Section 1

The New Imperialism

Learning Objectives for this Section

Describe the rise of industrial economies and their link to imperialism and colonialism (e.g. the role played by national security and strategic advantage; moral issues raised by search for national hegemony; Social Darwinism and the missionary impulse; material issues such as land, resources, and technology

Vocabulary

Imperialism Protectorate Sphere of Influence

Cause Effect

*It rained*It rained

*I pushed over a stack of *I pushed over a stack of dominoesdominoes

* I ate too much lunch* I ate too much lunch

*I was texting while I *I was texting while I drovedrove

**

**

**

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Cause & EffectSo

Because

Building Background As a result of industrialization, advances had

been made inScience and technologyTechnologyCommunication

Imperialism had bee occurring since 1492, but in the 1800’s European nations began a “New Imperialism” period in which they set out to dominate the world

What is Imperialism?Expansion of a country’s control over other

lands

By the late 1800’s Great Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, and Japan had all begun imperialist activity.

Four Major Causes of Imperialism Economic Interests

1.Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources 2.Wanted new consumers (buyers) to purchase their goods 3.Investors wanted new ventures to invest in

Political and Military Motives 1.Bases needed so ships could resupply and refuel 2.Nations claimed colonies were needed for national security

Humanitarian and Religious goals 1. Missionaries believed they had a duty to spread Christianity and the

blessings of the Western world Applying Social Darwinism

1. Western countries argued that their domination of weaker countries was the way to improve the human species

What are some potential benefits of expansion/Imperialism?

Economic interests:Looking for new markets (places to sell the goods

they were mass producing)Looking for new places to invest their moneyLooking for new sources of raw materials

Military NeedsStrong navies and militaries needed places to stop

and refuel or repair their shipsNational SecurityPrestige of a Global Empire

Social CausesSpread ChristianitySpread Western Civilization

Cultural Superiority: Social Darwinism This works in 2 ways:

superiority and the right to conquer foreign lands, the ethical duty to help uncivilized inhabitants of other

countries

Technological CausesAdvances in weaponryAdvances in communicationAdvances in oversees travel

The Rapid Spread of Western Imperialism

Weaknesses of Non-Westernized Countries 1.Older civilizations were in decline due to ongoing wars

and were weak Strengths of Westernized Countries

1.Strong economies 2.Well-Organized governments 3.Powerful armies & navies 4.Superior technology (riverboats, telegraph, machine

guns, steam driven warships) 5.Improved medical knowledge (helped Europeans

survive tropical diseases)

Why did Colonies Countries Compete for Colonies?

Gold $$$$ New places to sell products New places to buy things they wanted New places to invest money

God Spread Christianity Civilize Natives

Glory Prove that one country was superior to others Showed strength of a country

Who won the race for colonies?

Great BritainHad the largest empire by controlling the most

colonies“The Sun never sets on the British Empire”

Resisting Imperialism Some countries tried to resist Western

Influence Ruling groups tried to strengthen their

societies Anti-Imperialists argued that…

a. Colonialism was a tool of the richb. Domination of others was immoralc. Although there was greater democracy at

home, Westerners were imposing undemocratic rule on others

Forms of Imperial Rule France

Direct Rule: sending officials & soldiers from France to manage their colonies

Goal: impose French culture and make the people there similar to those who lived in France

Great Britain Indirect Rule: used

local rulers to govern colonies but encouraged them to send their children for education in Britain

Goal: to groom (prepare) the next generation of rulers with Western ideas

Different Forms of Imperial Rule Colonies under Imperial Rule Protectorate-

Local rulers are left in place but were expected to follow the advice of British advisors

Was cheaper than a colony & required less military commitment

Sphere of InfluenceAn area in which a country claims exclusive

investment and trading privileges

Section 2

The Partition of Africa

Learning Objective for this Section

Discuss the locations of colonial rule of such nations as England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Portugal, and the U.S.

Explain imperialism from the perspective of the colonizers and the colonized and the varied immediate and long term responses by the people under colonial rule

Vocabulary

Usman dan Fodio:

Shaka

Paternalistic

David Livingston

Henry Stanley

King Leopold II

Boer War

Samori Taure

Yaa Asantewaa

Nehanda

MenelikII

Elite

Africa in the Early 1800’s Size:

3 times the size of Europe Diversity:

Hundreds of languagesDifferent types of government

North Africa: Included the Sahara and the fertile land along

the Mediterranean SeaPart of the Ottoman Empire

European Contact Increases Trade had been occurring from the 1500’s to

1800’s between Europe and Africa Difficult geography and disease had kept

Europeans out of Africa Advances in medical advances and riverboats

allow Europeans to begin to explore Africa Missionaries follow explorers into Africa They

1. Built schools, medical clinics, and churches 2.Focused on the evils of the slave trade

(View Intermediate map of Africa)

Islamic Crusades in West Africa Usman da Fodio: scholar and preacher

who called for social and religious reforms based on Islamic law Inspired Fulani leaders and Hasua people to

rise up against their European rulersSet up powerful Islamic state, which restored

peace and control

East Africa

Major center of trade: Traded Slaves, ivory, and copper for weapons and cloth

Southern Africa

Zulu tribe, ruled by Shaka, ruled most of South AfricaCreated a large kingdom by incorporating

conquered people.

How did South Africa become a Colony? Dutch farmers called “Boers” began

moving to Africa in 1652Called themselves “Africaners because they

felt “African”They seized the land and took slaves

In 1806, Great Britain took over the Dutch Colony

In 1860, Diamonds and gold were discoveredThe whites (British and Africaners) owned the

minesThey forced the native Africans to work in the

mines During the 20th Century, black Africans were

forces to live separate from the whites. Blacks could not vote or hold certain jobs This system is called “Apartheid” Apartheid ended in 1994

Impact of the Slave Trade

European nations began to outlaw slaves and the slave trade

European Contact Increases

From 1500s to 1600s, Europeans traded along the African coast only

Africans wanted trade but several factors kept Europeans out of the interior of AfricaDidn’t want Europeans staying permanentlyDifficult geographyDiseases

Explorers advance into Africa’s Interior Mungo Park and Richard Burton were two

of the first explorers to venture into the African interior

Medical advances and the invention of river steamships made exploration possible

Catholic and Protestant missionaries followed the explorersWanted to convert native peoples to

ChristianityBuilt schools and medical clinicsHad a paternalistic view of Africans meaning

they saw them as children who needed guidance

Dr. David Livingstone was an explorer and missionary who crisscrossed Africa for 30 yearsShowed more respect for African cultureOpposed the slave trade

Henry Stanley Journalist who explored Africa in search of Dr.

Livingston Was hired by King Leopold II of Belgium to

explore the Congo River basin and arrange trade treaties with the African leaders

Berlin Conference Leopold’s activities set forth a race to conquer and

colonize Africa To avoid conflict, European powers met at an

international conference in Berlin in 1884 European nations were invited to attend, but African

nations were not Outcomes:

Europeans agreed that a European nation could not claim any part of Africa unless they set up a government office there

Long term led to new borders and nations set up according to European nation’s wills

Horrors in the Congo

How did Leopold treat the Congo and its people?Exploited its resources (copper, rubber, & ivory)Brutalized the villagersBeat and mutilated the laborersResulted in a decrease in native population+

Britain and France France

Took a large portion of Africa

Invaded and conquered Algeria

Britain Took smaller areas with larger

populations Britain already acquired Cape

Cod in 1814 From 1899 to 1902 Britain

fought for areas of South Africa in the Boer War

In 1910, Britain combined the Cape Colony and area gained in the Boer War to form the Union of South Africa

Explorers and missionaries took a paternalistic view of Africa: Viewed Africans as children in need of

guidance Famous Explorer and Missionary, Dr.

David Livingstone Henry Stanley: journalist hired by King

Leopold II of Belgium to explore the Congo and make trade agreements

Berlin Conference Purpose of the Conference: To avoid fighting and

slice up Africa to Western countries

Who attended: Industrialized countries

Who wasn’t invited: Any African country

Outcome of the Conference: Belgium is given claims to Congo free state Free trade on the Congo and Niger river Agreement that no European nation could lay claim to

any part of Africa unless they first set up government offices there

Africans Resist Imperialism

Samori Toure led the Algerian against the French

Zulus and Asante fought the British Nhanda was a female military leader who

led opposition in Zimbabwe The Yao and Herero resisted the Germans In the Maji Maji Rebellion the Germans

triumph after burning acres of farmland leaving thousands to die of starvation

Ethiopia Survives Menelik II was a reform minded ruler Resisted colonization by

1.importing the latest weapons and Western officers to train his army

2.had a modern western school system3.had modern medical care4. had updated roads and bridges5. Was Christian like Europe was6. Had a strong unified country

When Italy tried to colonize, Ethiopia crushed them

New African Elite Emerges

A new class of western educated African Elite class emergedSome admired western ways and rejected

their own cultureOthers valued their African culture

Section 3

European Claims in Muslim Regions

Learning Objectives for this Section

Discuss the locations of colonial rule of such nations as England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Portugal, and the United States

Discuss human rights violations and genocide, including the Ottoman government’s actions against Armenian citizens

Vocabulary Muhammed Ahmad Mahdi Pasha Sultan Genocide Muhammed Ali concession

Stresses in Muslim Cultures

3 giant empires ruled Muslim lands which reach from Africa to Southeast Asia

By late 1800’s all three Muslim empires were in decline because of: 1. Central governments lost control over powerful

groups such as landowning nobles, & military elites 2. Widespread corruption 3.Scholars and religious leaders helped encourage

discontent against the government

Rise of Muslim Reform Movement

Muhammed Ahmad: 1.In Sudan, he announced he was the Mahdi, the

long awaited savior of the faith 2.Encouraged resistance to British colonization

Wahhabi Movement of Arabia: 1.rejected the theology and laws of the Otttoman

empire 2. Wanted to recapture the purity and simplicity of

Muhammed’s teachings

Problems for the Ottoman Empire Problems with Pashas (provincial rulers) who had

increased their power Increasing economic problems and corruption Nationalist revolts begin to break out

1.Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Romanians gained their independence

2.Revolts also took place in Arabia, Lebanon, & Armenia 3.Revolts were supressed, but Egypt slipped out of their control

European Pressure Increases 1. Russia wanted to gain control of Bosporus & the Dardenelles 2.Germany wanted to build a railway to Baghdad 3. Britain was theatened by Russia’s efforts

Ottomans Efforts to Westernize 1. Reorganized Bureaucracy 2. Reorganized Tax Collection 3. Built Railroads 4. Improved Education 5. Improved Healthcare 6. Revitalized Army 7.Revitalized Farming

Young Turks (group of liberals)demand reform and overthrew the sultan

Armenian Genocide 1. Armenians were accused of supporting Russian plans to

invade the Ottoman Empire 2. Ottomans reacted by: slaughter in an attempt to eliminate the

entire race

Egypt Seeks to Modernize

Operated as a Semi-independent province of the Ottoman Empire

Muhammed Ali: Was a soldier who was appointed Governor of Egypt 1. Introduced political and economic reforms

Improved tax collection, reorganizing land holding system, created large irrigation systems, expanding cotton production

2.Improved the military Brought Western military experts to build a well-trained

modern army

Building the Suez Canal

In 1958, Ferdinand De Lesseps organized a company to build the Suez canal

European nations gained control of the canal by: Loaning money to Egypt at very high interest rates

When Egypt was unable to pay back the loan, it had to sell off portions of the canal

Egypt becomes a protectorate of Great Britain

Persia and the European Powers Russia wanted to protect its Southern border and

expand into Central Asia Great Britain wanted to protect its interests in India Both set up a sphere of influence in Persia When oil was discovered in Persia both countries

became more interested in Persia Both wanted concessions: special rights given to

foreign power Both sent troops which outraged Persians Persian people were split about Western Influence

1. Some wanted to adopt Western Ways 2. Some wanted to maintain traditional culture and condemned

Western Influences.

Section 4

The British take over India

Learning Objectives for this Section Discuss the locations of colonial rule of

such nations as England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Portugal, and the United States

Discuss human rights violations and genocide, including the Ottoman government’s actions against Armenian citizens

Vocabulary

Sati Sepoy Viceroy Deforestation Ram Moham Roy purdah

The East India Company

British East India Trading Company won trading rights in 1600’s

By mid 1800’s Britain controlled 3/5 of India

Exploiting Indian Diversity

Britain exploited the diversity in IndiaDifferent traditions & languagesBritish encouraged competition & disunityBritish used superior weapons to overpower

local rulers Because of this diversity, Indian people

were unable/unwilling to unite to resist British rule

Implementing British Policies

Main goal: Make money Also did some good things:

1.Improved Roads 2.Preserved Peace 3.Reduce Banditry 4.Introduced Western Education 5.Introduced Christianity 6. Worked to end slavery 7. Made changes to the caste system

Growing Discontent

Mistakes makes made by: Requiring sepoys (Indian soldiers in its service) to

serve anywhere 1. Travel outside the country was considered a religious

offense Passed a law that allowed Hindu widows to remarry Issued new rifles that required troops to bite off tip of

cartridge 1. Cartidges were greased with animal fat of cows

(sacred animals to Hindus) of Pigs (forbidden by Muslims)

Sepoy Rebellion

Angry Sepoys rose up against British officers Sepoys massacred British men, women &

children who living in India British responded by: crushing the rebellion,

torching villages, and slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians

Resulted in 1. feelings of fear, hatred and mistrust on both sides 2. British put India under the rule of the British Crown

Impact of British Colonial Rule Set up a British Raj: form of government Governed by a viceroy: official who runs

the government Policies created to incorporate India in

Britain’s economy Built roads and railroad Flooded India with inexpensive machine

made textilesThis ruined India’s hand weaving industry

Impact of British Colonial Rule (Cont.) Transformed Indian agriculture

This led to massive deforestationResulted in increased food production

Introduced Medical ImprovementsPopulation growsCaused a strain on food supply

Brought peace & order

Different Views on Culture Upper class Indians learned English and

adopted Western ways Others felt that Indians should preserve their

culture and traditions Ram Mohun

Was a great scholar Founder of Hindu college Believed in balance of learning from the Westerners

and preserving Indian culture Condemned some Indian traditions such as:

child marriage, sati, purdah

British Attitudes Most British felt superior about the Indian

culture Some admired Indian culture

Indian Nationalism Grows By late 1800’s educated Indians were

encouraging Nationalism and wanted to end Imperial rule

Called for greater democracy which would bring more power to Indians

Initially Muslims and Hindus worked together, but Muslims became concerned Hindus would oppress them, so they began dreaming of an independent state.

Section 5

China and the New Imperialism

Learning Objectives for this section

Discuss the locations of colonial rule of such nations as England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Portugal, and the United States

Describe the independence struggles of colonial regions of the world

Vocabulary

Balance of Trade Trade Surplus Trade Deficit Opium Wars Indemnity Extraterritoriality

Taiping Rebellion Sino-Japanese War Open Door Policy Guang Xu Boxer Uprising Sun Yixian

Trade between Britain and China

For centuries Chinese regulations ensured that China had a Favorable Balance of Power:

Traders were restricted to small area of China

China traded silk, porcelain & tea for gold and silver

China had a trade surplus: Westerners had a trade deficit:

China began to enter a period of decline Western nations began to industrialize so

they needed expand markets to sell their goods to

Westerners build up powerful military

The Opium War British began trading opium (from India) in

exchange for Chinese Products Chinese became addicted and began trading

silver for the drug Chinese government responded by: outlawing

opium and executing drug dealers British refused to stop trading the drug Chinese responded by attacking merchant ships

with opium on board Britain attacked China was easily defeated

Unequal Treaties

In 1842 Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing

Outcome of Treaty of Nanjing:1. Britain received huge indemnities

(payments for losses in the war)2. Britain gained Hong Kong3. China was forced to open 5 ports for trade4.British citizens living in China were granted

extraterritoriality, the right to live under their own laws

Self-sufficientAgriculturalWealthy*Did not want to trade with Britain

Desperate to trade with ChinaBritish East India Company smuggles opium in China

CHINAGREAT BRITAIN

OPIUM WAR(1839-1842)Result: Britain Wins, Takes rights to trade with China

The Taiping Rebellion Weakens China

Qing dynasty in decline Problems:

Irrigation system and canals poorly maintained leading resulting in flooding

Population explosionTax evasion by the rich Widespread corruption

Peasants led by Hong Xiuquan staged a revolt

Taiping Rebellion lasted for 14 years Eventually the government crushed the

rebellion

Launching reform efforts

Educated Chinese were split about Western influenceSome disapproved of missionaries and their

values because they challenged Confucian order

Others admired western ways

Self-Strengthening Movement Attempt to Westernize China with Industry,

education, and technology Japan began to heavily influence China

resulting in the Sino-Japanese War China was crushed by Japan Result:

Western nation responded by carving out spheres of influence

U.S. proposed Open Door Policy (open trade to all countries)

Hundred Days Reform

Chinese Reformers blamed the humiliating loss on conservative government officials who failed to modernize Chine

New Emperor Guang Xu launched 100 days reform

Modernizing government, schools, industries, etc

What Happened to Guang Xu? He was imprisoned

The Qing Dynasty Falls Anger grew at westerners and

missionaries In 1899 a group known as the Righteous

Harmonious Fists or “Boxers” attacked foreigners in China

Response by the Western Countries: crushed the revolution

Aftermath of the Uprising

China entered a massive period of modernization, economic growth and westernization

Three Principles of the People

New government was introduced: constitutional monarchy

Sun Yixian led a Revolutionary Alliance. Believed in 3 Primary Principles to rebuild

China:Nationalism: freeing China from foreign ruleDemocracy: representative governmentLivelihood: economic security for all Chinese

Birth of A Republic

Ci Xi died and throne was inherited by a 2 year old, China slipped into chaos

Uprisings spread quickly Sun Yixian was named the new President China continued to have problems with

uprisings