 4:

EUKARYOTIC

MICROORGANISMS

Fungi Salient features & Classification of Fungi - Eucomycota (eg.

Phytopthora), Zygomycota (eg. Mucor), Ascomycota (eg. Penicillium),

Basidiomycota (eg. Agaricus) and Fungi Imperfecti (eg. Fusarium).

02

Protozoa and algae Salient features of Protozoa and algae with suitable examples 01

UNIT 5:

PATHOGENIC

MICROORGANISMS

Bacterial diseases Bacterial disease of man - Tuberculosis

01

Viral diseases Viral diseases – Hepatitis B 01

Microbial toxins Bacterial, Fungal and Viral toxins 01

PART B: GENETICS

UNIT 6:

MICROBIAL

METABOLISM

Respiration Respiration- EMP, HMP and ED pathways, Krebs cycle, Oxidative

Phosphorylation, substrate level phosphorylation

04

Bacterial

photosynthesis

Bacterial photosynthesis- Photosynthetic apparatus in prokaryotes,

Photophosphorylation

02

Total Hours 36

MAIN TOPICS SUB – TOPICS DETAILS HOURS

UNIT 7:

PATTERN OF

INHERITANCE

Overview of

Mendelian genetics

Historical background, Mendel’s Experiments & Laws of Heredity,

Problems on Mendelism, Deviations from Mendelism

01

Interaction of genes Incomplete dominance, Supplementary factors: Comb pattern in fowls,

Complementary factors: Flower colour in sweet peas, Epistasis: Plumage

colour in poultry, Multiple factors: Skin colour in humans, Multiple

allelism: Blood groups in humans, Lethal genes: Yellow body colour in

mice

05

UNIT 8:

LINKAGE,

CROSSING OVER

AND

RECOMBINATION

Linkage Linkage and linkage groups

Linkage and Recombination in Neurospora crassa

02

Crossing over Cytological basis- Curt Stern’s experiment in Drosophila, Events in

crossing over and recombination, Theories explaining crossing over at

molecular level (Holliday model), Importance of crossing over

03

Genetic mapping Definition, Two-point cross, Three-point cross, Interference and

coincidence, Importance of genetic maps

02

Mechanism of

recombination in

bacteria

Transformation, Transduction, conjugation,

03

UNIT 9:

INTRODUCTION

TO MOLECULAR

GENETICS

Recognition of DNA & RNA as the genetic material

Properties of genetic material

04

Total Hours 20

PRACTICAL II: MICROBIOLOGY

Total units - 10

1. Safety measures in Microbiology lab, Cleaning and sterilization of glassware (1)

2. Study of instruments: Compound microscope, Autoclave, Hot air oven, pH meter, Laminar airflow chamber (1)

3. Staining techniques: (i) Simple and negative staining (2)

(ii) Gram staining

(iii) Endospore staining

(iv) Fungal staining

4. Total count of yeast cells in a given suspension using Haemocytometer (1)

5. Methods of obtaining pure cultures: Media preparation, Streak plate, Spread plate and pour plate method (1)

6. Isolation of microorganisms: Bacteria and fungi from water and soil by serial dilution and pour plate method (2)

7. Biochemical tests: IMViC tests (1)

8. Antibiotic sensitivity test (1)

ESSENTIAL BOOKS:

1. Kanika Sharma, Textbook of Microbiology, Ane Books Pvt Ltd

2. Pelczar, Chan & Krieg, Microbiology, Tata McGraw Hill Publications

3. Veer Bala Rastogi, Genetics, Kedarnath Ramnath Publications

REFERENCES

Microbiology:

1. Paul A Ketchum, Microbiology- Concepts and applications, Wiley Publications

2. Frobisher, Fundamentals of Microbiology, Saunders & Toppan Publications

3. Ronald M Atlas, Microbiology

4. Stanier et al, General Microbiology, Macmillan Publications

5. Salley, Fundamentals of Bacteriology

6. Sullia S. B, Reshma Ashok, Dr. C. Nagaraja Rao, A textbook of biotechnology, United Publishers

Genetics:

1. Gardner, Simmons and Snustad, Principles of Genetics, John Wiley and sons Publications

2. Monroe W. Strickberger, Genetics, Macmillan Publishers, New York

3. Daniel L. Hartl, Basic Genetics, Jones and Barlett Publishers, USA

4. Winchester Sinnot, Dunn and Dobjansky, Principles of Genetics,

5. Klug and Cummings, Genetics

6. S.B. Sullia and Reshma Ashok, Biotechnology I, United Publications

Learning objective:

• To learn the structure and properties of microorganisms

• To explore and understand the underlying genetic mechanism that explains how organisms develop into and function

as adults. To understand the basis of biological diversity and have an insight into the evolutionary process.

Learning outcome:

Students will be able to :

• Explain the classification and properties of microorganisms.

• Explain the genetic foundations of life.

SEMESTER III

PAPER III: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS

Total hours: 56

MAIN TOPICS SUB – TOPICS HOURS

UNIT 1:

DNA

REPLICATION

Semiconservative replication - Experimental verification

Mechanism of DNA replication

Unidirectional, bidirectional and rolling circle model

Replication in eukaryotes - DNA polymerases, multiple forks, replication of

chromatin

04

UNIT 2:

MUTATIONS

Types – Spontaneous and Induced, Molecular basis of Mutation – Base substitution, Base addition and deletion

Physical Mutagens – Ionizing and UV radiations Chemical Mutagens – Base analogues, Nitrous acid, acridines and alkylating agents

Applications of Mutations 04

UNIT 3: Damage of DNA molecules, biological implications

Biochemical mechanisms for DNA repair - Photoreactivation,

Excision, recombination, SOS and mismatch repairs

DNA REPAIR 04

UNIT 4:

Structure of gene

Mechanism of transcription

Genetic code (salient features and Wobble hypothesis)

Mechanism of translation

Regulation of gene expression (Lac operon, Trp operon)

Reverse transcription

Concept of genome

PROKARYOTIC

GENE

EXPRESSION

08

UNIT 5:

EUKARYOTIC

GENE

EXPRESSION Structure of gene

Transcription - mechanism, post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA

Translation - mechanism, post translational modifications

Regulation of gene expression (an overview of regulation at transcriptional level)

Protein trafficking – targeting of nascent proteins into different subcellular organelles

10

UNIT 6: GENOME

ORGANIZATION ACROSS SPECIES

Gene organization and expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes; repeat elements in bacteria, plants and animals; significance of non-coding RNA 04

1

UNIT 7:

TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS

Insertional elements and transposons in bacteria

Transposable elements in Maize and Drosophila

02

Total Hours

36

PART B: BIOSTATISTICS

MAIN TOPICS SUB – TOPICS DETAILS HOURS

1. Importance and

applications

Introduction to statistics with scope in biosciences (examples), Important definition (Population, data and types, sample, class)

Tabulation and classification of data, Frequency distribution and

Graphical distribution of data

04

UNIT 8: 2. Measures of

central tendencies Mean, Median, Mode and their properties

03

BIOSTATISTICS

3. Measures of

Dispersion

Mean deviation, Variance, Standard deviation and 04

Coefficient of Variation, one way ANOVA

4. Probability and distribution

Concepts and problems on probability, Binomial, Poisson, Normal 05

distribution and their applications

5. Hypothesis testing Student T and Chi square test 04

Total Hours 20

PRACTICAL III: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS

Total Units: 10

1. Micropipetting exercise (1)

2. Estimation of DNA by DPA method (1)

3. Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method (1)

4. Absorption spectrum of protein and DNA and determination of DNA purity (1)

5. Methods of cell lysis: (i) Detergent lysis of RBC (1)

(ii) Osmotic lysis of RBC 6. Extraction and estimation of proteins from animal source by salt precipitation method. (1)

7. Extraction and estimation of proteins from plant source by organic solvent method (1)

8. Charts and model making of DNA replication, transcription, translation,

Lac operon, Trp operon (1)

9. Biostatistical Case studies of Practical data (2)

ESSENTIAL BOOKS:

1. Veer Bala Rastogi, Fundamentals of Molecular Biology, Ann Books Publication

2. George M. Malacinski, Freifelder’s Essentials of Molecular biology, Narosa Publishing House

3. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Khan (1999)

REFERENCES:

Molecular Biology:

1. Avinash and Kakoli Upadhyay – MolBio, Himalaya Publishing House

2. Lewin. B, Genes IX, Oxford University Press

3. Karp G, Cell and Molecular biology, 4th edition, Wiley Publications

4. Weaver R F, Molecular Biology 2nd edition, McGraw Hill Publications

5. Pierce B. A, Genetics – A conceptual approach, Freeman Publication

6. Watson et al, Molecular Biology of the Gene, Pearson Education

7. Baltimore et al, Molecular Cellbiology, Scientific American Books Biostatistics:

1. Bliss C J K, (1967), Statistics in Biology, Vol I, McGraw Hill, New York

2. Campbell R C (1974), Statistics for Biologists, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

3. Daniel (1999), Biostatistics, Panima Publishing Corporation

4. Swardlaw A C (1985), Practical Statistics for Experimental Biologists, Wiley & Sons

Learning objectives:

• To understand the molecular basis of life.

• To learn an experiment and analyze the data.

Learning outcome:

• Students will be able to explain the concepts of DNA replication and gene expression in eukaryotic and prokaryotic

organisms.

• Students will be able to perform the statistical analysis of the experimental outcomes.

SEMESTER IV

PAPER IV: GENETIC ENGINEERING

Total hours: 56

MAIN TOPICS SUB – TOPICS DETAILS HOURS

UNIT 1: Introduction to genetic engineering (RDT)

INTRODUCTION Emergence and importance of gene cloning 03

Organisms used as models systems in genetic engineering

Enzymes in gene modification Enzymes involved in gene modification and their

UNIT 2: role - nucleases (exo- and endo- nucleases),

TOOLS FOR restriction endonucleases, ligases, polymerases, and

GENETIC DNA modifying enzymes 09

ENGINEERING Gene cloning vectors: Plasmids- pBR 322 and pUC 19

a) Prokaryotic vectors Bacteriophage vectors: λ and M13 phages

Cosmids and phagemids

High capacity bacterial vector systems

b) Eukaryotic vectors YIP, YAC vectors

c) Expression vectors

UNIT 3: a) Isolation of genomic DNA from bacteria, plant and animal cells

PURIFICATION OF b) Isolation of plasmid DNA 05

DNA FROM LIVING c) Isolation of bacteriophage DNA

CELLS d) Characterization of purified DNA

UNIT 4:

TRANSFER OF DNA Transfer by calcium chloride method, electroporation, microinjection and biolistics 03

INTO HOST CELLS

UNIT 5: Selection by insertional Antibiotic resistance markers and blue-white

SCREENING AND inactivation selection

SELECTION OF Screening by DNA Principles and application 05

RECOMBINANT hybridization Nucleic acid hybridization assays (Colony and

HOST CELLS plaque hybridization ) and microarrays

Screening by immunological assay and PCR

UNIT 6: Genomic DNA and cDNA libraries 02

GENE LIBRARIES

UNIT 7:

EXPRESSION OF Expression of cloned DNA (E. coli and Pichia pastoris) 03

CLONED DNA

UNIT 8:

ANALYTICAL

TECHNIQUES

Chromatography

Principles and applications of : Paper, Thin layer, Ion Exchange,

Gel Permeation, Affinity, GLC, HPLC

04

Centrifugation

Basic principles of sedimentation

Centrifugal and centripetal forces

Centrifuges and their uses(Desk top ,high speed, and

ultracentrifuge)

02

Spectroscopy

Principles and applications of UV Visible, IR, Fluorescence, NMR

spectroscopy, Atomic absorption Spectroscopy.

06

UNIT 9: a) Electrophoresis - PAGE and agarose gel electrophoresis

TECHNIQUES IN b) Blotting techniques – Southern, Western, Northern

GENETIC c) Polymerase Chain Reaction 09

ENGINEERING d) DNA Sequencing – Sanger’s and Maxem & Gilbert

e) Site Directed Mutagenesis

f) DNA fingerprinting (RFLP, RAPD)

UNIT 10: a) Diagnostics (DNA Probes)

APPLICATIONS OF b) Recombinant proteins – insulin, human growth hormones 05

R – DNA c) Gene therapy – SCID

TECHNOLOGY d) Protein engineering

e) Ethics and potential hazards of genetic engineering

Total hours 56

PRACTICAL IV: GENETIC ENGINEERING

Total units: 10

1. Isolation of genomic DNA from plant tissue. (1)

2. Isolation of genomic DNA from Bacteria. (1)

3. Isolation of plasmid DNA from E. coli and agarose gel electrophoresis (1)

4. Separation of proteins by PAGE. (1)

5. Restriction digestion and ligation of DNA. (1)

6. Transformation by Calcium chloride method. (1)

7. Polymerase chain reaction – Demonstration (1)

8. Demonstration of gel filtration Chromatography (1)

9. Demonstration of Ion-exchange Chromatography (1)

10. Demonstration of Blotting techniques (1) ESSENTIAL BOOKS:

1. Old. R. W. and Primrose. S. B (1986) Principles of Gene Manipulation and Introduction to Genetic Engineering (3rd edition)

Blackwell Scientific Publication.

2. T. A. Brown, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction, 5th edition, Blackwell Publication.

3. Avinash and Kakoli Upadhyaya, Biophysical Chemistry, Himalaya Publishing House.

REFERENCES:

1. Glick. B. R and Pasternick. J. J (1994), Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and applicatyions of recombinant DNA,

American Society for Microbiology, Washington D. C

2. Christopher. H (1995), Gene Cloning and Manipulation, Cambridge University Press

3. Nicholl. D. S T (1994), An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, Cambridge University Press

4. Lewin. B, Genes X

5. Keith Wilson and John Walker, Practical Biochemistry, Cambridge Publications

6. Richard B Setlow and Ernest C Pollard, Molecular Biophysics, Addison Wesley Publishing Company Inc.

7. Mohan P Arora, Biophysics, Himalaya Publishing House.

8. Narayana P, Essentials of Biophysics, New Age International Publishing.

9. Roy R. N, A textbook of Biophysics, New Central Book Agency.

Learning objectives: To learn the

SEMESTER V

PAPER V: IMMUNOLOGY AND ANIMAL CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Total hours: 42 PART A: IMMUNOLOGY

MAIN TOPICS SUB – TOPICS DETAILS HOURS

History and scope of Immunology 01

UNIT 1:

INTRODUCTION Types of immunity – innate and acquired 01

Cells and organs of immune system and their functions 02

Antigens Immunogens and antigens

Properties of antigens 02

Epitopes, Haptens, Adjuvants

Antibody Immunoglobulins - Structure, types and properties 02

UNIT 2:

IMMUNOLOGICAL Complement system Classical, alternate and MBL pathway 02

REACTIONS AND

PROTECTIVE Major Histocompatibility Complex, Antigen processing and presentation 02

IMMUNOLOGY

Humoral immunity: B-lymphocytes, primary and secondary immune response 03

Clonal selection theory

B-cell maturation, activation and differentiation

Cell mediated immunity T-cell receptor 02

T-cell maturation, activation and differentiation

Hypersensitive reactions – Principles and types 01

Vaccines Principles of:

Conventional vaccines (Heat killed and live attenuated) 02

Recombinant vaccines (Hepatitis B)

DNA vaccines

UNIT 3: Precipitation reactions Principle, SRID, ODD, Immunoelectrophoresis 02

IMMUNOLOGICAL Agglutination reactions Hemeagglutination, bacterial and passive agglutination 01

4

TECHNIQUES Labelled antibody assays RIA, ELISA, Immunofluorescence 02

Total hours 25

PART B: ANIMAL CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY MAIN TOPICS SUB – TOPICS DETAILS HOURS

UNIT 4:

INTRODUCTION Introduction and scope of animal biotechnology 01

Culture media Physico-chemical properties of media

Balanced salt solution, natural and synthetic media

02

UNIT 5: Role of serum

ANIMAL CELL Serum-free media

CULTURE Growth factors: - EGF, FGF, PDGF, NGF, interleukins

02

and erythropoietin

Primary culture Isolation of tissue, tissue disaggregation and Cell lines,

01

01

Secondary culture Transformed cell lines

Stem cells and its applications

UNIT 6:

Advantages of using animal cells for expression

Transfection of animal cell lines

Expression of cloned genes in animal cells

Selectable markers

04

GENETIC

ENGINEERING OF

ANIMAL CELLS

a) Hybridomas: production and applications of monoclonal antibodies

b) Production of vaccines in animal cells: Subunit vaccines against FMDV

c) Production of therapeutic proteins – Interferons & t-P

d) Tissue engineering (cultured skin graft)

UNIT 7:

06 APPLICATIONS OF

ANIMAL CELL e) Transgenic animals: Production of Transgenic mice and its application,

Biopharming

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Total hours 17

5

PRACTICAL V: IMMUNOLOGY AND ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Blood grouping and Differential count of WBC (1)

2. Separation of serum from blood and precipitation of Immunoglobulins (2)

and electrophoretic analysis

3. Widal and VDRL tests (1)

4. Dot ELISA. (1)

5. Ouchterlony Double Diffusion (ODD) (1)

6. Single Radial Immuno Diffusion. (1)

7. Rocket Immuno-electrophoresis (1)

8. Isolation of liver parenchymal cells and viability test (1)

9. Demonstration of Affinity Chromatography (1) ESSENTIAL BOOKS:

1. Janis Kuby, Immunology (3rd edition), W. H. Freeman and Company

2. Sulabha Pathak and Urmi Palan, Immunology – Essentials and Fundamentals, Capital Publishing Company

3. C. V. Rao, An Introduction to Immunology, Narosa Publishing House

4. R. Sasidhara, Animal Biotechnology, MJP Publishers

5. P. Ramdas, Animal Biotechnology – Recent concepts and developments, MJP Publishers

REFERENCES:

1. Ivan .M. Roit, Immunology(1994)Black well scientific publication ,London

2. S Pathak and U Palan Immunology- Essentials and Fundamental (Second edition) Capitol publishing company

3. Freshney R I , Culture of animal cells ,(4th edition)Wiley Liss Publication

4. Butler M.,Animal cell culture and technology,(2nd edition), Bios scientific publishers.

5. Biotol series, In Vitro cultivation of animal cells, Butterworth-Heinemann Publications.

Paper VI: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

Total hours: 42

MAIN TOPICS SUB – TOPICS DETAILS HOURS

UNIT 1: History of Plant Biotechnology Introduction to Invitro plant tissue culture methods

INTRODUCTION Expression of totipotency in Plant Tissue culture 04

Nutrient media and use of growth regulators (Auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins)

UNIT 2: Stages of micropropogation

MICROPROPAGATION Clonal propagation– axillary bud, shoot tip and meristem culture 03

Applications

UNIT 3: Techniques and applications of:

TYPES OF CULTURES a. Callus culture

b. Suspension culture and secondary metabolite production

c. Zygotic Embryo culture

d. Anther culture

e. Endosperm culture

f. Organogenesis

g. Somatic embryogenesis

h. Invitro fertilization – Ovary and Ovule culture

i. Hydroponics

10

UNIT 4:

Tissue culture as a source of genetic variability

Variant selection

Sources and causes of variation

Applications in crop improvement.

SOMACLONAL

VARIATIONS 03

UNIT 5:

PROTOPLAST

ISOLATION

AND FUSION

Protoplast Isolation

Isolation of protoplasts, viability testing and regeneration

of isolated protoplasts

06

Somatic Protoplast fusion – chemical and electro fusion Identification and selection of hybrid cells

Practical applications of somatic hybridization

Cybridization

hybridization

1

UNIT 6: Applications of tissue culture in agriculture, horticulture and forestry 02

APPLICATIONS OF TISSUE

CULTURE Preservation of rare plant species: Germplasm bank for conservation 01

Plant transformation Physical methods Agrobacterium mediated and plant viruses mediated gene

UNIT 7: techniques transfer

TRANSGENIC PLANTS 03

Applications of transgenic plants – Biopesticide (Bt cotton), Herbicide resistance (Glyphosate resistance), Enhanced nutrition (Golden rice), Increased shelf life (Flavr-savr tomato), Edible vaccine (Banana for Hepatitis B) 06

UNIT 8:

BIOETHICS,

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND

IPR ISSUES

IPR Issues

International organization and IPR(, GATT , TRIPS and WIPO)

Forms of IPR: Patents, trade secrets, copyright, trademark ,GI

Process involved in patenting 02

Bioethics

Biosafety concerns, social, moral and ethical issues associated with GMOs Biosafety regulations and risk assessment: RCGM, GEAC 02

Total hours 42

PRACTICAL VI: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Total units - 10

1. Lab design and development and Aseptic Management. (1)

2. Preparation of plant culture media – MS (1962), Nitsch (1969) and White’s medium (1) Tissue culture techniques:

3. Callus culture and Suspension culture (1)

4. Shoot tip and nodal culture (1)

5. Anther and Ovary culture (1)

6. Embryo culture (1)

7. Organogenesis (1)

8. Hardening and Green house maintenance (1)

9. Isolation of plant protoplast (1)

10. Preparation of synthetic seeds (1)

ESSENTIAL BOOKS: 1. Chawla. H. S., Introduction to Plant Biotechnology, Oxford and IBH Publications

REFERENCES: 1. Ravishankar, G. A and Venkataraman N., (1997), Biotechnology Applications of Plant tissue and Cell culture, Oxford and IBH

Publications

2. Bhan, (1998) Tissue culture, Mittal Publication, New Delhi

3. Islan .A. C (1996), Plant Tissue culture, Oxford and IBH Publications

4. U. Satyanarayana, Biotechnology, Books and Allied (P) Ltd.

Learning objectives:

• To learn invitro propagation of plants.

• To learn invitro crop improvement methods.

Learning outcome:

• Students will be able to establish different types of plant cultures

• Will equip students with technical skills to establish nurseries.

SEMESTER VI PAPER VII: INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

MAIN TOPICS SUB – TOPICS DETAILS HOURS

UNIT 1: Introduction to Industrial Biotechnology: History and scope 01

INTRODUCTION

UNIT 2:

Screening, isolation, preservation and strain improvement of industrially important

microorganisms

03

PRODUCTION

STRAINS

Microbial transformation Steroid Biotransformation 01

Fermentation Media Natural and synthetic media 02

Sterilization techniques Heat, radiation and filtration methods 01

Inoculum preparation 01

Types of fermenters Typical (Stirred-tank), Air-lift, Tower and Bubble-up, 05

UNIT 3:

Fluidized-bed fermenters, Packed-bed fermenters, Drum

reactors, Photobioreactors,

FERMENTATION

02

Process of Aeration, Agitation, Temperature and pH regulation and Foam control

TECHNOLOGY

Types of Fermentation Shake flask fermentation, Solid State, Submerged batch, fed-batch, Continuous, anaerobic and aerobic)

fermentation 03

Down-stream processing Recovery and disintegration of cells, extraction,

concentration and purification of products, quality 04

assurance

Immobilization

techniques

Cell and enzyme immobilization techniques Immobilized enzyme and cell bioreactors (membrane reactors and continuous flow reactors) Industrial applications of immobilized enzymes 03

UNIT 4:

APPLICATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Production of microbial

products and biomass

Ethanol, Citric acid, Penicillin, Glutamic acid, Vitamin B12,

Amylase, Xanthan gum, Single Cell Protein & Single Cell

Oil

08

Femented food products

Probiotics, yogurt, Buttermilk, Cheese, Idli, Sauerkraut,

Ensilage 02

Quality analysis

Quality Control, Quality Assurance, HACCP, Standard

Operating Procedures (SOP) and Good Manufacturing

Practices (GMP) 02

Industrial Applications of

Enzymes

Leather, Textile, Paper and Pulp, Detergent, Food,

Pharmaceutical industries 04

Total hours 42

5

PRACTICAL VII

INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND

BIOINFORMATICS

Total Units - 10

1. Production and estimation of Citric acid from Aspergillus culture (1)

2. Cultivation of Mushroom (1)

3. Preparation of Wine and estimation of alcohol by specific gravity method (1)

4. Immobilization of Yeast cells and enzyme invertase and determination of its activity (1)

5. Bacterial examination of water by MPN method (1)

6. Estimation of BOD (2 water samples) (1)

7. VAM staining (1)

8. Study of Rhizobium from the root nodules of legumes (1)

9. Bioinformatics: PUBMED and ENTREZ, gene usage (2)

ESSENTIAL BOOKS:

1. A. H. Patel, Industrial Microbiology, Mac Millan India Ltd.

REFERENCES:

1. Stanbury. P. F., Whitaker, Hall. S. J, Principles of Fermentation Technology, Aditya Books Pvt. Ltd.

2. Crueger W and Crueger. A (2000), A Text of Industrial Microbiology, 2nd Edition, Panima Publishing Corp.

3. Bisen. P. S. (1994), Frontiers in Microbial Technology, CBS Publishers

4. Prescott and Dunn, Industrial Microbiology (4th edition), CBS Publishers.

5. L. E. Casida. Jr, Industrial Microbiology, Wiley Eastern Ltd.

6. Sulia. S. B and Shantaram (1998), General Microbiology, Oxford and IBH Publications.

PAPER VIII: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS

PART A: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

MAIN TOPICS SUB – TOPICS DETAILS HOURS

Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology

UNIT 1: Natural resources: renewable and non-renewable 01

Conventional fuels and Firewood, plant and animal wastes, coal and gas 02

UNIT 2: their environmental

FUEL impact

TECHNOLOGY Modern fuels and their Methanogens and biogas

environmental impact Bio-hydrogen

Conversion of plant residues to fuel alcohol, 03

Gasohol

Bio-diesel from plant and microbial sources

Global environmental problems and climate change 01

Sewage/ waste water treatment (municipal wastes and industrial effluents) 03

Bioremediation Bioremediation of xenobiotics (pesticides, herbicides, 05

industrial effluents, heavy metals, plastics), oil spills,

UNIT 3: radioactive wastes

BIOTECHNOLOGY

FOR Biofertilizers Role of symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria 02

POLLUTION

in the enrichment of soil, Algal (Nostoc) and fungal

MANAGEMENT (VAM), Actinorrhiza (Frankia)

Isolation, Culturing methods, Enumeration and Identification of Microbial

species – Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Blue-green Algae and

Phosphate solubilizers

03

Biopesticides Advantages over chemical pesticides, Fungal (Beauveria bassiana), bacterial (Bacillus thuringiensis) and viral (NPV) biopesticides

02

Bioleaching Bioleaching of ores by microorganisms – Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (Gold, Copper)

01

Biosensors Introduction, Types and Applications 01

Novel methods for pollution control: Vermitechnology, Biopolymers, Integrated Pest 03

PART B: BIOINFORMATICS

MAIN TOPICS DETAILS HOURS

UNIT 5:

INTRODUCTION TO

BIOINFORMATICS

Overview of different specialization in Bioinformatics; dependence of Bioinformatics on

Computational skills; Bioinformatics for Biologists (user-end Bioinformatics)

02

UNIT 6:

BIOLOGICAL

DATABASES

Introduction to concept of Databases, examples of two data bases 02

UNIT 7:

BIOINFORMATICS

TOOLS

Introduction to concept in programming, Algorithms and Software creation; examples of tools

and their applications

02

UNIT8: OMICS Overview of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics 02

UNIT 9: MASS

SCALE DATA

GENERATION

Concepts in Technology, Data types and quantities; NGFS, Microarray and Mass spectroscopy 02

UNIT 10: DATA TO

DRUGS

Significance of Gene associations with the diseases; overview of drug discovery 02

Total 12

Management (IPM)

UNIT 4:

EMERGING TRENDS

IN

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Nanobiotechnology

Sources of Nanoparticles, Microbial production of Nanoparticles,

Advantages and Applications of Microbial nanoparticles 03

Metabolomics

Metagenomics Changing trends in NGS technology

Total hours 30

PRACTICAL VIII: PROJECT WORK (10 UNITS)

ESSENTIAL BOOKS:

1. R. C. Dubey, A text book of Biotechnology, S. Chand & Company Ltd.

REFERENCES:

1. Alexander. N. G., Hiroshi Nikaido, Microbial Biotechnology (1995), W. H. Freeman & Company

2. Fungal Ecology and Biotechnology (1993), Rastogi Publications, University Press

3. S. B. Sulia (2007), 2nd edition, Textbook of Biotechnology – Vol 5 (2), United Publishers

4. U. Satyanarayana, Biotechnology, Books and Allied (P) Ltd

5. T. K. Attwood, D. J. Parry-Smith, Samiron Phukan, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Pearson Education

6. Sharma, Munjal, Shankar, A textbook of Bioinformatics, Rastogi Publications

7. Harisha. S, Fundamentals of Bioinformatics, I. K. International Publishing House Pvt Ltd