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BB10A: Cells, Biomolecules & Genetics2003-04 Semester 1
Welcome, again to
biochemistry
What is BB10A all about?
It is an introduction to university studies inCell Biology/microscopyBiochemistry/biomoleculesGenetics
Golgi-Complex
Endoplasmic reticulum – Golgi-Complex
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
transitional vesicles
Convex face, cis face, forming face of Golgi-Complex
Concave face, trans face, maturing face of Golgi-Complex
It is an introduction to university studies inCell biology
What is BB10A all about?
“HydrophobicInteraction”
H-bond
Ionicinteraction
Adapted FromVoet & Voet
What is BB10A all about?It is an introduction to university studies in
Biochemistry &Biomolecules
What is BB10A all about?It is also an introduction to university studies in Genetics
What is BB10A good for?It is a pre-requisite (along with BB10B)
for majors in:biochemistrybiotechnologybotanyenvironmental biologyexperimental biologymicrobiology (option)molecular biologyzoology
(N.B. BC10M can substitute BB10A/B for some majors)
Should I know chemistry and biology before starting?
Biology: yesChemistry: no, but it is needed for
majors in the biochemical sciences:
biochemistrybiotechnologymolecular biology
Biochemistry
& its Applications
Biochemistry & its Applications
Data for UK onlySource: The Biochemist Feb 2002
Biochemistry & its Applications
What is BB10A good for?Pre-requisite for majors in:
biochemistrybiotechnologybotanyenvironmental biologyexperimental biologymicrobiology (option)molecular biologyzoology
Biochemistry & its Applications
Biotechnology:the application of biochemical, microbiological and molecular biological knowledge for
benefit.
Biochemistry & its Applications
Biotechnology:
Biochemistry & its Applications
Biotechnology:
Biochemistry & its Applications
Biotechnology:
Biochemistry & its Applications
Biotechnology:
Biochemistry & its Applications
Biotechnology:
THE BIOREMEDIATION OF RUM DISTILLERY WASTE
USING Cryptococcus curvatus
by Kisha McLeod
Supervisor: A. G. M. Pearson
Biochemistry Section
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Biochemistry & its Applications
Biotechnology:
The use of microorganisms to render sewage safer.
The use of microorganisms in food preservation.
Biochemistry & its Applications
Biotechnology:
The use of immobilised enzymes (biochemical reactors) to carry out precise reactions.
The production of pharmaceuticals.
Biochemistry & its Applications
Biotechnology:
The production of bulk biomolecules, e.g.
Ethanol Acetic acid Citric acidAscorbic acid Amino acids
Dietary supplements Vitaminsetc.
Biochemistry & its Applications
Molecular Biology:
Recombinant DNA technology(genetic engineering)
GMOs: genetically modified organisms
Biochemistry & its Applications
Molecular Biology:
Recombinant DNA technology
Modified enzymes : with greater stability
making new product moleculesbetter reaction kinetics
Biochemistry & its Applications
Molecular Biology:
Forensic applications(DNA fingerprinting)
Genetic diseases
Understanding fundamental biochemistry
Biochemistry & its Applications
Biochemistry
Synthesis of useful biomolecules
Characterisation of new reactions
Biochemistry & its Applications
Biochemistry
Poorly understood biochemistry:Insects
FishNematodes
PlantsMost microorganisms
Biochemistry & its Applications
The same biochemistry is used by allliving cells that have been studied.
Electrons, protons and energy arethe fundamental components ofbiochemistry and bioenergetics.
Essential cellular processes
Chemistry fundamentals:•Elements all have different nuclei.
Atomic nuclei are formed of :• protons (+ve charge)• neutrons (no charge)
electrons (-ve charge) are roughly equal in number to the no. of protons in thenucleus.
•Covalent bonds are the sharing of electronsbetween consenting nuclei.
Chemistryfundamentals:
The s and p orbitalsof electrons closestto the nuclei ofcarbon, hydrogen,oxygen & nitrogen,are those most frequently of importance in biochemical bonds,reactions andmolecules.
The ability of carbon, oxygen & nitrogento form “double”bonds gives rise toπ- bonding molecular orbitals.
How strong are chemical bonds
a) relative to each other?b) relative to other energies?
H-bonds
ElectrostaticInteractions
Van der Waal’s
Chemistry fundamentals:
Far UV = 1200 kJ.mol-1
UV = 480 to343 kJ.mol-1
Near IR = 120 kJ.mol-1
H-bonds
ElectrostaticInteractions
Van der Waal’s
visible
Far UV = 1200 kJ.mol-1
UV = 480 to343 kJ.mol-1
Near IR = 120 kJ.mol-1
Unlike covalent bonds, “hydrogen bonds”are a sharing of a proton between electro-negative nuclei, typically of oxygen ornitrogen.
Recall that they are much weaker.
It is the “weakness” of H-bonds that makesthem so useful to biomolecular interactions.
H-bonds are:•easily broken•easily formed•of variable strength•of variable orientation
Chemistry fundamentals:•Hydrogen nuclei (protons), like electrons,
can exist independently.
•Protons tend to dissociate from “acids”in aqueous media.
•Protons tend to associate with “bases”in aqueous media.
•Electrons readily associate with anddissociate from “redox couples” such as:
Fe2+/Fe3+; Cu+/Cu2+.
The tenacity with which a moleculeholds onto its dissociable protons (the pKa value) is related to the protonconcentration (the pH value) of itsenvironment.
pH = pKa + log [unprotonated] [protonated]
There is supplementary material on pH, pKand buffers in your lab handbook, includingthe url for a self-paced, web-based tutorial onpH, pK and the Henderson-Hasselbalchequation.
You will be expected to perform calculationsusing the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.