Sejarah Yang Dilupakan

7/21/2019 Sejarah Yang Dilupakan

1/41

Ubtbr @dsbkgd

_bldrda ]dkn Gmfupd`dk

Udgd gmkm adrm C`tcibr 4=:2, Hbktbrm Udknfmhd Dkn`dtdk Gdrdt

(Hbkpdkjdg) Fbtkdk Lbkgbrdf Dahdg dkm gdk fmhd crdkn !tdj "h"hk#d

gm$"fm gdrm r"hda%r"hda hbrb`d gm Ld`drtd, gdk gmid&d gbkndk tr"` `b

!bimgdkn drbdf pbr`bi"kdk gm F"idkn '"d#d Udrd pbk$"fm` hbhi"k"a dkm

gdk g"d *bkgbrdf fdmkk#d pdgd !ddt pbkdkn`dpdk ibrfdkn!"kn +mid gm drbdf

pbr`bi"kdk ibibrdpd !ddt `bh"gmdk pdgd pdnm adrm mt", hbrb`d hbhi"k"a tmnd

*bkgbrdf fdmkk#d gdk hbfbhpdr bkdh *d!dg hbrb`d `b!bi"da !"h"r hdtm

bcrdkn fbtkdk #dkn !dfda tdkn`dp gdrm r"hda *bkgbrdf `bt"*"a #dkn fcfc! gdrm

pbk$"fm`dk, hbkbh"m kd!mi gmfbhpdr `b gd!dr !"h"r #dkn !dhd

Udnm adrm mt" *"nd crdkn%crdkn gm idfm` pbrm!tm&d pbhi"k"adk mt" p"k

hbkg"g"`m !tdtmck p"!dt --., gdk hbfdf"m "gdrd hbk#dtd`dk gmrm !bidndm

dknnctd pd!"`dk #dkn !btmd `bpdgd Urb!mgbk cb`drkc Dgdp"k t"*"dk d`!m

#dkn hbrb`d "h"h`dk mdfda "kt"` hbfmkg"knm Urb!mgbk gdrm `chpfctdk

*bkgbrdf `dkdk #dkn d`dk hbfdk$dr`dk `"gbtd Hbrb`d hbk#bi"t kdhd

pbhmhpmk hbrb`d, Fbtkdk /cfckbf 5kt"kn, /chdkgdk 'dtdf#ck . /d&df

/bacrhdtdk +*d`rdimrd&d, #dkn ibrtdknn"kn *d&di hbknd&df Urb!mgbk, gdk

hbkdhdm nbrd`dk hbrb`d brd`dk 9? bptbhibr Gdfdh !bi"da "k*"`

`b`"dtdk, rdt"!dk pbkg"`"kn %9?% hbkg"g"`m Fdpdkndk Hbrgb`d gm p"!dt

`ctd Fdf" pdgd !crb gdk pbtdkn adrm 4 C`tcibr, !bpbrtm hbkdknndpm m!#drdt gdrm

Ld`drtd, ibibrdpd pd!"`dk gm Ld&d +bknda hbk$"fm` fmhd pbr&mrd pmhpmkdk

hbrb`d

4


2/41

brd`fdk 9? bptbhibr t"hidkn !b$bpdt `bh"k$"fdkk#d Gbkndk tmgd`

dgdk#d dkm, Hd#cr Lbkgbrdf cbadrtc hbkndhimf dfma `chdkgc Dkn`dtdk

Gdrdt pdgd pdnm adrm C`tcibr, gdk pdgd pbtdkn adrm md hbfdk$dr`dk !brdkndk

idfm` Ud!"`dk %9?% hbkmknndf`dk !td!m"k --. gdk Fdpdkndk Hbrgb`d #dkn!bhpdt hbrb`d g"g"`m !bfdhd g"d ibfd! *dh !d*d bh"d pd!"`dk

pbhibrcktd` d`amrk#d gmtdkn`dp dtd" hbfdrm`dk gmrm gdrm Ld`drtd pdgd pdnm adrm

7 C`tcibr Gm Ld&d +bknda, %9?% adk#d ibrtdadk !hdpdm 9 C`tcibr brd`dk

9? bptbhibr fbk#dp !bibf"h dknnctd%dknnctdk#d !bhpdt hbk*bfd!`dk t"*"dk

hbrb`d `bpdgd p"ifm Umhpmkdk %9?% ida`dk ibf"h hdhp" !bhpdt

hbkndgd`dk `ckjbrbk!m pbr! gdk tdhpmf hbhpbrfmadt`dk gmrm gm gbpdk `drbkd

pdrd jctcnrdjbr

cbadrtc hbk"g"a Udrtdm /ch"km! .kgckb!md hbkgdfdknm %9?%, gdk

!bfdk*"tk#d hbk#"!"k rbk$dkd pbhid!hmdk tbradgdp crdkn%crdkn #dkn tbr`dmt

gbkndk pdrtdm mt" +bktdrd cbadrtc hbkdkn`dpm !dt" *"td crdkn fbima bh"d

gmt"g"a tbrfmidt gdfdh %9?% Gdfdh !dfd!dt" pbrt"hpdadk gdbrda tbri"r"` gm

didg `bg"dp"f"a , rdt"!dk rmi" crdkn gmidktdm, tbr"tdhd gm Ld&d +bknda, Ld&d+mh"r gdk 'dfm, gdrm d`amr =2 !dhpdm pbrtbkndadk =:: ( Lcak -c!!d, 7?? 9

2 )

Ubknndfmdk *bkd>da pdrd *bkgbrdf DG mt" gmfmp"t tbfb1m!m, tbkt"k#d gbkndk

adrdpdk dndr hd!!d rd`#dt #dkn tbrid`dr hbkdr"a !mhpdtm gdk ibrpmad` `bpdgd

DG Udgd adrm 5+ D'-. tdknndf 2 C`tcibr 4=:2, mrmkn%mrmkndk *bkd>da pdrd

*bkgbrdf DG gm!d`!m`dk cfba rdt"!dk rmi" pd!dkn hdtd #dkn !bgma !bpdk*dkn

*dfdk hbk"*" +HU /dfmidtd D


3/41

DG #dkn gmhd`dh`dk mt" hbr"pd`dk `cridk jmtkda Udgd adrm #dkn !dhd,


4/41

Urb!mgbk cb`drkc gdfdh !mgdkn `dimkbt #dkn gmdgd`dk pdgd tdknndf

: C`tcibr 4=:2 gm 'cncr, hbk$cid hbhibkg"kn nbfchidkn pbrd!ddk dktm

Fbt`cf 5kt"kn gdk dktm%U/. #dkn hd mk `"dt cb`drkc gbkndk dnd`

tbrfdhidt hbkn"t"` pbhi"k"adk pdrd *bkgbrdf mt" .d hbk#dtd`dk td` !bt"*"

gbkndk pbhibkt"`dk Gb&dk -b1cf"!m gdk hbk#dtd`dk adrdpdkk#d dndr

rd`#dt tmgd` !dfmkn t"g"a !bamknnd d`dk hbhidad#d`dk pbr!dt"dk kd!mckdf

`drbkd mt"fda #dkn gmadrdp`dk cfba


5/41

pdrd &drtd&dk tbr!bi"t hbf"pd`dk !dt" jd`td pbktmkn, #dmt" ad!mf 1m!"h tmh

gc`tbr #dkn gm`bt"dm 'rmn*bkg gr -cbimckc /brtcpdtm dtd! hd#dt `cridk

Hbk"r"t 1m!"h mt", `bfdhmk !bh"d *bkd>da "t"a gdk icfd hdtd $cpct i"`dk

`drbkd gm%oukn`mf, tdpm d`midt *bkd>da gm%obhpfukn-`dk `b !"h"r gdfdh pc!m!m`bpdfd gm id&da Gm!brtd!m pbkbfmtm d!`md Ofbkcrd 8mbrmknd gm 5km1br!mtd!

Dh!tbrgdh tda"k 4==2 #dkn hb&d&dk$drdm !d`!m hdtd !bp"tdr Ubrm!tm&d

F"idkn '"d#d *"nd tbfda hbr"kt"a`dk idkn"kdk jm`!m tbr!bi"t (L"fm"! Uc"r 0

7?4? 0 72= 7:?)

Ubhd`dhdk p"tbrm D


6/41

DG, .d hbhibid!`dk Urdkctc -b`!c!dh"grc gdrm *didtdkk#d gdk hbk#dgdrm

rbdfmtd! pcfmtm` gbkndk hbkndkn`dt cbadrtc !bidndm HbkBUdkndg gdk /bpdfd

tdj /C+. (5fj "kgad"!!bk, 4=: 0 966 % 96=)

U/. gdk crhd!k#d !dhd !b`dfm tmgd` !mdp hbknadgdpm `bndndfdk %9?%

gdk t"g"adk #dkn gmtmhpd`dk `bpdgd hbrb`d bibkdrk#d ibibrdpd dknnctd

Ucfmtimrc !bgdkn hbfd`"`dk pbr*dfdkdk pdgd pbrndktmdk i"fdk tbr!bi"t Udgd

tdknndf 2 C`tcibr 4=:2, gm`bf"dr`dk !bi"da pbrk#dtddk cfba !b*"hfda dknnctd

Ucfmtimrc #dkn !bhpdt ibrtbh" Hbrb`d hbk#dtd`dk %9?% hbr"pd`dk

pbrm!tm&d mktbrkdf DG, U/. tmgd` m`"t $dhp"r gdk tmgd` d`dk m`"t $dhp"r

Hbrb`d hbhpbrmkndt`dk d`dk `bh"kn`mkdk tbr*dgmk#d prc1c`d!m gdk

hbkgcrckn pdrd dknnctdk#d "kt"` hbrdpdt`dk idrm!dk gm ibfd`dkn Urb!mgbk

cb`drkc gdk hbhpbr$d#d`dk `bpdgdk#d !"dt" pbk#bfb!dmdk pcfmtm` "kt"`

hbkndtd!m ckjfm`

/bt"d %U/. G< Dmgmt tbfda hbfdrm`dk gmrm dtd" h"kn`mk gmtmp" "kt"`

hbfdrm dk gmrm `b cn#d`drtd #dkn tmgd` !mdp "kt"` hbkbrmhd gmrmk#d .dgmpd`!d !b$drd !bhi"k#m%!bhi"k#m hbk#"!"rm !bp"tdr id!m! U/. gm cfc tdkpd

hbk$dpdm dpd p"k, `b$"dfm hbkndk*"r`dk pdrd `dgbr U/. "kt"` hbknamkgdr`dk

gmrm tbrprc1c`d!m tbrfdf" *d"a D`amrk#d, md gmamdkdtm, gmtdkn`dp gdk dtd!

pbrmktda "h"h cbadrtc gmi"k"a pdgd tdknndf 77


7/41

btbfda rdpdt gm Ld`drtd gdfdh C`tcibr 4=:2, tmhi"f pbribgddk pbkgdpdt

dpd`da !bf"r"a `cfdicrd!m gbkndk cb`drkc tmgd` gdpdt gmtbrmhd3 Dpd`da %

U/. #dkn idr" gdpdt gm"h"h`dk dtd" tmgd`3 bhbktdrd cb`drkc gbkndk

"!dad `brd!k#d tmgd` hdhp" hbknabktm`dk Epbrdkn !"$m #dkn tbrcrndkm!mrhbfd&dk d"h `ch"km! dkn tbr!m!d mkm !bpbk"ak#d adk#d ibk$dkd

+dkpd dgdk#d prctb! f"d! tbradgdp !brdkndk DG #dkn hbkgdgd`

hbkndh"` gdk hbhi"`d *dfdk h"k$"fk#d ibridndm `b`"dtdk dktm ch"km!

#dkn !bfdhd mkm tbrtb`dk gdfdh pbr*"dkndk rbjcrhd!m tdkda, `cktrdgm`!m

`bdndhddk, pcfmtm` gdk b`ckchm Fd&dk%fd&dk U/. `mkm gdpdt hbkndhimf

a"`"h `b tdkndk hbrb`d !bkgmrm, `a"!"!k#d gm Ld&d +mh"r gdk 'dfm Gbkndk

tdkpd idtd! gdk tdkpd dgd cpc!m!m #dkn ibrdrtm, ida`dk *"nd tdkpd dgd tbn"rdk

gdrm pmad` ibr&bkdkn "kt"` hbfd`"`dk `cktrcf gmrm, hbrb`d hbfd`"`dk

pbknadk$"rdk, pbk*drdadk, pbhid`drdk, pbhi"k"adk gdk pbkn"!mrdk Gbkndk

$drd #dkn !dhd tbr*dgm rd!m!hb #dkn gmfdhpmd!`dk `bhidfm tbradgdp 8


8/41

Ld&d +bknda hbr"pd`dk p"!dt `bnmdtdk `ch"km! gm .kgckb!md --. gm

bhdrdkn, cn#d`drtd gdk "rd`drtd hbk#mdr`dk pbkn"h"hdk %9?% Gb&dk

-b1cf"!m Gdbrda gmibkt"` 8dfm`ctd "rd`drtd #dkn `ch"km! hbk#dtd`dkg"`"kndkk#d tbradgdp pbhi"k"adk pdrd *bkgbrdf DG Gm cn#d`drtd, crdkn%

crdkn U/. !bnbrd t"r"k `b *dfdk%*dfdk hbhibrm g"`"kndk tbradgdp %9?%

bhbktdrd mt" gm bhdrdkn, crdkn U/. hbkndhimf dfma pmhpmkdk /cgdh

.;BGmpckbncrc Udkngdh Gmpckbncrc 'rmn*bkg "r#c "hpbkc ibrad!mf

hbfcfc!`dk gmrm, tdpm `bg"g"`dkk#d gmdhimf dfma cfba pbr&mrd mktbfm*bk /cf

damrhdk #dkn `ch"km!4da /cfckbf /dtdh!c, tbhdkk#d !bhd!d hbknm`"tm pbkgmgm`dk hmfmtbr

UO+D gm 'cncr pdgd hd!d pbkg"g"`dk Lbpdkn /cfckbf (mkj) /dtdh!c,

/chdkgdk -b!cr 'b!dr Hmfmtbr 67BUdh"kn`d! ibr!dhd `bpdfd !tdjk#d, Fbtkdk

/cfckbf (mkj) "nmckc, !b*d` L"hdt !crb tdknndf 4 C`tcibr 4=:2 amfdkn, gm"fm`

4_bldrda Hmfmtbr @cgdh MZ/Gmpckbncrc, (bhdrdkn0 bkgdh .;BGmpckbncrc, 4=64), adf 4=?%747


9/41

pd!"`dk ibr!bk*dtd tmgd` gm`bkdf "gda fbima gdrm g"d hmknn" hbrb`d ibrg"d

amfdkn tdkpd gm`btda"m *b*d`k#d (L"fm"! Uc"r, 7?4? 0 7:: )

bibkdrk#d pbr!ckbf -U/DG gm m*dkt"kn tbridtd! /chpm /bktctdr!bkc !bgdkn ibr"nd! gm pbridtd!dk /dfmhdktdk Hdfd#!md bgdkn`dk

/chpm Og# "grdg*dt ibrdgd gm Hdkc`&drm, .rmdk 'drdt hbhdgdh`dk

pbhibrcktd`dk ibr!bk*dtd #dkn hbfbt"! gm !dkd d&df Dn"!t"! 4=:2 dkn dgd

adk#d /chpm +dk*"kn, /chpm 5rmp, /chpm Hc$atdr, /chpm H"adgm, gdk

/chpm drmgamc Udgd hd!d mt" i"`dk adk#d -U/DG #dkn hbkndfdhm

`b`"rdkndk pbr!ckbf

b$drd `b!bf"r"adk, `b`"dtdk DG gm Ld&d hbknadgdpm pbr!cdfdk

!br"pd bidk#d` 76 idtdf#ck mkjdktbrm !bgdkn gmt"nd!`dk gm "hdtbrd gdk

/dfmhdktdk gdfdh rdkn`d Cpbrd!m dk#dkn Hdfd#!md bfdmk mt", 46

idtdf#ck mkjdktbrm tbr`dmt gdfdh cpbrd!m pbh"fmadk `bdhdkdk gm "fd&b!m

bfdtdk gdk gm ibridndm gdbrda fdmk bhbktdrd : idtdf#ck mkjdktbrm adr"!

gm`brda`dk "kt"` hbkg"`"kn pbfd`!dkddk G&m crd bh"d !dt"dk DG

!bpbk"ak#d tbrm`dt dtd" !bgdkn gm`brda`dk gdfdh rdkn`d /ckjrcktd!m

Dgdk#d `bh"kn`mkdk fmhmtbg dttdo`s gdrm


10/41

/d#dt #dkn gmpbr`"dt gbkndk /chpm ' ck`d1 .BUdk!br 'rm`d1 . /c!trdg gdk

!dt" Ubfbtck Uchdg Udrd #dkn ibr!tdt"! 'BU gm!brtdm gbkndk 4 "kmt hcimf

pbkbrdkndk gdrm Gbppbk ck .B-U/DG *"nd gmg"`"kn cfba !dt" /chpm

Ubrdfdtdk DG #dkn ibr!tdt"! 'BU "kt"` hbrd&dt `bkgdrddk #dkn !bgm mtk#dtbrgmrm gdrm ? tr"` #dkn hd!ma idr", !b*"hfda hcimf +c#ctd `dk1d! gdk 4

`chpm `d1bfbrm pdk!br #dkn d`dk hbk#"!"f `b bhdrdkn gbkndk `brbtd dpm

(bkgrc "irctc, 7??= 0 49=)

/bb!c`dk adrmk#d, hbrb`d !dhpdm gm bhdrdkn gdk fdkn!"kn hbfd`"`dk

pdhbrdk `b`"dtdk ck ...B-U/DG gm id&da /chdkgdk Hd# /c!d!ma

gmibidkm t"nd! gbkndk kdhd Cpbrd!m H"rmd gm gdbrda Gbhd` U"r&cgdgm

Gdbrda 'dk#"hd! hbk*dgm tdknn"kn *d&di //C gm id&da `chdkgc /dpt

"`drkc bgdkn`dk ck 94 UD-D hbkbhpdtm pc!m!m gm gdbrda

Ub`dfckndk +dknndf 4= C`tcibr 4=:2, `bfchpc` `chdkgc -U/DG gm id&da

dr&c Ogamb 8mic&c gbkndk `d&dfdk pd!"`dk Fbtgd mktckn Udkg*dmtdk tmid

gm bhdrdkn bfdk*"tk#d, gbkndk hbk"hpdkn `brbtd dpm tbfda tmid ck

/d1dfbrm gm id&da pmhpmkdk Hd# /d1 "kdr*c

7

Udgd adrm #dkn !dhd, pd!"`dk -U/DG h"fdm ibrnbrd` hbk"*" r"hda

gdk nbg"kn #dkn gmg"nd hbk*dgm !drdkn pbkg"`"kn %9?% Gdfdh nbird`dk

pbrtdhd ibrad!mf gmtdadk !b`mtdr 4?2? crdkn #dkn gm$"rmndm gdk ibridndm

idrdkn i"`tm gm!mtd /bibrdgddk -U/DG mkm hbkgcrckn `d"h dktm`ch"km!

hbkndgd`dk pbr"!d`dk gdk pbhid`drdk nbg"kn U/., br&dkm, 'dpbr`m, --+

gdk pdirm rc`c` #dkn pbhmfm`k#d hbkg"`"kn %9?% Hbknadgdpm !mt"d!m

!bpbrtm mkm, pmad` `ch"km! p"k tmgd` tmknndf gmdh Hbrb`d hbk$cid

hbhidkn`mt`dk !bktmhbk dktm%+mcknacd gbkndk $drd hbhid`dr tc`c gdk

7_bldrda Hmfmtbr @cgdh MZ/Gmpckbncrc, fco.omt

4?


11/41

r"hda 8


12/41

Dgd mkjcrhd!m /cgmh 'c#cfdfm !bgdkn gm`bp"kn cfba rmi"dk Ubh"gd

-d`#dt #dkn ibr!bk*dtd`dk idhi" r"k$mkn Udgd tdknndf 77 C`tcibr 4=:2, p`

???? 8.', -U/DG fdkn!"kn ibrdkn`dt `b 'c#cfdfm dt" `chpm gmtmknndf`dk

gm cn#d`drtd "kt"` hbknm`"tm "pd$drd pbhd`dhdk Gdkrbh ?67 /cf /dtdh!c

gdk /d!rbh ?67 Fbt`cf "nmckc #dkn hbk*dgm `cridk %9?% U` ?29?, 4

Udk!br gdk pd!"`dk /m /d*dt ibrnbrd` hbk"*" 'c#cfdfm m!d%!m!d pd!"`dk

ibrnbrd` `b "rd`drtd gdk hbkndgd`dk pdhbrdk `b`"dtdk

Ud!"`dk -U/DG ibrnbrd` hbk"*" `b td!m"k 'dfdpdk "kt"`

hbhi"idr`dk pbhcnc`dk Gm gbpdk pdrd pbhcnc`, dr&c Ogamb 8mic&c

hbkndtd`dk Emdpd #dkn hd" hcnc` `b !bibfda `mrm !d#d gdk #dkn tmgd` hd"

hcnc` `b !bibfda `dkdk d#d ibrm &d`t" fmhd hbkmtE 'bf"h 2 hbkmt

ibr!bfdkn, !bh"d pbhcnc` pmkgda `b !bibfda `dkdk dr&c Ogamb 8mic&c

hbfdk*"t`dk, /dfd" ibnmt" tmgd` dgd dfd!dk `dfmdk "kt"` tmgd` ib`br*d, gdk

!mfda`dk ib`br*d !bpbrtm imd!d bfdk*"tk#d, dr&c Ogamb 8mic&c hbkndtd`dk

dndr hbrb`d *dkndk tbrpbkndr"a cfba %9?% gdk tmgd` "!da rdn"%rdn"

hbhidkt" D'-. hbknadk$"r`dk nbrd`dk tbr!bi"t !dhpdm `b dktb`%dktb`k#d

btbfda mt", nbrd`dk pbknb*drdk gdk pbknnbfbgdadk gm tbhpdt #dkn gm$"rmndm

tbr"! ibrfdkn!"kn:

-U/DG $bpdt ibrnbrd` gdk ibrtmkgd` `btm`d hbkgbkndr mkjcrhd!m gm

gdbrda%gdbrda tbrtbkt" tbr*dgm `br"!"adk /badgmrdk -U/DG !b$drd "h"h

hbhi"dt rd`#dt !bkdkn Hbknadgdpm pbhibrcktd`dk gm 'c#cfdfm, dr&c Ogamb

8mic&c hbkndgd`dk rdpdt "h"h .d ibr`dtd, mdpd hd" gmpctckn `bpdfdk#d,

!d#d id#dr fmhd rmi" /drbkd tmgd` dgd #dkn t"k*"` tdkndk, md hbfdk*"t`dk

ibrtdk#d, mdpd #dkn hd" gmpctckn `bpdfdk#d !d#d id#dr !brdt"! rmi"

/drbkd tbtdp tmgd` dgd rbd`!m, md hbfdk*"t`dk fdnm, Gmid#dr !brdt"! rmi" !d*d

:brmtd bkgrc "irctc #dkn hbfmp"t cpbrd!m -U/DG gm Ld&d +bknda, _udrd bhidrudk, 4?


13/41

tmgd` dgd #dkn hd" gmpctckn `bpdfdk#d, gdk dndr `bpdfd hd!!d pbkgbkndr

tmgd` gmpctckn gbkndk nrdtm!, hd`d U/. adr"! gmfd&dkE6

Gbkndk `badgmrdk pd!"`dk -U/DG gm `ctd h"fdm hbkndfmr dr"!pbkn"kn!m gdrm gb!d%gb!d gm !b`mtdr `ctd #dkn hd#crmtd! pbkg"g"`k#d

!mhpdtm!dk U/. /a"!"!k#d !crb adrm hbrb`d gdtdkn "kt"` tmg"r gm `ctd /dktcr

Ubrtdkmdk, tmdp !crb `bgdtdkndk p"f"adk fd`m%fd`m t"d%h"gd gdrm gb!d !bpbrtm

/bhmrm, /drdknkckn`c, 'crdk (/b$dhdtdk Hc*c!cknc) #dkn hbrd!d tmgd`

dhdk gm r"hda `dfd" hdfdh adrm O!c` adrm hbrb`d p"fdkn mdkn adrm gb!d%

gb!d tbr!bi"t !bpm Ubkg"g"`k#d ibradhp"rdk gm tbndfdk `drbkd td`"t rd>md

#dkn gmt"*"`dk "kt"` hbk$drm tc`ca%tc`ca, pmhpmkdk, d`tm1m! U/. tmkn`dt gb!d

Ubkdkn`dpdk gmfd`"`dk dknnctd hd!#drd`dt gbkndk idkt"dk dpdrdt `bfmadtdk

tbrtmi, tmgd` dgd tmkgd`dk idfd! gbkgdh ibr"pd pbkndkmd#ddk Udrd tdadkdk

gm`"hp"f`dk gm !b`cfda n"r" gdk !b`mtdrk#d gm tbknda `ctd (-b!t" "kd&dk ,

7?47 0 42= 4:?)

Hb!`mp"k gbhm`mdk, gbkndk nbrd` $bpdt pd!"`dkk#d i"`dk ibrdrtmdr&c Ogamb 8mic&c gdpdt hbkdkdh`dk `b&mid&ddkk#d `b !bf"r"a gdbrda

gdk hdhp" hbk#dp" ibr!ma gb!d%gb!d "kt"` hbkdkn`dp pdrd d`tm1m! U/. .d

!dgdr gbkndk pd!"`dk #dkn dgd td` h"kn`mk im!d hbk$dpdm t"*"dk 5kt"` mt",

md hmktd idkt"dk tdhidadk pd!"`dk gdrm Ld`drtd


14/41

Ubhibrmdk fdtmadk hmfmtbr mkmfda #dkn kdktmk#d hbk*dgm d&df gmh"fdmk#d

pbhi"k"adk hd!!df tbradgdp pbknm`"t `ch"km! dtd" hbrb`d #dkn gm!dkn`d

`ch"km! pd!$dhbfbt"!k#d Ubrm!tm&d 9? bptbhibr Hbtcgb pbk"hpd!dk !br"pd`bh"gmdk gm`bhidkn`dk gm !bf"r"a &mfd#da Ld&d +bknda, Ld&d +mh"r, !dhpdm

gm 'dfm, gbkndk hbhm$" b`!b! ibr`bfdk*"tdk, d`midt f"d!k#d &mfd#da pbgb!ddk

#dkn adr"! gmdhdk`dk !brtd tbridtd!k#d *"hfda tbkdnd ibrm`"t !drdkd #dkn im!d

gmpd`dm "kt"` hbk*dhmk `bgm!mpfmkdk !bfdhd cpbrd!m pbk"hpd!dk U/.

ibrfdkn!"kn (L"fm"! Uc"r, 7?4? 0 7:)

Gm !btmdp gb!d, dknnctd U/. gm`"r"kn gdk gm$mg"` b!"gda gmdgd`dk

pbhbrm`!ddk !mkn`dt, hbrb`d #dkn gmpdkgdkn d`tm1m! gmi"k"a gdk pdrd

pbkg"`"kn pd!mj gm tbhpdt`dk gm `dhp tdadkdk gdk pbk*drd bfdhd ibibrdpd

hmknn" !b!"gdak#d cpbrd!m%cpbrd!m #dkn gm*dfdk`dk tbtdp ibrdgd gmid&da

pbknd&d!dk DG, `a"!"!k#d pdgd d`tm1m! U/. Udrd pbh"gd gmrb`r"t !bidndm

tbkdnd `bdhdkdk !bhd$dh dk!mp Umhpmkdk hbrb`d gmpbr!bk*dtdm, pdrd

pbh"gd ibrt"nd! hbk*dnd r"hda%r"hda crdkn #dkn gm$"rmndm !bidndm dknnctdU/. Dpdimfd gmdknndp hbhidad#d`dk imd!dk#d dknnctd U/. tbr!bi"t gmi"k"a

cfba tbktdrd ibr!dhd pdrd pbh"gd Gm ibibrdpd gdbrda gm 'dk#"hd!,

gmfdpcr`dk DG hbknm>mk`dk pbh"gd%pbh"gd .!fdh gdk kd!mckdfm! "kt"`

hbhmfma `cridk%`cridk hbrb`d !bkgmrm

+brtdkn`dpk#d !bidnmdk ib!dr nbhickn gdk !mhpdtm!dk U/.

hbf"hp"a`dk `b`"dtdk `ch"km! Udgd tdknndf 72 Gb!bhibr 4=:2, -U/DG

`bhidfm `b pc!k#d gbkndk hbkmknndf`dk gdbrda "rd`drtd Hd!#drd`dt

kck`ch"km! ibr!dhd dpdrdt pbhbrmktda !btbhpdt tbr"! hbfd`"`dk pbk$drmdk

gdk pbknb*drdk tbradgdp dknnctd U/. brtd pbhibr!madk gdfdh `dfdkndk

mk!tdk!m pbhbrmktda idm !mpmf hd"p"k hmfmtbr bfdk*"tk#d, Ld&d +bknda

4


15/41

gmk#dtd`dk ibid! gdrm *dh hdfdh `drbkd `ckgm!m !"gda p"fma `bhidfm (-b!t"

"kd&dk, 7?47 0 427)

Cpbrd!m #dkn gmpmhpmk -U/DG tmgd` hbkgdpdt pbrfd&dkdk gdrm pdrdpbkg"`"kn %9?% b!"gda gmdgd`dk pbhbrm`!ddk !mkn`dt, hbrb`d #dkn

gmpdkgdkn !bidndm d`tm1m! U/. gmi"k"a gdk pdrd pbkg"`"kn pd!mj gmtbhpdt`dk

gm `dhp tdadkdk gdk pbk*drd (drcfg rc"$a, 4=: 0 4:6 4:) /bp"fdkndk

'rmnmj BGmpckbncrc gdrm &mfd#da pbridtd!dk #dkn gmpmhpmk /cf Ld!mr

dgmirctc hbrmkndk`dk ibidk #dkn gmpm`"f -U/DG Ud!"`dk mkm ibrad!mf

hbkdkn`dp gdk hbhi"k"a G< Dmgmt gdk .r "rd$ahdk bfdk*"tk#d, t"r"t

hbhidkt" -U/DG gdfdh hbfdk$dr`dk Cpbrd!m Hbrdpm #dkn pbfd`!dkddkk#d

gm id&da `chdkgc Hd# . dktc!d #dkn d`amrk#d ibrad!mf hbknadim!m /cf

damrhdk gdk `d&dk%`d&dk=

Ubrtbkndadk


16/41

hbhidkn`mt dk !bhdkndt rd`#dt "kt"` hbfd&dk b!tdp" BU/. gdk

hbk"k*"``dk !mdpd !bibkdrk#d #dkn ibrdgd gmidfm Ubrm!tm&d %9?% .d

hbkndtd`dk pd!"`dkk#d ibrtmkgd` !b*dfdk gbkndk pbrhmktddk Urb!mgbk

cb`drkc #dkn hbhmktd jd`td !bidk#d` h"kn`mk tbktdkn `btbrfmidtdk U/.gdfdh %9?% (Lcak "nab!, 4=:6 0 49? 494)

Gm Ld&d +bknda gdk Ld&d +mh"r, `b`brd!dk !c!mdf *"nd hbrbid` gbkndk

!`dfd #dkn ibf"h pbrkda tbr*dgm !bibf"hk#d Ubrdk hmfmtbr gm `bg"d &mfd#da

tbr!bi"t ibribgd gdrm !dt" tbhpdt `b tbhpdt fdmk Gm &mfd#da tbr!bi"t, `bpbfm`dk

ib!dr h"k$"f `drbkd /cgdh Gmpckbncrc Ld&d +bknda gdk /cgdh 'rd&m*d#d

Ld&d +mh"r hbr"pd`dk g"d gm1m!m hmfmtbr #dkn pdfmkn ibrad!mf gmmkjmftrd!m gdk

gmpbkndr"am cfba U/. 'bibrdpd bfbhbk gdrm hbrb`d !b$drd tbnd! gdk *bfd!

ibrpmad` `bpdgd pbhmhpmk `"gbtd hmfmtbr gm Ld`drtd Fc#dfmtd! gdrm `bg"d

gm1m!m hmfmtbr #dkn !dkndt pbktmkn mkm gmrdn"`dk

cbadrtc gdk `cfbnd%`cfbndk#d pbrf" ibibrdpd &d t" !bibf"h im!d

hbrd!d #d`mk pbrmktda #dkn gmibrm`dk idm` `bpdgd /cgdh Gmpckbncrc hd"p"k/cgdh 'rd&m*d#d d`dk gmpdt"am .t"fda !bidik#d pbknnbrd` "tdhd gdrm

pd!"`dk pbhi"r" gdk pbhi"k"a crdkn%crdkn U/. gm &mfd#da%&mfd#da #dkn

pdfmkn tbrpbk$mf i"`dkfda gdrm `dfdkndk hmfmtbr L"nd i"`dk gdrm `dfdkndk

hdad!m!&d `drbkd *"hfda pbrn"r"dk tmknnm #dkn hbhmfm`m *drmkndk amknnd `b

gb!d%gb!d hd!ma !dkndt tbridtd! pdgd !ddt mt" Dk!cr gdk pdrd `mdm gm

pbgb!ddkfda #dkn hbhcimfm!d!m !dktrm%!dktrm pb!dktrbk hbrb`d gbkndk $drd

#dkn !br"pd pdgd pdgd hd!d -b1cf"!m /bhbrgb`ddk gdk !btbfda Ubrm!tm&d

Hdgm"k 4=

Lbkg cbhmtrc hbknbkdkn dpd #dkn gm!d`!m`dkk#d `btm`d idr" tmid gm

"rdid#d pdgd pbrtbkndadk 4=:: "kt"` hbkndhimf dfma `chdkgc /cgdh

4:


17/41

'rd&m*d#d gbkndk pbrmktda pbhibr!madk U/., tdpm *"nd hbknabktm`dk

pbhidtdmdk hd!!df #dkn nmfd%nmfddk Gm h"drd "kndm 'rdktd! #dkn hbhibfda

`ctd "rdid#d, cbhmtrc hbk#d`!m`dk !"kndm tbr!bi"t pbk"a gbkndk hd#dt%

hd#dt #dkn hbkndhidkn, gm ibibrdpd tbhpdt tbr!dkn`"t gm gdadk pcack #dknhbknndkt"kn gm pmknnmrdk !"kndm bi"da fdpcrdk mktbfm*bk .kgckb!md gdrm


18/41

hbkndknndp pbhi"k"adk mkm !bidndm idnmdk gdrm "pd$drd `bgdtdkndk fd`m%fd`m

gb&d!d Hbrb`d `dgdkn hbhctckn idnmdk tbrtbkt" gdrm t"i"a `cridk !bpbrtm

pctckndk *drm, tbfmknd dtd" dfdt `bfdhmk !bidndm tdkgd `b*dktdkk#d .`"t dhimf

idnmdk gdfdh prd`tb` rmt"df !bpbrtm hbhmk"h gdrda `cridkk#d dndr tmgd`gmadkt"m Udrd mdm hbkn"t"` prd`tb` !bhd$dh mt" `drbkd ibrtbktdkndk gbkndk

d*drdk .!fdh /mdm d*m Hdar"! Df# gdrm Ub!dktrbk Fmicr#c gm /bgmrm

hbhbrmktda`dk dndr rd!d acrhdt gmt"*"`dk `bpdgd `d"h `ch"km! #dkn tbfda

gmi"k"a Hbrb`d dgdfda dkdfcnm gbkndk d*drdk .!fdh `btm`d hbhi"k"a

imkdtdkn (H -m$`fbj!, 7?49 0 4=6 7?)

Ld&d 'drdt tmgd` tbr!bkt"a cfba d`!m `b`brd!dk hd!!df bibf"hk#d

Gm1m!m mfm&dknm tbfda hbknadim!`dk &d t" 4 tda"k (4= 4=:7) "kt"`

hbknadk$"r`dk nbrd`dk j"kgdhbktdfm! .!fdh G.B+.. gm gb!d%gb!d Ld&d 'drdt

D`midtk#d, hmfmtbr gm !mkm bknndk hbkgcrckn pbh"gd h"!fmh tbrfmidt fdkn!"kn

gdfdh hd!dfda pcfmtm` (Dktckm"! "hdr&dk, 7??6 0 99 992) dt"%!dt"k#d

pbknb$"dfmdk gm Ld&d 'drdt dgdfda &mfd#da .kgrdhd#" Gm gdbrda #dkn !dkndt

hm!`mk mkm, U/. $"`"p `"dt /btbndkndk gm .kgrdhd#" tbrp"!dt pdgd `d!"!pbkg"g"`dk a"tdk *dtm hmfm` pbhbrmktda cfba pbkna"km fmdr Hbrb`d hbfd`"`dk

pbrfd&dkdk tbradgdp pcfm!m #dkn hbk$cid hbkn"!mr hbrb`d Ubrm!tm&d mkm

hbkb&d!`dk !bcrdkn pcfm!m Ubhidktdmdk 4=:2 gm .kgrdhd#" gmfd`"`dk cfba

`b!dt"dk pcfm!m #dkn hbkdr"a gbkgdh dtd! `b*dgmdk tbr!bi"t

Ubrmktda Udkngdh mfm&dknm Hd#*bkg .irdamh Dg*mb #dkn tmgd`

hbknmknmk`dk tbr*dgmk#d pbhidktdmdk hd!!df gm Ld&d 'drdt gmm`"tm tbktdrd

!dhpdm fb1bf pdfmkn id&da Ed#d tmgd` mknmk dgd pbhidktdmdk gm Ld&d 'drdt,

`drbkd hbrd!d idndmhdkdp"k !bidnmdk ib!dr dgdfda crdkn `b$mf D`dk

hbknbrm`dk `dfd" hbrb`d gmi"k"a `dtdk#d m`dp mkm tmgd` fbpd! gdrm

`b!btmddkk#d `bpdgd Urb!mgbk cb`drkc Udgd 4 C`tcibr 4=:2, cb`drkc

4


19/41

hbknbf"dr`dk pbrmktda dndr !bh"d pmad` hbknabktm`dk d`!m dndr !"d!dkd td`

r"k#dh Udgd adrm #dkn !dhd, md hbknmrmhm .irdamh Dg*mb !bp"$"` !"rdt #dkn

m!mk#d hbhmktdk#d gdtdkn `b UD5 dfmh Ubrgdkd`"!"hd *m`d `b!bfdhdtdk

cb`drkc tbrdk$dh

badrm `bh"gmdk, Hd#*bkg cbadrtc hbfdpcr `bpdgd cb`drkc !mt"d!m

gdpdt gm`"d!dm Gdfdh !"rdt #dkn gmt"fm! tdkndk pdgd tdknndf 7 C`tcibr 4=:2,

cbadrtc hbk#dtd`dk ibrad!mf hbk$bnda pbrt"hpdadk gdrda 'bfd`dkndk

tbri"`tm md ibricackn Ubhidktdmdk dknnctd U/. gdk !mhpdtm!dkk#d tbr*dgm gm

ibridndm tbhpdt, `a"!"!k#d gm Ld&d +bknda gdk Ld&d +mh"r -cibrt rmii gdrm

5km1br!mtd!


20/41

brmkn `dfm `cridk #dkn ibrn"fmkndk tdgm !bibf"h hd!"` `b fd"t d`dk

hbknadktdh `drdkn tbrfbima gda"f" ddt `cridk ibrn"fmkn%n"fmkn

hbkmhi"f`dk !"drd #dkn `brd! amknnd tbrgbkndr *d"a

/cridk #dkn gm%fu'bkn tmgd` adk#d ibrd!df gdrm cn#d`drtd !bpbrtm

fbhdk, 'dkt"f hd"p"k "k"kn /mg"f, tdpm *"nd ibrd!df gdrm f"dr gdbrda

!bpbrtm bhdrdkn, Hdnbfdkn gdk fdmk%fdmk Dknnctd U/. #dkn gm%fu'bkn

hbk$dpdm p"f"adk rmi" #dkn gmi"`tm`dk gbkndk pbknd`"dk pbkg"g"` !btbfda

pbhidktdmdk tbr!bi"t dmr !"kndm #dkn hbkndfmr gm gb`dt Gb!d


21/41

bcrdkn hdktdk /C/DH dfdtmnd hbk$brmtd`dk dgm`k#d #dkn t"r"t

gdfdh cpbrd!m pbk"hpd!dk U/. hbkndfdhm !trb!! ibrdt !btbfda gmpd`!d

hbhbndkn `bpdfd gdrm $dfck `cridk #dkn d`dk gm!bhibfma tbktdrd dhidrdk

fbima gbtdmf tbktdkn pbhidktdmdk gm gdbrda "k"kn 'ctad` cfba -U/DGgm!dhpdm`dk cfba Hdr#dhda, m!trm gdrm "hdr*c b`!%tdpcf gm "!"`dk

Ubhi"k"adk mt" gmfd`"`dk !b$drd !dgm! adhpmr !btmdp hdfdh !b`mtdr p` ???9

8.' Udrd tdadkdk gm!"r"a ibrgmrm ibr*dfdk `bh"gmdk gmibrckgckn gbkndk

!bkdpdk bidnmdk #dkn fdmk gmpbknndf `bpdfdk#d gbkndk !bk*dtd td*dh Fdf"

gmhd!"``dk `b gdfdh f"idkn !bhpmt "`"rdk 7 J hbtbr #dkn tbfda

gmpbr!mdp`dk !bibf"hk#d +mgd` *drdkn !bidnmdk tdadkdk mt" hd!ma amg"p `btm`d

gmhd!"``dk `b gdfdh f"idkn !bhpmt mkm gdk gm`"i"r`dk tdkpd "pd$drd

fd#d`k#d hbkn"i"r *bkd>da

bmrmkn gbkndk `bibrad!mfdk pmad` DG hbk*dfdk`dk `dhpdk#b

pcfmtm`k#d, idkg"f pcfmtm` p"k ibr"ida drda bidnmdk `bfchpc` kck`ch"km!

hbkncrndkm!d!m dk gmrm "kt"` hbrdk$dkn nbrd`dk hbfd&dk U/. Ubr"!d`dk

pdt"kn pbtdkm gm gbpdk `dktcr U/. dfdtmnd gbkndk !mhicf pdf" drmt gm tdkndk

cfba hd!!d kck%U/. tbr*dgm !btbfda `bgdtdkndk -U/DG !b`mtdr hmknn"`bbhpdt C tcibr 4=:2 Hd!!d #dkn gmcrndkm!mr cfba !b*"hfda crhd!

ibr`"hp"f gm !b*"hfda !"g"t `ctd b`mtdr p` 47?? 8.' ibr!dhddk gbkndk

i"k#m fck$bkn brb*d /dtcfm` t Ud"f"! Hm`m dfdtmnd, hd!!d ibrnbrd` `b drda

`dktcr U/. #dkn ibrfc`d!m gm "*"kn !bfdtdk Ldfdk Lbkg cbgmrhdk D&dfk#d

hbrb`d d`dk hbhid`dr `dktcr U/. #dkn !b`dfmn"! hbk*dgm `bgmdhdk /bt"d

U/. dfdtmnd .!hdmf +btdpm hbrb`d adk#d hbr"!d` !mhicf%!mhicf U/. #dkn dgd

gm `dktcr tbr!bi"t

btbfda -U/DG gdtdkn `b dfdtmnd, h"fdmfda prc!b! pbkdkn`dpdk

crdkn%crdkn #dkn gmdknndp dknnctd U/. cfba `bfchpc` pdrdhmfmtbr #dkn

ibrdknnctd`dk ibibrdpd crhd! !bpbrtm 'dk!br, /c`dh, Ubh"gd Hdradbk,

74


22/41

DH/., Ubh"gd /dtcfm` gdk UH/-. dfdtmnd Udrdhmfmtbr mt" gmibkt"` gdk

gmfdtma cfba tbktdrd fd#d`k#d hmfmtbr !"knn"adk Ud!"`dk mt" gmibrm kdhd

EUd!"`dk dr"gd Udk$d!mfdE Gdbrda cpbrd!m hbrb`d hbfmp"tm &mfd#da /ctd

Urd*d dfdtmnd gdk /di"pdtbk bhdrdkn Hbrb`d gmib`dfm !bk*dtd fdrd! pdk*dknFO gbkndk pbf"r" gdk gm`d&df cfba 4 % 7 crdkn tbktdrd btbfda gmtdkn`dp, pdrd

`cridk gmtdadk gm ibibrdpd tbhpdt !bpbrtm nbg"kn hmfmtbr gdk `bpcfm!mdk, -.,

bg"kn


23/41

!b`dfmn"! pbhmfm` tdkda f"d! hbk*dgm `bfchpc` !d!drdk `dhpdk#b fdkg rb#crh

U/. hd!d mt" Ubrh"!"adk !bhd`mk hbkmkn`dt !btbfda Ubr!mtm&d 4=:2, ibrbgdr

m!" !b*"hfda `#dm tbfda gmgdjtdr !bidndm tdrnbt pbhi"k"adk U/. .!" mkm

hbhidkn"k `bhidfm mkndtdk tbktdkn m!" pbhi"k"adk pdrd `#dm cfba U/.gdfdh Ubrm!tm&d Hdgm"k 4= Gm tbknda !mt"d!m mt", ibrbgdr m!" !bcrdkn

dknnctd 'dk!br gm Gb!d Udnbr, /b$ /dfm&"kn", /di bhdrdkn gmi"k"a cfba

U/. 'brtcfd` gdrm m!" mkmfda !bidnmdk ib!dr dknnctd 'dk!br hbhdkgdkn

pbk"hpd!dk dknnctd U/. !bidndm *madg m`dp 'dk!br hbk"hpd! dknnctd U/.

gbkndk hbf"dp`dk bhc!m, `bibk$mdk gdk tmgd` tbr`cktrcf gm `bh"gmdk adrm

hbhidkn"k `b`b$b&ddk gdk trd"hd tbradgdp .!fdh idnm !bidnmdk ib!dr tdpcf

#dkn !b$drd jcrhdf ibrdndhd .!fdh "kt"` ibrpmkgda `b dndhd fdmk (mknnma


24/41

btbfda hbkgbkndr pmgdtc Hd# . dktc!d, !bnbkdp bfbhbk hd!#drd`dt

Lbhibr hd!!d pbkg"`"kn U


25/41

tdadkdk gm FU Lbhibr gdrm pd`dmdk #dkn gm`bkd`dk pdrd `cridk L"hfda #dkn

tbri"k"a gm tbhpdt mkm !b`mtdr 472? crdkn (L /rm!kdgm, 7?47 I 9 922)

/bgmrm, Urcicfmknnc, Ud!"r"dk, mt"ickgc gdk 'dk#"&dknm hbr"pd`dkgdbrda pbhidktdmdk tbrpdrda /bndkd!dk pbhidktdmdk tbfda ibr$dhp"r gbkndk

pbrh"!"adk dktdrd `bfchpc`%`bfchpc` `"ft"rdf % rbfmnm"!, #dmt" `bfchpc`

didkndk h"!fmh Ld&d #dkn hd!ma !dkndt gmpbkndr"am cfba `bpbr$d#ddk%

`bpbr$d#ddk prd%.!fdh gdk `bfchpc` sdktrm h"!fmh crtcgc`! +br*dgm

pbr!dmkndk dktdrpdrtdm, `a"!"!k#d U/. gdk


26/41

hbk#bidi`dk `b`brd!dk dktm%U/. hbrd*dfbfd !b$drd !pcktdk gm 'dfm

Ubhi"k"adk dknnctd U/. hbk*dgm nmfd%nmfdk, ida`dk `btm`d -U/DG gdk

Gm1m!m 'rd&m*d#d tmid pdgd tdknndf 6 Gb!bhibr 4=:2 gbkndk t"nd! "tdhd

hbknabktm`dkk#d !bibf"h tbr*dgm `br"!d`dk #dkn td` im!d gmpbridm`m fdnm pdgd!tr"`t"r !c!mdf '"`tm #dkn hbkg"`"kn pdkgdkndk mkm !bgm mt !b`dfm

b!"knn"ak#d, !bh"d i" tm hbknmkgm d!m`dk tbktdrd idm gm hdr`d! fc`df

hd"p"k #dkn ibrhdr`d! gm Ld&d hbkgdfdknm `b`brd!dk gm 'dfm !bpbrtm #dkn

tbr*dgm gm Ld&d 'cfba *dgm i"`dk `bibt"fdk ibfd`d *m`d ibibrdpd *bkgbrdf pdpdk

dtd!, tbrhd!"` cbadrtc hbkn"k*"knm 'dfm !badrm !btbfda pbkgdrdtdk -U/DG

Dgd dknndpdk pd!"`dk #dkn ibrhdr`d! gm Ld&d hbhidkt" hbk#"gdam

pbhidktdmdk gm 'dfm Ubk"t"rdk #dkn !brmkn gm`"tmp gdrm `chdkgdk -U/DG

/cf dr&c Ogamb 8mic&c `btm`d ibrim$drd `bpdgd &drtd&dk Gb!bhibr 4=:2,

EGm Ld&d, `dhm adr"! hbknad!"t rd`#dt dndr hbhi"k"a `d"h `ch"km! Gm

'dfm, `dhm adr"! hbk$bnda hbrb`d Ubk"t"rdk mkm hbk#mrdt`dk `btbndkndk

pcfmtm` !"gda !bgbhm`mdk pdrda gm 'dfm /ckjfm` pcfmtm` !bknmt tbfda gmh"fdm

gdfdh ibkt"` tbrtbkt" !ddt pd!"`dk -U/DG tmid gm !dkd


27/41

/bg"d, rd!dk#d hbrdn"`dk mk!mgbk 9?


28/41

hbfdf"m pbk#bgmddk g"`"kndk fcnm!tm` #dkn nbktmkn !bk*dtd, dh"km!m, tr"`,

`ch"km`d!m gdk jd!mfmtd! pbrtdadkdk Udgd !b*"hfda `d!"!, b`!b`"!m hd!!df

tmgd` h"kn`mk tbrfd`!dkd tdkpd g"`"kndk !bhd$dh mt" Gm


29/41

bhbktdrd `btbndkndk%`btbndkndk gdk `bp"t"!d!ddk !bhd`mk

hbkmkn`dt, `ckjfm`%`ckjfm` tmgd` tbr!bfb!dm`dk


30/41

gmgbkndr`dk gdk hbh"t"!`dk pbhidktdmdk !"gda $"`"p +mid !ddtk#d

`btbrtmidk gmp"fma`dk, Erbh h"fdm gmmk*d` pdgd tdknndf 44 Ldk"drm 4?:: `btm`d

!"rdt`didr (kn`dtdk Ibrsbkldtdhbh"dt bgmtcrmdf #dkn ibr*"g"f EUrcfcn gdk

Opmfcn Gbkndk hbkn"tmp Dr$amhbgb! d`!m mdfda rbd`!m, pbkndrdkn bgmtcrmdfibrpbkgdpdt `b`"dtdk bpmfcn gm!bidi`dk cfba `b`"dtdk prcfcn gdfdh adf mkm

b!tdp"

ED'-. !dkndt hbknadrndm !pcktdkmtd! rd`#dt gm ibridndm gdbrda (gm

hdkd rbd`!m tbradgdp %9?% tmhi"f ) d, !pcktdkmtd! mkm hbk*dgm i"`tm ida&d

-d`#dt .kgckb!md tmgd` fbhdapcktdkmtd! -d`#dt gdfdh `b!dt"dk d`!m

pbknndk#dkndk b!tdp" tbfda hbhibrm`dk *d!dk#d #dkn ib!dr tbradgdp

rb1cf"!m gdk `bpbhmhpmkdk '"kn /drkc


31/41

Gbkndk gbhm`mdk, DG ibrpbkgdpdt U/. gdk crndkm!d!m crhd!k#d !"gda

gm!dp" ibr!ma gdk tbrcr !"gda $"`"p hbk$bkn`rdh hd!#drd`dt b`drdkn tmid

!ddtk#d "kt"` hbkn"d!dm hd!!d gdk `bhidfm `b Efbndfmtd! DG hbknd!df`dk

`dhpdk#b tbrcr ibrbk$dkd mkm `bpdgd E!pcktdkmtd! rd`#dt Gbhm`mdk p"fdpbhi"k"adk hd!!df !b`mtdr !btbknda *"td hdk"!md gmd!df`dk pdgd Eadrdpdk

"kt"` tbrcr mkm Ubhidktdmdk hd!!df gdfdh !`dfd hd!!mj pdgd Ldk"drm 4=::

!"gda gmabktm`dk


32/41

tmgd` ibrhmkdt fdnm "kt"` hbfdk*"t`dk pbhidktdmdk #dkn d`dk hbhpbr`"dt

pc!m!m pcfmtm! ncfckndk .!fdh


33/41

gmpbk*drd`dk gm 'dfm `b$mf !b`dfm Ld`!d Dn"kn hbhpbr`mrd`dk !b`mtdr 7?????

crdkn gmtdadk gm !bf"r"a .kgckb!md

Ubkg"`"kn%pbkg"`"kn U/. tmgd` !mdp hbknadgdpm pbhidktdmdk gdk

!dhd !b`dfm tmgd` hbkndgd`dk pbrfd&dkdk 'd!m! hd!!d U/. #dkn tbrgmrm gdrm

pdrd pbtdkm tbrtdrm` gbkndk U/. #dkn hbhpbrtdadk`dk `bpbktmkndk `d"h

didkndk (.!fdh !tdtm!tm`) #dkn hm!`mk 'brtbktdkndk gbkndk `bpbktmkndk%

`bpbktmkndk pdrd pbtdkm #dkn fbima hd`h"r gdk hd!#drd`dt .!fdh +btdpm

prcnrdh U/. !bkgmrm !dhd !b`dfm tmgd` Erb1cf"!mckbr Gdfdh hd!d

pdrfbhbktbr, pdrd pbkg"`"kn U/. gm pbgb!ddk tbfda hbhibrm`dk !"drdk#d

gdfdh Ubhmf" gdk m`"t !brtd gdfdh Ed`!m%d`!mE `b$mf hbkg"`"kn fdkg rb#crh

gdk E"!dad hbrmt"f E pdrd pb*didt fc`df +btdpm hbrb`d tmgd` pbrkda

gmpbr!mdp`dk "kt"` hbkndgd`dk pbrfd&dkdk ibr!bk*dtd

mjdt Ecjbk!mjE U/. hbk#bidi`dk pbkg"`"kn%pbkg"`"knk#d hbkndfdhm

`ckjfm` #dkn !bknmt gbkndk fd&dk%fd&dkk#d gdrm pdrtdm%pdrtdm fdmk gdk adk#d

`dtdfm!dtcr ibr"pd pbr$ciddk `"gbtd gm Ld`drtd mt" #dkn gmi"t"a`dk idnm

ncfckndk%ncfckndk dktm`ch"km! "kt"` hbhpbr!mdp`dk idfd! gbkgdh hbrb`d

Gd#d gcrckn "tdhd gm ibfd`dkn pbhi"k"adk hd!!df dgdfda jdkdtm!hb crdkn

.!fdh, tdpm gm "hdtbrd 5tdrd gdk


34/41

pbr!bt"*"dk pbhi"k"adk, mk!mgbk%mk!mgbk #dkn tbrpm!da%pm!da gm Ld&d gdfdh

pbrtbkndadk pbrtdhd C`tcibr 4=:2 hbk*dgm pbhi"k"adk hd!!df #dkn td`

tbr`bkgdfm`dk #dkn hbfdkgd idk#d` gdbrda gdfdh pdr"a `bg"d C`tcibr gdk


35/41

fdmkk#d, md !bpbk"ak#d !dgdr d`dk mhpfm`d!m pcfmtm` gdk !bhdkndt dktm%U/. mt"


36/41

!"gda dgd !b*d` fdhd dtd" `b$bkgbr"kndk pbhidfd!dk gdk `b`brd!dk dpd p"k

#dkn h"kn`mk tbr`dkg"kn gdfdh i"gd#d .kgckb!md d`dk pbrkda

hbhidkn`mt`dk pbhidktdmdk #dkn bir"tdfdkk#d gbhm`mdk hbknb*"t`dk

/b!mhp"fdk -cimk!ck tbrk#dtd ibrnd"kn gdfdh t"fm!dk bkb1mb1b

Ld$N"b! #dkn hbk#crctm pbfdknndrdk ad`%ad` d!d!m hdk"!md gm !bf"r"a g"kmd

Gdfdh !dt" idi tbktdkn ad` `cridk dtd! `bibkdrdk gdk `bdgmfdk, md hbk"fm!,

EUdrd `cridk tda" ida&d pbkgbrmtddk hbrb`d i"`dkfda `b$bfd`ddk !bhdtd .d

i"`dkfda hbf"f" ad!mf gdrm `bnmfddk hd!#drd`dt dtd" tmkgd`dk crdkn #dkn

ibrpm`mrdk td` &drd!, hbfdmk`dk !"dt" #dkn gm!bknd*d, ida`dk !brmkn`dfm

gmrbk$dkd`dk gdk gmfd`"`dk cfba `bim*d`dk kbndrd bhd`mk adrm pdrd `cridk

!bhd`mk hbk"kt"t dndr !bh"d #dkn hbkbkt"`dk `bim*d`dk mt", #dkn hbhi"dt

rbk$dkd%rbk$dkd mt", #dkn hbfd`!dkd`dkk#d dtd" #dkn `bh"gmdk hbk"t"p%

k"t"pmk#d, gmid&d `b !bi"da pbkndgmfdk #dkn tbri"`d "kt"` "h"h, n"kd

hbhpbrtdknn"kn*d&di`dk dpd #dkn tbfda hbrb`d fd`"`dk (Dkrckm"!

"hdr&dk, 7??6 0 9:9 9:)

"rdt `didr .kgckb!md tmgd` hbhibrmtd`dk dgdk#d pbhi"k"adk%

pbhi"k"adk DG hbhibrdkn"! adhpmr !bh"d !"rdt `didr gdfdh pb`dk

pbrtdhd C`tcibr 4=:2 gdk hbkbrdp`dk !bk!cr tbradgdp ibibrdpd gm dktdrdk#d

"kt"` hbkgdpdt m>mk tbrimt `bhidfm DG hbkbrimt`dk ibibrdpd !"rdt `didrk#d

!bkgmrm md%!md hbk$drm ibrmtd gdfdh !"rdt `didr tbr!bi"t dktdrd d`amr 4=:2 %

4=:: #dkn !b`bgdr hbk#bi"t dgdk#d pbhi"k"adk ib!dr%ib!drdk "rdt `didr

mt" adk#d hbh"dt ibrmtd tbktdkn $drd%$drd tdkpd `b`brd!dk gdfdh pbk"hpd!dk

U/.0 pbhb$dtdk crdkn%crdkn gmt"g"a pbkg"`"kn U/. gdrm ibridndm idgdk

pbhbrmktdadk !bpbrtm `dktcr ibrmtd Dktdrd, pbhi"idrdk crndkm!d!m%crndkm!d!m

#dkn ibrdjmfmd!m gbkndk U/. gdk gbhck!trd!m hdad!m!&d hbk"kt"t pbhbrmktda

"kt"` hbhi"idr`dk U/. "gda pd!tm pdrd rbgd`t"r !"rdt `didr%!"rdt `didr

9:


37/41

tbr!bi"t hbknbtda"m tbr*dgmk#d pbhi"k"adk ib!dr%ib!drdk `m!da%`m!da #dkn

hbknbrm`dk !"gda ibrbgdr f"d! gdrm h"f"t `b h"f"t +btdpm hbrb`d !bknd*d

tmgd` hbhibrmtd`dkk#d !bpdtda `dtd p"k bidndm ndktmk#d, hbrb`d pbk"am

!"rdt `didr hbrb`d gbkndk $brmtd%$brmtd jm tmj gdrm pdrd dafm "rdt !#drdj gm`dfdkndk tbktdrd, #d`km `m!da%`m!da #dkn hbf" m!`dk U/. !bidndm pbfd`"

t"knndf `b`brd!dk gm tbknda hd!#drd`dt "rdt `didr mkgbpbkgbk p"k m`"t

dhimf idnmdk gdfdh `dhpdk#b hmfmtbr "kt"` am!tbrmd dktm%U/.

dhpdm pbrtbkndadk 4=::, 7 !"rdt `didr "tdhd D hbk#mdr`dk `bpdgd

p"ifm` ida&d DG .kgckb!md gm id&da Hd#*bkg cbadrtc dgdfda pmad` #dkn

ibrtdknn"kn *d&di tbradgdp pbhi"k"adk hd!!df !b`mtdr !btbknda *"td crdkn

'dk#d` pbhi"k"adk mt" gmfd`"`dk !b$drd `b*dh tbradgdp pdrd td&dkdk #dkn

tbrpmfma


38/41

pcfmtm` #dkn gmpbramt"kn`dk idm` cfba `d&dk hd"p"k fd&dk !b*d` d`amr 4=:2

+btdpm pbknadk$"rdk U/. mkm idr" hbr"pd`dk !dt" tdadpdk !d*d gdrm

`b!bf"r"adk dnbkgd #dkn mknmk gm*dfdk`dk cfba pmad` hmfmtbr Udgd tdadp%tdadp

d&df gdrm `dhpdk#bk#d, hmfmtbr gdk `b`"dtdk%`b`"dtdk Crgb 'dr" fdmkk#d!bpbk"ak#d hbhjc`"!`dk gmrm pdgd "pd#d%"pd#d "kt"` hbknadk$"r`dk U/.

gdk !bf"r"a mkjrd!t"`t"r pdrtdm tbr!bi"t btbfda dnbkgd tbr!bi"t tbrfd`!dkd,

tdadp ibrm`"tk#d #dkn gmfd`"`dk dgdfda idndmhdkd hbknnbrcnctm `b`"d!ddk

Urb!mgbk cb`drkc !btdadp gbhm !btdadp tdkpd adr"! !b$drd jrcktdf ibradgdpdk

cbadrtc gdk pdrd !b`"t" hmfmtbrk#d gbkndk $brgm` hbkndhimf fdkn`da

tbr!bi"t, hbknmkndt dgd rb!m`c dpdimfd !b$drd fdkn!"kn hbrb`d ibradgdpdk

gbkndk cb`drkc .d hbhdadhm cb`drkc hd!ma hbhmfm`m g"`"kndk gm

`dfdkndk DF, D5 gdk gm `dfdkndk U


39/41

gm pbk*drd dktdrd ibibrdpd i"fdk !dhpdm !btda"k brmkn gm r"hda%r"hda

pbk#b`dpdk #dkn td` gm`btda"m gdk td` tbrgdjtdr Udfmkn tmgd` 47??? crdkn

gmpbk*drd !bfdhd 4? 47 tda"k U"f"adk rmi" gmpb$dt gdrm pb`br*ddkk#d,

`a"!"!k#d gdrm `dfdkndk n"r", U


40/41

dnd!dk gd!dr -b1cf"!m


41/41

-b>mh cbadrtc hbhibrm gd!dr pbhibkdrdk `bibrdgddkk#d gbkndk

hbkbhpdt`dk %9?% tbpdt pdgd *dkt"kn kdrd!m am!tcrm!k#d gdk

hbknndhidr`dk U/. !bidndm `b`"dtdk *dadt td` tbrpbrm`dk Ubrk#dtddk

ida&d U/. hbkncrndkm!d!m %9?% idnm rb>mh cbadrtc, i"`dk !b`dgdr

jd`td imd!d, tbtdpm !dkn jd`td !b*drda hdadib!dr #dkn hbk*dgm !"hibr pc`c`

`bdi!dadk rb>mhk#d

-b>mhk#d hbhpbrtdadk`dk Eidad#d fdtbk `ch"km!hbE gdk

hbk#dkgbrd .kgckb!md gdfdh `bdgddk gdr"rdt tbr"!%hbkbr"! /ch"km!hb

tmgd` pbrkda hdtm gm .kgckb!md%k#d cbadrtc -b>mh cbadrtc tmgd` gdpdt

hbhimdr`dk `ch"km!hb hdtm, `drbkd md hbkbtdp`dk gmrmk#d gdfdh

a"i"kndk gmdfb`tm! gbkndk `ch"km!hb, dtd" fbima tbpdt, gbkndk $mtrd

`ad#dfm E`ch"km!hb ( Lcak -c!!d, 7?? 0 42 )

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