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Science and Technology in Germany
Thomas Schroeder, Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany,
Counsellor for Science, Technology and Environment
The Country
16 Länder = 1 Germany
• size: 357 000 sqm• 82.5 mio inhabitants• life expectancy 75.2 (male)
81.2 (female) • GDP per capita: 25,900
(US $ 2003)• export volume 2004: 911.8 (in
US $ billion)
• size: 378 000 sqm• 127.5 mio inhabitants• life expectancy 77.9 (male)
85.1 (female) • GDP per capita: 26,900
(US $ 2003)• export volume 2004: 565.7 (in
US $ billion)
Organisations funding R&D and international exchanges
Government fundingprogrammes (Federal and Länder)
German Research Association (DFG) Confederation of
Industrial Research Associations (AiF)
German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)
Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation(AvH)
Capacity buildinginternational,Germany(inWent)
Private foundations like•Robert-Bosch,•Volkswagen,•Stifterverband forGerman Science
•several 100
In the field of education and science the Federal Government has authority for (according to the Basic Law)
FederalGovernment
Vocational training as far as not in schools
Framework legislation for higher education
Training assistance
Promotion of scientific research andtechnological development/promotion of young
scholars/scientists
European and international cooperation / cooperation in international organizations
The main responsibility for Science and Technology is with the Minister for Education and Science (BMBF), but also the Minister
for Economy (BMWI) has some responsibilities
BMWI
Nano, IT, Life Science, Environment, Social Science, etc
Energy, Space, Patent, etc
BMBF
The Länder have authority for (according to the Basic Law)
Länder
Continuing education
Higher education institutions
General and vocational schools
Elementary (partly) and primary sector
Investments in research and developmentby international comparison
3.23.02.82.62.42.22.01.81.61.41.21.00.8
95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03GEREU-15
USAOECD
JPNSTC
Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators (2004/2
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D as a percentageof the gross domestic product
R&D-budget development in Japan, the US and the EU (without military R&D)
R&D-budget development in Japan, the US and the EU (in total)
Comparison of R&D Budgets
Ratio: government-financed R&D-budget and GDP
Ratio: R&D investments – GDP (I)
Ratio: government-financed R&D budget and R&D budget in total
R&D-budget (incl. industry-R&D)
Ratio: R&D investments – GDP (II)
Ratio: R&D-budget in total - GDP
Education and Research – Types of Funding 2005
Total: 10.0 billion €International Commitments(in particular ESA, CERN)
0.758 billion € Special types of Funding(in particular BAföG, AFBG,
university construction)2.159 billion €
Project funding2.287 billion €
Programme-orientedFunding (HGF)1.439 billion €
Other institutional Funding(in particular DFG, MPG, FhG, BLE)
1.952 billion €
Source: BMBF
9%
25%
17%
23%
27%
BMBF (departmental budget 30) – Types of Funding
Source: BMBF
Funding (Development 1983 - 2005 )
Billion €9.000
8.000
7.000
6.000
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0
1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Project funding
Institutional fundingHGF
DFG, MPG, FhG, BLE, otherresearch inst.
international commitments
Special types of fundingBaföG
university construction, non R&D-relevant education expenditure
Ministry
BAföG
HBFG, HSP, ALO, AFBG
ESA, CERN, etc.
HGF
Direct project funding
Gross domestic expenditure on R&Dbillion €, 2001 (%)
32.9 (63.5%) 17.4 (33.6%)
Business enterprise sector Government Abroad1.3
(2.5%)
Gross Domestic Expenditure R&D: 54.2
36.3 (67.0%)
Business enterprise sector
8.5(15.7%)
7.1 (13.1%)
2.3(4.2%)
Universities Non-universityinstitutions
Abroad
Financingsector
Performingsector
The Key Players
Alexander von Humboldt
• Ideal der Einheit von Forschung und Lehre. • Weitergabe von Wissen aus dem Geist der
Forschung und • die Idee der forschenden Lehre. • Studierende und Lehrende sind durch die
kritische Auseinandersetzung mit den Wissensbeständen sowie in der aktiven Mitarbeit an der Erweiterung des Wissens vereint.
• Förderung der sozialen und kommunikativenKompetenzen und die Unterstützung eigeneInitiativen.
Well-developed and differentiated research system
ResearchGerman Research Foundation (DFG),mainly universities
€ 1.3 billion (2003)
Helmholtz Association of National Research Centres (HGF)
15 national research centres€ 2.2 billion (2004)
Higher Education Sector€ 20 billion (2001)
Max PlanckSociety (MPG)
78 institutes€ 1.38 billion (2006))Leibniz
Association(WGL, Blue List)
80 institutes€ 1.1 billion (2005)
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (FhG)
58 national institutes€ 1.0 billion (2004)
Industrial research and development
€ > 33 Billion (2001)
The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG - German Research Foundation)
• responsible for promoting research in Germany; the work of the DFG serves all branches of science.
• advises parliaments and public authorities on questions relating to science and research
• encourages international collaboration in science and supports the education of young researchers
• 650 employees in the office in Bonn-Bad Godesberg• Budget: € 1.3 billion (2003) • The DFG receives its funding from the federal (Bund) and
state (Länder) authorities, which are represented on all decision-making bodies, whereas scientists and academics hold the majority.
Research in Higher Education Institutes
• More than 20 % of all researcher (about 480.000) are working in higher education sector (2001 101.000)
• The overall expenditure of the higher education sector for research and education is estimated with about 20 Bill. Euro
• I will speak later about the sector
Max-Planck-Society (MPG)
• to promote research at its own institutes.• Max-Planck-Institutes conduct basic research in the
sciences and arts and humanities • research to supplement research carried out by the
universities.• Since 1948 16 Nobel Prize Winners. In addition,
15 Nobel Prizes were awarded to scientists from its predecessor organization, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, between 1914 and 1948.
• 78 institutes, research centres and project groups.• 12,400 employees, in addition, there are about 10,900
doctoral candidates, post-doctoral fellows and guest scientists and scholars from abroad
• Budget: 2006 is € 1.38 billion.
The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft (FhG)
• FhG undertakes applied research. • Research of practical utility remains the focal objective of
all activities, whether these involve contract research, pre-competitive research, consulting services or studies.
• FhG is the research organization with the highest numberof applications for patent protection in Germany.
• FhG maintains roughly 80 research units, including 58 Fraunhofer Institutes; staff of some 12,500, predominantlyqualified scientists and engineers,.
• Budget: annual research budget of over 1 billion euros• Roughly two thirds of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft’s
contract research revenue is derived from contracts withindustry and from publicly financed research projects.
Helmholtz Association (HGF)
• The Helmholtz Association is Germany's largest scientific research community.
• Big facilities research centre• HGF concentrates its work in research fields such as
Energy, Earth and Environment, Health, Key Technologies, Transport and Space
• A total of 24,000 staff (among these 10,000 scientists) work in its 15 scientific-technical and biological-medical research centres.
• Budget: more than € 2 billion. The Federal and Länderauthorities share around 70% of the total budget in a ratio of 90:10. The remaining 30% or so of the budget is acquired by the Helmholtz Centres in the form of contract funding.
Leibniz Association (WGL)
• The Leibniz Association is comprised of 84 non-university research institutes and service facilities.
• from regional infrastructure research and economics through research projects in the area of social sciences to natural sciences, engineering and environmental research.
• The Leibniz Institutes are demand-oriented and interdisciplinary centres of competence. They consider themselves as co-operation partners for industry, public administration and politics; scientific collaboration with universities is particularly close and intensive.
• 13.000 employees (5.300 academics and 1.700 Ph. D. students)
• Budget: € 1.1 Billion (2005)
Structure, Research fields, Project Schemes
Structure
Complexity Factor 1:Federal Constitution => Federal government and federal states (Länder) are jointly responsible for science.
Complexity Factor 2:There are different types of government-financed research institutions.
Complexity Factor 3:German science system is based on
1. institutional funding and 2. project funding.
Public funding – shared competences
The Federal Government – particularly BMBF – funds theresearch in technological key areas in the framework of general or specialised funding programmes.
The Federal States (Länder) generally fund the universities.- all universities also conduct research.
Yet, this diversification also offers advantages…
but it is also far from being simple …
it allows for adressing almost any field of research
it is very flexible regarding new ideas and research fields
it represents and responds to regional needs
it offers a specific solution for every individual case
Structure of the German Research System
Project funding by Federal Government and industry
Science Council
BLK
Foundations
e.gCERN, EMBL,ESA, ESRF, ESO, ETW,IAEA, IEA, WMO
EU
Internationalresearchcentres
and researchorganizations
For information
Institutionsof higher education
Länder institutionsperforming R&D
Academies
DFG58:42
HGF90:10
MPG50:50
FhG90:10
WGL50:50
Federal institutionsperforming R&D
Institutional funding
Research laboratoriesof businessenterprises
AiF institutes
Industry-relatedR&D institutions
Federal Government Federal States Industry
However, this system is rather successful
Success Factor 1: Independence of research; autonomy in the identification of research topics and methods in the area of basic research and new areas.
Success Factor 2: Subsidiarity and cooperation with the business sector.
Success Factor 3: Openness for international cooperation.
In addition
In addition to the basic institutional funding of research institutions, the BMBF also supports R&D through project fundingin different areas of scientific research such as:
New Technologies Life SciencesBasic Research Space ResearchMobility and Life World Sustainability
Within these areas specific funding programmes are announced.
Funding programmes e.g. in the fields of:
BiotechnologyNano-materialse-scienceSustainabilityICTFusionScience and SocietyHealthInnovative Workplace DevelopmentNew Services
for further information see www.bmbf.de
The project funding scheme of the BMBF is based on
• governmental programmes• competitiveness • a peer review system• free access for research institutions, universities and industry• openness for international co-operation
National Project Funding System
IndustryResearch Institute
Project Management Agencies: Support, Consultation
Specific programs:
- Biotechnology- Nanotechnology- ICT…
Competition
Peer review
Scientific Excellence
Project Proposal
Globalization
„Globalization is like the weather, you cannot change it; but you can listen to the weather forecast. If it will rain, you have the alternative to seek for shelter, or you can prepare for sowing“
(Zhengrong Liu, personnel manager of Lanxess)
Internationalization should be understood as the activeshaping of global framework conditions in favor of an economic, social and ecological beneficial development
Science never had national borders
good scientists are internationally linked
But !
Science has not yet developed much beyond the status of personal mobility and exchange of scientific results
International cooperation projects is still limited to special situations, where
- size, complexity and long-term character makes international work and costsharing necessary
- regional collaborations are motivated politically (e.g. development of the European Research Area, Partnerships in East Asia)
Current forms of international cooperation do not make fulluse of its possibilities and opportunities:
•Public research developed a variety of global collaborations, butonly few global R&D strategic partnerships
•Collaborations are not sufficiently focussed in terms of topics and regions
•Frame conditions of national research policy are not optimized fora stronger international orientation
general goal: foster international networks to optimize theallocation of resources worldwide for the mutual benefit of participating partners and countries
Global science and technology networks can develop a strongdynamism towards innovation and the solution of globalproblems by:
•opening national R&D-programmes to the international community;
improves scientific productivity through worldwide competitionand cooperation
•increasing the mobility of scientists and research investments
helps to optimize the allocation of resources•using worldwide available knowledge;
helps speeds up the innovation process• pooling worldwide know-how and technology
supports more effective solutions of global problems(environment, health, safety)
•sharing common global facilities in big sciencesaves time and money
Internationalization should become an implicit part of every national R&D-policy; governments should create suitable frameworks and incentives; national R&D institutions should develop own internationalization strategies
Regional alliances should foster transnational R&D-networks(e.g.: ERA-Nets in Europe)
Multilateral organizations should work out international favorable framework conditions to promote internationalization.OECD should benchmark internationalization concepts of OECD countries and identifies best practice
BMBF plans to develop a framework concept for an internationalization initiative with the objectives:
• cooperate with the best worldwide• be present in core countries with interest in strategic collaboration• increase international mobility of German scientists and attract
top researchers from abroad • encourage foreign research investment in Germany• convert the best research centers into international competence hubs• promote a sustainable global development and the solution
of global problems by strengthening international scientific networks
German Students Abroad 2003
Source: BMBF
Total:62 200
United States: 8745
Australia: 1941
Canada: 770
New Zealand: 390
Japan: 300
Chile: 186
34
4502400
274
621
3213
5146
20
130200
5
7651200
6
712
10061516,716
1821,773329 1)
6496
5050309
319107602 364
5569
660
Vatican:229
171) For information: German students in Germany
Education system
Percentage of population aged 25 to 64 according to thehighest level of education attained (2001)
ISCED 0/1: Pre-primary and primary education
ISCED 2: Lower secondary education
ISCED 3A: Upper secondary education - general
ISCED 3B: Upper secondary education - vocational
ISCED 4: Post-secondary non-tertiary education
ISCED 5B: Tertiary education (occupational focus)
ISCED 5A/6: Tertiary education (theoretically based) and
advanced research programmes
Source: BMBF
ISCED 3A3%
ISCED 3B52%
ISCED 45%
ISCED 5B10%
ISCED 0/12% ISCED 2
16%
ISCED5A/613%
Education in GermanyBasic structure of the Education System
of the Federal Republic of Germany
● Diagrammatic representation of the structure of the education system of the Federal Republic of Germany. In individual Länder there are variations from the above pattern.
● The age given for attendance at the various educational institutions refers to the earliest possibletypical entry.
Source: BMBF
Continuing Education(Continuing General and Vocational Education Courses Provided by a Broad Range of Institutions)
(Allgemeine, berufliche und wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung)
Universities (Universitäten)
Colleges of Theology (Theologische Hochschulen)
Colleges of Education (Pädagogische Hochschulen)
Colleges of Art and Music (Kunsthochschule)
Comprehensive Universities (Gesamthochschulen)
Fachhochschulen
Comprehensive Universities(Gesamthochschulen)
College of Public Administration(Verwaltungsfachhochschulen)
Fachoberschulen
Educationrange
Age
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10...6..3
ContinuingEducation
HigherEducation
SecondaryEducationStage II
SecondaryEducationStage I
PrimaryEducation
Pre-SchoolEducation
Kindergartens(Kindergärten)
Primary Schools(Grundschulen)
Orientation Stage(Orientierungsstufe - schulformabhängige oder schulformunabhängig)
Secondary General Schools(Hauptschulen)
Intermediate Schools(Realschulen)
Spec
ial S
choo
ls(S
onde
rsch
ulen
)
Cla
sses
5 to
10
Cla
sses
11 to
12/
13
Gra
mm
arS
choo
ls(G
ymna
sien
)
Spe
cial
ized
Gra
mm
arS
choo
ls(F
achg
ymna
sien
)
Full-
time
Voc
atio
nal
Sch
ools
(Ber
ufs-
fach
schu
len)
Sch
ools
forN
urse
s, M
idw
ives
, ect
.(S
chul
en d
es G
esun
dhei
tsw
esen
)
Voc
atio
nalE
xten
sion
Sch
ool (
Ber
ufs-
aufb
ausc
hule
n)
Occupational Work
In-companycontinuingeducation(BetrieblicheWeiterbil-dung)
EveningClasses and Fulltime AdultEducationColleges(Abendschulenund Kollegs)
Trade andTechnicalSchools(Fach-schulen)
Dual System(In-company Trainingand Part-time VocationalSchooling)Basic Vocational Training Year (Berufsgrundbildungs-jahr)
Com
preh
ensi
veS
choo
ls(G
esam
tsch
ulen
)
Types of Higher Education Institutions in Germany
121 Universities and equivalent institutions
100 Universities and Technical Universities(1.339.887 students)
15 Colleges of Theology(2.397 students)
6 Colleges of Education(21.129 students)
52 Colleges of Art and Music
197 Universities of Applied Sciences
168 General Universitiesof Applied Sciences(526.312 students)
29 Civil ServiceUniversities ofApplied Sciences(36.401 students)
1.363.413 students
370Higher education institutions
1.957.330 students
31.204 st 562.713 students
Public expenditure on Higher Education, Status: 2003
Federal Government Länder
2,2 Billion € 16,7 Billion €not included expenditure on research and development
BAföGFunding volume since 1994 * in million Euro
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
TotaFed.GLände
Total 1.588 1.458 1.391 1.233 1.201 1224 1.265 1.606 1.948 2.029 2.112Fed.Gov. 1.032 948 904 801 780 796 822 1.044 1.266 1.319 1.373
556 510 487 432 420 428 443 562 682 710 739
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
* from 2000 incl. loans for students provided by the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW)
Länder
German Academic Exchange Service DAAD
Funding:85% Federal Government, 6% EU, 9% others
Mission: Promoting international exchanges of students and scientists as well as cross-border cooperation in higher educationAchievements: - 15% of all German students have gathered experience abroad; -- objective: at least 20% should spend one semester abroad- German students abroad make up 2.9% of all students in - OECD countries (only Korea and Japan show higher rates)- Germany is the third most popular host country for foreign students (after USA, UK)
Sources of Federal funds in million Euro
60,5
21,7 1,4
118,3
AABMBFBMZother federal
Institutions of Higher Education in Germany
Types and number of institutions in Germany
Percentage of students by type100
6
16
52
29
162
Univ., compreh.universities
Colleges ofEducation
Colleges ofTheology
Colleges of Art
Univ. of AppliedSciences
Colleges of PublicAdministration
72,80%
27,20%
Universities (PH,TH,KH)
Univ. of Appl. Sciences(w/o Coll. of PublicAdmin.)
Federal Statistical Office, Wiesbaden, 2005 WS 2004/05: Basisdaten Wissenschaftsrat
“Run” on Institutions of Higher Education:
Number of students in Germany
First-year students in %1.770.489
1.938.8112.019.4651.963.108
2.420.0002.280.000
0
500.000
1.000.000
1.500.000
2.000.000
2.500.000
WS 99/00
WS 02/03
WS 03/04
WS 04/05
Estimate 201
3Esti
mate 2020
Copyright Federal Statistical Office, Wiesbaden, 2005, Last update: 20 Oct. 2005, Estimates Science Council 2005
26,829,2
37,1 36,7
05
10152025303540
1995 1998 2004 2005
Objective: At least 40% of an Age-Group Take up Studies
Demand for highly qualified skilled labour is growing while the total number of young people is decreasing
Numbers of new entrants:On OECD average, half an age-group takes up higher education studies, in Germany 37%
Germany almost fully taps the potential of persons qualified to enter higher education, who account for 35% of an age-group (OECD average 56%)
International Project Funding System (2+2)
GermanIndustry
- - - - - + - - - - - -foreignIndustry
German Research Institute
- - - - + - - - - -foreign
Res. Institute
Project Management Agencies: Support, Consultation
Competition
Peer review
Scientific Excellence
Project Proposal
Research Policy:
• Internationalization of Science: a contribution for shaping theglobalization process
• increase the expenditure for R&D from 2,5 to 3% of GDP
• improve innovation friendly conditions and harmonizescientific progress and ethic principles
• increase project funding as mediator between research and application through networks and clusters, improvenetworking between university and non-university research
Research Policy:
• promote growth cores with transregional impact in the „newländer“
• evaluate federal research institutions
• build the European Research Area, a central role of Germany
• develop a positive innovation culture (Science Years, Dialog between Science and Society)
Thank you for your attention!
www.bmbf.dewww.campus-germany.de
www.tokyo.diplo.dewww.doitsu-nen.jp